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Seamless Handover for Unidirectional Broadcast Access Networks in Mobile Ipv6 46 JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 2, NO. 6, NOVEMBER 2007 Seamless Handover For Unidirectional Broadcast Access Networks In Mobile IPv6 Ilka Miloucheva, Jens Mödeker, Karl Jonas Fraunhofer Institute, Schloss Birlinghoven, Sankt Augustin, Germany Email: {ilka.miloucheva, jens.moedeker, karl.jonas}@fokus.fraunhofer.de Dirk Hetzer T-Systems, Goslarer Ufer, Berlin, Germany Email: [email protected] Abstract-- Mechanisms and protocol interactions for - Intelligent access network selection for mobile nodes seamless handover of mobile multicast/broadcast services in converged heterogeneous infrastructures. using unidirectional access networks in heterogeneous Recent standardization efforts focused on multimedia Mobile IP infrastructures are discussed and proposed. QoS services and applications, such as IPDatacast [2] and based applications, such as content delivery, mobile TV, DIMS [3], are aimed to support convergence of carousel and reliable downloads, requiring interaction channel, are considered, as well as recent standardization unidirectional broadcast and Mobile IP services. efforts for converged broadcast and mobile IP Different architectures have been proposed for cost infrastructures. The proposed mechanisms are aimed to efficient support of content delivery, mobile TV and other support handover of interactive mobile services using interactive mobile multicast applications using broadcast unidirectional broadcast media (DVB-H) combined with media. bidirectional mobile access technologies (UMTS, WLAN, Examples are hybrid broadcast and cellular systems for WIMAX) in heterogeneous Mobile IPv6 environments. In Mobile TV [4], mobile ad hoc infrastructures with particular, the focus is: unidirectional links [5], mesh of wireless and broadcast - Enhancement and interactions of link layer tunnelling networks [6]. mechanisms (IETF RFC 3077) for provisioning of bidirectional connectivity in heterogeneous Mobile IP The goal of this paper is to evaluate and propose efficient environment; handover strategies to support mobile users with - Access network selection and intelligent handover unidirectional network interfaces in heterogeneous mechanisms based on IEEE 802.21 for services using mobile IPv6 environments based on combination of unidirectional networks; unidirectional broadcast networks (DVB-H) and - Proactive resource management for interactive services bidirectional access technologies (such as UMTS, using unidirectional access networks. WIMAX and WLAN). Different aspects for improving the handover Index Terms-- IEEE 802.21, LLTM, unidirectional network, performance using unidirectional access networks are DVB-H, QoS, mobile multicast, Mobile IPv6, policy discussed and novel solutions are proposed: 1. INTRODUCTION - Enhancement of link layer tunnelling mechanisms based on IETF RFC 3077 [9] and analysis of Unidirectional broadcast technologies, such as Digital interactions in mobile environment aimed at Video Broadcasting-Handheld (DVB-H) [1], based on provisioning of bidirectional connectivity; one-way transmission, are able to provide cost efficient - Intelligent network selection for applications. The and high speed transport of multicast/broadcast traffic to IEEE 802.21 media independent handover framework mobile receivers supporting scenarios for mobile was proposed to support services allowing exchange television, streaming distribution, mobile content of information for optimal handover [8]. Because the delivery, carousels and reliable file downloads. IEEE 802.21 framework does not consider the Integration of multicast multimedia applications with unidirectional media and the tunnelling for interactive channels and asymmetric traffic on bidirectional connectivity, we propose enhancements unidirectional broadcast access networks in for mobile nodes with unidirectional links. heterogeneous mobile IP infrastructures requires efficient - Policies for mobile services using unidirectional links approaches for: aimed at automated handover decisions. - Provision of “interactivity” path; - Proactive resource reservation considering specifics - Handover mechanisms and QoS (Quality of Service) of unidirectional broadcast access networks. mapping between unidirectional and bidirectional This paper is organized as follows. access networks, In section 2, unidirectional broadcast networking - Policies controlling the usage of multiple path and the architectures in Mobile IP environment, as well as on- handover decisions, going multimedia and TV services are introduced. © 2007 ACADEMY PUBLISHER JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 2, NO. 6, NOVEMBER 2007 47 Section 3 discusses seamless handover based on enhancements of RFC 3077 for tunnelling of bidirectional connectivity. In