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Sustainable Fish Production in Lake Nasser: Ecological Basis and Management Policy

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Sustainable Fish Production in Lake Nasser: Ecological Basis and Management Policy flf-t1Ck -553 jtJ1S¥t Sustainable Fish Production in Lake Nasser: Ecological Basis and Management Policy Edited by J.F. Craig 2000 International Centel' for LIVing AquatiC Resources Management Sustainable Fish Production in Lake Nasser: Ecological Basis and Management Policy Proceedmgs of the First Plannmg Workshop, Lake Nasser Project 19-23 June 1998 ISIS Island Hotel, Aswan, Egypt 2000 Publtshed by the InternatIOnal Center for Livmg AquatIc Resources Management, POBox 500, GPO 10670, Penang, Malaysia CraIg, J F, Editor 2000 Sustamable fIsh production in Lake Nasser' ecological basIs and management polIcy ICLARM Conf Proc 61, 184 P Managmg Editor Mane Sol Sadorra-Colocado Copyedltor and productIon Coordmator Sheila SIar Edltonal Assistant Regma Morales Cover DesIgner and Layout ArtIst Mayanne Wenceslao ISBN 971-802-006-3 ISSN 0115-4435 ICLARM IS one of the 16 mternatlonal research centers of the ConsultatIve Group on International CGIAR Agncultural Research (CGIAR) that has mltlated F U T U R E'" the publIc awareness campaIgn, Future Harvest HARVEST ii Sustainable fish production In Lake Nasser CONTENTS Foreword v Preface VI Acknowledgements viI I Introduction MM EL SHAHAT Lake Nasser OvervIew 3 MBA SAAD ConflICts between Users 7 J F CRAIG Alms of the Lake Nasser Project and FIrst Plannmg Workshop 11 TJ PITCHER The Use of Ecosystem Modellmg m ComparatIve 15 Pohcy AnalYSIS Maxlffilzmg Sustamable BenefIts from Lake Nasser's Aquatic Resources II Background 23 AA MOHAMED Seasonal VarIation III Mean AIr and Water Temperature, 25 Transparency, pH and DIssolved Oxygen Along the Mam Channel RG ABO ELLAH Seasonal VertIcal VarIatIon m Water Temperature 29 A E BELAL and Total DIssolved SolIds I A MAIYZA RH GOMA Seasonal and SpatIal VarIatIon of Nutnents 33 SA RABEH Bactenologlcal StudIes 39 o A HABIB Seasonal VarIatIon of Phytoplankton Abundance 43 o A HABIB PrImary ProductIon of the Phytoplankton 51 10 MOHAMED Average Changes m the DIstributIon of Phytoplankton 57 Chlorophyll a III the Euphotic Zone III the Mam Channel 10 MOHAMED Mterocystis aeruginosa Kutz Water Blooms 59 T IORIYA MM ALI AquatIC Macrophytes III EgyptIan NubIa Pre- and 61 Post-formatIon of Lake Nasser o A HABIB Zooplankton DIstributIon 67 M RA FISHAR Macrobenthlc Fauna 75 ME THARWAT Fish-eatmg BIrds 81 iii HA ADAM Age and Growth of Oreochromis niloticus L 83 and Sarotherodon galilaeus Art M Z AGAYPI A Note on the Relatlonshlp Between Catch and Water Level 85 USA KHALIFA Populatlon Dynanucs of Oreochromis mlottcus L 87 M Z AGAYPI and Sarotherodon galilaeus Art HA. ADAM B Z SHENODA Net Cage Culture of Silver Carp, Hypophthalmtchthys 91 M NAGUIB molitrn Valenciennes, WIthout ArWiClal Feeds M M EL SHAHAT Fisheries Management and Enhancement 93 A BARRANIA Harvestmg, Transporung, Processmg and Marketmg of FIsh 95 M M MOHIEDDIN Some SoclOeconorruc Aspects 99 III Constraints and techniques 103 J F. CRAIG Constraints and Issues 105 TJ PITCHER RAPFISH A RapId AppraIsal Technique to Evaluate 109 D PREIKSHOT the Sustamabliity Status of Flshenes IV Overviews 117 G PATTERSON Ecosystem StudIes and the ModeUmg 119 of the FIshery in Lake Nasser/Nubia M NOMURA Aquaculture 129 AF BORN Stock Enhancement 133 BE MARSHALL Aben FIsh Introductlons The Afncan Expenence 145 and Its Relevance to Lake Nasser M AHMED SOCloeconomic Pohcy Issues m the Management of the FIshery 155 TJ PITCHER Requirements for Flshenes Assessment and Management 161 V Planning 165 J F CRAIG Planning Project Recommendations and ImplementatIOn Plans 167 Indices and appendices 171 SpeCIes llldex 172 Author mdex 175 AppendIX 1 List of PartlClpants 179 AppendIX 2 Workshop Program 182 iv Sustainable fish production in Lake Nasser FOREWORD The freshwater flshenes of Afnca account for 54% of the total Yield or 640/0 If upwellmg flshenes are excluded The rapidly expandmg human populatIOn on the contment has substantially mcreased the demand for fish The demand has not been matched by mcreased catches from the flshenes The actual Yields from many bodies of water are below predICted levels although catch statistics on which the Yield estimates are based are usually highly maccurate and mcomplete There IS a reqUirement to develop the methods for the ratIOnal and sus tamable harvest of fish resources and to unify national systems of fIshenes data collectIon and analysIs and the Implementation of mternatIonal flshenes management pollcy The successful management of aquatic resources IS dependent on the availability of data on the status of the resources, their rate of explOitation, the soclOeconorruc component.'