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Appendix: The Greek Alphabet The Greek alphabet is still used to designate the brighter stars of each constellation. This method of identification was developed by German astronomer Johan Bayer in 1603 when he published Uranometria , the first star atlas covering the entire sky. α Alpha η Eta ν Nu τ Tau β Beta θ Theta ξ Xi υ Upsilon γ Gamma ι Iota ο Omicron φ Phi δ Delta κ Kappa π Pi χ Chi ε Epsilon λ Lambda ρ Rho ψ Psi ζ Zeta μ Mu σ Sigma ω Omega © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 293 D. A. Jenkins, First Light and Beyond, The Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-18851-5 References 1 1. DiCecco, A., Becucci, R., Bono, G., et al. (2010). On the absolute age of the Globular Cluster M92. Publ Astron Soc Pacifi c, 122 (895), 991–999. 2. Hendry, M. A., Smartt, S. J., Crockett, R. M., et al. (2006). SN 2004A: another Type II-P supernova with a red supergiant progenitor. Mon Not R Astron Soc, 369 (3), 1303–1320. 3. Fitzsimmons, A. (1993). CCD Stromgren UVBY photometry of the young clusters NGC 1893, NGC 457, Berkeley 94 and Bochum 1. Astron Astrophys Suppl Ser, 99 (1), 15–29. ISSN 0365–0138. 4. Quinn, S. N., White, R. J., Latham, D. W., et al. (2012). Two “b”s in the beehive: the discovery of the fi rst hot Jupiters in an open cluster. Astrophys J Lett, 756 (2), Article ID. L33, 5 pages. 5. Kiss, L., Szabo, M., Balog, Z., et al. (2008). AAOmega radial velocities rule out current membership of the planetary nebula NGC 2438 in the open cluster M46. Mon Not R Astron Soc, 391 (1), 399–404. 6. Crampton, D., Cowley, A., Schade, D., et al. (1985). The M31 globular cluster system. Astrophys J, 288 , 494–513. Part 1 (ISSN 0004–637X). 7. Van Dyk, S., Schuyler, D., Zheng, W., et al. (2013). The progenitor of supernova 2011dh has vanished. Astrophys J Lett, 772 (2), Article ID L32, 5 pages. 8. Sato, M., Hirota, T., Honma, M., et al. (2007). Absolute proper motions of water masers in NGC 281 measured with VERA, astrophysical masers and their environments. Proc IAU Symp, 242 , 170–171. 9. Mundell, C., James, P., Loiseau, N., et al. (2004). The unusual tidal dwarf candidate in the merger system NGC 3227/3226: star formation in a tidal shock? Astrophys J, 614 (2), 648–657. 1 This research has made use of NASA’s Astrophysics Data System. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 295 D. A. Jenkins, First Light and Beyond, The Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-18851-5 Index A Binoviewer , 59, 79 Amalthea , 63, 198 Blue stragglers , 110, 222 Apparent motion , 3, 15, 25, 27, 36, 38 Books (astronomy) , 233, 252–254, 262, 263, Asterism(s) , 20–21, 22, 69, 92, 98, 106, 270, 286 111, 113, 117, 133, 135, 203, 205, Butterfl y Nebula , 216, 218 227, 286 Astronomical League , 195, 203, 227, 237, 240, 274, 284–288 C Astronomy Celestial directions , 4, 5, 9, 12, 15, 24, 28, apps , 22 29, 39 software , 8, 11, 36, 94, 95, 144, 148, 277 Celestial sphere , 5, 7, 8, 13, 29, Astrophotography , 3, 25, 39, 77, 239–250, 37–39, 82 254, 263, 273, 290 Chandra , 231, 238, 274 Aurora borealis , 1, 54, 55 Cleaning (telescope) , 36 Auto-guider , 245 Cleaning optics , 35 Averted vision , 87, 96, 97, 106, 117, 119, 129, Collimation , 33–35, 39, 60, 71, 286 147, 150, 156, 173 Collinder 399 , 227 Constellations , 3, 8, 9, 11–15, 17–25, 32, 37–39, 53, 56, 66, 68–70, 75, 81, 82, B 86, 89, 90–95, 106, 111, 113, 116, Barnard, E.E. , 15, 63, 83, 197, 198, 212, 259 117–119, 122, 128, 132, 133, 135, 136, Bayer designations , 129 143, 149, 150, 153, 156, 163, 168, 177, Beehive Cluster (M44) , 51, 89, 90, 116, 136 178, 184, 188, 190–192, 194, 204, 206, Binoculars , 15, 17, 21, 22, 24, 25, 27, 29, 31, 207, 214, 216–218, 220, 224, 227, 229, 37, 54, 59, 64–66, 70, 71, 81, 91, 92, 235, 241, 253, 256, 259, 269, 