COIMBATORE REGIONAL PLAN - 2038 Report

2038

DRAFT REPORT

Acknowledgement

School of Planning and Architecture, Bhopal an Institution of National Importance under the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India heartily acknowledges Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH (German Technical Cooperation) team headed by Mr. Georg Jahnsen, Mr. Felix Knopf, Mr. Abhishek Agarwal, Mrs. Tanaya Saha, Mr. Shriman Narayan, Mr. Kishore for giving us an opportunity to work on the Coimbatore regional plan preparation in Tamil Nadu.

We would like to thank the Government of Tamil Nadu, its Secretary Department of Housing and Urban Development and the State Planning Commission for extending their full support in facilitating the whole data collection and discussion process.

A special thanks to the all four district collectors: Dr. S. Prabhakar I.A.S. – Erode, Thiru T.N. Hariharan I.A.S. – Coimbatore, Thiru Dr. K.S. Palanisamy I.A.S. – Tiruppur, Tmt.J. Innocent Divya I.A.S. – The nilgiris, for their support and immense effort in coordinating with the concerned line departments for providing data, during their tenure. The contribution of Directorate of Town and Country Planning of Chennai, in this endeavor, in the form of invaluable support and inspiration during the field visit, was commendable.

Our sincere thanks all the active Organizations (Profit and Non Profit) like: OlirumErodu Foundation- Erode, TEA-Tiruppur, CII and DIY – Tiruppur, SACON – Coimbatore, WWF-INDIA-Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu Agriculture University – Coimbatore and Tribal Research Centre – The Nilgiris, for giving us an insight about the district and participating in the discussion regarding the future vision for the Coimbatore region, in Tamil Nadu. We specially acknowledge the people of all four District for their cooperation and support during data collection and primary surveys.

SPA, Bhopal is obliged to acknowledge the efforts and motivation of all the faculty and officials, for administering and enabling the study. Without the relentless efforts of students: Bachelors of Planning (2015-2019), Masters in Environmental Planning (2017-2019) and Masters of Planning - Integrated (2018-2020), preparation of the Coimbatore Region Plan would not have been possible.

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We owe our responsibility for all the omissions and commissions in the report.

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Executive Summary The Regional Plan 2038 for the Coimbatore Region is prepared to cater the future requirements of the region as the development of the region as a major industrial center. The Region consists of Coimbatore, Erode, Tiruppur and The Nilgiris district. Each of this district has its own priority and focus in terms of development. While Coimbatore, Erode and Tiruppur are part of a greater urban agglomeration of Coimbatore to Salem, where Coimbatore – the second major urban agglomeration of Tamil Nadu exist, Tiruppur and Erode adjoins Coimbatore in terms of urban continuum. The planning of these sub regions are done by means of analyzing the existing situation, identifying the issues and challenges at the ground level and then integrating the proposals with the respective sub regions.

The total area of Coimbatore Region is 14% of the state and accommodates 12% of the state‟s population. The Regional Plan preparation aims to develop the Coimbatore Region in an integrated manner focusing on the economic growth engines of the sub regions. The vision of the plan is to develop the region in a sustainable approach focusing on the economic development in accordance with the environmentally sensitive nature of the region.

The report studies the regional setting and connectivity of the region with the neighboring districts and states focusing on the major transport corridors and the highways important for bringing the development in the region. It also explains the need of preparation of the regional plan, focusing on the highlights of the Coimbatore- Nilgirs regional plan prepared in 1974 and predicting the urbanization of the Coimbatore region for the future. This section also talks about the growth of the region with the establishment of the industries and the future investments which will further initiate the development in this region. A brief introduction of demographic profile is given looking into the share of the region with the state and the constituents of the sub region as well. A brief analysis of the regional economy is done highlighting the share of the region in the GDP of the state focusing on each sector‟s contribution and also the share of the work force involved in hsese sectors. The region is sensitive in terms of the environmentally fragile areas as it comes under the Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve and the Sathyamangalam Tiger reserve also housing the important rivers such as Moyar, Bhavani Noyyal and Cauvery. A brief introduction is also given about the major elephant corridors present in the region which makes the region highly eco sensitive. The vision and the methodology adopted for the region focuses on the sustainable economic development of the region which is explained clearly in the subsequent section. The existing settlement structure of the region explains the Class I to Class VI cities and their growth. The growth rate of the settlements is studied from 1991 to 2041 and the future population is projected based on the different methods adopted depending upon the nature of population growth. The induced population is then distributed based on the growth of the region as per

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the investments proposed to obtain the proposed settlement structure of the region for 2041. The Institutional set up of the region constitutes the Acts related with the formation of the regional plan, the provisions and the institutions involved in the preparation of the plan and the gap reflecting in the implementation. Thus, proposed institutional framework is developed for the constitution of the Regional Planning Authority as per the provisions in the Town and Country Planning Act,1971,which will be the main implementing body for the Regional Plan. The financial set up for the region is also discussed stating the investments for the region as per the Tamil Nadu Vision 2023.

The constituent sub regions of the Coimbatore region is discussed briefly focusing on the thrust area of the districts, the analysis incorporated based on the issues and challenges and the proposals addressing the same.

The final proposal for the land use zoning of the region is worked which is based on the future investments that are proposed in the region. Thus the zones are classified based on the development of the land parcels as per the industrial and the agricultural growth. The development of the residential and commercial zones is also focused along with the industrial development of the region. The zoning also looks into the conservation of the eco sensitive areas comprising of the national parks and wildlife sanctuaries fulfilling the sustainable development concept.

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Table of Contents

Acknowledgement ...... 1

Executive Summary ...... 3

List of Figures ...... 8

List of Tables ...... 10

1. CHAPTER-INTRODUCTION TO THE REGION ...... 12

1.1 Location of Coimbatore Region in Tamil Nadu...... 13

1.2 Need for the Regional Plan ...... 14

1.3 Demographic Profile ...... 25

1.3.1 Area and Population ...... 25

1.3.2 Density ...... 28

1.3.2 Sex Ratio ...... 28

1.3.3 Literacy Rate ...... 29

1.3.5 Marginalized Population...... 30

1.3.6 Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes Population ...... 30

1.4 Regional Economy ...... 32

1.4.1 Gross Domestic Product ...... 32

1.4.2 Work Force Participation ...... 35

1.4.3 Classification of Work Force Participation, Sector wise ...... 37

1.5 Physiography and Environment ...... 42

1.5.1 Physiography...... 42

1.5.2 River System ...... 43

1.5.3 Environment ...... 45

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1.6 Vision and Methodology ...... 48

1.7 Regional Connectivity ...... 49

1.7.1 Road ...... 50

1.7.2 Railway ...... 50

1.7.3 Air ...... 51

1.7.4 Port...... 51

1.8 Settlement Structure ...... 52

1.8.1 Existing Settlement Structure ...... 53

1.8.2 Determining Settlement Hierarchy by Administrative & Population size .. 57

1.8.3 Existing Scenario of Coimbatore Region ...... 60

1.9 Population Projection ...... 62

1.9.1 Proposed Settlement Structure ...... 64

1.10 Institutional Set Up of Coimbatore Region ...... 69

1.10.1 Acts ...... 69

1.10.2 Administration ...... 75

1.10.3 Finance...... 85

2. CHAPTER-CONSTITUENTS OF THE REGION ...... 93

2.1 Coimbatore Sub Region ...... 93

2.2 Tiruppur Sub Region ...... 94

2.3 Erode Sub Region...... 94

2.4 The Nilgiris Sub Region ...... 95

3. CHAPTER-SUMMARY ...... 96

3.1 Coimbatore Sub Region ...... 96

3.2 Tiruppur Sub Region ...... 97

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3.3 Erode Sub Region...... 99

3.4 The Nilgiris Sub Region ...... 100

4. CHAPTER-PROPOSALS ...... 102

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List of Figures

Figure 1-1: Evolution of the Coimbatore Region ...... 13

Figure 1-2: Location of Coimbatore Region ...... 14

Figure 1-3: Administrative Set up of Coimbatore Region ...... 14

Figure 1-4: Urbanization in Tamil Nadu ...... 16

Figure 1-5: Proposed Transport Corridors in Vision 2023 ...... 16

Figure 1-6: Eco Sensitive Zone ...... 17

Figure 1-7: Investment Regions ...... 18

Figure 1-8: Area and Population of the Region ...... 26

Figure 1-9: Distribution of Area and Population within the Region ...... 26

Figure 1-10: Population distribution of the region and the sub region ...... 27

Figure 1-11: Population Density ...... 28

Figure 1-12: Sex Ratio ...... 29

Figure 1-13: Literacy Rate ...... 30

Figure 1-14: Marginalized Population ...... 30

Figure 1-15: Share of SC and ST population to the total population ...... 31

Figure 1-16: Total Share of ST and SC population within the Coimbatore Region .... 31

Figure 1-17: GDDP comparison of the Coimbatore Region ...... 32

Figure 1-18: Sector's Share in regional GDP ...... 33

Figure 1-19: Sector Wise share of GDP in sub region...... 33

Figure 1-20: Share of sectors in NDP of sub regions ...... 34

Figure 1-21: Share of sectors in GDP of sub regions ...... 34

Figure 1-22: Composition of the Work force participation of the region ...... 35

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Figure 1-23: Composition of the work force participation of the Coimbatore region . 36

Figure 1-24: Sub region wise composition of the work force participation ...... 36

Figure 1-25: Composition of the main workers population ...... 37

Figure 1-26: Composition of Sub region wise main work force participation ...... 38

Figure 1-27: Sector wise main work force participation of the Coimbatore Region ... 39

Figure 1-28: Composition of the Marginal workforce participation of the region ...... 40

Figure 1-29: Sub region wise composition of the marginal work force participation . 41

Figure 1-30: Sector wise composition of the marginal work force of the region ...... 41

Figure 1-31: Physiography of the Coimbatore region ...... 43

Figure 1-32: River basin of the Coimbatore region ...... 44

Figure 1-33: Environmentally Protected Area ...... 47

Figure 1-34: Share of Forest Area of Tamil Nadu Region ...... 47

Figure 1-35: Share of Forest Area within Coimbatore Region ...... 47

Figure 1-36: Methodology for the Regional Plan ...... 49

Figure 1-37: Regional Connectivity of Coimbatore region ...... 52

Figure 1-38: Existing urban settlements with comparison with urbanization rate ..... 55

Figure 1-39: Order of Settlements ...... 59

Figure 1-40: Methodology for Scalogram ...... 60

Figure 1-1-41: Population Projection...... 63

Figure 1-1-42: Population Growth Rate from 1991-2001 to 2031-2041 ...... 64

Figure 1-44: Comparison of Proposed Urban Settlements and Urbanization Rate in Coimbatore Region (2041) ...... 68

Figure 1-45: Institutional Set up of Town and Country Planning Board ...... 71

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Figure 1-46: Institutional Set up for Regional Planning Authority as per T&CP Act,1971 ...... 73

Figure 1-47: Plan Preparation as per Spatial Data Infrastructure ...... 76

Figure 1-48: Plan Implementation as per Spatial Data Infrastructure ...... 76

Figure 1-49: Plan Monitoring As per Spatial Data Infrastructure ...... 77

Figure 1-50: Plan Evaluation as per Spatial Data Infrastructure ...... 77

Figure 1-51: Proposed Institutional Set up for the Regional Planning Authority ...... 84

Figure 4-1: Land Use Zone Map ...... 105

List of Tables

Table 1-1: GDP values of the Coimbatore region and Tamil Nadu ...... 32

Table 1-2: Share of sectors in NDP of sub regions ...... 34

Table 1-3: Share of sectors in GDP of sub regions ...... 34

Table 1-4: Class Wise Average Population of Urban Settlement ...... 53

Table 1-5: Class Wise Composition of Urban Settlement ...... 53

Table 1-6: Distribution of Population in the Coimbatore Region...... 61

Table 1-7: Percentage share of population in the Coimbatore Region ...... 61

Table 1-8: Growth rate of Coimbatore Region ...... 61

Table 1-9: Population projection of the Coimbatore Region ...... 62

Table 1-10: Population Projection of the Coimbatore Region(2021-2041)...... 63

Table 1-11: Population Growth Rate of Coimbatore Region from 1991-2041 ...... 64

Table 1-12: Average population of Urban Settlements ...... 65

Table 1-13: Composition of Urban Settlements (2041) ...... 66

Table 1-14: Composition of proposed urban settlements (2041) ...... 66

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Table 1-15: Spatial Data Infrastructure ...... 79

Table 1-16: Financing as per Tamil Nadu Vision 2023 ...... 86

Table 1-17: Financing as per Central, State funded schemes and State Finance Commission ...... 90

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1. CHAPTER-INTRODUCTION TO THE REGION

India is fast urbanizing country and the urbanization can be seen through the urbanization rate which is 31.2% as per 2011 Census. Tamil Nadu is the fastest urbanizing state in India with 48.4% people living in urban areas as per 2011 census. The State‟s contribution to the economy is the second largest in the country which is US$220 Billion as in 2018-19. The Coimbatore Region is the second largest conurbation. Also, after the adoption of the Town and Country Planning Act, 1971 for Tamil Nadu state, 8 planning regions were delineated for Tamil Nadu. The Coimbatore region was formed in 1974 after the enactment of the act and was the second largest urbanized region with 64.25% of the urban population after Chennai Region with 77.7%.

The Coimbatore Region was originally a part of the Kongu country, inhibited by the tribes. Before the region was ruled by the Kosras, Rashtrakutas, Cholas, Chalukyas, Pandyas, Hoysalas, Alauddin Khilji, and Vijayanagar rulers, Madurai Nayakars, Hyder Ali and East India Company. In 1799, after the defeat of Tipu Sultan in the Anglo Mysore War, the Coimbatore region was annexed to the Madras Presidency. In 1865, Coimbatore district was formed and Coimbatore was established as the capital of the newly formed district. The Nilgiris district was bifurcated from the Coimbatore district in 1868. The district experienced industrialization with boom in textile industry. In 1979, Erode district formely known as Periyar district was formed from the Coimbatore district and renamed as Erode in 1996. In 2009, Tiruppur District was carved out of Coimbatore and Erode district.

The Coimbatore Region comprises of Coimbatore, Erode, Tiruppur and The Nilgiris district. It is one of the fastest growing region in Tamil Nadu. The region consists of three major urban centers of Tamil Nadu Coimbatore, Tiruppur and Erode. The Nilgiris district comes under the Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve and is famous for its hill stations and lush green mountains.

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1865 1868

2009 1979

Figure 1-1: Evolution of the Coimbatore Region1 1.1 Location of Coimbatore Region in Tamil Nadu

The Coimbatore region lies in the North Western Part of the Tamil Nadu state in Southern India. The region is spread out between 10°10‟ and 11°58‟ North Lattitudes and 76°13‟ and 77°58‟ East Longitudes. The region is bounded by Chamarajanagar district of Karnataka in the North and Iddukki district, Palakkad and Trissur district of Kerala in south and south west respectively. The eastern part of the region which comprises of both Erode and Tiruppur district shares its boundary with Salem, Namakkal, Karur and Dindigul district. The western part of the region forms a part of the Western Ghats and the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve consisting of lofty mountains. The Western Ghats extends to North West of Erode district and North West, west and Southern part of Coimbatore sub region. The Coimbatore Region as per the revised demarcation consists of four districts- Coimbatore, Tiruppur, Erode and The Nilgiris. The figure below represents location of Coimbatore region and administration setup of Coimbatore region. As per census 2011, Coimbatore district is divided into 6 Taluks, 6 Municipalities and 1 Municipal Corporation. The Tiruppur district consists of 7 Taluks, 6 Municipalities and 1 Municipal Corporations. The Erode District

1 Source: District Census Handbook 2 Source: District Census Handbook

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consists of 5 Taluks, 8 Municipalities and 1 Municipal Corporation. The Nilgiris consists of 6 Taluks and 4 Municipalities.

Figure 1-2: Location of Coimbatore Region

Figure 1-3: Administrative Set up of Coimbatore Region 1.2 Need for the Regional Plan

As per the Town and Country Planning Act of 1971, planning is required for the development and use of the rural and urban land in the state of Tamil Nadu for the

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purposes connected therewith. Thus, to achieve this objective the state has been divided into planning regions based on economy, demography, social and physical conditions in 1974. The Coimbatore region is one of the largest regions proposed as planning regions after the implementation of the Town and Country Planning Act, 1971. The region comprised of then Coimbatore district, The Nilgiris district and Karur taluk of Tiruchirappalli district. The Coimbatore district included the present Erode and Tiruppur district. This region was an industrial region because of the development of textile and agro based industries and Erode taluk had concentration of the tanneries, oil mills, bleaching and dying industries, handlooms, etc. After the 1974 plan it was clearly mentioned about each individual functions and predicted the future development in this region. It is also acting as a connecting corridor forming the Coimbatore-Erode corridor which serves as a link from Madras to Cochin with good connectivity of railways and highways. The agro based industries flourished in this region especially turmeric production due to the presence of Bhavani and Cauvery valley which provided with irrigation facilities. The Tiruppur taluk also witnessed high industrialization and urbanization due to the presence of textile and hosiery industries. Thus, they will emerge as future growth center as was proposed for 1991 and will attract more population.

The Nilgiris district major economic activity was tourism due to the presence of hills reserve forest and pleasant climate. The potato cultivation and tea and coffee production contributed to the primary and the secondary sector respectively. It was anticipated that in 1991, the proposed working population should increase to 50% which will mainly accommodate in the industrial centers of the region with growth rate of almost 42% and 41% in Tiruppur and Erode respectively. In 1974 plan this region was proposed to emerge as major economic region in the state due to urbanization and industrialization. Six sub regions were delineated for development of the region considering both environment and economic growth. The Master Plan preparation was proposed for development of the growing urban centers mainly for Coimbatore, Tiruppur, Erode, Octacumund and Coonor to cater the provision of the basic amenities for future.

By comparing 1974th plan with existing scenario with rural and urban settlement, the total area and density changed in a rapid manner. The Coimbatore region comprises of the present Coimbatore, Erode, Tiruppur and the Nilgiris district. As per 2011 Census, the urbanization rate of the region is one of the highest, next to Chennai. Coimbatore is one of the four Metropolitan cities in the region and consists of second highest number of non-metropolitan cities and census towns. Also Coimbatore, Erode and Tiruppur are part of a greater urban agglomeration of Coimbatore to Salem, where Coimbatore – the second major urban agglomeration of Tamil Nadu exist. Due to the defense corridor investments, Tiruppur and Erode adjoins Coimbatore in terms of

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urban continuum. The urbanization rate of Coimbatore region as per 2011 census is 64.2% much higher than 1991 which was around 30.7%. The Coimbatore, Tiruppur and The Nilgiris district have rapidly urbanized since 1991 which is more than double the urbanization rate for Coimbatore and Tiruppur which is 75.7% and 61.4% respectively. As per the study of the Oxford University Economics conducted in 2018, Tiruppur city will be among the 20 fastest growing cities in the world in terms of GDP with 8.36% growth in GDP year on year from 2019 to 2035 having more census towns in 2001-2011. The urbanization rate for Erode and The Nilgiris district in 2011 was also very high which is 59.2% and 51.4% respectively.

