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Slavic Morphology
Frank Y. Gladney University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Slavic Morphology Introduction. Slavic speakers are able to communicate because they share an inventory of sound-meaning pairings, or morphemes—a lexicon. The strings of meaningful sound which they exchange (sentences) are too long and various to be contained in the lexicon, so they need rules for combining morphemes into sentences— syntax. Occurring in sentences, morphemes assume various shapes, and rather than have all these shapes listed in the lexicon, some of them are described as the results of sound change—phonology. A few decades ago lexicon, syntax, and phonology were thought to suffice for describing a language. Syntax arranges the lexical items in sentences and phonology gives their pronunciation. Morphology? Word forms in Slavic are largely made up of morphemes, so in that sense Slavic, unlike Chinese, has morphology. It does not necessarily follow that Slavic has a separate grammar component called morphology. It is possible the facts of morphology can be accounted for with (sublexical) syntax and phonology. The facts in question include derivation, the formation of words,1 and inflection, their formal alteration as governed by the syntactic features of their sentence environment. Although it may seem reasonable to claim that words must be formed before they can be inflected—in most descriptions of Slavic languages, Stammbildungslehre (formation des mots, slovoobrazovanie) is treated before Formenlehre (flexion des mots, slovoizmenenie)—this selective survey of Slavic morphology will begin with inflection, for the reason that, first, it lies closer to the surface and, second, much that is regarded as word- (or stem-) formation is dependent on inflection. -
Greek and Latin Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes
GREEK AND LATIN ROOTS, PREFIXES, AND SUFFIXES This is a resource pack that I put together for myself to teach roots, prefixes, and suffixes as part of a separate vocabulary class (short weekly sessions). It is a combination of helpful resources that I have found on the web as well as some tips of my own (such as the simple lesson plan). Lesson Plan Ideas ........................................................................................................... 3 Simple Lesson Plan for Word Study: ........................................................................... 3 Lesson Plan Idea 2 ...................................................................................................... 3 Background Information .................................................................................................. 5 Why Study Word Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes? ......................................................... 6 Latin and Greek Word Elements .............................................................................. 6 Latin Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes .......................................................................... 6 Root, Prefix, and Suffix Lists ........................................................................................... 8 List 1: MEGA root list ................................................................................................... 9 List 2: Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes .......................................................................... 32 List 3: Prefix List ...................................................................................................... -
Chapter 3 Distributed Morphology and the Pieces of Inflection Morris Halle
Chapter 3 Distributed Morphology and Morris Halle and the Pieces of Inflection Alec Marantz 1 Morphology with or without Affixes The last few years have seen the emergence of several clearly articulated alternative approaches to morphology. One such approach rests on the notion that only stems of the so-called lexical categories (N, V, A) are morpheme "pieces" in the traditional sense—connections between (bun- dles of) meaning (features) and (bundles of) sound (features). What look like affixes on this view are merely the by-product of morphophonological rules called word formation rules (WFRs) that are sensitive to features associated with the lexical categories, called lexemes. Such an a-morphous or affixless theory, adumbrated by Beard (1966) and Aronoff (1976), has been articulated most notably by Anderson (1992) and in major new studies by Aronoff (1992) and Beard (1991). In contrast, Lieber (1992) has refined the traditional notion that affixes as well as lexical stems are "mor- pheme" pieces whose lexical entries relate phonological form with mean- ing and function. For Lieber and other "lexicalists" (see, e.g., Jensen 1990), the combining of lexical items creates the words that operate in the syntax. In this paper we describe and defend a third theory of morphol- ogy, Distributed Morphology,1 which combines features of the affixless and the lexicalist alternatives. With Anderson, Beard, and Aronoff, we endorse the separation of the terminal elements involved in the syntax from the phonological realization of these elements. With Lieber and the lexicalists, on the other hand, we take the phonological realization of the terminal elements in the syntax to be governed by lexical (Vocabulary) entries that relate bundles of morphosyntactic features to bundles of pho- nological features. -
