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Language Technologies for a Multilingual Europe Language technologies for a multilingual Europe TC3 III Edited by Georg Rehm Felix Sasaki Daniel Stein Andreas Witt language Translation and Multilingual Natural science press Language Processing 5 Translation and Multilingual Natural Language Processing Editors: Oliver Czulo (Universität Leipzig), Silvia Hansen-Schirra (Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz), Reinhard Rapp (Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz) In this series: 1. Fantinuoli, Claudio & Federico Zanettin (eds.). New directions in corpus-based translation studies. 2. Hansen-Schirra, Silvia & Sambor Grucza (eds.). Eyetracking and Applied Linguistics. 3. Neumann, Stella, Oliver Čulo & Silvia Hansen-Schirra (eds.). Annotation, exploitation and evaluation of parallel corpora: TC3 I. 4. Czulo, Oliver & Silvia Hansen-Schirra (eds.). Crossroads between Contrastive Linguistics, Translation Studies and Machine Translation: TC3 II. 5. Rehm, Georg, Felix Sasaki, Daniel Stein & Andreas Witt (eds.). Language technologies for a multilingual Europe: TC3 III. 6. Menzel, Katrin, Ekaterina Lapshinova-Koltunski & Kerstin Anna Kunz (eds.). New perspectives on cohesion and coherence: Implications for translation. 7. Hansen-Schirra, Silvia, Oliver Czulo & Sascha Hofmann (eds). Empirical modelling of translation and interpreting. 8. Svoboda, Tomáš, Łucja Biel & Krzysztof Łoboda (eds.). Quality aspects in institutional translation. 9. Fox, Wendy. Can integrated titles improve the viewing experience? Investigating the impact of subtitling on the reception and enjoyment of film using eye tracking and questionnaire data. 10. Moran, Steven & Michael Cysouw. The Unicode cookbook for linguists: Managing writing systems using orthography profiles. ISSN: 2364-8899 Language technologies for a multilingual Europe TC3 III Edited by Georg Rehm Felix Sasaki Daniel Stein Andreas Witt language science press Georg Rehm, Felix Sasaki, Daniel Stein & Andreas Witt (eds.). 2018. Language technologies for a multilingual Europe: TC3 III (Translation and Multilingual Natural Language Processing 5). Berlin: Language Science Press. This title can be downloaded at: http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/106 © 2018, the authors Published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Licence (CC BY 4.0): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ISBN: 978-3-946234-73-9 (Digital) 978-3-946234-77-7 (Hardcover) ISSN: 2364-8899 DOI:10.5281/zenodo.1291947 Source code available from www.github.com/langsci/106 Collaborative reading: paperhive.org/documents/remote?type=langsci&id=106 Cover and concept of design: Ulrike Harbort Typesetting: Felix Kopecky, Florian Stuhlmann, Iana Stefanova, Sebastian Nordhoff, Stefanie Hegele Proofreading: Ahmet Bilal Özdemir, Alessia Battisti, Alexis Michaud, Amr Zawawy, Anne Kilgus, Brett Reynolds, Benedikt Singpiel, David Lukeš, Eleni Koutso, Eran Asoulin, Ikmi Nur Oktavianti, Jeroen van de Weijer, Matthew Weber, Lea Schäfer, Rosetta Berger, Stathis Selimis Fonts: Linux Libertine, Libertinus Math, Arimo, DejaVu Sans Mono Typesetting software:Ǝ X LATEX Language Science Press Unter den Linden 6 10099 Berlin, Germany langsci-press.org Storage and cataloguing done by FU Berlin Contents Preface iii 1 Editorial Georg Rehm, Felix Sasaki, Daniel Stein & Andreas Witt 1 2 Machine translation: Past, present and future Daniel Stein 5 3 The META-NET strategic research agenda for language technology in Europe: An extended summary Georg Rehm 19 4 Metadata for the multilingual web Felix Sasaki 43 5 State of the art in Translation Memory Technology Uwe Reinke 55 6 Authoring support for controlled language and machine translation: A report from practice Melanie Siegel 85 7 Integration of machine translation in on-line multilingual applications: Domain adaptation Mirela-Ştefania Duma & Cristina Vertan 103 8 Disambiguate yourself: Supporting users in searching documents with query disambiguation suggestions Ernesto William De Luca & Christian Scheel 123 Contents 9 Multilingual knowledge in aligned Wiktionary and OmegaWiki for translation applications Michael Matuschek, Christian M. Meyer & Iryna Gurevych 139 10 The BerbaTek project for Basque: Promoting a less-resourced language via language technology for translation, content management and learning Igor Leturia, Kepa Sarasola, Xabier Arregi, Arantza Diaz de Ilarraza, Eva Navas, Iñaki Sainz, Arantza del Pozo, David Baranda & Urtza Iturraspe 181 Index 205 ii Preface This book, Language Technologies for a Multilingual Europe, is a reissue ofthe Special Issue on Technologies for a Multilingual Europe, which was originally published as Vol. 3, No. 1 of the Open Access online journal Translation: Computa- tion, Corpora, Cognition (TC3). After the editors of TC3 had decided to transition the journal into