As per Tamil Nadu Vision 2023, the Coimbatore Salem industrial corridor as manufacturing and business investment region is proposed which will be focused on production and manufacture of the logistics, heavy industries in Tiruppur and Salem districts bringing in employment opportunities in addition connecting the industrial areas and other hinterland. The Defence Ministry has taken multiple measures to promote indigenization in the defence industry. In 2018, a Defence Corridors was proposed in Tamil Nadu. The Tamil Nadu Defence Corridor will have Chennai, Hosur, Salem and Coimbatore as Nodal Centers. This will develop ancillary industries in and around the nodal centers bringing in more employment resulting in further urbanization within class III and IV cities. The figures below represents urbanization and proposed transport corridor.

Figure 1-4: Urbanization in Tamil Nadu Figure 1-5: Proposed Transport Corridors in Vision 2023

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The proposed transport corridor as per Vision 2023 passes through this region. The High Speed Rail connecting Chennai-Coimbatore- Madurai, the Industrial Corridor between Coimbatore and Salem proposed as Agri Business Investment Region, Coimbatore – Madurai Industrial Corridor and the Traingular Corridor proposed between Chengelpet-Coimbatore and Thootukudi will bring in more investments and employment in this region because of the presence of good connectivity both by rail and road which facilitates the transportation of goods and raw materials. The Coimbatore Region being the junction of all these corridors will experience high rate of urbanization in coming years. The Coimbatore Region is rich in terms of forest and biodiversity constituting of National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries. The share of forest area in the Nilgiris and Erode district is almost 56% and 46% respectively making this region eco sensitive.

As per the Regional Plan prepared for the region in 1980, the Master Plan preparation was proposed for the Urban centers of this region owing to the future urbanization and industrialization of the region. Some of the conclusions of the plan was incorporated sector wise for future expansion of the region but was not incorporated as whole. Area wise it is greater than Chennai Mega-regional area 8878 sq. km. with fast growing urbanization activity there should be necessity for regional plan to cater monopolistic development of Tamil Nadu. Under TNTCP Act, Section 15, Master Plan should be followed by region but

Figure 1-6: Eco Sensitive Zone current scenario is different as there is no hierarchy plan, missing out linkages and integration. If it continues, only urban area will get developed, hinterland will be converted into sprawl. In order to avoid unplanned development in a controlled manner, it can be brought through regional plan. Thus, there is a need for the preparation of the Regional Plan for this growing economic region catering to the proposed investments and growth of this region in terms of industrial corridors, future economic growth, bringing in more induced population in accordance with the eco sensitive nature of the region.

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Figure 1-7: Investment Regions

The investment regions proposed in the Coimbatore Region as per the Tamil Nadu Vision 2023 will also initiate rapid development of the region in future decades. The detailed investments proposed are listed below.

Transport

Six-Eight Lane Triangular Corridor: Thoothukudi-Coimbatore Alignment

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The second segment of the Six/Eight lane triangular alignment runs from Thoothkudi to Coimbatore which covers a distance of 282 kms of National Highways and 53 kms of State Highways. The National Highway 209 in the Coimbatore region which falls in this triangular alignment will have a multiplier effect on the economy of the region. Provision of employment opportunities in construction and operations which will change the economic landscape of the district. This project will support the manufacturing and business hubs, agri-business hubs, tourism zones and knowledge hubs proposed in the region. The project will be implemented by Tamil Nadu Road Development Corporation with an investment of 5,000 crores in Public-Private Partnership.

Six-Eight Lane Triangular Corridor: Coimbatore- Chengalpet Alignment

The third segment of the Six/Eight lane triangular alignment runs from Coimbatore to Chengalpet which covers a distance of 196 kms of National Highways and 266 kms of State Highways. This project will support the Coimbatore-Salem Industrial corridor. The project will be implemented by Tamil Nadu Road Development Corporation with an investment 9,000 crores in Public Private-Partnership.

Madurai-Coimbatore High Speed Rail Link

Madurai and Coimbatore being two major cities have a significant passenger traffic. The high-speed link between these two cities will be useful for fast passenger movement, lesser energy consumption, reduced accidents and overall economic development of the region. The link will be aligned through the towns of Dindigul, Udumalpet and Pollachi. This project will be implemented by Indian Railways with an investment of 23,000 crores in Public-Private Partnership.

Coimbatore-Chennai High Speed Rail Link

Coimbatore and Chennai are the major business and industrial centre in the state of Tamil Nadu which has resulted in heavier passenger traffic. The high-speed link between these two cities will provide a faster passenger movement accounting to significant savings, lesser energy consumption, reduced accidents and overall economic development of the region. The project will be implemented by Indian Railways with an investment of 45,000 crores in Public-Private Partnership.

Aviation

Expansion of Coimbatore Airport

The project will expand the existing AAI‟s Coimbatore Airport by increasing the length of the runway by 3,000 meters to handle wide aircrafts, new passenger terminal with a capacity of 2 million passengers and associated facilities with an area of 65,000

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sq. mts. The proposed airport will have a multiplier effect on the region enhancing the economic development. This project will be implemented by Airports Authority of India and Transport Department of Government of Tamil Nadu with an investment of 3,000 crores in Public-Private Partnership.

Industry Sector

Coimbatore-Salem Industrial Corridor – Manufacturing and Business Investment Region – I & II

One of the Manufacturing and Business region will be established in Coimbatore- Tiruppur district and the second one in Salem district focusing on industries like heavy engineering, precision tools, logistics etc. Manufacturing zones, industrial parks, warehouses and logistics hub will be developed including internal infrastructure for residential development and specialised infrastructure which would include testing centres, QC labs, product display centre, administration buildings, training centre, etc. This project will enhance the competitiveness and efficiency of manufacturing enterprises in the region and provide connectivity to industrial areas. The project will be implemented by State Industries Promotion Corporation of Tamil Nadu (SIPCOT) with an investment of 7,200 crores in Public-Private Partnership.

Coimbatore-Salem Industrial Corridor – Agri Business Investment Region (ABIR)

The Agri Business Investment region is proposed in Erode-Namakkal Districts which would serve as a hub for agri engineering and food processing for vegetables, fruits, grains and packaged food/convenience food, spices, dairy, poultry and animal products. Manufacturing zones, industrial parks (agro-food, agro-logistics, livestock), warehouses and logistics hub will be developed along with internal infrastructure for residential development and specialised infrastructure for the agri business hub. The proposed project will develop multi-model infrastructure development in the region ad also will empower rural communities by creating high-value business opportunities. It is estimated that the project will create 5 lakh direct and indirect jobs. Thrust areas like improvement in the production of crops, wastage reduction, price stabilisation, genetically modified varieties, micro propagation, micro irrigation, organic farming etc., will be addressed. The project will be implemented by State Industries Promotion Corporation of Tamil Nadu (SIPCOT) with an investment of 4,800 crores in Public-Private Partnership.

Coimbatore-Madurai Industrial Corridor

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This corridor covers Coimbatore, Tiruppur, Dindigul and Madurai districts with an objective to establish a link between Coimbatore and Madurai cities. Textile and agro- processing industries which have dominated the industrial development in these districts will be enhanced by improving industrial infrastructure. This corridor will utilise the agricultural produce of the adjoining corridor. Textile, light engineering and agro based industries will be concentrated in Coimbatore and Tiruppur districts. The proposed six/eight lane road and the high-speed rail link will facilitate development of the corridor. The project will be implemented by State Industries Promotion Corporation of Tamil Nadu (SIPCOT) with an investment of 10,000 crores in Public-Private Partnership.

Industrial Parks of Small and Medium Enterprises

Tamil Nadu Small Industries Development Corporation Ltd. (SIDCO) proposes 25 industrial parks for Small and Medium Enterprises in 15 districts out of which one park will be established in Kandiyan Kovil village in Coimbatore district. The park will extend to 250 acres and will be self-contained with utilities, common services and facilities for small industries. The proposal has been submitted to the Department of Chemicals and Petrochemicals, Ministry of Fertilisers and Chemicals, Government of India. The project will be implemented by Tamil Nadu Small Industries Development Corporation Ltd. (SIDCO) with an investment of 1,000 crores in Public-Private Partnership.

Urban Infrastructure, Water Storage and Supply, Solid Waste Management and Housing

World-Class Cities Programme

The World-Class Cities Programme includes 10 cities in Tamil Nadu namely, Chennai, Coimbatore-Tiruppur, Madurai, Trichy, Salem-Erode, Tirunelveli, Tuticorin, Vellore-Ranipet, Cuddalore and Hosur. With the rapidly increasing urbanisation rate in the state of Tamil Nadu it is important to enhance basic services in the cities to cater to the increasing population. The programme will improve water supply, sanitation, solid waste management, urban transport, housing and other sectors in the cities. The project will enable universal, affordable, consistent and equitable piped water supply and best class services in all the cities under the programme. This programme will be implemented by the Urban Local Bodies and Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board (TWAD) with an investment of 5,000 crores.

100% Sanitised – Clean and Garbage Free cities

Tamil Nadu has been a pioneer in Solid Waste Management through Public-Private Partnership. This programme will be implemented in Coimbatore in compliance with

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the SWM rules of 2000 in all urban areas of the state, implementation of door-to-door collection and source segregation, regional approach to create and operate waste processing and landfill and mandating localised bio-degradable waste processing. This programme will be implemented by the Urban Local Bodies with an investment of 5,000 crores and the mode of finance will be grants from state and central government and Public-Private Partnership.

Mass Public Transit Systems for Madurai and Coimbatore

Observing the growth potential of Coimbatore and Madurai public mass transit systems for these cities is required. The objective of this programme would prepare a plan for modern public transit systems in Coimbatore, Madurai, Trichy and Salem. This project will help in enhancing the urban transport initiatives of these cities and would help world-class transit system and seamless connectivity. This programme will be implemented by the Transport Department with an investment of 50,000 crores and the mode of finance will be grants from state and central government and Public-Private Partnership.

Agriculture and Irrigation Sector

Infrastructure support for Agro Food Processing Industry

Coimbatore, Erode, Nilgiris and Tiruppur districts have been included in this project to improve processing industries and engage farmers in high productive farming techniques to maximise outputs of their farms. The project will improve existing processing centres by encouraging cold storages and reducing wastage in the supply chain. This programme will be implemented by the Agriculture Department with the support of Tamil Nadu Agriculture University with an investment of 5,000 crores and the mode of finance will be Public-Private Partnership.

Infrastructure for Dairy Processing

The state government has aimed to promote White Revolution by doubling the milk production capacity of Tamil Nadu. With the augmentation of various schemes, the livestock population in the state has increased the household income. This project will help in enhancing dairy processing centres across the state and includes Coimbatore district. These processing centres will not only be developed for primary processing but also distributing milk and other value-added products like flavoured milk, milk powder, ghee, paneer, cheese, khoa and other processed milk products which will aid for economic development of milk industry. This programme will be implemented by Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries Department with an investment of 5,250 crores and the mode of finance will be Public-Private Partnership.

Infrastructure for Poultry Processing

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The Government of Tamil Nadu intends to promote poultry meat processing and egg processing industry by Public-Private Partnership. The project will help in the creation of processing infrastructure for poultry meat and egg. The main objective is to establish a supply chain integrating marginal farmers and small and medium hatcheries would result in tremendous economic return. Coimbatore, Tiruppur and Erode districts are included in this project for modernising the production method and quality requirements. This programme will be implemented by Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries Department with an investment of 2,000 crores and the mode of finance will be Public-Private Partnership.

Lining of major canals in Tamil Nadu

The project aims to provide stone, concrete, precast slab or HDPE lining for the major canal systems in the state and piped water supply will be provided to the adjacent field to compensate the loss of natural recharge. Through this project the water seepage losses can be avoided to great extent and silting of canals can be limited. This programme will be implemented by WRO-Public Works Department with an investment of 5,000 crores and the mode of finance will be Public-Private Partnership.

Health Sector

Medi Cities at Perundurai and Madurai

Two medi-cities will be established at the existing institute of Road Transport Medical College Campus at Perundurai, Erode. The medi-cities will have high end medical services and hospitality services to cater medical tourism market in South India. Apart from medical services the medi-city will be focusing on medical research. Perundurai is located on NH-47 and is one of the most important centres for tourist activity. Erode being the gateway to Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats and Coimbatore airport is located 40 kms from Perundurai. Hospitality, entertainment and logistics facilities will be enabled by private organisations. This programme will be implemented by Health and Family Welfare Department, Interested Private Sector/Corporate groups with an investment of 2,000 crores and the mode of finance will be Public-Private Partnership.

Centres for Excellence for Cancer Cure

Centre for excellence will be established in five location across Tamil Nadu for cancer care. Coimbatore district is also included in this project. Government hospitals will be encouraged to partnership with reputed medical institutions to improve diagnostic, curative and surgical capabilities in cancer care. This programme will be implemented by Health and Family Welfare Department with an investment of 500 crores and the mode of finance will be Public-Private Partnership.

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Establishment of Five Global Quality Nursing and Para Medical Training Institutes

The state will establish nursing and paramedical training institutions of international standards for supporting healthcare survey. This programme will be implemented by Health and Family Welfare Department with an investment of 500 crores and the mode of finance will be Public-Private Partnership. The objective of the project is to establish world class workforce capable of serving international hospitals and establishments. This programme will be implemented by Private Education institutions with an investment of 500 crores and the mode of finance will be Private Partnership.

Education, Human Resources Development and Skill Development Sector

Knowledge Hub in Coimbatore/Salem

The project majorly focuses on the development of Coimbatore/Salem as Knowledge City which will be a destination for investments in higher education. The knowledge city will act as a regional hub for learning and innovation bridging the gap between talent gap and learning environment. It would primarily serve as IT, ITES hub for software development and Information Technology Development. The project will aim to make Tamil Nadu the back-off capital of the world for large scale information technology based on banks, insurance, financial services, consultancies, engineering, accounting, healthcare, architecture etc. High speed connectivity and bandwidth essential for increase in the productivity and competitiveness of the Knowledge City will be enhanced. This programme will be implemented by Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation with an investment of 750 crores and the mode of finance will be Public-Private Partnership.

Enhancing Employability Skills of Engineering Students

The project will improve the employability skills of graduate engineers by educating on analytical skills, practical ingenuity, design, creativity, communication skills, business and management skills, leadership skills, ethical standards, professionalism, lifelong learning skills, team building skills and flexibility. Coimbatore has been selected for this programme. This programme will be implemented by Anna University, Chennai with an investment of 6,000 crores and the mode of finance will be through Universities and colleges in Tamil Nadu.

Entrepreneurship Development Centre – Coimbatore

Pollachi, Mettupalayam and Valparai are key centres fo agro cultivation and trading centres. Coimbatore centre will focus on manufacturing and services related to incubation support in the broad activities: mapping of potential SME opportunities,

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mapping/screening of potential of SMEs, Capacity building through local universities, incubation support with the help of financial institutions and mentoring helpline. This programme will be implemented by Department of Higher Education, Industry, Tamil Nadu Skill Development Mission, Tamil Nadu Corporation for Development of Woman with an investment of 15 crores and the mode of finance will be government funds.

Centre of Excellence for Agricultural Practices

This programme will bring out sustainable solutions for improving agricultural capability of the state in improving agricultural yield, reduced input cost for agricultural production, optimal irrigation requirement, reduced wastage, speedy transfer of technology and better storage and transportation. This programme will be implemented by Tamil Nadu Agriculture University supported by Agriculture Department with an investment of 500 crores and the mode of finance will be Public- Private Partnership.

The regional plan also should concentrate on accommodating the future induced population which will be added because of the employment that will be generated because of these investments with all the basic amenities and infrastructure. Also this region has a major share in the economic development of the state in terms of primary, secondary and tertiary sector with 15.16% share in the GDP of the state. Thus, a regional plan preparation is required for the sustainable economic development of the region.

1.3 Demographic Profile

1.3.1 Area and Population

The Coimbatore region consists of following sub-region: Coimbatore, Tiruppur, Erode and The Nilgiris district with an area of 18,235 sq km which accounts for 14% of the total area of the state which is 1,30,060 sq.km . This 14% area of the region accommodates 8,924,235 people which is 12% of the state‟s population, as per census 2011.

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Figure 1-8: Area and Population of the Region2

Within 14% of the area of the region, Erode sub region has the major share of 32% of area accommodating 25% of the population of the region. The second major area is shared by the Tiruppur sub-region accommodating 28% population of the region. The Coimbatore sub-region shares 26% of the area of the region accounting for maximum share of population of the region which is 39%. The Nilgiris sub-region has the least share of area in the region about 14% accommodating only 8% of the population. Figure represents area and population share in comparision with Tamil Nadu as well as distribution within the region.

Figure 1-9: Distribution of Area and Population within the Region3 During the last three decades, trends show that the growth of the urban population have been increasing in both the region and sub regions. The urbanization rate of the Coimbatore region has increased from 30.7% to 64.2% from 1991 to 2011 which is almost twice that of 1991. The rural population declined in the same proportion. The share of population of the region within the state remained constant with a small increase of 0.8%. Within the Coimbatore region, the Coimbatore district has the maximum increase in the urban population from 31% to 75.7% since 1991 because of the growth of the industries mainly the textile and the pump industries. The subsequent decrease in the rural population was seen due to the migration of the

2 Source: District Census Handbook 3 Source: District Census Handbook

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people for employment. The Tiruppur district shows the second maximum increase in the share of the urban population from 28.7% in 1991 to 61.4% in 2011 which is more than 30%. The figure below represents, the population distribution of the each region with the sub-region.

Figure 1-10: Population distribution of the region and the sub region4

The urbanization level of Tiruppur district is increasing over the years because of the development which came through the growth of the industrial sector mainly the textile mills, hosiery and ginning factories which is also reflected in the share of the total population of the district with the state which is 4.4%. For Erode district, the total share of population with the state has decreased by 2.4% but the urbanization rate has increased from 49.8% in 1991 to 59.2% in 2011 mainly because of the blooming of the agro based industries specially turmeric production which made Erode as the Turmeric capital of India. From 2001 to 2011, a slight decrease in share of the total urban population of the district with the state was observed mainly due to the water related issues which was reflected in the urbanization rate also. The total share of population of The Nilgiris district to the state has decreased from 10.9% in 1991 to 8.2% in 2011 because of the less employment related opportunities in the district as the district is highly eco sensitive with more than 50% of the area covered with forest. This can be reflected in the increasing urbanization rate of the district from 24.6% in 1991 to 51.4% in 2011 mainly due to the migration of the people in search of work in the tea, coffee and tourism industry which are the main economy generating sectors in the district.