Types and Functions of Reduplication in Palembang
Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society JSEALS 12.1 (2019): 113-142 ISSN: 1836-6821, DOI: http://hdl.handle.net/10524/52447 University of Hawaiʼi Press TYPES AND FUNCTIONS OF REDUPLICATION IN PALEMBANG Mardheya Alsamadani & Samar Taibah Wayne State University [email protected] & [email protected] Abstract In this paper, we study the morphosemantic aspects of reduplication in Palembang (also known as Musi). In Palembang, both content and function words undergo reduplication, generating a wide variety of semantic functions, such as pluralization, iteration, distribution, and nominalization. Productive reduplication includes full reduplication and reduplication plus affixation, while fossilized reduplication includes partial reduplication and rhyming reduplication. We employed the Distributed Morphology theory (DM) (Halle and Marantz 1993, 1994) to account for these different patterns of reduplication. Moreover, we compared the functions of Palembang reduplication to those of Malay and Indonesian reduplication. Some instances of function word reduplication in Palembang were not found in these languages, such as reduplication of question words and reduplication of negators. In addition, Palembang partial reduplication is fossilized, with only a few examples collected. In contrast, Malay partial reduplication is productive and utilized to create new words, especially words borrowed from English (Ahmad 2005). Keywords: Reduplication, affixation, Palembang/Musi, morphosemantics ISO 639-3 codes: mui 1 Introduction This paper has three purposes. The first is to document the reduplication patterns found in Palembang based on the data collected from three Palembang native speakers. Second, we aim to illustrate some shared features of Palembang reduplication with those found in other Malayic languages such as Indonesian and Malay. The third purpose is to provide a formal analysis of Palembang reduplication based on the Distributed Morphology Theory. -
Distributed Morphology As a Regular Relation Marina Ermolaeva University of Chicago, [email protected]
Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics Volume 1 Article 20 2018 Distributed Morphology as a regular relation Marina Ermolaeva University of Chicago, [email protected] Daniel Edmiston University of Chicago, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/scil Part of the Computational Linguistics Commons Recommended Citation Ermolaeva, Marina and Edmiston, Daniel (2018) "Distributed Morphology as a regular relation," Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics: Vol. 1 , Article 20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7275/R51834PC Available at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/scil/vol1/iss1/20 This Extended Abstract is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Distributed Morphology as a regular relation Marina Ermolaeva and Daniel Edmiston University of Chicago {mermolaeva,danedmiston}@uchicago.edu 1 Introduction structure (FS). An FS F is defined as a pair M, E , h i where the feature bundle M = feat(F ) is a sub- This research reorganizes the Distributed Morphol- set of some finite set of features (including syntac- ogy (DM, (Halle and Marantz, 1993)) framework tic category labels) and the phonological exponent to work over strings. That the morphological mod- E = exp(F ) (Σ None, ), where Σ is a fi- ule should operate over strings is desirable, since it ∈ ∪ { } nite set of phonemes. The default exponent of each is assumed that most (arguably all) morphological syntactic unit is None, a place-holder to be replaced processes can be modelled with regular languages by vocabulary insertion (VI) in the morphological (Karttunen et al. -
Reduplication: Form, Function and Distribution Carl Rubino
Reduplication: Form, function and distribution Carl Rubino The systematic repetition of phonological material within a word for se- mantic or grammatical purposes is known as reduplication, a widely used morphological device in a substantial number of the languages spanning the globe. This paper will provide an overview of the types of reduplicative constructions found in the languages of the world and the functions they portray. Finally, a subset of the world's languages, will be categorized as to whether or not they employ reduplicative constructions productively and illustrated in a world map'. 1. Form For purposes of the accompanying typological map, two types of reduplica- tion are distinguished based on the size of the reduplicant: full vs. partial. Full reduplication is the repetition of an entire word, word stem (root with one or more affixes), or root, e.g. Tausug (Austronesian, Philippines) full word lexical reduplication dayang 'madam' vs. dayangdayang 'princess'; laway 'saliva' vs. laway-laway 'land snail', or full root reduplication, shown here with the verbalizing affixes mag- and -(h)un which do not par- ticipate in the reduplication: mag-bichara 'speak' vs. mag-bichara-bichara 'spread rumors, gossip'; mag-tabid 'twist' vs mag-tabid-tabid 'make cas- sava rope confection'; suga-hun 'be heated by sun' vs. suga-suga-hiin 'de- velop prickly heat rash' (Hassan et al 1994). Partial reduplication may come in a variety of forms, from simple con- sonant gemination or vowel lengthening to a nearly complete copy of a base. In Pangasinan (Austronesian, Philippines) various forms of redupli- cation are used to form plural nouns. -
