Historic Building Recording of the Old Polegate Station, Station Road, Polegate, East Sussex
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HISTORIC BUILDING RECORDING OF THE OLD POLEGATE STATION, STATION ROAD, POLEGATE, EAST SUSSEX Date of report 30.05.2017 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................PAGE 3 2.0 HISTORICAL/ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND........................PAGE 5 3.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE BUILDING................................................PAGE 8 4.0 INTERIOR....................................................................................PAGE 8 5.0 PARAMETERS.............................................................................PAGE 16 6.0 REFERENCES...............................................................................PAGE 16 Front cover: Historic photograph of the site Appendix 1. Historic Building Survey Summary Appendix 2. Digital photography Register 2 1.0 INTRODUCTION In April 2017 SWAT Archaeology carried out a historic building recording of the Old Polegate Station, Station Road, Polegate, East Sussex (Figure 2). The building is presently unoccupied and is about to undergo stripping out and demolition. Following the planning application for the demolition of the Old Polegate Station and before the development of the site the County Archaeologist is requiring that a programme of building recording be undertaken in advance of any site works. 1.2 Planning background Planning permission (WD/2016/2201/MAJ) was obtained on 30th March 2017 for the demolition of the existing building used as a restaurant and erection of a 3 and half storey building to contain a convenience store at lower ground level and 22 residential units above with associated parking at the Old Polegate Station, Station Road, Polegate BN26 6EH Planning Condition 2 and 3 states that: 2. No demolition or development shall take place until the developer has secured the implementation of a programme of archaeological work, in accordance with a Written Scheme of Archaeological Investigation which has been submitted to and approved in writing by the Local Planning Authority. REASON: To ensure that the archaeological and historical interest of the site is safeguarded and recorded to comply with the requirements of SPO2, SPO13 and WCS14 of the Wealden Core Strategy Local Plan 2013 and paragraphs 129, 131 and 132 of the National Planning Policy Framework 2012. With regard to Regulation 35 of the Development Management Procedure Order 2015, it is essential to enable any items of historical or archaeological deposits and features which would be disturbed during the proposed works to be adequately recorded, that the condition adopts the pre-commencement format to protect heritage assets. 3 3. The development hereby permitted shall not be brought into use until the archaeological site investigation and post investigation assessment has been completed in accordance with the programme set out in the Written Scheme of Investigation approved under Condition 2 and that provision for analysis, publication and dissemination of results and archive deposition has been secured. REASON: To ensure that the archaeological and historical interest of the site is safeguarded and recorded to comply with the requirements of SPO2, SPO13 and WCS14 of the Wealden Core Strategy Local Plan 2013 and paragraphs 129, 131 and 132 of the National Planning Policy Framework 2012. 1.3 The building recording has been conducted in three phases: Phase 1: Recording of the building as existing to Level 3 (Plates 1-43). Phase 2: Recording of any additional features revealed in the stripping out of the building- no additional features were revealed in this phase of works. Phase 3: Additional recording of railway associated structures revealed by the demolition of the building and to include the pedestrian tunnel shown to exist on OS Historic Mapping and the retaining embankment wall identified in the initial walk over survey (Plates 44-49). This survey work and specification and will be carried out in accordance with a Level 3 survey as detailed in the English Heritage volume ‘Understanding Historic Buildings: A Guide to Good Recording Practice’ (2016) and the Institute of Field Archaeologists Standard and Guidance for the Archaeological investigation and recording of standing buildings or structures (2014) and the Sussex Archaeological Standards- Annex F (April 2015). Any variation in the WSI will be agreed in advance by the developer and the LPA. Level 3 is an analytical record, and will comprise an introductory description followed by a systematic account of the building’s origins, development and use including measured plans, and long and short sections through the building. 