4 Source: Census of India,1991,2001,2011

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1.3.2 Density

The density of population of the Coimbatore region is 489 persons/sq.km as against 555 persons/sq.km of the state as per 2011 census. The Coimbatore region saw increase in the population density from 359 persons/sq.km in 1991 to 489 persons/sq.km subsequent to the state. The Coimbatore sub-region has the maximum population density in the region which has increased from 528 in 1991 to 732 in 2011 because of the increase in the population of the district. The same trend can be seen in the other sub regions. The second maximum increase can be seen in the Tiruppur sub region from 295 in 1991 to 478 in 2011 with an increase of more than 1.5%. The Erode sub region showed a slow rate of increase of population density from 313 in 1991 to 391 in 2011. The population density of the The Nilgiris sub region increased from 277 in 1991 to 297 in 2001 and decreased to 287 in 2011 because of the decrease in the population of the sub region due to less employment opportunities.

Figure 1-11: Population Density5 While comparing to other sub-regions, Coimbatore sub-region has higher density than state, but there is possibility of stability in growth density for Coimbatore region after some point of time. Later there might be a possibility for the growth of sub-region within the region. This needs to be considered. The figure above represents the density of the Tamil Nadu, Region and the Sub-regions. 1.3.2 Sex Ratio

Women accounts for one half of a country‟s potential thus balanced sex ratio is desirable for the development of a region. Gender imbalances have been known in the human history to cause serious negative consequences for the development of the

5 Source: Census of India,1991,2001,2011

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society in the long run. Thus, as the Tamil Nadu state is fast urbanizing, the study of the sex ratio is important to analyze the share of the development by the female population.

According to the 2011 census, the state of Tamil Nadu has 36,137,975 males, 36,009,055 females which indicate the sex ratio of 996 females per 1000 males. Coimbatore region as a whole has slightly better sex ratio of 998 females per 1000 males as compared to Tamil Nadu. Amongst the sub-regions of Coimbatore region, Nilgiris has the highest sex ratio of 1042 females per 1000 males followed by that of Coimbatore which is 1001 females per 1000 males which is well above the state average. Unlike these two sub-regions, Erode and Tiruppur have comparatively lower female population with the ratios of 992 and 988 females per 1000 males. Nilgiris and Coimbatore sub-regions also show the highest increase in the female population from the year 1991 to 2011 followed by Erode and Tiruppur. This shows there is potential for female workers in industrial areas. The figure below represents sex ratios of the region over the years.

Figure 1-12: Sex Ratio6 1.3.3 Literacy Rate

The Figure 1-13 below represents the literacy rate of the state and Sub regions of Coimbatore region. The literacy rate is gradually increasing for both Tamil Nadu as well as Sub regions of Coimbatore region, denoting the accessibility to educational facilities. Within Sub-region, The Nilgiris districts has highest literacy rate and Erode shows lowest literacy rate.

6 Source: Census of India,1991,2001,2011

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Figure 1-13: Literacy Rate7 1.3.5 Marginalized Population

Marginalized population is calculated by considering SC, ST population as a whole and female population of other categories. The State marginalized population is 60.45 % which is higher than the Sub regional marginalized population of Coimbatore region except for The Nilgiris Sub-region which is 64.98%. This is mainly due to the presence of the primitive tribal groups in the district namely the Paniyas, Kotas, Irulas, Kurumbhas which are considered to be the primitive inhabitants of the sub region.

Figure 1-14: Marginalized Population8 1.3.6 Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes Population

The presence of the scheduled caste and the scheduled tribes in a region represents the backwardness of the region. Figure below shows the SC and ST population in state, region and sub-regions.

7 Source: Census of India,1991,2001,2011 8 Source: Census of India,1991,2001,2011

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Figure 1-15: Share of SC and ST population to the total population9

As per 2011 Census, the share of the SC and the ST population of the Tamil Nadu is 20.1% and 1.10% respectively. The share of the Coimbatore region‟s SC and ST population was lower than the state average. Within the Coimbatore region, the share of the SC and ST population is highest in the Nilgiris sub region which is 32.8% and 4.46% due to the presence of the tribal communities in the forest of the hilly sub region. The least SC population is recorded in the Coimbatore sub region which is 15.50% and the ST population in the Tiruppur sub region which is 0.22%, denoting that there should be particular focus on these groups. Figure below represents SC and ST population share in the Coimbatore region.

Figure 1-16: Total Share of ST and SC population within the Coimbatore Region10

Within the Coimbatore sub region, the highest share of the SC and the ST population was recorded in the Nilgiris district. The second highest SC and ST population was recorded in the Coimbatore district as the district has the highest population share in the region. The least SC and ST population was recorded in the Erode and Tiruppur district respectively.

9 Source: Census of India,1991,2001,2011 10 Source: Census of India,1991,2001,2011

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1.4 Regional Economy

Economic growth is the fundamental requirement for the development of any area. The regional development is largely influenced by the regional economy which talks about the contribution of the gross domestic product of the region to the state. The economic growth comes from the contribution of the primary, secondary and the tertiary sector. The agriculture in terms of turmeric and cotton production, tea and coffee plantation mainly contributes to the growth of the primary sector of the Coimbatore region. The textile, engineering and the pump industries have a major share in the growth of the secondary sector of the region. The tourism sector especially in the hilly areas of the region contributes to the tertiary sector growth of the region.

1.4.1 Gross Domestic Product

Coimbatore region‟ is the economic engine of Tamil Nadu which is evident as it contributes 14.55% to GSDP (Gross State Domestic Produce), its contribution standing at 1,28,498 lakh rupees out of state‟s 8,83,066 lakh rupees. The region is one of the major hubs for manufacturing, textile, education, tourism and health care in Tamil Nadu with four districts contributing distinctly to the overall growth. Figure-1 compares GDDP (Gross District Domestic Product) at constant (2011-12) prices of Coimbatore District, Tiruppur and Erode with State and Chennai. Figure-2 and Figure-3 shows value of respective region‟s GDP and their sectoral shares over time.

Figure 1-17: GDDP comparison of the Coimbatore Region11

In the fiscal year 2015-2016, the Coimbatore Region‟s primary sector GDP was maximum in Erode (constituting about 42.96% of regions share), secondary and tertiary sectors were concentrated in Coimbatore district (48.02% and 42.21% respectively) as shown in Table 1-1.

Table 1-1: GDP values of the Coimbatore region and Tamil Nadu12

11 Source: Economics and Statistics Department, Tamil Nadu

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Gross Domestic Product of Tamil Nadu and Coimbatore Region (at Constant Prices) (Rs. Cr)

(2004-05) (2011-12) (2015-16) STATE / DISTRICT PRIMARY SECONDARY TERTIARY PRIMARY SECONDARY TERTIARY PRIMARY SECONDARY TERTIARY TOTAL TAMIL NADU 25,996 67,672 1,25,336 38,728 1,30,392 2,64,118 1,04,910 3,18,138 4,60,017 15,35,307 CBE REGION 4,275 12,584 17,490 5,728 23,609 33,656 15,366 52,556 65,944 2,31,207 COIMBATORE 807 5,118 6,784 1,338 10,485 13,242 3,800 25,237 27,838 94,650 NILGIRIS 569 538 1,368 694 614 2,611 1,023 1,890 5,067 14,374 TIRUPPUR 621 3,431 4,619 1,298 7,685 9,220 3,941 12,006 16,961 59,782 ERODE 2,278 3,496 4,718 2,398 4,826 8,583 6,602 13,422 16,078 62,401 Figure 1-18 and Figure 1-19, shows the four sub-region‟s share in the respective sectors. From this we see that from 2005 to 2015 Coimbatore has seen an increase in share in all the three sectors with maximum increase in the manufacturing (Secondary) sector.

Figure 1-18: Sector's Share in regional Figure 1-19: Sector Wise share of GDP in sub GDP13 region14

Primary Sector:

Total primary sector GDP increased 27.8% from 2005 to 2015 (at constant price) in the region. Erode has held the maximum share of primary sector produce in the region, accounting for 43% of the total regional produce in 2015. Although Erode experienced a decrease in share over the years in the region it still grew at the rate of 34.50% over 10 years. Nilgiri has seen 55.6% increase, Coimbatore 21.23% and Tirippur experienced 15.75% increase in primary sector produce from 2005 to 2015. Erode, Nilgiri, Tiruppur and coimbatore district constitutes 18.28%, 12.8%, 11.98%

12 Source: Economics and Statistics Department, Tamil Nadu 13 Source: Economics and Statistics Department, Tamil Nadu 14 Source: Economics and Statistics Department, Tamil Nadu

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and 6.68% of their GDDPs (Gross District Domestic Produce) respectively to primary sector.

Secondary Sector:

In the span of 10 years from 2005-2015, secondary sector in Coimbatore region increased at 23.94%. With maximum share lying with Coimbatore district in 2015 with 44.37%. Its growth has been the least (in 10 years) at 20.27% in Secondary sector while Tiruppur and Nilgiri and Erode constitues 36.48%, 23.68% and 37.18% of their GDDPs respectively to this sector.

Tertiary Sector:

The tertiary sector in Coimbatore region increased 26.52% in 10 years. And in 2015 contributed 49.26% to the GDP of the region. Share of tertiary sector in Coimbatore District, Erode, Tiruppur and Nilgiri in their respective GDDPs are 48.94%, 44.53%, 51.54% and 63.49% respectively.

GDP v/s NDP

Tables below compares the share of the three sectors in National Domestic Produce (NDP) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the four sub-regions of Coimbatore. Variation between GDP and NDP gives a picure about the state of capital of the sub- region through capital depreciation.

Figure 1-20: Share of sectors in NDP of sub Figure 1-21: Share of sectors in GDP of sub regions regions

Table 1-2: Share of sectors in NDP of sub regions Table 1-3: Share of sectors in GDP of sub regions

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Source: Economics and Statistics Department, Tamil Nadu 1.4.2 Work Force Participation

The economic growth of any region is created by the people of that region. The work force participation rate reflects the economic development of any region in the fields of agriculture, tourism, industries, etc. Thus, workforce development is an essential component in the economic development of any region.

Figure 1-22: Composition of the Work force participation of the region15

As per Census 2011, the state of Tamil Nadu has 54.4% non-workers, 38.7% main workers whereas only 6.9% marginal workers. The non-workers population is observed to decline to some extent from the year 1991 to 2011 accompanied by slight increase in the number of marginal workers. The Coimbatore region has higher number of main workers i.e. 45.3% as compared to the state average along with somewhat lower number of non-workers and marginal workers which are 50.9% and 3.8% respectively. The various sub-regions of the Coimbatore region also reflect a similar pattern in the composition of workforce participation with highest number of non-workers followed by the main workers and very few marginal workers. In Nilgiris the population of non-workers has declined by 6.9% from 1991 to 2011 with

15 Source: Census of India, 1991, 2001, 2011

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an increase in the main workers population. Tiruppur and Erode have highest percentage of people engaged as main workers in the Coimbatore region which is also well above the state average, due to the industrial development in the sub-region.

Figure 1-23: Composition of the work force participation of the Coimbatore region16

The figure below shows, regional share of WFPR of the region to the state for three decades. The Coimbatore region has 13.3 percentage of the total workforce of Tami Nadu in 2011, which comprises of 50.9% non-workers, 45.3 main workers and 3.8% marginal workers. The share of workforce of the region in Tamil Nadu has increased from 12.8% in 1991 to 13.5% in 2001 and then13.3% by 2011. No major change other than increase in the marginal worker population from 1.5% to 3.9% has been observed in the composition of workforce in the past three decades.

Figure 1-24: Sub region wise composition of the work force participation17

16 Source: Census of India, 1991, 2001, 2011 17 Source: Census of India, 1991 ,2001, 2011

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Within the Coimbatore region the share of the sub regions for the main worker population reflect the dominance of Coimbatore followed by Tiruppur and Erode and Nilgiris with the least contribution to the main workers population. Tiruppur and Erode have somewhat similar percentage of main, marginal and non-workers population. Erode is also observed to have slight increase in the number of main workers, marginal workers as well as non-workers with their simultaneous decline in Tiruppur from 2001 to 2011 as a complimentary effect. The share of Nilgiris is the lowest in the workforce of Coimbatore region due to its low population as compared to other sub regions and the highest contribution of Coimbatore can be attributed to its high population.

1.4.3 Classification of Work Force Participation, Sector wise

Main Workers

The above section represents work force participation rate, here it explains about the main working population in respective sectors. The state of Tamil Nadu has 42.9% primary sector main workers, 24.5% main workers in secondary sector whereas 32.6 % main workers in tertiary sector. The share of primary sector main workforce is observed to decline from the year 1991 to 2011 accompanied by slight increase in the number of main workers in secondary sector. Similarly, Coimbatore region has lower number of main workers in primary sector i.e. 35.7% as compared to the state average along with somewhat lower number of main workers in secondary and tertiary sector which are 34.2% and 30.2% respectively. A decrease in the main workers population was observed since 1991 with simultaneous increase in the tertiary sector main workers, due to development of various service industries which create employment opportunities.

Figure 1-25: Composition of the main workers population18

18 Source: Census of India, 1991 ,2001, 2011

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The various sub-regions of the Coimbatore region also reflect a similar pattern in the composition of main workers participation with highest number of main workers in the primary sector followed by tertiary and secondary sector except for Coimbatore and Tiruppur. As per 2011 census, the share of the main workers population was more in the tertiary sector followed by the secondary and the primary sector for the Coimbatore sub region, showing the growth of tertiary industries.. Since, 1991 the share of the primary sector main workers population has decreased with simultaneous increase in the tertiary sector for Coimbatore. The Tiruppur sub region has a major share of 47.1% main workers in the secondary sector because of the presence of the textile and the dying industries followed by primary and tertiary sector. The Nilgiris and Erode have highest percentage of people engaged as main workers in the primary sector , which shows that these sub regions still withstand their growth in the primary sector.

Figure 1-26: Composition of Sub region wise main work force participation19

The above figure represents, the Coimbatore region‟s share of the sub regions for the main workers‟ population in primary sector reflect the dominance of Erode followed by Tiruppur and Coimbatore and Nilgiris with the least contribution to the main workers population in the primary sector. The share of the primary sector main workers population was observed to decrease since 1991 in all the sub regions with a slight increase in the Nilgiris sub region. The Coimbatore sub region has the dominance in the share of the main workers population in the secondary sector since 1991 except for 2011 where Tiruppur sub region took the lead because of the textile and dying industries which also attracted the industrial workers due to bifurcation of the Tiruppur sub region. The Coimbatore sub region has a maximum share in the

19 Source: Census of India, 1991 ,2001, 2011

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tertiary sector main workers population since 1991, showing the dominance of the tertiary sector in this region. The least share in the main workers population in all the three sectors was that of the The Nilgiris sub region.

Figure 1-27: Sector wise main work force participation of the Coimbatore Region20

The above figure represents share of Coimbatore region to Tamil Nadu which clearly explores the regional share to Tamil Nadu. In 1991, the primary sector has the maximum share of the main workers population followed by the secondary and tertiary sector due to the presence of the cotton and the tea plantations. The dominance of the main workers population in the primary sector was maintained till 2011, but decreased thereafter due to growth of industries in secondary and tertiary sector. An increase in the main workers population in the secondary sector was observed because of the emergence of the dying, textile and knitwear industries in the Tiruppur sub region. The tertiary sector has the least share of main workers population amongst the three sector which has increased to double since 1991. The overall share of the main workers population to the Tamil Nadu state has remained the same with decrease in 2011 which is 11.7%.

Marginal Workers

In the previous section main workers contribution was explained clearly. As per the marginal workers is concerned, the state of Tamil Nadu has 58.8% of primary sector marginal workers, 17.4% marginal workers in secondary sector whereas 23.9 % marginal workers in tertiary sector. The share of primary sector marginal workforce is observed to decline from the year 1991 to 2011 and also slight increase in the number of marginal workers participation in secondary and tertiary sector was seen due to

20 Source: Census of India, 1991 ,2001, 2011

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rainfall changes which initiated people to move from primary to tertiary sector. A decrease in the main workers population was observed since 1991 with simultaneous increase in the tertiary sector and secondary marginal workers. The various sub- regions of the Coimbatore region also reflect a similar pattern in the composition of marginal workers participation with highest number of marginal workers in the primary sector followed by tertiary and secondary sector in decreasing nature. As per 2011 census, in Coimbatore region, the share of the marginal workers population was more in the tertiary sector followed by the primary and the secondary sector for the Coimbatore sub region. Since, 1991 the share of the primary sector marginal workers population has decreased with simultaneous increase in the tertiary sector for Coimbatore. Tiruppur sub region has a major share of 39.7% marginal workers in the primary followed by secondary and tertiary sector. The Nilgiris and Erode have highest percentage of people engaged as marginal workers in the primary sector in the Coimbatore region which is almost equal to the state average.

Figure 1-28: Composition of the Marginal workforce participation of the region

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Figure 1-29: Sub region wise composition of the marginal work force participation

Source: Census of India, 1991 ,2001, 2011

Within the Coimbatore region the share of the sub regions for the marginal workers‟ population in primary sector reflect the dominance of Erode followed by Tiruppur and Coimbatore and Nilgiris with the least contribution to the marginal workers population in the primary sector. The share of the primary sector marginal workers population was observed to decrease since 1991 in all the sub regions with a slight increase in the Nilgiris sub region. The Coimbatore sub region has a mixed dominance in the share of the marginal workers population in the secondary sector since 1991. The Erode sub region dominated in 1991 followed by Coimbatore sub region since 2001.The Coimbatore sub region has a maximum share in the tertiary sector main workers population. The least share in the main workers population in all the three sectors was that of the The Nilgiris sub region.

Figure 1-30: Sector wise composition of the marginal work force of the region

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Source: Census of India, 1991 ,2001, 2011

The above figure represents sector wise composition of the marginal work force of region. In 1991, the primary sector has the maximum share of the marginal workers population followed by the secondary and tertiary sector due to the presence of the cotton and the tea plantations. The dominance of the marginal workers population in the primary sector was maintained till 2011 but in decreasing nature. An increase in the marginal workers population in the secondary sector was observed because of the emergence of the dying, textile and knitwear industries in the Tiruppur sub region. The tertiary sector has the least share of main workers population amongst the three sector which has increased to five times than in 1991. The overall share of the marginal workers population to the Tamil Nadu state has almost remained the same since 2011 with 7.2% in 2011.

