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THEORY and Practi: Ol Mountain PINE Beette MANAGEME..T in LODGEPOLE PINE FORES S

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THEORY and Practi: Ol Mountain PINE Beette MANAGEME..T in LODGEPOLE PINE FORES S THEORY AND PRAcTI: Ol MOUNTAiN PINE BEETtE MANAGEME..T IN LODGEPOLE PINE FORES S Symposium Co-sponsored by: National Scieice Foundation Washington State University University of Idaho USDA Forest Service Held at Washington State University Pullman, Washington April 25-27, 1978 Proceedings Published by the Forest, Wildlife and RangeExperiment Station, University of Idaho, Moscow, in collaboration with: USDA Forest Service, Forest Insect and DiseaseResearch, Washington, D.C., and the Intermountain Forest and Range ExperimentStation, Ogden, Utah. December 1978 TABIE OF CONTENTS PREFACE xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xu INTRODUCTION Ronald W. Stark The Mountain Pine Beetle Symposium Aspirations 3 The evolution of the symposium from a cooperative research project, an integrated pest manage- ment program involving the USDA Forest Service, the University of Idaho and Washington State University, is presented. The purpose of the symposium was to present a comprehensive state-of-the- art compendium on the current status of integrated management of the mountain pine beetle (Den- droctonus ponderosae Hopkins) for critical review by the usersforest managers. The aspiration of the contributors is to synthesize our current knowledge to provide a sound basis for implementation of management practices for regulation of destructive populations of the mountain pine beetle. THE PROBLEM Charles A. Wellner Management Problems Resulting from Mountain Pine Beetles in Lodgepole Pine Forests 9 Infestations of the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins), the most impor- tant natural factor in management of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas var. latifolia Engelmann) ecosystems, result in a number of management problems. These infestations seriously affect even flow and sustained yield and make the task of converting unmanaged to regulated forests very difficult. The result is chaos to orderly harvest. The beetles, rather than the manager, set priorities and schedule the cut. Infestations without the follow-up of fire or cutting, using an even-aged silvicultural system, hasten stands toward the climax stage in forest succession. Infestations may affect stand productivity. Too, access by big game, livestock and man may be affected. The effect on water quality and quantity is probably minimal. Infestations affect recreation and esthetics, build up high fire hazards, and may increase infections of dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium americanum Nuttall ex Engelrnann). Infestations create difficult utilization problems and cause special problems in areas closed to timber harvest. Because of the proclivity of the mountain pine beetle for large-diameter trees, management of lodge- pole pine for timber production may face a disappointing future. Randall M. Peterman The Ecological Role of the Mountain Pine Beetle in Lodgepole Pine Forests 16 Mountain pine beetle (Dendrocronus ponderosae Hopkins) is interpreted as a natural thinning and "harvesting" agent of lodgepole pine (Pinus conrorta Douglas var. latifolia Engelmann). In this capacity, the bark beetle creates fuel for the fires that are so important for the reproduction of its host tree. Furthermore, the action of the insect decreases the likelihood that dense, stagnant lodgepole pine stands will be produced in the next generation. This is because trees are "harvested" before too large a seed crop accumulates. The prevention of stagnant stands is not only of evolutionary signifi- cance to the host tree, but also of profound importance to forest managers because stagnantstands have little value for timber, wildlife or recreation. It is suggested, therefore, that in certain restricted situations we change our view of mountain pine beetle from "a pest" to "a management tool." Just as with the relatively new area of fire management, there will be some, but not all situations, in which it will be advantageous to permit D. ponderosae outbreaks to continue unhindered (such as in inacces- sible stands or stands otherwise presently unimportant to managers). This will begis to break up the age distribution of lodgepole pine stands and at the same time help to meet management objectives by preventing stagnant offspring stands from developing. The uncertainties in this proposed use of mountain pine beetle are discussed. Mountain Pine Beetle in Lodgepole Pine iii S. William Carter, Jr. Potential Impacts of Mountain Pine Beetle and Their Mitigation in Lodgepole Pine Forests 27 The results of a project to prepare guidelines and prescribe treatment for infested lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas var. latifolia Engelmann) stands in the Umatilla and Wallowa-Whitman