270, 272, 96–98, 100, 106, 110, 111, 116, 117, 277, 293 119, 129, 133, 135, 136, 145, 147, Coordinates , 2, 7, 8, 36, 37, 70, 77, 135, 148, 149–152, 156, 163, 166, 168, 178, 185, 250, 260–262 194, 216, 218, 229, 277, 286, 287, 290 Curtis, Heber , 141 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 297 D. A. Jenkins, First Light and Beyond, The Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-18851-5 298 Index D H Dark adaptation , 74, 95–96, 106, 235 Heliosphere , 4, 5 Dark sky site , 50, 79, 203, 238, 248, 269, Helix Nebula , 129, 130, 191 280, 284 Herschel, Caroline , 222, 224, 264 Deep sky observing , 69, 70, 90, 147, 194, 257, Herschel, William , 46, 111, 118, 141, 177, 258, 273 178, 184, 185, 188, 197, 198, 222, 227, Delisle, Joseph , 46 252, 258 Dew prevention , 73–74 Hubble, Edwin , 142, 143, 239 Dew shield , 74, 78 Hubble Telescope , 17, 55, 57, 119, 148, Direction , 3–15, 17, 24, 28–31, 37–39, 57, 66, 231, 269 81, 91–93, 97, 135, 163, 173, 224, 245, 252, 254, 269 Distance , 3–9, 15–17, 26–28, 38, 39, 72, 92, I 97–100, 106, 111, 121, 122, 129, 148, IC 405 , 229, 230 150, 155, 163, 166, 177, 185, 204, 216, IC 410 , 229, 230 217, 224, 227, 234, 272 IC 1029 , 207, 211 Dreyer, J. , 1 IC 1590 , 216 DSLR camera , 241–245 IC 5146 , 132 International Dark-Sky Association (IDA) , 49, 57, 151, 199–202, 234, 237, E 274, 289 Eskimo Nebula (NGC 2392) , 89, 90, 136 Internet telescope rental , 249–250 Eyepieces , 27, 28, 39, 70–74, 79, 80, 91, 93, iTelescope , 248–250 94, 147 L F Laser collimator , 34, 74 Field of view , 4, 25–29, 31, 36, 37, 39, 65, Light pollution , 24, 39, 47–49, 56–58, 61, 63, 66, 71–74, 77, 81, 86, 91–94, 96, 98, 68, 75, 76, 95, 119, 147, 197–203, 232, 99, 106, 119, 128, 136, 144, 145, 149, 234, 237, 284, 287–289, 292 152, 168, 173, 176, 178, 181, 216, 224, Light year , 3, 4, 9, 15, 17, 89, 97–101, 103, 227, 244 106, 110, 111, 116, 117, 119, 121, 122, Filter(s) , 75–76 129, 132, 133, 141–143, 148–150, 152, broadband , 75 156, 163, 166, 168, 173, 177, 178, 181, H-beta , 76 184, 185, 194, 204–207, 212, 214, moon , 75 216–218, 220, 222, 224, 227, 281 narrowband , 76, 95, 250 O-III , 76, 128, 129, 134, 204, 218, 220, 229 M Finderscopes , 4, 33, 37–38, 60, 66–68, 74, 78, M1 , 203, 204 81, 86, 91, 93, 94, 98, 116, 117, 128, M2 , 99, 100, 103, 129 136, 145, 147, 152, 178, 194, 205 M3 , 117 FITS Liberator , 247 M4 , 117 Flamsteed numbers , 20, 69, 129 M5 , 117 Focal length , 26, 72, 91 M6 , 117 Focal ratio , 26, 71, 72 M7 , 117, 133 F ratio , 241 M8 , 133 M13 , 98–101, 106, 117, 144, 145, 204, 216 G M15 , 99, 100, 103, 129, 224 Galaxies , 25, 32, 47, 55, 69, 76, 77, 135, M20 , 60, 95, 134 141–196, 198, 202–204, 207, 211, 214, M21 , 134 215, 224, 227, 239, 240, 271, 272, 286 M23 , 135, 216, 219 Index 299 M27 , 122, 128 N M31 , 60, 66, 141, 142, 144, 148–152, Nebulae , 46, 47, 55, 63, 69, 71, 75, 77, 166, 295 89–142, 144, 145, 147, 149, 151, 168, M33 , 37, 144, 148–152, 166 194–196, 198, 203, 214, 220, 223, 229, M34 , 212 239, 243, 244, 261, 286 M36 , 117 New General Catalog , 1, 198 M37 , 117 New moon , 56, 81, 98 M38 , 111, 113, 116 NGC 366 , 227 M41 , 110, 111, 122 NGC 457 , 107, 110, 147 M42 , 60, 118, 119, 121, 220 NGC 659 , 224 M43 , 119 NGC 681 , 188, 191, 192 M44 , 51, 89, 90, 116 NGC 869 , 89, 110, 112, 205 M46 , 121–123 NGC 884 , 89, 110, 112, 205 M50 , 218, 220 NGC 1122 , 212, 213 M51 , 141, 142, 156, 159, 166 NGC 1893 , 117 M57 , 118, 136, 137 NGC 1907 , 116, 117 M65 , 168, 171 NGC 1931 , 117 M66 , 168, 171 NGC 1977 , 214 M68 , 206 NGC 1981 , 214 M76 , 128, 129 NGC 2316 , 218, 220 M78 , 220, 222, 223 NGC 2392 , 89, 90, 136 M81 , 152, 155–157, 166 NGC 2438 , 121–123 M82 , 152, 155, 156, 166 NGC 3226 , 227, 229 M83 , 150–153, 166 NGC 3227 , 227, 229 M92 , 98–101, 216 NGC 3242 , 206 M95 , 29, 173 NGC 3367 , 173, 174 M96 , 173 NGC 