After considering both marginal and main workers participation the shift in the workers participation in different sectors can be seen which shows that the tertiary sector is getting developed in the Coimbatore region which includes all the sub regions showing rapid conversion from primary to tertiary sector for both main and marginal workers participation.

1.5 Physiography and Environment

The Coimbatore region is spread out between 10°10‟ and 11°58‟ North Latitudes and 76°13‟ and 77°58‟ East Longitudes. The Nilgiris district in Tamil Nadu is the intersection point of Eastern and Western Ghats which houses famous hill stations Udhagamandalam and Kotagiri and the highest peak in this region is Dodabetta which is 2637m.

1.5.1 Physiography

The physiography of the Coimbatore region is mainly defined by the riverine plain, upland, hill slopes and high land ranging from 20m to more than 1000 m. The riverine plains lies at an altitude of 20m to 200m along the Bhavani and the Cauvery rivers which flows through the Erode District. . Noyyal river is an important river of the region. It originates from Vellingiri hills in Western Ghats close to Kerala boarder and passes through villages of Coimbatore and Trippur sub region. The upland ranging from an altitude of 200m to 800m covers the major area of the Coimbatore region covering the Coimbatore, Tiruppur and Erode districts. The Nilgiris district is mainly covered by the hill slopes and high land ranging from 800m to more than 1000m. Many tourists destinations including hill stations of Ooty, Coonor, Kotagiri, Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary are situated in this hill slopes and enjoys a pleasant climate prior to its location. The presence of hill slopes in the district is the major

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reason for the cultivation of tea and coffee which require high land for their growth. The Nilgiris sub region has a rich bio-diversity housing many endangered species like The Nilgiri Tahr, Nilgiri Langur, Nilgiri Marten, and Lion Tailed Macaque. The eastern part of the Erode district also falls under the hill slopes and high land where major forest area of the district lies inhabiting a wide range of biodiversity falling under Satyamangalam Tiger Reserve. The southern part of the region is occupied by Polachi, Valparai and Anaimalai taluks. Polachi has a major part of its land as agricultural area while Valparai and Anaimalai are mostly covered by the forest area. Anaimalai tiger reserve is situated in the Anaimalai hills of Polachi, Valparai and Udumalpet taluks of the Coimbatore and Tripur districts.

Figure 1-31: Physiography of the Coimbatore region 1.5.2 River System

The Coimbatore region is drained by mainly five rivers i.e Cauvery, Bhawani, Noyyal, Moyar and Aliyaar. The Cauvery river forms the border of the Salem and Erode district flowing from north to south of the western part of the region. The Bhawani river flows from north west part of the region from Nilgiris district through

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Erode to the north eastern part of the region finally joining Cauvery river. The Noyyal river originating from Vellingiri hills in Western Ghts in Coimbatore district and flows from western part of the region to the eastern part of the region draining Coimbatore and Erode district finally joining Cauvery river. The Aliyar river originates from Aliyar, Polachi and flows through the southern part of the region through south Coimbatore district. The Bhawani and the Moyar river flows from the hills of the Nilgiris district to the plains flowing through the slopes, upland and the riverine plains. Bhavani Sagar Dam is built over the Bhavani river in Erode district. The dam feeds the Lower Bhavani Project Canal and Kalingarayan Canal which further feeds different channels for irrigation in various villages of the sub region. There are many other small streams joining these rivers such as Nallar river joining Noyyal river, Pykara and Kallar joining Bhawani and Bharathapuzha towards south.

Figure 1-32: River basin of the Coimbatore region

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1.5.3 Environment

The Coimbatore region is environmentally sensitive consisting of National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuary , Reserve Forest and Elephant Corridor. The Nilgiris district in the region is the meeting point of the Western and the Eastern Ghats, thus inhabiting innumerable variety of flora and fauna with some species endemic to this region prior to its location. The forest belt of this region extending from northwest of Erode sub region to the southern part of the Coimbatore sub region, covering Nilgiris sub region, enroutes three major elephant corridor routes. The elephants follow these traditional paths as corridors which are the linear patches of natural vegetation providing habitat and food for the species. The Moyar Valley is an important area for the elephants as it provides as a linkage between the Western and the Eastern Ghats serving as a major route for the passage of the elephants. The Route A followed by the elephants extends from Bandipur Tiger Reserve to Mudumalai Tiger Reserve passing through Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve, covering the Nilgiris sub region. This route comprises of seven corridors:

Route A

Corridor 1: The Muduhalli- Thalavadi corridor is located in the interstate boundary of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, connecting the Punjur Range of Chamarajanagar Wildlife Division with the Thalavadi Range of Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve. The elephants move through narrow forest patches and private lands of Dodda Muduhalli village. They pass through the reserve forest comprising of tropical deciduous and thorn forest.

Corridor 2&3: The Talamalai-Guttiyalattur corridor connects elephant habitats between Guttiyalattur Reserve Forest and Talamalai Reserve Forest of Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve. They pass through the settlements, fallow land and tropical thorn and deciduous forest.

Corridor 4 & 5: In the Chemmanatham and Mavinhalla corridor, elephants move from Nilgiris North Division to Bandipur Tiger Reserve through Mudumalai Tiger Reserve between the villages of Chemmanatham and Mavinhalla. They pass through the tropical thorn forest with bamboo patches available.

Corridor 6: This corridor lies between Masinagudi and Singara villages on the Northern slopes of the Nilgiri Hills. The elephants in this corridor move from Mudumalai Tiger reserve to Nilgiri North Division. The corridor is surrounded by tropical thorn and deciduous forest.

Corridor 7: Elephants move from Nilumbur North Forest Division in Kerala to Mudumalai Tiger Reserve and Bandipur Tiger Reserve through human habitations in

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Gudalur forest division via O Valley. The corridor passes through dry deciduous and shola forest.

Route B:This route extends from Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve to Coimbatore North Forest Division comprising of two routes.

Corridor 8: This corridor connects the Jaccanarai slope Reserve Forest and Hulikal Durgam Reserve Forest of Coimbatore Forest Division. Elephants move from Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve to the southern part of the Coimbatore forest division through tropical thorn and dry deciduous forest.

Corridor 9: Elephants move from Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve to Mannarkad Forest Division, Kerala connecting Anaikatti North Reserve Forest and Anaikatti South Reserve Forest of Coimbatore Forest Division through tropical thorn and deciduous forest.

Route C: The route C is followed along Water fall Tea estate (Valaparai) in the Anaimalai Tiger Reserve.

Corridor 10: This corridor links the Valaparai and Pollachi Ranges of Anaimalai Tiger Reserve. Elephants move from Anaimalai Tiger Reserve to Parambikulam Tiger Reserve through narrow reserve forest between Waterfalls and Mount Stuart Estates through tropical moist deciduous forest.

A buffer area of about 1 km is considered along these corridors for their conservation because of the presence of human settlements along these corridors. There are cases of human animal conflict in different areas like Mudahalli(border), Gudiyalatur, Vazhaithottam, Chemmanatham, Mavinamalla, Masinagudi, Gudalaur- O Valley, Jaccainaire slope, Anaikatti,North- South, Valparai- Water fall estate, resulting from the presence of agricultural lands, vehicular traffic and also because of the number of elephants trespassing different areas like Bandipur Tiger Reserve (1,263), Sathyamangalam Forest Division (877), Gudalur Forest Division (112), Nilgiris North Forest Division (272), Anai Malai Tiger Reserve(584), Mudumalai Tiger Reserve (840), Coimbatore Forest Division (390) and BRT Tiger Reserve (617).

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Figure 1-33: Environmentally Protected Area

Figure 1-34: Share of Forest Area of Tamil Figure 1-35: Share of Forest Area within Nadu Region Coimbatore Region

Source: District Census Handbook, 2011

The above figures represents the share of Coimbatore region‟s forest area to Tamilnadu and share of forest area of sub regions within Coimbatore region. The CBE region shares 14% of the total 26,345 sq.km forest area of the state. Erode has the largest reserve forest cover in the Coimbatore region contributing to a major 47%

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of the total forest area i.e. 2,329 sq.km, followed by Nilgiris with a covered area of 1,426 sq.km.

1.6 Vision and Methodology

The vision for the preparation of the Region Plan for the Coimbatore Region is:

Sustainable Economic Development with the focus on Economic growth engines

The Regional Plan preparation aims to develop the Coimbatore Region in an integrated manner focusing on the economic growth engines of the sub regions. The vision of the plan is to develop the region in a sustainable approach focusing on the economic development catering with the environmentally sensitive nature of the region as the region shelters variety of flora and fauna residing in the National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries. This development also looks into the upliftment of the society specially the tribal community inhibiting the forest area. The economic growth engines are the main drivers of the economy of the these sub regions which focuses on the primary,secondary and tertiary sector. Thus the development of the regional plan is endeavored to achieve the economic, environmental and social development of the region as a whole through the combination of the developmental aspect of each sub region.

Methodology

The approach adopted for the preparation of the regional plan begins with the understanding and importance of the regional plan in Indian context by referring to the case studies adopted for interpretation of the basic characteristics of the regional plan. This is followed by the selection of the Coimbatore Region for the pilot exercise of regional plan preparation. The participatory approach is adopted for the plan preparation which involves the stakeholders concerned with the regional plan. This will facilitate the process of collective analysis and learning. The next major step is the identification of the thrust area of each sub regions which will be the main concern for the plan preparation. The main focus of plan preparation for The Nilgiris sub region is environmental conservation as the maximum area of the district is occupied by the forest which comes under the Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve. Thus, the development of the sub region should be planned in accordance with both economic growth and environment conservation.

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Figure 1-36: Methodology for the Regional Plan

The preparation of the sub regional plan for the Tiruppur district is focused on the development of Sustainable Industrial Region. As the economic growth of the district mainly comes from the industrial sector, thus the industrial growth should be planned in a sustainable manner without affecting the environment. As the Coimbatore sub region is highly urbanized, the main thrust area of the plan preparation is employment generation. The presence of the textile and other engineering industries resulted in inflow of people for employment opportunities. Thus the plan preparation should focus on the need of employment generation with provision of other amenities associated with it. The development of agro based industries in Erode sub region especially turmeric production made the district competitive with other agro based economic regions. Thus, the main thrust area of the sub region is competitive and environment resilient as this region is environmentally sensitive with almost 45% area of the district coming under forest. The development of the district should be in accordance with the protection of the natural resources. A sustainable land use plan for the Coimbatore region will be prepared focusing on the thrust area of each sub region aiming for employment generation. The last phase of this plan preparation will be the implementation of the sustainable land use plan.

1.7 Regional Connectivity

A good regional connectivity facilitates the economic growth of any country which is mainly dependent on the development of transport infrastructure. This provides physical and virtual access to the regional and global markets. The Coimbatore region

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is well connected with the road, rail and air networks. These linkages have driven the region‟s economic success by facilitating international trade, foreign direct investment (FDI) flows, and the establishment of the global and regional production networks and global values chains.

1.7.1 Road

The Coimbatore Region is well connected by means of roads by national highways and state highways passing through the region, connecting major cities like Chennai, Bangalore, Mysore, Madurai and Cochin. As Coimbatore city is one of the major urban center of the region, a number of national highways pass through the Coimbatore sub region which includes

NH 47 is the most important as it connects the major urban centers of the region. It runs across Tamil Nadu and Kerala linking Salem to Cochin and passing through Salem, Coimbatore, Palakkad, Thrissur and Cochin. It also connects three of the major airports Cochi International Airport, Trivendrum International Airport and the Coimbatore International Airport.

NH 67 connects Nagappattinam port of Tamil Nadu with Coimbatore passing through Kangeyam and Palladam in Tiruppur district, Trichy, Thanjavur and Thiruvarur.

NH 209 connects Dindigul and Bangalore passing through Udumalaippettai (Udumalpet) in Tiruppur district , Pollachi and Coimbatore in Coimbatore district.

NH 181 connects Coimbatore to Gundlupet passing through Mettupalayam and Udhagamandalam. The highway serves as a major route to Nilgiris in the Coimbatore region providing access to the tourist from Coimbatore to the nearby hill station Udhagamandalam(Ooty).

1.7.2 Railway

Transport infrastructure in terms of railways has added speed and efficiency in a region‟s progress through good physical connectivity with other urban areas for economic development. The Coimbatore region comes under southern railway zone and has a good connectivity with Chennai, Bangalore, Trichy, New Delhi and Mumbai. The major stations of the regions are Coimbatore Junction, Erode and Tiruppur. The Nilgiris district railway connectivity with Coimbatore is through the narrow gauge railway line known as the Nilgiris Mountain Railway which functions between Mettupalayam and Udhagamandalam. It is declared as heritage site by UNESCO in 2005. It served as a major means of transportation of tea and coffee during the British era. It is now functional only for tourism purpose. The other railway lines that pass through the region are Jolarpettai- Shoranur line connecting to

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Northern (Uttar Pradesh) and South West part of the country and Erode and Tiruchirapalli line connecting to South Eastern parts of Tamil Nadu.

1.7.3 Air

Air connectivity plays an important role as it fosters the local economic development and prosperity of the region. The Coimbatore region has only one airport – Coimbatore International Airport which is the third busiest airport in Tamil Nadu after Chennai and Tiruchirapalli. The airport connects the region to Chennai, Mumbai, New Delhi, Kolkata and Ahemdabad. Because of the industrial nature of the region, it is also important for the cargo transportation and stands fourth in terms of cargo handling capacities. The next nearest airport is Cochin International Airport which is around 174 km from Coimbatore followed by Tiruchirapalli International Airport which is around 215 km.

1.7.4 Port

The figure below shows the connectivity of the Coimbatore region. The presence of port connectivity is important for the transportation of the cargos internationally and reduces the logistics costs and ensures faster delivery. The Coimbatore Region has no port connectivity within the region and the nearest port is Cochin at a distance of 193 km from Coimbatore followed by Nagapattinam Port located in the Nagapattinam Town along the shores of Bay of Bengal, at a distance of 354 km.

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Figure 1-37: Regional Connectivity of Coimbatore region

The role of regional connectivity is important for the Coimbatore region which is a promising industrial region with the upcoming industries and MSME clusters. The Tamil Nadu Vision 2023 came up with the establishment of the Coimbatore-Salem Industrial Corridor as manufacturing and business investment regions and the agro- processing industries in Erode will help this region to grow as an industrial hub. Thus, connectivity will facilitate the diversification of the economies through the huge investment coming and creating new jobs particularly in labour intensive sectors.

1.8 Settlement Structure

The settlement pattern is important in the regional plan preparation to understand the existing structure and potential of the individual settlements and their impact on the surrounding areas. The settlement structure influences the overall economic and social development of a region. The analysis for the settlement structure is essential to achieve the objective of balanced development. The study for the settlement is done

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based on the availability of the basic infrastructure facilities and the existing settlement pattern is derived.

1.8.1 Existing Settlement Structure

Table 1-4: Class Wise Average Population of Urban Settlement

Average Population of Urban Settlements

Class / District Class I Class II Class III Class IV Class V Class VI

Tamil Nadu 432,554 69,139 29,488 14,262 7,654 4,390

CBE Region 443,960 71,860 30,571 14,089 7,864 3,950

Coimbatore 587,194 82,017 29,175 13,913 7,863 -

Nilgiris - 88,430 33,993 14,367 8,250 4,438

Erode 444,352 63,094 30,851 14,618 6,990 4,617

Tiruppur 157,101 68,171 30,261 13,922 8,351 3,342

Source: District Census Handbook, 2011

Table 1-5: Class Wise Composition of Urban Settlement

Composition of Urban Settlements

Class / Class Class Class I Class III Class IV Class V Total District II VI

Tamil Nadu 32 80 249 406 295 35 1097

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CBE region 4 16 46 66 57 6 195

Coimbatore 2 5 18 27 17 0 69

Nilgiris 0 1 7 5 4 1 18

Erode 1 6 13 13 14 2 49

Tiruppur 1 4 8 21 22 3 59

Source: District Census Handbook, 2011

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Figure 1-38: Existing urban settlements with comparison with urbanization rate

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The Coimbatore region is growing at a faster rate as compared to the rest of the state since the average population of Coimbatore region is substantially more for the class I, class II, class III, and class V settlements. The class I settlements are concentrated in the headquarters of each sub region surrounded by class II and class III settlements, expanding along the Coimbatore-Tirupur-Erode industrial corridor. This is not followed in The Nilgiris sub region as the class II and class III settlements spread along the NH 181 which provides a major connectivity to the hilly sub regions along which the major settlements developed. The number of class IV towns are developed around class I, II and III and also at places of good connectivity by road and rail. In Coimbatore region,Coimbatore has the greatest number of class I to class VI settlements as this sub region has high urbanization rate of more than 70% and also due to the booming industrial sector, mostly in the MSME segment and commercial and educational institutions. This is followed by Tiruppur sub region with medium urbanization rate of 60-69% and Erode sub region with low urbanization rate of 50- 59%. The Nilgiris sub region has the least number of settlements due to hilly terrain with less development of industries resulting in low urbanization rate.The transformation occurred in the Coimbatore region due to the technology interventions and government support that spurred growth.

Settlement hierarchy is a way of arranging settlements in an order. Settlement hierarchy may be according to the following factors:

i. Number of services and function the settlement has ii. Population of the settlement iii. The area the settlement covers or the relative sphere of influence of each settlement.

The settlement hierarchy gives ideas about functional capacity of individual settlement and their influence on its hinterland. Intra-regional disparity can be easily identified by earmarking poorly served or deprived areas. Settlement hierarchy is a way of arranging settlements into a hierarchy based upon various criteria such as population in a settlement, geographic area, and the status and the availability of services and facilities from higher to low level. Position in a settlement hierarchy can also depend on the sphere of influence; this is how far people will travel to use particular service in the settlement. Lower order settlements will have lower radius of influence and vice versa.

According to functional characteristics, settlements can be classified into two types- rural & urban. Settlement hierarchy can be determined by different approaches as described below-

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1.8.2 Determining Settlement Hierarchy by Administrative & Population size

The concept of hierarchy was introduced by Walter Christaller (1933), a German Economic Geographer in his well-known Central Place Theory. The word “Hierarchy” is not a geographical term. Hierarchy is a universal phenomenon due to variation in size and functions. The gradation and grouping the settlement centers into the size of classes is termed as hierarchy. The concept of hierarchy is fundamental to the central place theory.