Distributed Morphology and the Syntax/Morphology Interface
Distributed Morphology and the Syntax/Morphology Interface David Embick and Rolf Noyer University of Pennsylvania ***Draft of October 25, 2004*** (To appear in G. Ramchand and C. Reiss eds., The Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Interfaces, Oxford University Press) 1 Introduction: The Syntax/Morphology Interface A theory of the syntax/morphology interface is first, a theory of how ‘words’ and their internal structure – the traditional domain of morphology – relate to the structures generated by the syntax, and second, a theory of how the rules for deriving complex words relate to the rules for deriving syntactic structures. A prominent line of research in this area consists of approaches assuming some version of the Lexicalist Hypothesis. For present purposes, this is the claim that (at least some) words are special in ways that e.g. phrases are not, and that this ‘specialness’ calls for an architecture in which the derivation of words and the derivation of syntactic objects occur in different modules of the grammar (the Lexicon versus the syntax).1 While the ‘words’ derived in the Lexicon serve as the terminals in the syntactic derivation, there is a sharp division between syntax and morphology according to this approach. In this way, the interface between syntax and morphology in such a theory is opaque or indirect: there is no reason to expect the structure and composition of ‘words’ to relate to the structure and composition of syntactic objects in any transparent or for that matter systematic fashion. A second line of research advances the hypothesis that ‘words’ are assembled by rules of the syntax. -
Root Words from Foreign Languages and Their Use in English
Root words from Foreign Languages and their use in English What is a root word? A root word is the most basic form of a word. In English grammar, a root is a word or portion of a word from which other words grow, usually through the addition of prefixes and suffixes. By learning root words, we can expand our vocabulary and become a better English speaker. What is a root word? Learning just one root word can help us understand several words in English. So, by learning just 20 or 30 root words, we can expand our English vocabulary to include hundreds of new words. What is a root word? A root can be any part of a word that carries meaning: the beginning, middle or end. Prefixes, bases, and suffixes are types of roots. The prefix appears at the beginning of a word, the base in the middle and the suffix at the end. What is a root word? Most English root words came from the Greek and Latin languages. The root of the word "vocabulary," for example, is voc, a Latin root meaning "word" or "name." This root also appears in such words as "advocacy," "convocation,” "vocal”. Latin root words Root Meaning Examples ab to move away abstract, abstain, aversion duc lead, make deduce, produce, educate audi hear audible, audience, auditorium bene good benefit, benign, benefactor brev short abbreviate, brief circ round circus, circulate dict say dictate, edict, dictionary Latin root words Root Meaning Examples fund bottom founder, foundation, funding gen to birth gene, generate, generous lev to lift levitate, elevate, leverage log, logue thought logic, apologize, -
The Lexical Integrity Hypothesis in a New Theoretical Universe
The Lexical Integrity Hypothesis in a New Theoretical Universe Rochelle Lieber University of New Hampshire Sergio Scalise University of Bologna 0. Introduction Twenty five years ago, at the outset of generative morphology, the Lexical Integrity Hypothesis was a widely accepted part of the landscape for morphologists. The LIH, or the Lexicalist Hypothesis came in a number of different forms: (1) Lapointe (1980:8) Generalized Lexicalist Hypothesis No syntactic rule can refer to elements of morphological structure. (2) Selkirk (1982:70) Word Structure Autonomy Condition No deletion of movement transformations may involve categories of both W- structure and S-structure. (3) Di Sciullo & Williams (1987:49) The Atomicity Thesis Words are “atomic” at the level of phrasal syntax and phrasal semantics. The words have “features,” or properties, but these features have no structure, and the relation of theses features to the internal composition of the word cannot be relevant in syntax – this is the thesis of the atomicity of words, or the lexical integrity hypothesis, or the strong lexicalist hypothesis (as in Lapointe 1980), or a version of the lexicalist hypothesis of Chomsky (1970), Williams (1978; 1978a), and numerous others. Although there are slight differences in these formulations, they have a common effect of preventing syntactic rules from looking into and operating on the internal structure of words. It should also be pointed out that at this early stage of discussion, a Weak Lexicalist Hypothesis and a Strong Lexicalist Hypothesis were often distinguished, the former merely stating that transformations could not look into word structure (i.e., derivation and compounding), the latter adding inflection to the domain of the LIH (Spencer 1991:73, 178–9). -