3377 , 173, 174 M97 , 166, 167 NGC 3384 , 173 M101 , 156, 161, 163, 166, 181 NGC 3389 , 173 M103 , 106, 107, 110, 224 NGC 3596 , 227 M104 , 60, 141, 143, 163, 164, 166, 191 NGC 3628 , 168, 171 M105 , 173 NGC 3666 , 227 M108 , 166–168 NGC 4038 , 214 M109 , 168, 169 NGC 4039 , 214 Magnifi cation (eyepiece) , 4, 26, 34, 39, 57, 58, NGC 4361 , 206, 209 65–66, 68, 71, 72, 79, 91, 98, 106, 117, NGC 5128 , 204, 206 135–137, 147, 151, 156, 177, 194, 205, NGC 5139 , 204, 205 206, 241 NGC 5195 , 141, 142, 156 Magnitude , 8, 13, 15–20, 22, 25, 57, 68–70, NGC 5426 , 177–179 91–95, 99–101, 106, 110, 111, 116, NGC 5427 , 177–179 117, 119, 122, 128, 129, 132, 133, NGC 5660 , 207, 211, 212 135–137, 143, 144, 147–152, 155, 156, NGC 5673 , 207, 211 163, 166, 168, 171, 173, 176–178, 181, NGC 5676 , 207–212 184, 185, 188, 191, 195, 202, 204–207, NGC 5907 , 178, 181 212, 214, 216, 218, 220, 224, 227, 234, NGC 5963 , 184 245, 261, 272 NGC 5965 , 184 McNeil’s Nebula , 222 NGC 5987 , 181, 183, 184 Messier, Charles , 45–47, 62, 111, 133, 141, NGC 6144 , 117 150, 168, 197, 198, 203, 206, 262, NGC 6207 , 99, 101, 144, 145 264, 273 NGC 6210 , 205, 208 Meteor showers , 52, 53, 61, 270, 271 NGC 6231 , 116, 117 Motion , 3–25, 27, 36, 38, 80, 81, 201, 244, NGC 6302 , 216, 218 245, 290 NGC 6440 , 216, 219 300 Index NGC 6445 , 216, 219 R NGC 6960 , 216, 218, 220 Red dot fi nder , 15, 38, 60, 91, 98, 116, 136, 286 NGC 6992 , 216 Ring Nebula , 118, 136, 137 NGC 7009 , 137, 138 Rosette Nebula , 220, 222 NGC 7293 , 129 NGC 7331 , 184–186 NGC 7332 , 224, 227, 228 S NGC 7339 , 224, 227, 228 Shapley, Harlow , 141 NGC 7457 , 224, 225 Sketching , 80, 83, 147, 257, 273 NGC 7625 , 224, 226 SN 2004A , 99 NGC 7662 , 122, 126 Software (astronomy) , 8, 9, 11, 23, 29, 36, 68, NGC 7789 , 222, 224 93–95, 117, 144, 148, 240, 241, NGC 7814 , 185, 188, 189 243–248, 277, 283 NOAO , 19, 90, 103, 111, 113, 133, 134, Spectroscopy , 18, 202, 235, 240, 250 138, 142, 155, 167, 169, 171, 201, 205, Spitzer
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  • A Basic Requirement for Studying the Heavens Is Determining Where In

    A Basic Requirement for Studying the Heavens Is Determining Where In

    Abasic requirement for studying the heavens is determining where in the sky things are. To specify sky positions, astronomers have developed several coordinate systems. Each uses a coordinate grid projected on to the celestial sphere, in analogy to the geographic coordinate system used on the surface of the Earth. The coordinate systems differ only in their choice of the fundamental plane, which divides the sky into two equal hemispheres along a great circle (the fundamental plane of the geographic system is the Earth's equator) . Each coordinate system is named for its choice of fundamental plane. The equatorial coordinate system is probably the most widely used celestial coordinate system. It is also the one most closely related to the geographic coordinate system, because they use the same fun­ damental plane and the same poles. The projection of the Earth's equator onto the celestial sphere is called the celestial equator. Similarly, projecting the geographic poles on to the celest ial sphere defines the north and south celestial poles. However, there is an important difference between the equatorial and geographic coordinate systems: the geographic system is fixed to the Earth; it rotates as the Earth does . The equatorial system is fixed to the stars, so it appears to rotate across the sky with the stars, but of course it's really the Earth rotating under the fixed sky. The latitudinal (latitude-like) angle of the equatorial system is called declination (Dec for short) . It measures the angle of an object above or below the celestial equator. The longitud inal angle is called the right ascension (RA for short).