The first step in determining or protecting the character of a place is to understand its role and relationship with other towns and villages. Formally establishing the relationships and roles of settlements is achieved through the creation of a settlement hierarchy which establishes an order of significance of urban areas. This Strategy establishes a hierarchy based on size, function, urban form and social characteristics of the settlement.

Establishing a settlement hierarchy assists in identifying the roles and characteristics of the Region‟s settlement areas, the way they relate to themselves, and how they relate to other settlements in the wider region and beyond. A settlement hierarchy also helps existing and prospective residents understand the current and likely levels of community service facilities and infrastructure, and each settlement‟s role in a regional context.

A hierarchy of settlements arises because the economic and administrative functions of some settlements exceed that of other settlements. The economic and administrative importance of a centre will often be influenced by its population and links to smaller centres.

Region may be of many type depending on the central area based on which the region is growing. It may be a city region, Metropolitan region, an urban agglomeration etc depending on the central places. The hierarchy may contain first order, second order, third order settlements and so on depending on the size, population, function, facilities available etc. Otherwise the classification may be depending on administrative status or class of the towns (e.g- classes I to VI).

Settlement Hierarchy on the basis of amenities and facilities available in the settlements

Various settlements are arranged in a hierarchy based on an index score related to different parameters (facilities available)/ indicators. All these indicators are factors related to development. All the indicators are scored on a scale depending on the

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response from some sample populations. Sometimes under each indicator all the sub indicators are again weighted against some ranges and composite indexes are formed. This is done for all the settlements. The settlement having highest score is prioritised as the higher order settlements. For this Guttman Scalogram method is also used sometimes. Guttman scaloram only helps to identify a particular facility is available or not in a particular settlement. Then composite index method is used to score and rank the settlements in an order.

Determining CFI Value and Radius of Influence of each Settlement

The centrality of settlement as growth centre is indicated by the number of services it provides and proportion of these services supported by the population. Centrality is the measure of importance of a place in the form of its functional capacity to serve the needs of the people in the surrounding areas. It depends on the number and types of the existing facilities or the sum of weightage score of all the functions provided by the central place. In order to find out the centrality score of any central place, weightage value assigned to each of the function is multiplied by their number. Then the centrality scores are divided in some ranges according to the order of the settlements (e.g- first, second, third order etc).

The following methods are commonly adopted for studying the hierarchy of settlements;

i. Composite functional index Method ii. Scalogram Method iii. Sociogram Method iv. Bisectional Method

The method adopted in this study is the Scalogram technique. In this technique, the hierarchy is measured in terms of the weight given to a particular place in relation to the highest occurrence of a particular subject. Thus, in this technique the settlements are ranked as per the highest occurrence and then weighted as per the social, economic, physical and the environmental functions.

Methodology:

Existing settlement hierarchy has been determined by Scalogram technique. Indicators have been identified on the basis of different physical, economy, connectivity, infrastructure, land use, environmental Government institutions. Different parameters have also been identified for the indicators. Then weightages have been given to the indicators by the use of Delphi technique. The indicator scores have again been divided and each parameter is weighted. The settlements are scored on the basis of the

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values obtained by the settlements on the basis of facilities available to each settlement. Weighted composite index method has been used for the analysis.

Figure 1-39: Order of Settlements

Base Villages: Villages not having much access to the basic facilities. These are dependent on the service villages to get access to the at least to the lowest order services like SHC, Primary School etc.

Service Villages: Radius of influence has been taken as 9 km. 3rd order villages serving the lowest order rural settlements. These are having minimum lowest order facilities like SHC, Primary School etc.

Growth Nodes: Radius of influence has been taken as 14 km. These are 2nd order villages serving service villages. These need some higher order facilities to get upgraded to growth centres.

Growth Centres: Radius of influence has been taken as 19 km. These are 1st order villages serving the growth nodes. These are mostly having higher order facilities and these are the upcoming urban centres.

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The methodology mentioned above is adopted to study the existing settlement pattern of the sub regions. The settlement patterns were classified into the Base centers, Service Centers, Nodal Centers and Growth Centers. Based on the availability of the infrastructure facilities, the future hierarchy of settlements is proposed as per the gap analysis.

Figure 1-40: Methodology for Scalogram

1.8.3 Existing Scenario of Coimbatore Region

In year 1991 population of Tamil Nadu was 5,58,58,946 which increased to 6,24,05,679 in year 2001 and 7,21,47,030 in year 2011 with growth rate of 11.72 in 1991-2001 to 15.61 in 2001-2011 as given in Table 1 and Table 3. While population of Coimbatore region in year 1991 was 65,38,868 which is 11.71 of the state increased to 76,15,497 in year 2001 to 89,24,235 in year 2011 which comprises of 12.37 percentage of total state population as given in Table 1 and Table 2. In this 11.71percentage, major population share was from rural area which was 69.27% which decreased in year 2011 to 35.75 percentage. In the subregion, population share of the Coimbatore district had maximum which was 38.14 and other districts Nilgiris, Tiruppur and Erode had 10.86%, 23.43% and 27.57% population share respectively as given in Table 2.

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Table 1-6: Distribution of Population in the Coimbatore Region DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION IN COIMBATORE REGION (1991-2011) STATE/ 1991 2001 2011 REGION/ SUB-REGION TOTAL RURAL URBAN TOTAL RURAL URBAN TOTAL RURAL URBAN TAMIL 5,58,58,94 3,67,81,35 1,90,77,59 6,24,05,67 3,49,21,68 2,74,83,99 7,21,47,03 3,72,29,59 3,49,17,44 NADU 6 4 2 9 1 8 0 0 0 TOTAL 65,38,868 45,29,179 20,09,689 76,15,497 31,46,665 44,68,832 89,24,235 31,90,518 57,33,717 REGION COIMBATOR 24,93,715 17,20,663 7,73,052 29,16,620 8,54,489 20,62,131 34,58,045 8,39,105 26,18,940 E NILGIRIS 7,10,214 3,56,784 3,53,430 7,62,141 3,07,532 4,54,609 7,35,394 2,99,739 4,35,655 TIRUPPUR 15,32,000 10,92,316 4,39,684 19,20,154 9,55,661 9,64,493 24,79,052 9,57,906 15,21,146 ERODE 18,02,939 13,59,416 4,43,523 20,16,582 10,28,983 9,87,599 22,51,744 10,93,768 11,57,976

Table 1-7: Percentage share of population in the Coimbatore Region POPULATION SHARE OF COIMBATORE REGION (%) - (1991-2011)

STATE/ REGION/ 1991 2001 2011 SUB-REGION TOTAL RURAL URBAN TOTAL RURAL URBAN TOTAL RURAL URBAN

SHARE OF COIMBATORE REGION WITH TAMIL NADU

11.71 69.27 30.73 12.20 41.32 58.68 12.37 35.75 64.25

SHARE OF SUB-REGION WITH COIMBATORE REGION

COIMBATORE 38.14 69.00 31.00 38.30 29.30 70.70 38.75 24.27 75.73

NILGIRIS 10.86 50.24 49.76 10.01 40.35 59.65 8.24 40.76 59.24

TIRUPPUR 23.43 71.30 28.70 25.21 49.77 50.23 27.78 38.64 61.36

ERODE 27.57 75.40 24.60 26.48 51.03 48.97 25.23 48.57 51.43

TOTAL 100.00 69.27 30.73 100.00 41.32 58.68 100.00 35.75 64.25

Growth rate of state was 11.72 in year 1991-2001 with rural growth rate of -5.06 and urban growth rate of 44.06, while growth rate of Coimbatore region was 16.47 with - 30.52 rural growth rate and 122.36 urban growth rate which is more than the state growth rate as given in Table 3. In the subregion growth rate of Tiruppur district was highest in year 1991-2001 with 25.34 percentage. In year 2001-2011 growth rate of state increased to 15.61 with 6.61 rural growth rate and 27.05 urban growth rate while Coimbatore sub region had slow growth rate with 17.19 percentage but still more than state growth rate. In the subregion growth rate of Tiruppur district was again highest with 29.11 percentage.

Table 1-8: Growth rate of Coimbatore Region GROWTH RATE OF COIMBATORE REGION (%)

STATE/ REGION/ SUB- 1991-2001 2001-11 REGION TOTAL RURAL URBAN TOTAL RURAL URBAN

TAMIL NADU 11.72 -5.06 44.06 15.61 6.61 27.05

CBE REGION 16.47 -30.52 122.36 17.19 1.39 28.30

COIMBATORE 16.96 -50.34 166.75 18.56 -1.80 27.00

NILGIRIS 7.31 -13.80 28.63 -3.51 -2.53 -4.17

TIRUPPUR 25.34 -12.51 119.36 29.11 0.23 57.71

ERODE 11.85 -24.31 122.67 11.66 6.30 17.25

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1.9 Population Projection

The population projection is important for the computation of the future projection size and characteristics based on the assumptions of the future trends in fertility, mortality and migration. The population forecast serves as a basis for updating and extending the plan for the region. Thus population projection study is done to see the trend of growth of the Coimbatore Region.

In order to project the population for the district, population is projected based on the six different methods. The population has been projected for the year 2021 and 2031 and 2041, by considering 2011 as a base year population. Methods used for population projection are as follows:

i. Arithmetic Progression ii. Geometric Increase method iii. Moving Average Method iv. Proportion Method v. Induced Method vi. Natural Growth rate Method

The population Projected for the sub regions is based on the six different methods as listed. The Moving Average method is based on the moving average of the growth rate of the previous decades. The proportion method calculates the district population as per its proportion to the total population of the state. The population through induced method is calculated based on the inducement in the district and its impact on the total population. The natural growth rate method projects the population based on the fertility, mortality and infant mortality rates. The arithmetic increase methods calculates population as per the average increase per decade. The geometric increase method is based on regression formula. Above mentioned methods are used to project the increase in the population of the region for 2041.

Table 1-9: Population projection of the Coimbatore Region POPULATION PROJECTION OF COIMBATORE REGION (2021-41) POPULATION OF COIMBATORE REGION - 89,24,235 (2011)

METHOD 2021 2031 2041 Normal Growth Rate 1,04,63,871 1,20,91,386 1,37,66,651 Moving Average 1,06,41,258 1,26,88,636 1,51,29,929 Proportion Method 96,32,715 97,14,548 95,31,464 Artithmetic Increase 1,02,47,189 1,15,70,143 1,28,93,097 Geometric Increase 1,06,32,883 1,26,68,672 1,50,94,236

Induced Method 1,22,09,439 1,38,64,436 1,05,25,265

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The population projected for the Coimbatore region was based on the above explained method. As the population mentioned in the table is computed based on the different methods, the projected population which is in accordance with the character of growth of the district can be adopted for proposing the future development of the region. Thus, the population projected for 2041 is highest as per the moving average method which is 15,129,929. The population projected by the proportion method was the least which is 9,531,464.

17,000,000 Normal Growth Rate 15,000,000 Moving Average 13,000,000 Proportio n 11,000,000

Artithmeti 9,000,000 c

Geometric 7,000,000

5,000,000 Induced 2011 2021 2031 2041

Figure 1-1-41: Population Projection

Population projection of Coimbatore region as per the growth rate for 2041 is done using induced method. As one of the main focus of this plan is to sustain employment and agriculture, the induced method is adopted to project the workers population which will also increase with the proposal of the Defence Corridor and IT cluster in the region. Population of total Coimbatore region was 89,24,235 in year 2011 which is projected to 1,05,25,265 in year 2021, 1,22,09,439 in year 2031 and 1,38,64,436 in year 2041 as given in Table 4. According to the projected population, urban population percentage of the Coimbatore region will continuously increase to 69.20, 73.02, 75.86 in year 2021, 2031 and 2041 respectively. So, there is need to focus on the urban areas to tackle this increasing population

Table 1-10: Population Projection of the Coimbatore Region(2021-2041) POPULATION PROJECTION OF COIMBATORE REGION (2021-2041)

2021 2031 2041 REGION / SUB -REGION TOTAL RURAL URBAN TOTAL RURAL URBAN TOTAL RURAL URBAN

COIMBATORE 38,29,766 8,07,759 30,22,007 42,32,687 8,10,723 34,21,964 46,06,999 8,20,407 37,86,592

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NILGIRIS 8,01,894 3,13,158 4,88,736 8,88,257 3,38,139 5,50,118 9,77,005 3,66,943 6,10,062

TIRUPPUR 32,88,863 10,27,274 22,61,589 41,94,019 11,09,080 30,84,939 50,65,993 11,53,182 39,12,811

ERODE 26,04,742 10,93,375 15,11,368 28,94,476 10,35,489 18,58,988 32,14,439 10,05,594 22,08,845 TOTAL 1,05,25,265 32,41,566 72,83,699 1,22,09,439 32,93,431 89,16,008 1,38,64,436 33,46,126 1,05,18,310 REGION

According to the projected population growth rate of the Coimbatore region, it will first increase from 17.2 in 2001-2011 to 17.9 in 2011-2021 and start decreasing to 16 in 2021-2031 and 13.6 in 2031-2041 as given in Table 5. In year 1991-2001 rural population growth rate was -30.5 which is 1.4 in year 2001-2011 and become constant to 1.6 in year 2011-2021, 2021-2031 and 2031-2041. Urban population growth rate is continuously decreasing from 122.4 in year 1991-2001 to 18 in year 2031-2041. In subregion Tiruppur has highest projected population growth rate till 2031-2041 year.

1.9.1 Proposed Settlement Structure

Table 1-11: Population Growth Rate of Coimbatore Region from 1991-2041

GROWTH RATE OF COIMBATORE REGION (1991-2041) (%)

STATE / 1991-2001 2001-2011 2011-2021 2021-31 2031-2041

DISTRICT TOTALRURAL URBAN TOTALRURAL URBAN TOTAL RURAL URBAN TOTALRURAL URBAN TOTALRURAL URBAN COIMBATORE 17.0 -50.3 166.8 18.6 -1.8 27.0 10.7 -3.7 15.4 10.5 0.4 13.2 8.8 1.2 10.7

NILGIRIS 7.3 -13.8 28.6 -3.5 -2.5 -4.2 9.0 4.5 12.2 10.8 8.0 12.6 10.0 8.5 10.9

TIRUPPUR 25.3 -12.5 119.4 29.1 0.2 57.7 32.7 7.2 48.7 27.5 8.0 36.4 20.8 4.0 26.8

ERODE 11.8 -24.3 122.7 11.7 6.3 17.3 15.7 0.0 30.5 11.1 -5.3 23.0 11.1 -2.9 18.8

CBE REGION 16.5 -30.5 122.4 17.2 1.4 28.3 17.9 1.6 27.0 16.0 1.6 22.4 13.6 1.6 18.0

140 122.4 120

100

40 28.3 27.0 22.4 18.0 20 16.5 17.2 17.9 16.0 13.6 1.4 1.6 1.6 0 1.6 1991-2001 2001-11 2011-21 2021-31 2031-41 -20 -30.5 -40 TOTAL URBAN RURAL

Figure 1-1-42: Population Growth Rate from 1991-2001 to 2031-2041

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Over the period of 1991 to 2011, the growth rate of total population of Coimbatore region has increased from 16.5% to 17.2%. Similarly, there is a gradual increase in the percentage of urban population growth rate in Coimbatore region from 28.3% to 27%. This explains the concentration of social, economic and commercial activities in towns and cities which have accelerated the rate of urbanization in the region. Tiruppur has the highest urban population growth rate of 57.7% as per the 2011 census. Based on the population projection for 2011-2041, it is expected that the urban population growth rate of Coimbatore region will increase steadily. Similarly, Tiruppur will have the highest growth rate in terms of urban population in the region followed by Erode.

The subsequent decades show an increasing trend of urban population and declining growth of percentage of population added to urban areas. This trend has been observed for the state of Tamil Nadu due to high rate of urbanisation and declining fertility rate. The additional urban population from 2011-2041 is 47,84,593 for Coimbatore region. Tiruppur has the highest additional urban population of 23,91,665 due to high urban growth rate.

Table 1-12: Average population of Urban Settlements

Average Population of Urban Settlements (2041)

Region / Sub- Class I Class II Class III Class IV Class V Class VI Region

Total region 2,34,222 66,392 30,443 15,187 13,973 10,379

Coimbatore 2,86,353 54,531 30,692 14,521 14,640 12,534

Nilgiris 1,00,968 64,476 27,098 15,640 16,810 7,782

Tiruppur 2,39,189 78,607 32,111 16,604 13,305 12,905

Erode 1,42,100 50,548 29,500 15,479 10,306 9,559

The additional urban population has been distributed in the existing and projected urban settlements. The composition of urban settlements and the average urban population of each sub-region was projected for the year 2041. The following criteria have been determined for distribution of additional urban population: a)60% of the additional urban population will be distributed in the existing urban settlements b)The remaining 40% of the population will be disbursed in the existing villages with a population of more than 5,000 and growth rate of 20%

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The villages which were considered under these criteria have been classified under Class V and Class VI towns. Despite of satisfying the census criteria for population these villages have been classified as Class V and Class VI towns due to other factors such as development and provision of basic amenities and services.

Table 1-13: Composition of Urban Settlements (2041)

Composition of Urban Settlements (2041)

Region / Sub- Class I Class II Class III Class IV Class V Class VI Region

Total region 46,84,441 22,57,331 27,70,275 13,36,497 4,61,120 2,17,963

Coimbatore 20,04,474 1,31,758 2,72,657 9,82,156 5,66,304 75,205

Nilgiris 1,93,427 81,293 1,34,482 1,00,968 1,56,398 46,690

Tiruppur 13,36,315 1,49,439 1,33,046 38,714 21,52,697 6,74,335

Erode 4,54,932 10,32,492 61,835 4,26,301 4,64,356 57,354

Table 1-14: Composition of proposed urban settlements (2041)

Composition of Proposed Urban Settlements (2041)

Region / Sub- Class Class Class Class Class Class V Total Region I II III IV VI

Total region 20 34 91 88 33 21 287

Coimbatore 7 5 32 39 9 6 98

Nilgiris 1 3 3 10 8 6 31

Tiruppur 9 17 21 9 10 3 69

Erode 3 9 35 30 6 6 89

Considering the above mentioned criteria, the additional population has been distributed in the existing urban settlements as well as the projected settlements. Only the existing Class II to Class VI settlements have been adopted for this process. The preceding table explains the increase in the number of settlements in Class II and Class III categories in the Coimbatore region for the year 2041. Subsequently, the

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same trend has been observed in Tiruppur which has the highest number of urban settlements in Class II and Class III categories.