section 4, technologies for intelligent handover of services using unidirectional links are overviewed. Proactive resource management is discussed in section 5. Section 6 concludes this paper. II. MOBILE SERVICES USING UNIDIRECTIONAL LINKS IN HETEROGENEOUS IP ENVIRONMENTS A. Integration of unidirectional broadcast networks in Mobile IP architectures Unidirectional broadcast technologies for video and audio distribution, such as DVB-H, MediaFLO, T-DMB, can be Figure 1. Mobile IPv6 architecture using access routers for integration integrated as access networks in heterogeneous mobile of heterogeneous access networks Internet environment to provide services for mobile TV, streaming and multimedia content delivery, as well as The access network topology has an impact on the reliable downloads to groups of receivers. performance (handover delay and packet loss) and has to Unidirectional networks are based on one-way transfer be selected considering the application and mobility and require additional bidirectional network to support requirements [19]. For more flexible mobile service and interactivity channels. movement pattern support, in the second stage of the The benefits of the unidirectional broadcast cells, such as DAIDALOS project, mobility technologies including large coverage area, support of huge amount of IEEE 802.21 [8] and Network-Based Localized Mobility subscribers and great number of active users per cell, Management ([21]) are focus of research. make these technologies especially attractive for The integration of the unidirectional broadcast access integration in heterogeneous mobile IP environment. networks (DVB-H) is based on the emulation of the DVB-H (Digital Video Broadcasting - Handheld) is an bidirectional connectivity at a MAC sublayer using open European (ETSI) standard for bringing broadcast complementary wireless bidirectional network. services to handheld devices [1]. DVB-H was specified In particular, for integrations of unidirectional broadcast based on DVB-T (Digital Video Broadcasting – networks in mobile infrastructure, following goals can be Terrestrial) and is currently widely used to bring mobile taken into consideration: TV and content delivery to the mobile phones [11]. - Support for interactive services based on emulation of Similar broadcast technology for provision of mobile bidirectional connectivity (RFC 3077 [9]); multicast/broadcast services and mobile TV is MediaFLO - Reducing of control overhead and improvement of [12], which is Qualcom proprietary technology handover performance for mobile applications with commercially available in USA. frequent handoffs using micro-mobility protocols Further possibility is T-DMB recently standardized also [20], such as Cellular IP, Hawaii, and Hierarchical by ETSI [13]. Mobile IP. This paper considers the QoS based mobile architecture - Cost efficient solutions for mobile applications and of the EU IST project DAIDALOS for heterogeneous users with multiple network access technologies. mobile IPv6 environment consisting of unidirectional access networks (DVB-H) and bidirectional wireless technologies (UMTS, WLAN, WMAX). B. Interactive mobile multicast / broadcast services Access routes are included in the architecture to connect mobile users using multiple network interfaces to IPv6 Mobile multicast/broadcast services allow video and core. In order to support seamless handover for mobile audio streaming, multimedia content delivery, carousel services using heterogeneous access networks different and reliable file downloads to multiple mobile receivers technologies have been developed and evaluated in the with mobile phones, pocket TV’s, portable radios and DAIDALOS context, such as: other mobile terminal devices. Such services can be - Candidate access router discovery and optimization of provided for the entertainment industry (life broadcast next access network selection using CARD [15]; TV, voting , browsing, audio), broadcast distribution for - Context Transfer applied for transfer of states (control weather, travel and financial news, as well as web file data) between access routers related to the mobile delivery, business with e-mail, e-commerce and logistics node’s services [14]; integrated in mobile devices. In DAIDALOS architecture, - Resource reservation, QoS mapping and adaptation a particular focus are technologies for seamless vertical for seamless service continuation in heterogeneous handover between heterogeneous mobile (UMTS) and access network environment [17]; broadcast (DVB-H) networks. © 2007 ACADEMY PUBLISHER 48 JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 2, NO. 6, NOVEMBER 2007 The deployment of interactive services using Service interactivity is achieved based on cooperation unidirectional broadcast networks in hybrid IPv6 between broadcast and mobile telecommunication
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