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Clrntents a% Economy China Affairs ls Pragmatism Adequate? Great Changes in the Cadre - System in China - Sichuan-Zh ao's Co u nt ry - More Freedom of Employment Education - Job-contracting Abounds A Crucial Factor in China's in Communes Modernizati'on Drive Sky is the Limit Media - Si no-Japanese Econom ic Cooperation- Advertising in China - Making up for Lost Time Diplomacy Publication China's Foreign Policy After A Publisher Speaks His Mind - the Fall of the Gang of Four Bits and Pieces Taiwan Breezes from China - Election to be Held -Taiwan's New Strategy for Short Story Economic Development Sons and Successors S.E. Asia Troubles Brewing in lndochina Books Notable Facts China Scene - China in Compact Sketches of Guilin

The chinese system of romanization (Pinyin System) is used unless specified. ln accord with East Asian practice, alt surnames are given tirst signed articles express the views of the writers and not n""rrr"iiry tnole or tn" i"jir:ii"l.';;;;;-" ments from our rearders. articres, retters and com, a Editor: o May Tsui Managing Editor: Ho Kei Kwong.ConEutting Editor: Wong Lap aArt Forward rypesetting Keung Director: Joseph LuioTypesetting: service Printing: Rockie Graphic & Printing L1o. . Local Distributor: Li Fung . Li Yuen Co. ' oi Ltd. s.E. Asia Distributor: Monsoon Magazine published pubtishrng is by Monsoon Company Address: 357_35g, Lockhart Rd., Hung Commercial Bldg, 13/F, Unit l, H.K. To Telj S-72gS4O Address chang6s and subscription inquiries should be mailed to: Monsoon Publishing Co , Box 11992, G.p O,, Hong Kong Ecorrorny t9q two years ago. One of the irnport- above without really quest- ls ant new adjustments had to do with ioning whether there is any the re-alignment of agriculture, real need for their products. light industry, and heavy industry, 2. Factories produce what their in that order of importance. Of machines and equipment al- the three, agriculture seemed to low them to produce. Little Adequate? have made some satisfactory Pro- attention is paid to whether gress over the last Year. It has, the end-user finds it nec- after all, a much simpler Process of essary, useful or satisfactory production compared with indust- or not. ry. As can be expected, heavY 3. There is an over-emphasis on Staff Reporter industry fared the worst among the quantity and on the dollar- three. Steel production, with an value of a product as far increase of 8.5%, is still compara- as the producer is cpncerned. After nearly four years of tively low. Coal and crude oil, two Quality control is conducted pragmatic rule, the Chinese econ- very important fuels, have an in a very casual way, and omy seems to have attained some increase of only 2.8%. A decrease in relatively low-priced products achievements in terms of higher oil production is envisioned for the are, in many cases, neglected. production and better livelihood coming year. The growth rate of Bickward Structure and System for both workers and peasants. light industry averages arcund 7% Travelers recently returned from between 1978-79, 1.7% lower than Under the influence of Stalin- Beijing reported that pork is no planned. It is revealed that the ism, China had concentrated all its longer rationed in the capital; economic readjustment period, init- powers in the central government people can buy as much as they iated in 1978 and lasts for three since 1949. It goes without saying want. Supplies in provinces, not- years originally, would have to be that in economic planning, which that is, ably Sichuan and Anhui, are report- extended for two Years, is mainly a responsibility of the ed to be quite sufficient. Even in until 1983. center alone, a good deal of plans Guangzhou, a city where the Reasons for Industrial Lag arc either impractical, or not demand for consumer goods is easily implemented. For example, always heavy, meat, and household In an interview with Japanese among the major medium and items, ate always available, a friends, Vice-Premier Deng Xiao- large scale projects scheduled to be phenomenon found only during the ping ennumerated several causes completed in 1980, it will have trade fair season in former times. for the slow advance in industries: to take at least six or seven more insufficient electricity and energy, years to implement them, that is, probably on account of backward "really completed." Only recently, exploration and exploitation meth- some provinces such as Guangdong ods ; insufficient infrastructure facil- and Fujian are demacrated as ities; inefficient management and a special economic zones and are lack of skilled labor. Of course, given greater autonomy in design- one sees what the immediate ing their own economic plans. problems are. It will be more pro- What may seem slight, irrelevant, or fitable, however, if one attempts inappropriate in the center some- to analyse a bit further and dig times means a lot in the provinces, up some of the roots'underlying and any miscalculation could lead those problems. Since last year, to disaster at the grassroot level. Television sets in department stores a discussion was launched in the press and academic circles in China For the last three decades, as to the general aim and purpose China's economic structure had of production. It was found that been designed around heavy indust- In mid July, Xinhua News Agen- a good deal of people involved in ry, with particular emphasis on the cy reported that China's exports industrial management had no idea steel industry. Until most recently, jumped 35.5% in the first half of what it was for which they are heavy industries still receive the this year, gling it attade surplus of producing. It was a common lion's share in the allotment of RMB 200 million yuan for that mistake of "production for Pro- capital, land and raw materials. period. In his talks with visiting duction2s sake". As a result, the With heavyindustry absorbing most U.S. Senate majority leader Robert following abnormalities are found: of the available funds in new Byrd, Chinese Vice-Premier Zhao 1. Production is carried out investmbnts, the national economy Ziyang described the economy as without regard for market is reduced to a slow rate of Pro- being in good shape generally after demand. Many factories fol- gress and internal economic activit- important adjustments were made low the plans prepared from ies remain more or less stagnant.