In the proposed settlement structure as shown in the map below, Class I towns are concentrated in Coimbatore, Tiruppur and Erode due to the increasing decadal growth of urban population. Also, the urbanization rate of Tiruppur sub region will increase from 60-69% to more than 70% in 2041 which will further add to the development of future settlements. The proposed investment in these sub regions will also add to the emergence of the future urban settlements. Proposed Class II and Class III towns have increased in Tiruppur district based on the composition of urban settlements in 2041. Erode district has the second highest decadal urban growth rate of 18.8% from 2031- 2041 which can be seen in the emergence of new class III towns in the sub region. Consequently, the number of proposed Class III and Class IV towns have been concentrated in Erode district as the urbanization rate of the sub region has increased from 50-59% to 60-69%. In the Nilgiris sub region, though the investments are proposed in the existing settlement structure and also the sub region will grow from low to high urbanization category, the future growth of settlements will occur in the western part of the sub region because of the development of the agricultural activities.

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Figure 1-43: Comparison of Proposed Urban Settlements and Urbanization Rate in Coimbatore Region (2041)

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1.10 Institutional Set Up of Coimbatore Region

In India, various forms of local governance have existed in different parts of the country since the ancient history but the modern and existing system of governance and institutional set up can traced back to the British era through the enactment of the various acts related to the Municipal governance. The first example of local self- governance since the British era can be seen in Tamil Nadu through the enactment of the Madras Municipal Corporation Act, 1919, first of its kind in India. Thus, the establishment of the governance structure in Tamil Nadu was functional since the British era.

1.10.1 Acts

The Madras City Municipal Corporation Act, 1919

The Madras Municipal Corporation Act was passed on 24th June 1919 with the objective of establishing Municipal governance for Chennai Municipal Corporation area. The act made provisions for the constitution and composition of the Municipal Corporation, Mayor ,Councilors and the Ward Committees. The act also focused on the power to acquire land for development works.

Tamil Nadu District Municipality Act, 1920

The Tamil Nadu District Municipality Act was adopted in 1920 which extended to Presidency of Madras except Madras city. This act empowered Councils to elect their own Chairman and frame their own budgets, reducing control to a minimum and giving all rate payers including women the right to vote and seek elections. It also dealt with the subjects of public health and safety, levy of property taxes, profession tax and pilgrim taxes.

The Madras Town Planning Act, 1920

The Madras Town Planning Act,1920 passed by the then Government of Madras persuaded by Patrick Geddes and Lanchester, town planning advisors for the British Government. It was the first time that urban issues were included in urban policy. This act shaped the development schemes for Municipal and other local areas within urban centers. There was assigned use of land parcels and regulations were specified to supervise each type of development. For the areas not included in the act, Madras Municipal Corporation adopted a set of rules to control the development and land use was given secondary consideration.

Tamil Nadu Panchayat Act, 1958

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The Tamil Nadu Panchayat Act was adopted after recommendation from the Balwant Rai Mehta Committee Report which recommended for the establishment of a three tier system for Panchayati Raj. Thus, this act paved the way for the establishment of the Village Panchayats across the state. The villages that had urban character were classified as Town Panchayats in this act. Panchayat Unions were formed constituted by all Village and Town Panchayats within a Block. District Boards were replaced by the District Development Council as advisory bodies for each development district.

Town and Country Planning Act, 1971

This act came into existence in 1971 by replacing Madras Town Planning Act, 1920 which was applicable to only urban areas. The jurisdiction of this act was extended to both urban and rural areas. Initially, the planning functions were bestowed with the urban local bodies as per Madras Town Planning Act, 1920. The T & CP act took away the planning functions and entrusted them to specialized planning authorities such as CMDA (Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority), Local Planning Authorities (LPAs) and New Town Development Authorities. It provides for the notification of the areas and the constitution of the planning and the development authorities like CMDA, preparation and implementation of the Master Plans, Detailed Development Plans and enforcement of development control regulations. This act extends to the state of Tamil Nadu as a whole except for the areas declared to be cantonments under section 3 of the Cantonments Act, 1924.

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Figure 1-44: Institutional Set up of Town and Country Planning Board21

The Act also gave provisions for the constitution of the following:

Appointment of the Director of Town and Country Planning and other offices- the director of the department should be appointed under this act with other required officers.

Composition of the Town and Country Planning Authorities-There should be constitution of the following three classes of authorities:

 The regional planning authority,  The local planning authority,  The new town development authority

21 Source: Town and Country Planning Act,1971

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Constitution of the Board

The Government may constitute a board under this act headed by the Chairman who is the Minister in charge of the Town and Country Planning Department. The Board under the Chairman will constitute 13 different heads under which it will be governed. This may include the minister in charge of the Local administration, Secretaries to the Government, Chairman of the Tamil Nadu Housing Board and Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board, Chief Engineers, Ministers as appointed by the Government, a member from Tamil Nadu Electricity Board, Director and Joint Director of Town and Country Planning, MPs, MLAs, President of the Chamber of Municipal Corporations and Tamil Nadu Panchayat Union Associations and a Member Secretary either Director of Town and Country Planning or an Officer as appointed by the Government.

Functions and Powers of the Board

The functions of the Board as subjected to the provisions of this act, under Section 10 Sub Section 1 part (a) is to guide, direct and assist the Planning Authorities in the preparation of the development plans, to assist and encourage the authorities in the data collection and maintenance, publication of statistics, monographs, bulletins and the planning methodology. This may also include the preparation and furnishing of the reports related to the working of the act.

Provisions for the Regional Plan

The regional planning area as per the provisions in the Town & Country Planning act, 1971 can be declared on the basis of the population prescribed for consideration of the area into a region and the development of the area for industrial or commercial purposes.

Constitution of the Regional Planning Authority

As the regional planning area is constituted, a Regional Planning Authority should be formed in consultation with the Director, for the purpose of the performance of the functions as discussed under Section 11and sub section 1 (constitution of the regional planning area) and sub section 2 (constitution of the regional planning authority). The Authority shall comprise of:

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Figure 1-45: Institutional Set up for Regional Planning Authority as per T&CP Act,197122

Planning Authority

The functions of the Regional Planning Authority is to carry out the survey of the regional planning area and to prepare a report for the same. The existing land use map and the other maps related for the plan should be prepared by the authority. The Regional Plan as a whole should be prepared by the authority and should also carry out other works as contemplated in the Master Plan and Detailed Development Plan.

Deficiencies of the Act

After the constitution of the Town and Country Planning Act, 1971, a regional plan was prepared for the Coimbatore Region in 1974 which was classified under the eight planning regions across Tamil Nadu. After the plan preparation in 1974, there was no regional plan preparation for the Coimbatore region as the Regional Planning Board and the Regional Planning Authority is still not constituted by the Government. Under the provision given in Section 17 of the Town and Country Planning Act,1971, the Master Plan should be prepared for the local planning area in consultation with Regional Planning Authority which is not existing in the state. Thus due to the lack of implementation of the regional plan prepared because of the absence of the Regional Planning Authority, there is no linkage between the state proposals for urban and rural local bodies. As Tamil Nadu is the fastest urbanizing state in India with 48.4% people living in urban areas as per 2011 census and the growth of the Class I to Class VI cities is increasing in a rapid manner, there is a need for the establishment of the Regional Planning Authority to regulate the development through the regional plan preparation.

Tamil Nadu Panchayat Act, 1994

22 Source: Town and Country Planning Act, 1971

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After the passing of the 73rd Constitutional Amendments in 1992, the Tamil Nadu Panchayat Act, 1958 was amended in 1994 to constitute the conformity legislation for the amendment. This act dealt only with the rural areas and the Town Panchayats were reassigned as urban local bodies. This act brought the three tier Panchayat Raj system in Tamil Nadu. The members of the three tiers of the rural local bodies and the Village Panchayat Presidents were directly elected whereas the Chairpersons of the Panchayat Union Council and District Panchayats were elected from among the elected ward members. All the three tiers of Panchayat are independent of each other. The act also states the devolution of the funds, functionaries and the functions as assigned for all the tiers. As per the Section 241 of the Tamil Nadu Panchayat Act 1994, the provision for the formation of the District Planning Committee is also stated to consolidate the plans prepared by the District Panchayat, Panchayat Unions, Village Panchayats, Town Panchayats, Municipal Councils and Municipal Corporations. They are also endowed with the responsibility to prepare a draft development plan for the district as a whole.

Environment Protection Act, 1986

The EPA Act, is a landmark legislation which provides for single focus in the country for protection of environment and aims at plugging the loopholes in existing legislation. It provides mainly for pollution control, with stringent penalties for violations.

Indian Forest Act, 1927

The Indian Forest Act was enacted on 21st September, 1927 to preserve and safeguard the forests in India. The Act makes various provisions for such conservation of forests and in the scheme it provides for a State Government to constitute any forest lands or waste lands, which are property of Government over which the Government have proprietary rights, a reserved forest.

Forest Conservation Act, 1980

The Act came into force on the 25th day of October, 1980 and extends to the whole of India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir. The purpose of the act is to arrest rampant deforestation. The Coimbatore region contributes to 14% of the total forest area of the state, conservation of which is achieved through the two main objectives of this act namely the restriction on the use of forest land for non-forest purposes and to control de-reservation of forests that have been reserved under the Indian Forest Act 1927.

The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers ( Recognition of Forest Rights Act), 2006

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Also been called the Forest Rights Act, the Tribal Rights Act, the Tribal Bill, and the Tribal Land Act, this act was enacted on 31st December, 2007. As the region shares 17.22% of the ST population of Tamil Nadu of which The Nilgiris district has the highest percentage of the ST population of 37.08% within the region because of tribal communities in the forests of the hilly sub-region, it is necessary to enforce laws that are concerned with the rights of forest-dwelling communities regarding land and other resources, that are denied to them over decades as a result of the continuance of colonial forest laws in India.

1.10.2 Administration

This section is focused on the establishment of the institutional framework for the Regional Planning Authority as per Town and Country Planning Act, 1971. The framework is based on the concept of the Spatial Data Infrastructure.The SDI provides a basis for spatial data discovery, evaluation, and application for users and providers within all levels of government, the commercial sector, the non-profit sector, academia and by citizens in general.It denotes base collection of technologies, policies and institutional arrangements that facilitate the availability of and access to spatial data. It supports sustainable economic, social, and environmental development. Thus, following the concept of spatial data infrastructure in the governance process of the Regional Planning Authority, the governance should be in accordance with the following steps of plan preparation, plan implementation, plan monitoring and plan evaluation. The SDI focuses on integrating all the stages of planning, from preparation to evaluation thus providing transparency and proper linkages within all the stages of plan preparation along with availability and access to spatial data.

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Figure 1-46: Plan Preparation as per Spatial Data Infrastructure

Figure 1-47: Plan Implementation as per Spatial Data Infrastructure

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Figure 1-48: Plan Monitoring As per Spatial Data Infrastructure

Figure 1-49: Plan Evaluation as per Spatial Data Infrastructure

The spatial data infrastructure focuses on the micro to meso level of planning by involving the stake holders from the ward level to the regional level with the respected planning authorities involved for the preparation of the plans at each level. In the plan preparation process as discussed above, involves four levels i.e. regional, district, urban and ward level. This will involve the authorities in charge for the formulation of the plan. The Regional Planning Authority is responsible for the preparation of the regional plan, District Planning Committee for district plan, the Metropolitan Development Authority and the Town and Country Planning Department for the metro and non-metro cities for master plan and the Urban Local Bodies for the ward level plans. The second level of plan preparation involves the stake holders who are usually the district heads for the region and districts and the city head for the cities and the wards. The Town Planner is involved at each level who will be the main head of the technical aspect of plan preparation. The parastatal

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departments are the parallel departments which are the sectors which are involved with the provision of the infrastructure and other amenities. They are directly involved in the plan preparation as they are the key role players. The elected representatives of the planning regions i.e. the MPs and MLAs are also involved as they directly represents the public who are the main beneficiaries from the plan. The representatives of the NGOs, trade unions, agriculture and industries are also included.

The Plan implementation at the regional level is done by the respective Development Authority and Metropolitan Development Authority at the urban level and the Panchayat Raj Department at the rural level. The Block Development Officer and the Panchayat Union Secretary for the rural and the Town Planning Officer and the Town Panchayat Secretary for the urban will look after the implementation of the district level plans under the District Planning Committee. At the urban level, the implementation of the master plan is carried out by the Head Development Authority for the metro cities and the Head of the State Town Planning Department for the non- metro cities along with the parastatal departments. The Town Planning Officer of the ULBs and the Zonal Officers of the parastatal departments will implent the plan prepared at the ward level.

The plan monitoring at the regional level is done by the Regional Development Authority along with the Development Authorities at the urban and the Panchayat Raj department at the rural level with the parastatal agency. The districts plans are monitored by the District Planning Committees under the same heads as for the regional level. The Metro Politan Development Authority and the State Town and Country Planning Department for the metro and the non-metro cities will monitor the urban level plans along with the para-statal agencies. The Municipal Corporation and the Municipalities are the ley monitoring agencies for the ward level plans.

The evaluation of the plan should be carried out by the external agencies. As the beneficiaries of the plan implementation will be the public thus the plan evaluation should involve the retired bureaucrats and officials from the para-statal departments, gram sabha members, elected representatives from the government, the educational institutions, environmental organizations and the NGOs.

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Table 1-15: Spatial Data Infrastructure

SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE

LEVELS / REGIONAL LEVEL DISTRICT LEVEL URBAN LEVEL WARD LEVEL ACTIVITIES

PLAN Urban Local Bodies PREPARATION A). Metro Cities : Regional Planning District Planning Metropolitan (Municipal Authority Committee Development Authority Corporation , A. AUTHORITY Municipalities) B). Non - Metro Cities : State Town & Country Planning Department

1. District collector‟s 1. District collector 1. District collector 1. Mayor / 2. Deputy 2. Deputy Collector 2. Mayor / Commissioner Collector‟s 3. Tehsildar / Revenue Commissioner 2. Town Planning 3. District Planning Officer 3. Town Planning officer B. STAKE HOLDER Officer 4. Town Planning officer from urban 3. from urban 4. Town Planner officer local bodies local bodies

from respective 5. Block Development 4. Town Planner 4. Public Local Planning officer from Town and Participatory

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Area 6. Parastatal Country Planning 5. Elected ward 5. Parastatal Departments Department representative Departments 7. Non-Governmental 5. Parastatal 6. Parastatal 6. Elected Organisation Departments Departments Representatives 8. Trade Unions 6. Non- 7. Trade Unions 7. Non- 9. Industrial Governmental 8. Industrial Governmental Development Organisation Development Organisation Agencies 7. Trade Unions Agencies 8. Trade Unions 10. Agricultural 8. Industrial 9. All Industrial Representatives Development Development 11. Urban – Mayor Agencies Agencies 12. Rural – Panchayat 9. Agricultural 10. Agricultural union President Representatives Representatives 10. Public Participatory

LEVELS / REGIONAL LEVEL DISTRICT LEVEL URBAN LEVEL WARD LEVEL ACTIVITIES

Urban District Planning 1.Urban i) Town Planning Committee Officer A). Metro Cities : A). Metro Cities : Head (Municipal Metropolitan A). Rural : Development Authority Corporation /

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Development Authority (Technical) Municipalities) 2. PLAN i) Block Development IMPLEMENTATION B). Non - Metro Cities : Officer B). Non - Metro Cities : ii) Zonal officers of Development Authority ii) Panchayat Union Head of State Town all Parastatal (along with Parastatal Secretary Planning Department Department department) (Technical) B). Urban : Rural i) Town Planning i) Panchayat Raj Officer (Municipal 2. Head of Parastatal Department Corporation / Department ii) Parastatal Municipalities) Department ii) Town Panchayat Secretary

1. Regional Planning 1. District Planning A). Metro Cities : Municipal Authority along Committee Metropolitan Corporation and 3. PLAN with Development Authority Municipalities MONITORING implementing i) Urban through implementing agencies B). Non - Metro Cities : agencies along with Development Authorities State Town & Country Parastatal department i) Urban Planning Department ii) Rural (along with implementing Development agencies) Authorities Panchayat Raj Department

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ii) Rural 2. Head of Parastatal Department Panchayat Raj Department 2. Head of Parastatal Departments

2. Head of Parastatal Departments

LEVELS / REGIONAL LEVEL DISTRICT LEVEL URBAN LEVEL WARD LEVEL ACTIVITIES

1. Grama Sabha 1. Grama Sabha 1. Retired 1. Retired Members Members (Rural) Bureaucrats Bureaucrats 4. PLAN (Rural) 2. Retired Bureaucrats 2. Retired officials 2. Retired EVALUATION 2. Retired 3. Retired officials from officials from Bureaucrats from Parastatal 3. Parastatal Parastatal 3. Retired officials Departments Departments Departments from Parastatal 4. Educational 4. Educational 3. Educational Departments Institutions Institutions Institutions 4. Educational 5. Elected 5. Elected 4. Local

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Institutions Representatives Representatives interested 5. Elected 6. Non-Governmental 6. Non- groups Representatives Organisations Governmental 5. Elected 6. Non- 7. Environmental Organisations Representative Governmental Organisations 7. Environmental s Organisations Organisations 7. Environmental Organisations

5.SCALE 1:2,50,000-1:50,000 1:50,000-1:25,000 1:10,000-1:8,000 1:5000-1:1,000

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Proposed Institutional Set Up for the Regional Planning Authority

In section 11 and sub- section 2 of the Town and Country Planning Act, 1972 mentions about the provisions for the Constitution of the Regional Planning Authority for the monitoring of the preparation of the Regional Plan. At present there is no such authority existing in the state for governing the preparation of the regional plan. Thus, in the following section, the proposed institutional framework broadly explains the constituents of the Regional Planning Authority, as per the provisions given in the Town and Country Planning Act, 1971 under Section 11 and sub section 1, specifically mentioning the further sub divisions in the institutional set up.

Figure 1-50: Proposed Institutional Set up for the Regional Planning Authority

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The proposed framework for the authority will be headed by the Chairman who will be the Minister in charge of the region as appointed by the Government. Under the Chairman will be a team constituting of 10 main heads. A member Secretary will be appointed by the Government who shall be the Senior Administrative Officer. This will be followed by the appointment of the Deputy Director of the Town and Country Planning Department of the region. The District Collectors of the sub regions will also be the member of the authority. A Planner will be appointed who will be incharge of the plan preparation, monitoring and implementation process. 4 members of the local authorities functioning as a whole or any part of the region will be appointed who will be the Mayor of the largest ULB, Zila Parishad Chairman, the District Planner of the largest district and the Town Planner form the Town and Country Planning Department. 3 other members who will be a part of the Government will be appointed who will be the MLAs and MPs of the constituencies coming in the region. The authority will also be include representatives from Industrial, Agriculture, Trade Unions and NGOs.