ABRALIN 2007 Course on Distributed Morphology
Distributed Morphology ABRALIN 2007, February 22-27, 2007 Heidi Harley, University of Arizona [email protected]; http://dingo.sbs.arizona.edu/~hharley/ Readings: Downloadable from the course home page, http://dingo.sbs.arizona.edu/~hharley/courses/ABRALIN/ABRALIN2007/ (Note: Schedule is only approximate! We will deviate from this if we need to.) Feb. 22 Introduction to (post-)syntactic morphology Harley and Noyer 2000: "Distributed Morphology" Bobaljik 2000: "The ins and outs of contextual allomorphy" Feb. 23 Complex verb structure Harley, 2006, "On the causative construction" Travis, 2000, "Event Structure in Syntax" Feb. 24 Irregularity, blocking and getting morphemes in order Embick, David. "Locality, Listedness and Morphological Identity" Barragan, Luis. "Movement and allomorphy in the Cupeno verb construction" Feb. 25 Phi-features and post-syntactic morphological operations Williams, Edwin. "Remarks on Lexical Knowledge" Bobaljik, Jonathan. "Syncretism without paradigms" (Frampton, John. "Syncretism, Impoverishment and the structure of person features") Feb. 26 DM as a psychological model Pfau, R. 2000. "Speech Errors and Distributed Morphology" Chapts 1, 2 and 4 only. Longtin, C-M et al. 2000"Morphological Priming Without Morphological Relationship" Feb. 27 Wrap-up: DM and semantics Marantz, Alec. 1997. "No escape from syntax: Don't try morphological analysis in the privacy of your own lexicon." Kratzer, Angelika. 1996. "Severing the external argument from its verb" Harley/ Distributed Morphology Lecture Notes ABRALIN 2007 1 Background: Distributed Morphology and the Syntax-Morphology Interface Harley and Noyer 2000: "Distributed Morphology" Some morphological terminology: stem for ‘suffix2’ [[prefix[[root]suffix1]]suffix2] root=stem for suffix1 stem for ‘prefix’ Example: [[in[[describ]abil]ity] derivation vs. -
Extracting the Roots of Arabic Words Without Removing Affixes
Article Journal of Information Science 1–10 Extracting the roots of Arabic Words Ó The Author(s) 2014 Reprints and permissions: without removing affixes sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/0165551514526348 jis.sagepub.com Qussai Yaseen Yarmouk University, Jordan Ismail Hmeidi Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan Abstract Most research in Arabic roots extraction focuses on removing affixes from Arabic words. This process adds processing overhead and may remove non-affix letters, which leads to the extraction of incorrect roots. This paper advises a new approach to dealing with this issue by introducing a new algorithm for extracting Arabic words’ roots. The proposed algorithm, which is called the Word Substring Stemming Algorithm, does not remove affixes during the extraction process. Rather, it is based on producing the set of all substrings of an Arabic word, and uses the Arabic roots file, the Arabic patterns file and a concrete set of rules to extract correct roots from substrings. The experiments have shown that the proposed approach is competitive and its accuracy is 83.9%, Furthermore, its accu- racy can be enhanced more in the sense that, for about 9.9% of the tested words, the WSS algorithm retrieves two candidates (in most cases) for the correct root. Keywords Arabic roots; information retrieval; search engines; stemming 1. Introduction In this era of the internet and with the extensive number of documents that are posted every single minute, extracting rel- evant documents is getting more difficult. Therefore, extracting the roots of words (or stemming), which is used to facil- itate retrieving relevant documents, has become an important issue. -
Word Parts: Prefixes, Roots, & Suffixes
Word Parts: Prefixes, Roots, & Suffixes Suppose that you come across the following sentence in a literature textbook. Ralph Waldo Emerson led a movement of nonconformist thinkers. If you did not know the meaning of nonconformist, how could you determine it? An easy and fast alternative to looking in the dictionary is to break the word into parts and analyze the meaning of each part. Many words in the English language are made up of word parts called prefixes, roots, and suffixes. These word parts have specific meanings that, when added together, can help you determine the meaning of the word as a whole. Prefix Root Suffix New word nonconformist non- conform -ist MEANING not + go along + one who does = someone who does not something go along with others Knowing the meanings of the most common word parts gives you the building blocks for hundreds of words in the English language. Before you use word parts there are a few things you need to know. 1. In most cases, a word is built upon at least one root. 2. Words can have more than one prefix, root, or suffix. a. Words can be made up of two or more roots (geo/logy). b. Some words have two prefixes (in/sub/ordination). c. Some words have two suffixes (beauti/ful/ly). 3. Words do not always have a prefix and a suffix. a. Some words have neither a prefix nor a suffix (read). b. Others have a suffix but no prefix (reading/ing). c. Others have a prefix but no suffix (pre/read).