4 A Level 3 record may also be appropriate when the fabric of a building is under threat, but time or resources are insufficient to allow for detailed documentary research, or where the scope for such research is limited (Historic England 2016]. The principal elements of the survey involved the creation of a record and description of the historic fabric of the building together with an analysis and interpretation of the buildings origins and historic development. A review of Historic OS mapping has been made (Figures 9-13) and the Desk-Based Assessment (SWAT Archaeology 2016) consulted. In summary the work consists of a Level 3 descriptive report of the building accompanied by digital photographs, drone coverage and annotated measured plans. 2.0 HISTORICAL/ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND 2.1 The development site The site is a former railway station located in the town and civil parish of Polegate. The town is situated between the South Downs National Park and the Pevensey Levels, in the Wealden district of East Sussex, five miles north of the coastal town of Eastbourne, in the south of England. The area is characterised by urban development that once formed a railway settlement. The PDA is bounded to the north by the Pevensey Road (B2247) and to the south by the railway line that once served Lewes, Hastings Eastbourne and Hailsham. To the west is a small development and to the east is The Sidings. The station is surrounded by high-density residential and commercial development, opening on to agricultural fields beyond. The railway opened for business on 3rd of October 1881 by the London Brighton & South Coast Railway and closed on the 25th May 1986. One platform has been demolished; the other has been partially demolished but the substantial station building still stands and has been converted into a pub and restaurant known as Old Polegate Station. The current building is likely not to be the original station built in 1846 but a replacement station which opened in 1881 on the Hailsham Line. This line was closed in 1968 and now 5 due for demolition in the current development plans. The site falls within an Archaeological Notification Area relating specifically to the Pevensey to Arlington Roman Road (DES9300/ANA898), a Roman settlement at Church Road (DES9250/ANA846) and the Willingdon Levels (DES10069) a prehistoric wetland that has a high potential for archaeological features and deposits. 2.2 Setting The site is a former railway station located in the town and civil parish of Polegate. The town is situated between the South Downs National Park and the Pevensey Levels, in the Wealden district of East Sussex, five miles north of the coastal town of Eastbourne, in the south of England. The area is characterised by urban development that once formed a railway settlement. The site is bounded to the north by the Pevensey Road (B2247) and to the south by the railway line that once served Lewes, Hastings Eastbourne and Hailsham. To the west is a small development and to the east is The Sidings. The station is surrounded by high-density residential and commercial development, opening on to agricultural fields beyond (Figure 2). 2.3 Statutory Designation The building is not listed. 2.4 Significance of the Building The significance of the building lies in its contribution to the railway age of East Sussex. The railway, built by the London Brighton and South Coast Railway, arrived in 1846; the first station sited on the High Street. The line was extended in 1849 with branches to Eastbourne and Hailsham (Cuckoo Line) and later to Eridge and the town became an important junction between the market town of Hailsham and the local brick making industry. The route from Eastbourne to Hailsham required a reversal at Polegate and in 1881 a new station (the 6 present building) was built 300yds east of the original station with four platforms and three signal boxes. Two of the signal boxes were demolished in 1969 but one remains. It is an example of a Saxby and Farmer Type 5 design introduced in 1876. It was one of the most common Victorian signal boxes and there are 21 examples nationally with eleven currently in use. Polegate station closed on 25th May 1986 due to lack of use and the Beeching’s cuts and the turnpike is now the A22 road. The disused railway line is now the Cuckoo Trail, a 14- mile footpath and cycleway. 2.5 Historic Background In the A Drury, W Herbert Map of 1769 the site is located on the Pevensey Road between Polegate Green to the south and Swines Hill Gate to the north and east of the High Street. In the OS Map of 1875 the PDA is a small enclosure (82) at the eastern corner of the ‘Brick Field’, bounded east by scrubland, south by the railway and north by the Pevensey Road. The surrounding area is rural, fields and ponds to the north and orchards and stream to the south. A signal box and turntable are to the west where the railway branches off to the north. A few small, scattered buildings to the northwest are probably connected with the railway or brickworks. The Liberty Boundary is a 3ft root hedge to the east. (DBA Fig.2). In the OS Map of 1899 the PDA has been developed into the new station. To the north is a new development of semi-detached houses set around Junction Road and the Junction Hotel and to the northwest the brick works is established with a chimney, clay pit and four semi-detached dwellings.