> affecting the 'harvesters' and external factors such as pollution which Impact on the resources To these data, state-of-the-art ecological modeUmg, Initially developed for manne ecosystems. can be applied as well as an evaluation of soclOeconorruc Impacts ICLARM and the Flshenes Centre of the Uruverslty of Bntlsh Columbia, Canada, workmg m partnership, have been leaders m the evolution of these applications whICh illcluded ECOPATH and ECOSIM In Egypt the scafClty of water means that the first pnontles given to the resources are for dnnkmg and IrngatIon The bUlldmg of the Aswan High Dam and the formatIOn of Lake Nasser provided a 'water tank' for the country Other uses of the reservoir mclude power production, navigation and fIshmg The mtegratlon of the reqUirements of different users and the development of a common. holistic management polIcy could optlrruze output for all illcludmg the fishery With this In rrund, ICLARM developed a research strategy with the High Dam Lake Development Authonty. Egyptian MiniStry of Agnculture The first stage of this strategy was a planning workshop ill June 1998 whICh was attended by national and illternatlonal experts These proceedmgs clearly outlIne what IS known and what IS not known about Lake Nasser and Its fishery, defIne Its major constramts and suggest further studies and work These mclude deterrrunmg mdustry and local community reqUirements. mcreasmg knowledge of the ecosystem, evaluatmg enhancement. In particular. the introduction of a species to utlhze the open water, and Improvmg the capabilIties of local SCientiSts, fishers, processors and managers Although the present plan for Lake Nasser represents a case study, the development and applica­ tion of techniques have a much Wider apphcatlOn In other lakes and reservOirs on the Afncan conti­ nent Knowledge developed for one system can be extrapolated and used to model another This approach IS a SignIfICant Improvement on the mamly site-specIfiC studies carned out m the past Meryl J. Williams Director General International Center for LlVIng AquatiC Resources Management v PREFACE Many flshenes of the world have not been adequately managed and catches are m decline This IS havmg considerable Impact not only on the consumers m the npanan countnes but also on the local people, most of whom are m the lower mcome group and whose hvehhood depends directly on the sustamabllity of the flshmg mdustry The mland waters of Egypt supply a conSiderable proportIOn of the natIOn's fish protem and Lake Nasser's contnbutlOn IS slgmfICant However, the full potential for fish productIOn from the lake. based on Its size and level of fertility (nutnent status), has not been achieved Consumers are not recelVmg the fish that they require m their diet In additIOn, the wealth currently bemg gener­ ated from the lake fishery IS not reachmg those who need It most, m particular the fishers and their farruhes Based on an analysIs of the Lake Nasser fishery, a comprehenSive project, 'Improvement of the Management of the Lake Nasser Fishery to Enhance the Econorruc Benefit of the Lake Basm Commumty', IS bemg planned to mcrease the productIVIty of the lake m a manner which IS sustam­ able, envlfonmentally sound and SOCially eqUitable As a first step, a workshop was held at the ISIS Island Hotel, Aswan, Egypt, on 19-23 June 1998 The workshop was funded and orgallized by ICLARM with the assistance of the Fishery Management Center, High Dam Lake Development Authonty These proceedmgs document the papers presented and the diSCUSSions held at the workshop After an mtroductory sessIOn descnbmg the lake and Its users. the alms and objectIVes of the project and workshop, and the pnnClples behmd ecosystem modellmg, a senes of background papers were presented (19 of whICh are published here) Followmg an outlme ot the mam Issues Identified by the workshop orgallizer, a thorough diSCUSSion on the constramts to the fishery was held The partiCipants were then mtroduced to modern techniques to evaluate the sustamabillty status of flshenes Each major component-ecosystem, aquaculture. stock enhancement, alien fish introductIOns. socloeconorrucs and flshenes management-of the fishery was analyzed by the internatIOnal experts based on the background papers and the present state of the art These Im­ portant contnbutlOns are presented here The fmal sessions mvolved Identification of tasks tor Implementmg the project and the requirements necessary to carry out these tasks In the time allowed for the workshop. It was not pOSSible, nor appropnate, to put these tasks mto an order ot pnonty ThiS Will be the next step m the project Implementation It was however very satlsfymg to see the active partiCipation of all, not only m the presentation of papers and the diSCUSSions that followed, but also m the group actiVities and general debate There were many fruitful dialogues (and mformal out-of-sesslOn diSCUSSions) among ecologiSts, aquacultunsts, engmeers, econorrusts, SOCiologiSts and
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