3 economy back on the right track?

Consider the following cases: In one case, construction workers in Guangzhou refused to install a swimming pool for an institution of higher learning because their stipulation that there must be overtime work was not approved. Second, in the recent pay increase for the nation's 40% workers, no Factory foreman instructing workers: prescribed method of evaluation High calibre managefltent personnel needed was formulated and a lot of ill feelings were roused by the whole affair, causing disruption in Pro- latter half of the twentieth century duction and, in many individual is highly sophisticated and tech- cases, demoralization. To a lot nical, and demands greater precis- of people versed in management practices Steel production: Heavy industries still ion and efficiency than ever before. outside China, such cases eat up a heavy portion in capital allot- In China this truth is not univer- are simply unimaginable. Evidently, ment sally accepted. It has been reported a good deal of education is needed that Wuhan Steel Works had a both at the top and down below.. modernized plant installed some It is generally heard in China, time ago, but found that it was that feudalism is still a force to unworkable for lack of electricity. be reckoned with in China, and Not a terribly complicated case, because of it, many problems but, obviously, things like this like bureaucracy and favoritism still happen frequently. find their way into the workirigs of party and state affairs. Then, Confidence Crisis also, the terms "Chinese-style soc- ialism" and "modernization" are Some months earlier, Chinese repeated often by officials of high leaders admitted that many people, rank. What is really meant are not both inside and outside the party, clear at all to the general public. Light industries: Remarkable progress in have expressed reservations con- Over the last two years, the econ- 1979 cerning the eventual outcome of omic targets in the modernization the modemization programs. Some program has been forced to be even go further as to question the revised several times. In the field In some provinces like Sichuan, viability of the present social and of politics, democracy has repeated- this trend is beginning to be revers- political system. Such "confidence ly been promised to the people. ed, with remarkable resuits. crisis" is more prevalent among So far, electiohs at the grassroot From now on, re-investment on young people, who ate) first, level has been going on, and is basic construction projects will be impatient with the rate of change about to spread out on the same confined to 25% of the GNP, that is taking place in the party level, but not arry higher up. a general decrease of more than and in the economy. Secondly, In the party, the cadre system is to%. in comparing with the high tech- being overhauled and anyone pro- nological standard and strong econ- ved to be unsuited to his job and The problem of co-ordination, omic potential of capitalist count- duties will be duly replaced. How that is, how well the economic ries in Europe, America, and fairly will it be carried out will, system operates, remains a major Japan, people are not quite sure of course, remain be seen. obstacle. In the past, Chinese about the prediction that socialism to leaders have been known to deal will eventually overtake capitalism. All these problems leave us with with economic problems the way Granted that such fears and doubts open-ended answers. Presumably, army comrnanders go about waging as to the superiority of socialism party leadership at the top are wars. But, as they find out soon over capitalism were a bit pre- aware of the present shortcomings, enough, in the battle-field of econ- mature, and that the merits of a and are, indeed taking measures to omics, it is not easy to find out social system is measured against remedy them. One uncertified news who or where the enemies are, an fustorical era, the question item referred to the replacement of much less annihilating them. Large- still remains: Are the pragmatic Yu Quli, Vice-Premier, by Yao scale industrial production in the policies adequate to bring China's Yilin as Chairman of the Econ-