National lorests in northeastern Oregon are used to illustrate the potential impacts of a mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) outbreak on all forest resources. Resources considered are timber, fisheries and wildlife, water, soils, recreation and esthetic value. Guidelines to mitigate the effects on these were developed with respect to the treatment selected, a three-phase harvest program over a 21-year period. This management plan was selected over no action, a two-phase harvest program over a14-year period, and a two-phase harvest program over a 22-year period as best meeting the over- all management objectives. CAUSES OF THE PROBLEM Gene D. Amman Biology, Ecology, and Causes of Outbreaks of the Mountain Pine Beetle in Lodgepole Pine Forests 39 The mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) typically produces one genera- tion per year. The year begins with adults infesting trees and introducing blue-stain fungi into them in July and early August. Eggs are laid singly in niches on alternate sides of the vertical egg galleries. Larvae hatch and feed in the phloem, usually at right angles to the egg gallery. Larvae overwinter, then complete development in the spring. Pupation occurs in chambers made in the bark and outer sap- wood. During endemic periods, beetles infest weakened and injured trees and those infested by other species of bark beetles. Epidemics appear to start when enough such trees are in proximity and emerging brood adults converge and infest a common tree or group of trees of medium to large diameter and medium to thick phloem. The beetle shows a strong preference for such trees, and its survival usually is best in them. Tree stress is not necessary for the start of epidemics. Stand characteristics associated with epidemics are 1) trees more than 80 years old, 2) average tree diameter more than 20 cm (8 inches), 3) a substantial number of trees in the stand with diameter at breast height of 30 cm (12 inches) or more and phloem 0.25 cm (0.10 inch) thick or more, and 4) stand site at an elevation where temperatures are optimum for brood development. Homero Cabrera Phloem Structure and Development in Lodgepole Pine 54 Thickness of phloem and presence of resin canals in lodgepole pine (Pin us contorta Douglas var. latifolia Engelmann) are important factors in the successful development of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) broods. Thick phloem is closely related to tree vigor, and con- tains three components: phloem increment, phloem compression and phloem retention. Individual annual phloem increments make a relatively small contribution to total phloem thickness (usually less than 10%). Compression of old phloem tissue, resulting from increases in tree diameter, reduces the contribution of individual increments to phloem thickness to approximately half their original amount. Retention is the major factor affecting both the ultimate phloem thickness and the rate of change of phloem thickness. For the trees used in this study, the overall average period of phloem retention was 21.7 years, but for individual trees it may be in excess of 40 years in the lower bole. Resin canal density is a highly variable characteristic in lodgepole pine, but overall, densities are usually higher in the upper parts of the tree. Resin canal density may be a useful indicator of relative tree resistance to bark beetle attack; however, research on other pine species indicates that even short-term environ- mental stress may result in a substantial temporary reduction in resistance. D. Malcolm Shrimp ton Resistance çif Lodgepole Pine to Mountain Pine Beetle Infestation 64 This paper discusses the possible relationships between the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) and the physiological processes of the lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas var. latifolia Engelmann) stem that act to heal wounds of the type caused by bark beetles. The resin canal system of lodgepole pine and productionofsecondary resins are described. The effects of mois- ture stress and the relationshipofeach resin system to maturationofthe tree are also described. The interaction between tree response and the attacking beetle/blue-stain complex and the relationship between mountain pine beetle outbreak and physiological maturity of lodgepole pineare discussed. iv Mountain Pine Beetle Les Safranyik Effects of Climate and Weather on Mountain Pine Beetle Populations 77 The literature on the direct effects of climate and weather on the biology and dynamics of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) populations is reviewed and discussed, with emphasis on the development of epidemics. Of the climatic effects, temperature is the most important. Typically, in the optimum range of the beetle's distribution on lodgepole pine (Pinus con torta Douglas var. latifolia Engelmann), there is enough heat accumulation each year to
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