Functions of the proposed Regional Planning Authority

The functions of the Regional Planning Authority as alluded in section 12 sub-section 1 part-A of the Town and Country Planning Act, 1971 are as follows:

 To prepare Regional Plan for 10 Years for the demarcated regions.  To review the regional plan on 5 year basis.  To advice the District Planning Committees to prepare the district spatial plans.  To approve the district spatial plans.  To take decisions on the integrated district planning issues.  To monitor and evaluate the execution and plan implementation by District Planning Committees and Local Authority.  To prepare budget for the Authority.

1.10.3 Finance

The funding and investment for a region depends on the priority needs of the developed areas. This section summarizes investments required for creation of infrastructural assets and interventions required for the implementation of the project. The investment for the Coimbatore region is summarized under the investment through the Tamil Nadu Vision 2023, Central funded schemes, State funded schemes and State Finance Commission.

The Tamil Nadu Vision 2023 has proposed huge investments in the transportation sector, industrial sector, agriculture and tourism sector of the region. The Six/Eight lane

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Triangular Corridor connecting Coimbatore to Thoothukudi and Chengalpet developed by the Tamil Nadu Road Development Corporation, high speed rail link connecting Coimbatore to Chennai and Madurai, the expansion of the Coimbatore Airport and mass public transit system for Coimbatore and Tiruppur will bring about an investment of Rs 85000 Cr in the Coimbatore region in transportation sector facilitating the industrial growth in future in terms of labour migration and the export of the products. The Coimbatore Salem Industrial Corridor focusing on Manufacturing and Business Investment region both as agri based investment and industrial region focusing on textiles and engineering industries, industrial parks for small scale industries will bring a total investment of Rs14,625 Cr in the industrial sector facilitating the development of the region as budding industrial hub. The infrastructure support for dairy processing, agro food processing industry, poultry production, integrated post-harvest supply chain, Center of Excellence, Horticulture food processing center for Erode, Horticulture Development Programme for Erode and The Nilgiris and Programme for soil quality improvement and wasteland rehabilitation for the development of agricultural practices will bring an investment of Rs4526 Cr for the development of agriculture sector of the sub region. The investment of about Rs 1150 Cr in the health sector for the region is expected to emerge via establishment of the Centers for Excellence for Cancer Cure, Global Quality Nursing and Paramedical training institutes and the Medi City at Perundarai in Erode which is required for the development of the region as an industrial hub. The enhancement of the skills of the workers will be focused through the establishment of the knowledge hub and the Entrepreneurship Development Center for SME in Coimbatore fill bring an investment of Rs 1540 Cr for upgrading the ability of the workforce to support in the development of the region. The development of the region as an industrial hub will initiate the inflow of tourists adding to the present scenario. Thus, World Class Tourism and Hospitality Training Center and infrastructure development in places of tourists interest in The Nilgiris district will bring an investment of Rs 280 Cr in tourism sector. The investment of Rs 1500 Cr in the energy sector through the upgradation of Kundah Pumped Storage Project in The Nilgiris will facilitate the provision of the required energy for the industrial development of the region. The proposal of developing Coimbatore and Tiruppur as World Class Cities will further bring an investment of Rs 23400 for the development of the region.

Table 1-16: Financing as per Tamil Nadu Vision 2023

Strategy Scheme/Policy/Programme Investment Implementation Agency (Rs. in Crores)

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Highway, Six/Eight lane Triangular Tamil Nadu Road Bridges Corridor : Thoothukudi- Rs 5000 Development Corporation and by pass Coimbatore Alignment sector Six/Eight lane Triangular Tamil Nadu Road Corridor : Coimbatore- Development Corporation Chengalpet Rs 9000

Alignment

Railways Madurai Coimbatore high Indian Railways Rs 23,000 speed rail link

Coimbatore-Chennai high Indian Railways Rs 45,000 speed rail link

Airport Expansion of Coimbatore Airport Authority of India Airport Rs 3000 and Transport Department, Govt. of Tamil Nadu

Industry Coimbatore-Salem State Industries Promotion Industrial Corridor- Corporation of Tamil Nadu Manufacturing and Business Investment Region : (SIPCOT) Manufacturing and Business Rs 7,200 Investment Region –I & II

I in Coimbatore and Tiruppur

Coimbatore-Salem State Industries Promotion Industrial Corridor- Agri Corporation of Tamil Nadu Rs 4,800 Business Investment Region (ABIR) (SIPCOT)

Coimbatore- Madurai State Industries Promotion Industrial Corridor( The Corporation of Tamil Nadu Corridor will cover the districts of (SIPCOT) Rs 2500 Coimbatore,Tiruppur, Dindigul and Madurai) Engineering and textile industries in Coimbatore

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and Tiruppur

Industrial Parks for SME‟s ( SIDCO, Govt of Tamil Nadu Rs 125 Tiruppur & Coimbatore)

Mass Public Transit Transport Systems for Madurai and Department/CUMTA/CMRL Rs 20,000 Coimbatore ,Tiruppur, Salem and Trichy

Infrastructure Support for TNAU, Agriculture Agro food processing Department- Department of Rs 624 industry (Coimbatore, AM&AB Erode, Nilgiris)

Infrastructure for Dairy Animal Husbandry, Dairy Rs 583 Processing and Fisheries Department

Integrated Post Harvest Agriculture Department, Supply Chain Establishment Department of AM & AB including Tiruppur, Rs 2500 Coimbatore ,Erode & The Nilgiris

Infrastructure for poultry Animal Husbandry, Dairy Rs 306 processing and Fisheries Department

Centers for Excellence foe Health and Family welfare Cancer Cure Rs 100 Department, Govt of Tamil Nadu

Establishment of five Global Private Education Quality Nursing and Para Rs 50 Institutions medical Training Institutes

Knowledge hub in Tamil Nadu industrial Rs 325 Coimbatore Development Corporation

Enhancing Employability Anna University, Chennai skills of Engineering Rs 1200 students-Coimbatore

Entrepreneurship Rs 15 Cr Department of Higher Development Center for per center education, Department of

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SME-Coimbatore Industry, Tamil Nadu Skill Development Mission, Tamil Nadu Corporation for Development of Women, ILO

Center of Excellence for TNAU under Agricultural Rs 500 Agricultural Practices Department

World Class cities Programme-

Coimbatore-Tiruppur( Water Suppy, Water Rs 23400 Sources,Waste Water,Sanitation, Solid Waste,Urban Transport, Other services, Housing)

Irrigation Canals Lining of Public Works Department major canals in Tamil Nadu (Erode) Rs 5000

Horticulture food processing centre TNAU, Horticulture Horticulture Development Rs 400 Department Programme (Erode)

Medi city Establishment of Medi cities at at Perundurai and Madurai Perundurai Health and Family Welfare Rs 1000 Department, Interested (Erode) private sector

Kundah Pumped Storage Project Rs 1500 TANGEDCO (Nilgiris)

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World Class Tourism and Department of Tourism, Hospitality Training Rs 200 Govt of Tamil Nadu center(Nilgiris)

Infrastructure development Department of Tourism, in places of tourist Rs 78.125 Govt of Tamil Nadu interest(Nilgiris)

Programme for Soil Quality Improvement and Wasteland Rs 62.5 Agriculture Department Rehabilitation

Horticulture Development Rs 12.5 Agriculture Department Programme ( Nilgiris)

Some Central and State funded schemes are introduced in the region for the economic development. The promotion of the traditional industries and tourism through the „Make in India‟ initiative will bring investments through Foreign Direct Investment to initiate economic growth and promotion of Indian products. The Ministry of Tourism, Government of India has initiated Rural Tourism Schemes and Eco Tourism Schemes for promotion of tourism and capacity building for the same. An additional aid for development of tourism is given through the financial support to commerce, trade and industry organizations for organizing tourism related activities. As per the Tamil Nadu Tourism Policy of 2016-17, an aid of Rs 450 Cr is given to The Nilgiris by The Asian Development Bank-IDIPT project for development of tourism infrastructure.

As per the 5th State Finance Commission, the collection of the vacant land tax and the property tax for the ULB‟s was stated. The peri-urban panchayat were classified for the areas within 5 km radius from the Corporation area to levy vacant land taxes for all the housing sites vacant other than agricultural land. Also, GIS-based property tax assessment as per Tamil Nadu Sustainable Urban Development project was initiated.

Table 1-17: Financing as per Central, State funded schemes and State Finance Commission

Strategy Scheme/Policy/Programme Investment Implementation Agency (Rs. in Crores)

Central & State funded Schemes

Promotion of Make in India Initiative FDI Multiple

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traditional departments industries

Promotion of Ministry of Make in India Initiative FDI Eco-tourism Tourism

Tourism Scheme of capacity building 0.2 Ministry of awareness and for service providers for Tourism, capacity building rural tourism Government of India

Financial support to commerce, Financial trade and assistance (Ministry of industry Financial support to should not Tourism, Publicity, organizations for Tourism related activities exceed 50% of Events and IT organizing the cost of the Division) tourism and event tourism related events

Project for Scheme for support to transport, Public Private Partnerships State Finance physical Rs 100 Cr in Infrastructure (Viability Minister, PPP infrastructure, Gap Funding) SEZs,etc.

Infrastructure Asian Development Bank – development IDIPT Project Ministry of investment (Infrastructure Development Rs 450 Cr Tourism, Govt of programme for Investment Programme for India Tourism (The Tourism) – Tamil Nadu Nilgiris) Tourism Policy (2016-17)

5th State Finance Commission

Peri Urban As per the 5th state finance ULBs Panchayats commission, the tax collected can be utilized by Vacant Land Tax the ULB for development. ULBs

Property Tax GIS based ULBs of Erode and Assessment as Ooty per Tamil Nadu

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Sustainable Urban development Project (TNSUDP)

24x7 Pressurized Revamping of distribution Coimbatore water supply system Municipal Corporation

Energy To replace fluorescent tube Tiruppur Efficiency lights with LED light Municipal fixtures Corporation

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2. CHAPTER-CONSTITUENTS OF THE REGION

This chapter intends to introduce the sub regions included in the Coimbatore regional plan. Coimbatore region is located in the north-western part of Tamil Nadu, comprises of Coimbatore, Erode, Tiruppur and the Nilgiris districts as a sub-region. Each sub-region has a distinct character and thus focus on various priorities in terms of development. Coimbatore, Erode and Salem are a part of greater conurbation. According to a proposal on Coimbatore-Salem Industrial Corridor in Tamil Nadu Vision 2023, Salem is considered to be the part of the urban continuum despite not being regionally demarcated as a part of the Coimbatore region. Coimbatore region accounts for 14.02% and 12.37% of the Tamil Nadu state area and population wise, respectively. Coimbatore once known as the cotton Manchester of India is also famous for its educational institutions in the southern part of India. Erode is well known for the manufacturing of automobile parts and machines as well as for its geo-tagged turmeric export (domestic and overseas) while Tiruppur is known as the knitwear capital of India. Nilgiris is known for its scenic beauty but most importantly it is the part of western Ghats eco-sensitive area and Biosphere reserve. Introductory salient features of all the sub-regions of the Coimbatore region will be explained in the subsequent paragraph.

2.1 Coimbatore Sub Region

Coimbatore district is the second largest urban agglomeration of Tamil Nadu and one of the most industrialized districts of the state. It has been a major textile hub since 1930s after the decline of the cotton industry in Mumbai. Geographically, district expands in 4723 sq.km area. Administratively the district is divided into 12 blocks and 10 taluks. Coimbatore City is the administrative headquarters of the district which was listed as a “Smart City” in 2015. Total population being 34,58,045 out of which 75.73% is urban while remaining 24.27% is rural population, as per census 2011. It has 69 towns(18 census towns and 51 statutory tons), total 237 villages and Coimbatore City Municipal Corporation Municipality. Coimbatore district is known as the “Manchester of South” and the “Pump City of India”. It provides for 60% of water pump demand and 40% of motor and wet grinder demand of the country. The district has 5 SEZs (Special Economic Zones) and is the second largest producer of softwares in Tamil Nadu. Along with this rapidly expanding industrial and economic centre, Coimbatore proudly treasures one of the 8 “biodiversity hotspots” of the world, the Western Ghats. We know that, Coimbatore as a district has high agricultural, industrial as well as economic potential that will lead to urbanization. But it is imperative to control the direction of growth and make sure that

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“mindless urbanization” does not lead to the saturation of the district and depletion of the environment.

2.2 Tiruppur Sub Region

Tiruppur district was formed in October 2008 by carving out from Coimbatore and Erode districts, in order to fulfill the aspiration s of the exporters, industrialist and people of the tiruppur textile cluster. Geographically, district expands in 5187 sq.km area. In 2013, 2 taluks were added by re dividing the 7 existing taluks. There are 9 taluks, 297 villages and 49 towns in Tiruppur district. It comprises of 3 revenue division and 13 blocks. Total population being 2,479,052, as per census 2011. Out of total population, 61.36% people lived in urban regions while 38.64% in rural areas. There was change of 29.11 percent in the population compared to population as per 2001. Tiruppur City is the administrative headquarters of the district which was listed as a “Smart City” in 2015. It is known as the Knitwear Capital of India. In 2017, total knitwear export turnover accounts for 25000 crores and domestic turnover being 12000 crores. Tiruppur cluster contribution to total knitwear export of India is 45%, for the year 2017. District sustain its cluster because of 2 distinctive unique features, i.e. Conjunctive location of all units of manufacturing of Knitted apparel, in the industrialized area of district and Flexibility in production and supply of finished goods from 300 to 3000000 quantity. Due to the alleviated industrial development in the sub region, environment components are highly affected, example being the detoriated condition of the non-perennial river Noyyal.

2.3 Erode Sub Region

Erode district, a part of this urban agglomeration, is heart of the continuous conurbation of Coimbatore-Salem Industrial Corridor and a connection between the East coast and west coast. It is the 6th largest district in terms of geographical area, being 5760 sq.km in the state of Tamil Nadu. Administratively the district is divided into 14 blocks and 10 taluks. Erode City is the administrative headquarters of the district which was listed as a “Smart City” in 2015. Total population being 22,51,744 out of which 51.42% is urban while remaining 48.58% is rural population, as per census 2011. There are 59 towns(6 census towns and 53 statutory towns), total 306 villages and Erode city Municipal Corporation. The district is also known as the “Turmeric Capital” of Tamil Nadu. Economy of the district is dependent on both agricultural and industrial sectors. Textile, turmeric and oil industries are the core industries of the district. Sathyamangalam Wild life sanctuary and tiger reserve in Erode District provides the link between Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats. It is also a major Tiger and Elephant Corridor hub. These forests

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were declared as a wildlife sanctuary under the Wild Life Protection Act of 1972. It has been considered as a part of the Nilgiris Biosphere reserve.

2.4 The Nilgiris Sub Region

Nilgiris is an environmentally sensitive district, dotted with forest cover (especially sholas), tea estates and flora & fauna that are unique to Western Ghats eco system. Nilgiris is surrounded by Kerala on the one side, Karnataka on the western and northern side, and Coimbatore District on the Eastern side. Nilgiris with its population of 7, 35,394, as per census 2011 also attracts a huge floating population (tourists) during winter season putting pressure on infrastructure. District has 17 urban centers, one cantonment board, 35 villages spread over six talukas. Geographically, district expands in 2545 sq.km area. Udhagamandalam City is the administrative headquarters of the district. There were two census towns present in the 2011 census. District has the highest sex ratio in the state (1042). Considered as Queen of Hills in the past, Nilgiris has deteriorated over the years in terms of environmental quality with frequent landslides, encroachment and contamination of lake, reducing shola cover and above all increasing occurrence of heat islands.

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3. CHAPTER-SUMMARY

For all four sub-regions, different approach of study has been followed as the characteristics and issues of all four district, vary. Thus this report will demonstrate four unique ways to approach a land use zoning study for a sub region. All the outcomes of the sub region will contribute to the greater zoning of the Coimbatore region, in order to fulfill the integrated vision of Sustainable Development with focus on Economic growth engines.

3.1 Coimbatore Sub Region

Coimbatore as a district has high agricultural, industrial as well as economic potential that will lead to urbanization. But it is imperative to control the direction of growth and make sure that “mindless urbanization” does not lead to the saturation of the district and depletion of the environment. Vision for the Coimbatore sub region is to enhance the capacity of Coimbatore sub-region as a Global Employment generation hub. Coimbatore Sub- Regional Plan is aspiring for an inclusive and sustainable development of all the sectors and strata of the society along with focus on employment generation for economy based development. For the preparation of the sub-regional plan, identification of the major sectors that constitutes the framework of a region like demography, housing, transport, economy, infrastructure, environment and governance were done, to found out the potentials and issues related to each sector after the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the data collected through primary and secondary survey.

The analysis gave us three thrust areas- Urbanization, Industries and Environment. Final Proposal based upon Thrust Areas. Western Ghats and Valparai reserved forests as No Development/ Restricted Zones. Reserved forest areas of Valparai and Western Ghats being biodiversity hotspots, restrict human interference in these areas. Also, the Noyal river basins need attention. No new red or orange listed industries are permitted in these areas. The ones which are present have to be suited to reduce pollution in the river and river side ecosystems. Protect river basins, surface water resource and improve physical infrastructure to counter water depletion and degradation.

Settlements Adjacent to restricted zones as Controlled Development Zones being eco- sensitive to sustain population and revert negative growth: Based upon the analysis of developable land suitability, eco-sensitive area analysis the need of restriction and control over the type of development is required in these areas. Also, keeping employment generation in a view, looking at the population decline or growth rate decline at these areas sustaining the population in indigenous villages is necessary. The USP of these

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areas is the context of the reserve forests and biodiversity areas. Although these areas are marked as no development zones to preserve their character and protect them, they are an important resource as revenue generation through eco-tourism in a controlled manner. Not only is it helpful in revenue generation but also important to generate awareness about these areas. Hence, Promote Eco-tourism to generate employment near eco- sensitive areas.

Considering the ration of both primary and tertiary work force participation and the potential of primary sector to feed for secondary and tertiary sectors in the sub-region, the need for development of primary sector to support for next two in line is eminent. As per energy generation suitability analysis the wind power generation along with agro-based industries can generate employment opportunities.

As per developable land analysis and the LULC the emerging conurbation between Tiruppur and Coimbatore is the new development corridor that will simultaneously develop the northern and mid-eastern parts of the sub region. The development to its fullest can be achieved through manufacturing and service sectors development in these areas. Considering Coimbatore-Salem-Chennai industrial corridor, and defense corridor going through Sulur, urbanization has better scope in these areas. To add the catalyst to it the transport corridors are proposed. Proposed RRTS corridor to connect Industrial corridor Coimbatore- Erode- Salem- Chennai. Also, the moderate land suitability for residential development alongside industrial parks can be incentivized if the transport routes are proposed in this part of the region that connect industries to residential areas without going through the Coimbatore city. In association with this, promotion of wind and solar power generation alongside service and manufacturing industries.