Ecorrorny lew Sichuan -zhao's Country Sichuan is one of the few provinces that have won considerable economic success in the past two years in consequence of the adoption of a seies of pragmatic polices. But whether or not these policies will tske effect on a national scale remains to be seen. by T. Cheng

quiring less moisture: wheat, maize sold included grains, vegetables, and sweet potatoes. As a result, for poultry, eggs, sea food and miscel- the past three years the province's ianeous produce. Also, Production Zhao Ziyangz The t'uture Premier of grain production jumPed from 50 materials, such as tractors and cows, China? billion jin in 1976 to 62 billion j'in h 1979. Total agricultural outPut

Zhao Ziyang, China's rising star in the State Council, is said to have allowed almost every economic unit during his time as party chief of the southwesten province of Sichuan to boost up production. Under his rein, the province scored manY a first in the economic reform of the country and thus became an econo- mic model. Zhao recentlY summed up to the visiting U.S. Senate majori- ty ieader Robert Byrd the guiding principle of the country's economic reform as "emancipating the mind, Purchasing farm produce and sideline adopting a flexible policy and en- products from the peasants the economy generallY." livening Tangerines for export: Agricultural of China h 1976' The economY growth rate is lO.3% annually before the arrest of the Gang of last year was RMB 3.3 billion Yuan Four-was on the verge of collaPse, more than in 1976, or an annual and Sichuan was no excePtion. The growth rate of 10.3 Per cent. Next, can be put on sale in the market. A prolince was in shambles when Zhao Zhao won permission to Put Sichuan production team of Com- arrived from Guangdong in 1975. It in the forefront of exPerimenting Qingkou mune County recently had to remain that waY for another on the new economic PolicY. This at Bazhong made the province a steP ahead of sold their cows and used the profit the rest of the country, which start- to buy a diesel machine, which could ed to reform in late 1978. help them irrigate the farms and The economic reform allows generate power in workshops. province; listening to the complaints for a scheme which supplement- Sichuan, with one-fifteenth of is feeding of peasants and workers and know- ed the state planning system the country's arable land, one million people, one-tenth of the ing their needs. His first important with free market elements. Chinese nation. Last year, Zhao step in the Province was r new food It was hoped that suppiy and production Program. Due to demand can be met. In the pro- scored another first in launching a intermittent drought and inadequate vince's 181 counties, the traditional birth control plan that awards a irrigation, crop yields have always frbe market was revived. The market bonus to parents with a single child. been irregular in some Parts of also existed in about 5,000 cities If the parenls give birth to a second the bonus will be withdrawn. Sichuan. Zhao Persuaded Peasants and towns of the province. It child, to grow two rice crops a year instead proved to be a success. Take Dayi The check is effective. The 1979 just per of the usual three. He also encour- County as an example. Over 10,000 bith rate figures are over 10 1,000 in rural areas. aged them to Plant more crops re- farmers took part in itl the items

7 The blooming mill of Panzhihcia lron and steel Company: A new steel base in Sichuan

Last year, the province boosted and Commerce United Enterprise industrial output by RMB 10.8 bil- Company, is doing quite well. The lion yuan compared to 1976. An company consists of 26 communes, annual growth rate of 22 per cent factories and shops and is engaged was achieved during the past three in almost every kind of trade. years. Sichuan people last year spent Decentralization of power is RMB i 2.3 billion yuan on corrsumer further extended to the communes. goods, or an average of l0 yuan a Some supplementary enterprises month for each individual. This is formerly run by communes are now very small by the standalds of run by production teams. In the past advanced countries, but it is impres- when the enterprises were run by sive compared to the situation a communes, production teams could few years ago. Revenue collected not exercise their supervision over last year totaled RMB I.6 billion them and they received no real yuan more than that of 1976, or an benefit from them. Now members average annual growth of 223 per of the teams are really concerned Xin Wen, Director of Sichu.an Planning cent. with the enterprises. The teams can Committee After Zhao's departure, Sichuanls exercise their control over the enter- economic reform is still in full prises through "the general meeting quantity, price, and reward are swing. The province is now develop- sharesholders" the of the and fixed. Reward or idemnity are given ing a new form ofunited enterprise management committee. Some according to good or bad perform- which includes agricultural, indust- counties of the province enforc- are ance. Reward can be in wage units, rial and commercial units. Within ing the production responsibility cash or gifts. Many enterprises have one united enterprise, factories system. There are three characteris- since improved and are beginning to purchase raw materials directly tics in the system: Specialization, make money for the first time in from communes and sell directly fixation to and reward. By specializa- years. Last yeff the province shops without going through the teams, groups, tion, households and Sichuan handed RMB 80 million local government's purchasing and even individuals are put together yuan to the central government as selling departments. Such an enter- for a particular assignment according compared to I billion yuan from prise in Chongqing, called the to their special skills. By fixation, Guangdong and 15.3 billion from Changjiang AgriculturB,'Industry the amount of work, production Shanghai. Ec !'.g.W