a different format – into the Open Access book series Translation and Multilingual Natural Language Processing – they invited us to prepare a reis- sue of our compilation, originally published in 2013. While several smaller typos in the original manuscripts have been fixed, the papers in this collection have not been substantially modified with regard to the original publication, which is still, for archival reasons, available at http://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb06-tc3/vol-3- no-1-2013/. Since the original publication, Multilingual Europe has made several impor- tant steps forward. A new set of EU projects on multilingual technologies and ma- chine translation was funded in 2015, e.g., QT21, HimL and CRACKER. The Crack- ing the Language Barrier federation (http://www.cracking-the-language-barrier. eu) was established as an umbrella organisation for all projects and organisations working on technologies for a multilingual Europe. At the time of writing META- NET is organising the next META-FORUM conference, which is to take place in Brussels on 13/14 November 2017. One of the key topics of this conference is the Human Language Project – a large, coordinated funding programme span- ning from education to research to innovation, which aims at bringing about the much needed boost in research and a paradigm shift in processing language au- tomatically. First steps towards the Human Language Project were discussed at a workshop in the European Parliament in early 2017. Moreover, the Common Language Resources and Technology Infrastructure (CLARIN), founded in 2012 by ten European countries, doubled its number of members since then. The editors of this special issue would like to thank the series editors, especially Oliver Culo, for the opportunity to publish a reissue of our original compilation. Georg Rehm, Felix Sasaki, Daniel Stein, Andreas Witt August 28, 2017 Chapter 1 Editorial Georg Rehm Felix Sasaki Daniel Stein Andreas Witt The roots of this special issue of Translation: Computation, Corpora, Cognition go all the way back to 2011. At the end of September of that year, the guest editors or- ganised a workshop at the Conference of the German Society for Computational Linguistics and Language Technology (gscl), which took place in Hamburg. The topic of the gscl 2011 conference – “Multilingual Resources and Multilingual Applications” – had already set the stage for our pre-conference workshop on September 27, 2011, which put special emphasis on “Language Technology for a Multilingual Europe”. Our intention behind this workshop was to bring together various groups con- cerned with the umbrella topics of multilingualism and language technology, es- pecially multilingual technologies. This encompassed, on the one hand, repre- sentatives from research and development in the field of language technologies, and on the other hand users from diverse areas such as, among others, industry, administration and funding agencies. Two examples of language technologies that we mentioned in the call for contributions were Machine Translation and processing of texts from the humanities with methods drawn from language tech- nology, such as automatic topic indexing, and text mining, as well as integrating numerous texts and additional information across languages. What these kinds of application areas and research and development in lan- guage technology have in common is that they either rely – critically – on lan- guage resources (lexicons, corpora, grammars, language models etc.) or produce Georg Rehm, Felix Sasaki, Daniel Stein & Andreas Witt. Editorial. In Georg Rehm, Felix Sasaki, Daniel Stein & Andreas Witt (eds.), Language technologies for a multilingual Europe: TC3 III, 1–4. Berlin: Language Science Press. DOI:10.5281/zenodo.1291922 Georg Rehm, Felix Sasaki, Daniel Stein & Andreas Witt these resources. A multilingual Europe supported by language technology is only possible if an adequate and interoperable infrastructure of resources (including the related tooling) is available for all European and other important languages. It is necessary that the aforementioned groups and other communities of develop- ers and users of language technology stand as a single homogenous community. Only if all members of our (quite heterogeneous and hitherto mostly fragmented) community stand together and speak with one voice, it will be possible to assure the long-term political acceptance of the “Language Technology” topic in Europe. The Workshop “Language Technology for a Multilingual Europe” was co-or- ganised by two gscl working groups (Text Technology and Machine Translation) and meta-net (http://www.meta-net.eu). meta-net, an eu-funded Network of Excellence, is dedicated to building the technological foundations of a multilin- gual European information society. To this end, meta-net
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