3.2 Tiruppur Sub Region

Based on the literature study and field visit, major issues has been identified, environment degradation, water contamination & scarcity, Noyyal river health and unchecked urban expansion were the highlights. This led us to formulate our vision: to make Tirippur as a Progressive, Sustainable and Industrial engine. Study is pursued under the identified 4 heads, namely, Industrial growth, Settlement Growth, Resource Flow: labour, raw material and market are analysed, Environmentally Sensitive areas. Industrial growth is analysed by potential assessment on the basis of Tiruppur‟s GDP contribution to state and spatially by the industry growth density in the region as per data given by MSME and TEA. Settlement growth is analysed majorly through settlement hierarchy assessment and by temporal Land use Land cover analysis for years 2005, 2011, 2018. Under resource flow, skilled labour analysis is pursued through census 2011 B tables,

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followed by the detailed depiction of the production cycle of the industries: from raw material procurement to the finished product markets. Environmentally Sensitive areas are sub divide under Land and Water. Under land sub head, Agriculture and waste management of the sub region is analysed followed by water analysis, which is done for ground As well as surface water potential both.

The outcome of the industrial sector analysis is, suitable land for development (Urbanisable area) map. Projection of industries is done on the basis of the employment projection for the year 2021, 2031. And the industrial growth potential taluk has been identified based on the Resource and Environment Carrying Capacity (RECC). Under settlement hierarchy, based on the scalogram analysis, potential census town for year 2021, growth centre village and node centre villages has been proposed along with the first second third and fourth order settlement have been projected. A series of environmental consideration have been taken up under Environmentally sensitive area. Water sector has been analyzed to identify the vulnerable ground water availability zones and ground water recharge potential zones in conjunction with the identification of areas most vulnerable to the surface run-off. Agriculture sector has been focused on obtaining the vulnerable agriculture land to the industrialization and urbanization process. Agricultural Land suitability is pursed crop wise as per the identified crops by yield and return value. Land potential has also been analysed in terms of waste generation and its suitability for the location of landfill site. Landfill location suitability zone has been identified by weighted overlay technique.

Output of the all the performed analysis is compiled in the form of a Sustainable Land Use Zones. All the analysis has been over-layed and weighed proportionately based on the primary survey experience of students and inhabitants of the district. The proposed land use zone comprises of Urbanisable zones, Restricted Development Zone, No Development Zone and Agriculture Zone. Since more than 60% of the land fell under agriculture zone and analyzing the thrust of industrial expansion in the sub region, the Agriculture zone is further divide into Agriculture Transition Zone 1 and Agriculture Transition Zone 2. These transition Zones are identified based on the proximity to the proposed urban growth centres, agriculture land suitable for more than one crop production and ground as well as surface water availability potential for future. These transition zones are also classified as per the order of being urbanized in future, based on scalogram analysis. Agriculture Transition Zone 1 are classified as land at first priority for land use conversion followed by transition zone 2. The intent of the study is to formulize a sub-regional plan with a trust of Economic development and Environmental Sustainability. It has been our priority to device out an eco-centric methodology with the

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consideration from Economy growth to Environment Vulnerability and Socio-Physical Infrastructure capacity of the Tiruppur sub-region

3.3 Erode Sub Region

Based on the study of the sub-region in detail, vision is formulated as, to make erode globally competitive and environmentally resilient settlement. Four pillars of development have been identified: Economy, Environment, Resource and Connectivity. Economy of the district is dependent on agricultural and industrial sectors. Textile, turmeric and oil industries are the core industries. Bhavani Carpet (Bhavani Jammakalam) and Turmeric are geographical indicators of the district. Bhavani, Erode and Gobichettipalayam contribute to occupy important place in the field of oilpressing. Large number of leather tanneries are also present in this district and the leather products are exported too. Erode, Bhavani and Perundurai are known for highest number of rice mills in the district. Global Footprint analysis along with district economic viability and potential industries has been analysed.

Multi hazard Vulnerability zone analysis has been done for the identification of eco sensitive areas. Buffer Zone considers the buffer of 5km from the boundary of WLS. It is important to regulate the changing land use in the environ and thus is the significance of Transition zone. Agriculture practices in this transition zone can restrict the growth and thus stops its hampering on forest area. The leftover area called as Non-restricted area can be taken for further development. Agriculture is one of the most important sources of income of the district. Paddy, turmeric, coconut and sugarcane are the dominant crops. Erode accounts to 43% of the turmeric production. Agriculture land suitability is done to identify most probable land for agriculture practice to sustain. Also Ground water potential has been analysed as a part of environment pillar. Delineation of potential ground water recharge zones as High Groundwater Potential Zone, Moderate Groundwater Potential Zone and Low Groundwater Potential Zone was performed. 16.55% of the area in the district falls under High Groundwater potential and 82.7% of the area falls under the Moderate Groundwater potential. The result of the groundwater water potential explains the future prospects of the district in agriculture. For conserving the Satyamangalam Tiger reserve, level of buffer zone has been identified.

Training Programs for local community can be helpful in both ways for tribes as well as the Forest Management Authority. Awareness Programs can help to sensitize people about the do‟s and don‟ts to minimize the conflicts in necessary area, to make aware of local inhabitants and wildlife. To slow down the traffic movement when vehicles enter into the forest area, speed breakers can play a vital role. Land bridges reduce the animal

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accidents. Land bridges at most conflicting locations can be constructed. The vegetation over the bridge can attract the animals without distracting their path, simultaneously avoiding them to cross the roads and thus accidents can be reduced. A great future potential can be created through this as this bird sanctuary has ten critical wet land bird breeding habitats in the state of TN. The Eco-Tourism and conservation plan can promote the recreational experiences to tourists, ensuring the opportunity to widespread the message of conserving the forest masses and lives.

Connectivity has been cross-linked with other sectors to integrate the pillars of development of the district. Erode is also a part of the upcoming Coimbatore-Salem Industrial Corridor, where Erode plays important part in the Manufacturing and Business Investment Region II as strategic location for energy industries and logistic services and in Agri-Business Investment Region. Future census towns followed by order of settlement has been analysed and proposed for 2021 and 2031. Final zoning map has been reached on by combining all the analysis mentioned above. Major five zones have been identified, being, Zone1: No Development Zone, Zone 2: Transition Zone, Zone 3: Agriculture Dominant Zone, Zone 4: Urbanisable Zone, Zone 5: Unrbanized Zone.

3.4 The Nilgiris Sub Region

The Regional Plan focuses on Environmental conservation and sustainability of the ecosystem within this sub-region and linking the economic and social aspects with the Coimbatore Region through connectivity. It is expected that some of the villages within the district, will become Census Towns by 2021 census as their population reached more than 15,000 (Erumadu) and in some more than 25000 (Nelliyalam and Cherangode) population way back in 2011. Using the land use/land cover analysis along with flora and fauna, land suitability was carried out to identify the developable area and conservation areas within the district. Based on the frequency of occurrence of disaster (landslides /forest fires) a multi-hazard vulnerability map with zones was arrived at for the district as a whole.

Using the scalogram, a settlement hierarchy has been proposed for the future, taking in to account the population size, social, physical and economic infrastructure. For settlement development, community based eco-tourism is proposed focusing on the identification and the development of eco-tourism sites through the provision of the eco tourists camps and service centers in the villages involving tribal communities promoting tribal art and handicraft. New tourism circuits were identified to divert the concentration of the tourists from Coonor and Udhagamandalam to other less known tourists spots aiding in the economic development of the other region as well and promotion of nature based

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tourism. The MSME based on the food products, food services, textiles, motor vehicles, etc. that are environmental friendly are proposed. Agro-parks are suggested with infrastructure facility, capacity, types of crops and the organization set up required, so as to integrate Nilgiris district with that of the larger region of Coimbatore. Land use zoning is done for the sub region based on the land suitability analysis for developing the sub region in terms of future urban settlements, industries and agriculture. Thus, the sub region is classified into four categories wherein the most developable zone considers the development of the residential, commercial and other related activities in the sub region. The developbale zone will focuss on the development of service, light and non-hazardous industries. The least devlopable zone are proposed for the development of the agriculture, horticulture, poultry and dairy activities. The no development zone is the eco sensitive zone where no development is possible as it comprises of the forest area and the water bodies.

Being a home for some of the primitive tribal groups in the country, this district accommodates has six Primitive Tribal Groups such as Todas, Kotas, Kurumbas, Irular, Paniyans and Kattunayakans. Some of these tribes are reducing in numbers over the years (such as Todas and Kotas). Spatially, socially, and in economic terms these tribes were excluded in the development process. Hence, in the sub-regional plan, the physical, financial and social capacity of the tribes is analyzed.

In terms of growth centers, apart from Udhagamandalam and Coonoor, which have emerged strongly as urban centers, by 2038, it is expected that places such as Sholur will emerge as growth center. In order to maintain the ecosystem and to conserve the flaura and fauna of the sub-region, the approach of concentrated settlement development has been taken to develop settlements in the future.

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4. CHAPTER-PROPOSALS

Land Use Zoning

Land use zoning is a planning control tool which is used to classify the type of development allowed in a parcel of land contributing to the sustainable growth of a region. The land parcels are segregated into different parcels of land for the development of agriculture, industries, residences and the conservation of the environmentally fragile areas. Thus land use zoning provides the opportunity to stimulate or slow down development in specific areas.

The land use zoning for the Coimbatore region is done focusing on the development of the region in terms of the economic growth engines of each sub region. As the vision of the regional plan formulation clearly states the sustainable economic development of the region, the land use zoning caters the existing as well as the future development of the region which will be initiated through the establishment of the IT industries, Defence Corridor, Coimbatore-Salem industrial corridor, Manufacturing and Buisness investment region in Coimbatore, Salem and Erode,etc. Thus, these huge investments will attract workers for the upcoming employment opportunities necessitating the need for the demarcation of the region for the establishment of the industries, existing and future urbanizable area, development of agricultural land and agro-based industries. As the region has a major share of the forest and other eco sensitive zones , National parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries, the zoning considering the conservation of these areas is also important.

The map below shows the land use zoning of the Coimbatore region based on the sustainable development concept , classified into five different categories.

Developed Zone- This zone comprises of the main city area of the region which is already urbanized.

Most Developable Zone- These are the zones where the development of the residential areas and the activities related to it may it be commercial, PSP, educational centre, medical and health center, etc are proposed. Also, the existing land use supports the potential of growth of the future settlements due to existing urban centers.

Developable Zone- These are the zones where the service and the light industries are proposed. Special non-hazardous industrial zone can also come here.

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Least Developable Zone- These are the zones where the primary activities are proposed which may include agriculture, horticulture, poultry, dairy, etc.

Eco Sensitive Zone- These are the zones which contains all the reserved forest, water bodies and the elephant corridors with a buffer of 1km ( Right of Passage, Elephant Corridors of India ) which are also the No Go Areas.

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Figure 4-1: Land Use Zone Map

The above map is generated in pixels and the zoning done may not depict the actual area of the different zones classified.

The developed zone in the map shown consists of the existing developed or built up area where the urbanization has already occurred which includes the existing residential, commercial, industrial and other uses. The core area of each sub region and the area under the major urban centers of the sub regions fall under this category. Also, the developed area concentrates along the national and the state highways due to the accessibility. The most developable zone will consist of the areas where future development in terms of large and medium scale industries, residences, commercial centers can be proposed. The Erode sub region has the major share of the most developable area followed by Tiruppur and Coimbatore. The Nilgiris sub region has the least share of the most developable area because the hilly terrain and forest cover of the sub region. The developable area is concerned with the development of the small and micro scale and non-hazardous industries with the development of the residential, commercial and agricultural development associated with the establishment of the industries in which Tiruppur has the maximum share followed by the Coimbatore , The Nilgiris and Erode sub region where the textile, coir ,tea, coffee and the other small scale industries can be established. The major area of the Tiruppur sub region is shared by the least developable or the agricultural zone followed by the Erode and the Coimbatore sub region for the cultivation of the crops and development of the dairy industries. The Nilgiris sub region has the least share of this zone due to the presence of the forest. The Nilgiris sub region shares more than 50% of its area as eco sensitive zone for the conservation of the forest falling under Biosphere reserve. The Erode sub region has the second highest share of the eco sensitive zone because of the presence of the Sathyamangalam Tiger reserve followed by the Coimbatore sub region consisting of Valparai forest area. The Tiruppur sub region has the lowest share of the eco sensitive zone.

Permissible and Non Permissible Activities in the Land Use Zones

PERMISSIBLE

Developed Zone

Residential Development, commercial development, basic public utilities and services, transport uses, recreational uses and public and semi-public uses, existing scale industries.

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Most Developable Zone.

•Residential Primary Residential Zone, Unplanned / Informal residential Zone. •Commercial Retail Shopping Zone, General Business and Commercial District/ Centre, Wholesale, Go‐downs, Warehousing/ Regulated markets retail shops and retail shopping centres, Shopping Malls, offices, hotels, banks, function halls on plots of minimum 1000 sq mtrs, stock exchange/financial institution, cinema halls and multiplexes, bakeries and confectionaries, health facilities with maximum up to 200 beds, guest houses •Public and semi-public use zone Govt. / Semi Govt. / Public Offices, Govt. land use, Police Headquarter/ Station. Police line, Educational and Research, Medical and Health, Socio Cultural and Religious •Mixed use zone Mixed Industrial use, Mixed Residential use, Mixed Commercial use, Residential Development, commercial development, basic public utilities and services, transport uses, recreational uses and public and semi- public uses, small and micro scale industries, IT and logistic use, Agro based industries.

Developable Zone

•Service and Light Industry. •Special Industrial Zone – Non-Hazardous All kinds of non-polluting industries, SEZs notified by government of India, Residential building for essential staff and for watch and ward personnel all kind of industries, public utilities, parking, loading, unloading spaces, warehousing, storage and depot of non‐ perishabl and non‐inflammable commodities and incidental use, cold storage and ice factory, gas go‐ downs, cinema, bus terminal, bus depot and workshop, wholesale business establishments, petrol filling stations with garage and service stations, parks and playgrounds, medical centres, restaurants. •All activities permitted under most developable and developed zone •Recreational use zone Playgrounds/ Stadium/ Sports Complex, Parks and Gardens – Public open spaces, Multi‐open space (Maiden) Transport and communication use zone Roads/ BRTS, Railway/ MRTS, Airport, Seaports/ Dockyard, Bus depots/ truck terminals and freight complexes, Transmission and Communication. •Agro-based industries and wind power generation along with promotion of primary sector Least Developable Zone

In agriculture use zones, agriculture and horticulture, dairy and poultry farming ,milk chilling center, storage, processing and sale of farm produce, dwelling for the people engaged in farms, farm house, afforestation.

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Primary activity use zone Agriculture, Forest, Poultry and dairy farming, Rural settlements, Brick kiln and extractive areas, Others (fishing, pottery etc.) Houses incidental to this use, parks and recreational uses, way sides shops and restraunts, hospitals infectious and contagious diseases, agro serving, agro processing, cottage industries, burial and cremation grounds, solid-waste management sites, sewage disposal works, electric sub-stations and eco-tourism. Activities not permitted in most-developable and developable zones.

No Development Zone

These are the zones which contains all the reserved forest and the elephant corridors with a buffer of 1km ( Right of Passage, Elephant Corridors of India ) which are also the No Go Areas The following facilities managed by the government which involve felling of trees not exceeding seventy-five trees per hectare, schools, dispensary or hospital, anganwadis, fair price shops, electric and telecommunication lines, tanks and other minor water bodies, drinking water supply and water pipelines, water or rain water harvesting structures, minor irrigation canals, non-conventional source of energy, skill up-gradation or vocational training centres, roads and community centres. Traditional practices, non invasive religious and cultural activities.

NON PERMISSIBLE ACTIVITIES

Developed and Most Developable Zone-

Heavy, large and extensive industries, hazardous and obnoxious industries, ware housing, storage godowns of perishable inflammable goods, whole sale mandis, workshops for buses, slaughter houses, hospitals treating contagious diseases, sewage treatment plants and disposal sites, water treatment plants, solid-waste dumping grounds, stadiums zological and botanical garden, bird santuary, district battalion offices ,etc.

Developable Zone-

General business unless incidental to and on the same site with industries, schools and colleges, hotels, motels and caravan parks, recreational sports or centers, other non- industrial related activities, religious buildings, irrigated and sewerage firms, social buildings.

Least Developable Zone-

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Residential use except those ancillary uses permitted in agriculture use zone, heavy, extensive obnoxious and hazardous industries. Any activities which is creating nuisance and is obnoxious in nature.

No Development Zone-

Use/activities not specifically related to environmentally sensitive use zones are not permitted. No development of any kind is permitted between river canals or streams and embankment.

The land use zoning mentioned above broadly explains the different zones in the Coimbatore Region. The zoning as per the individual sub region is detailed out in the sub regional reports which will be available as:

Coimbatore Regional Plan: Volume 1: Tiruppur Sub Region Coimbatore Regional Plan: Volume 2: Erode Sub Region Coimbatore Regional Plan: Volume 3: The Nilgiris Sub Region Coimbatore Regional Plan: Volume 4: Coimbatore Sub Region

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References Directorate of Town and Country Planning, Government of Tamil Nadu,(1974), Draft Regional Plan: Coimbatore-Nilgiris Region Directorate of Town and Country Planning, Government of Tamil Nadu,(1971), The Tamil Nadu Town and Country Planning Act (2011) District Census Handbook, Coimbatore, Tiruppur, Erode and The Nilgiris: Census of India (2013-2016) District Statistical Handbook, Coimbatore, Tiruppur, Erode and The Nilgiris: Department of Economics and Statistics Department of Economics and Statistics, (2015-16), GDP details: Coimbatore, Tiruppur, Erode and The Nilgiris Human Development Report. (2015-16).Retrieved from http://www.spc.tn.gov.in/DHDR/ Coimbatore, Tiruppur, Erode and The Nilgiris.pdf Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, (2015-16), National Family Health Survey-4, Coimbatore, Tiruppur, Erode and The Nilgiris Tamil Nadu Finance Department. (2018) Vision 2023, Phase I and II Tamil Nadu Finance Department.(2017-22), Report and Recommendations of fifth State Finance Commission The Madras Institute of Development Studies (MIDS),2011, Urban Infrastructure Reforms Facility (UIRF) The Times of India (2018),Fastest growing cities in the World, 17 of 20 from India Vivek Menon ,S.K (2017). RIGHT OF PASSAGE ELEPHANT CORRIDORS OF INDIA.

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