  • Observing Galaxies in Pegasus 01 October 2015 23:07

    Observing Galaxies in Pegasus 01 October 2015 23:07

    Observing galaxies in Pegasus 01 October 2015 23:07 Context As you look towards Pegasus you are looking below the galactic plane under the Orion spiral arm of our galaxy. The Perseus-Pisces supercluster wall of galaxies runs through this constellation. It stretches from RA 3h +40 in Perseus to 23h +10 in Pegasus and is around 200 million light years away. It includes the Pegasus I group noted later this document. The constellation is well placed from mid summer to late autumn. Pegasus is a rich constellation for galaxy observing. I have observed 80 galaxies in this constellation. Relatively bright galaxies This section covers the galaxies that were visible with direct vision in my 16 inch or smaller scopes. This list will therefore grow over time as I have not yet viewed all the galaxies in good conditions at maximum altitude in my 16 inch scope! NGC 7331 MAG 9 This is the stand out galaxy of the constellation. It is similar to our milky way. Around it are a number of fainter NGC galaxies. I have seen the brightest one, NGC 7335 in my 10 inch scope with averted vision. I have seen NGC 7331 in my 25 x 100mm binoculars. NGC 7814 - Mag 10 ? Not on observed list ? This is a very lovely oval shaped galaxy. By constellation Page 1 NGC 7332 MAG 11 / NGC 7339 MAG 12 These galaxies are an isolated bound pair about 67 million light years away. NGC 7339 is the fainter of the two galaxies at the eyepiece. I have seen NGC 7332 in my 25 x 100mm binoculars.
  • Sejong Open Cluster Survey (SOS)-IV. the Young Open Clusters

    Sejong Open Cluster Survey (SOS)-IV. the Young Open Clusters

    Sejong Open Cluster Survey (SOS) - IV. The Young Open Clusters NGC 1624 and NGC 1931 Beomdu Lim1,5, Hwankyung Sung2, Michael S. Bessell3, Jinyoung S. Kim4, Hyeonoh Hur2, and Byeong-Gon Park1 [email protected] Received ; accepted Not to appear in Nonlearned J., 45. 1Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, 776 Daedeokdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-348, Korea 2Department of Astronomy and Space Science, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, arXiv:1502.00105v1 [astro-ph.SR] 31 Jan 2015 Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-747, Korea 3Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Australian National University, MSO, Cotter Road, Weston, ACT 2611, Australia 4Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave. Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USA 5Corresponding author, Korea Research Council of Fundamental Science & Technology Research Fellow –2– ABSTRACT Young open clusters located in the outer Galaxy provide us with an oppor- tunity to study star formation activity in a different environment from the solar neighborhood. We present a UBVI and Hα photometric study of the young open clusters NGC 1624 and NGC 1931 that are situated toward the Galactic anticenter. Various photometric diagrams are used to select the members of the clusters and to determine the fundamental parameters. NGC 1624 and NGC 1931 are, on average, reddened by hE(B − V )i = 0.92 ± 0.05 and 0.74 ± 0.17 mag, respectively. The properties of the reddening toward NGC 1931 indicate an abnormal reddening law (RV,cl = 5.2 ± 0.3). Using the zero-age main se- quence fitting method we confirm that NGC 1624 is 6.0 ± 0.6 kpc away from the Sun, whereas NGC 1931 is at a distance of 2.3 ± 0.2 kpc.