by Anthony Yau

been Chinese manpower policy and was formally put to an end, the tural Revolution have now urban areas employment practice, like everY- population had almost doubled as allowed to return to thing else, are undergoing a good compared to 1949. At the same unconditlonally. Most of these find deal of change since the fall of the time, the total number of high young people simplY cannot Gang of Four. The problem of un- school and college graduates have anyjobs, and are left to rely on their employment, together with the lack increased many times. As it was, own resources for a living. For of skilled labor for industry, com- the state had great difficulty in many of them, unemployment has merce and research, have forced absorbing all fresh graduates through almost become a way of life. officials to re+xamine the existing factories and public institutions,' Bypassing Manpower Department method of staff recruitment, and to because it simply did not have make policy modifications in easing enough funds to finance new pro- Last year, cities all over the the strain caused by unemployment. jects. To add to the already des- country have followed Beijing's perate situation, millions of young lead and began to recruit new Youth Unemployed people who had been forced to go workers through public examina- to the countryside during the Cul- tions. The old practice of deploying Since the founding of the People's Republic, unemployment seemed have been the least of the worries to In a cooperative art store set up by young people: One of the few ways to solve confronting the new government. the unemployment problem Over eighty percent of the entire population lived in rural areas, which meant that they could take care of their own employment problems. Graduates from high schools and colleges, far less numerous in those years are now, were than they l speedily absorbed by various pro- jects then under construction for the growing socialist economy. Young men and women were willing to go to sparsely populated areas in the border regions and work out their destinies there, often in the company of minority peoPles. Nobody had any complaints;mora- lity ran high. Unfortunately, the Cultural Revolution changed all that. For a prolonged period, the national economy stood still while population remained unchecked. By the end of I 976, when the Cultural Revolution I A new apprentice at a Beijing garment factory learns from a veteran searrstress. A veteran worker passes on her skill to new apprentices.

labor wrttr little regard for personal which is going to come out in preference or talent was temporarily October. Anyone who is already abandoned, partly because there is a employed in a profession, similar or sizeable pool of manpower to otherwise, may apply, provided he choose from. Young people were has obtained the prior consent of made to sit for examinations in his own unit. The People's Daily language, mathematics and other also suggested that "Help Wanted" subjects. Those who passed with advertisements in papers and maga- good marks were given jobs in zines, so far aimed only at the un- industry, transport, capital construc- employed, should, in future, be tion, trade, and cultural establish- expanded to cover those already ments. Others took examinations employed but looking for a better for skilled labor, such as driving, chance to employ their skills and electrician, and carpentry; still knowledge. By so doing, they will others for menial jobs in construc- be making the best use of the tion sites or with neighborhood co- nation's talents. operatives. Recently, as more power With the revival of individualism and autonomy is enjoyed by indi- and competition, the nation's vidual enterprises, examinations centralized job assignment system, have been organized by singie fac- sometimes called the "Iron Rice tories or institutions to pick the Bowl" system, certainly needs some kind of help they need. In this way, revamplng. they are bypassing the Department put for Manpower which, formerly, had Renmin Ribao recently out an adver- sole tisement for competent editors for its authority and discretion to A Chinese air hostess: CAAC is the first English edition assign jobs to the unemployed. Chinese enterprisc to recruit employees through public examination Scouting for Talent cadres in charge ofpersonnel. Late- In the past, once a job is as- ly, however, there are signs that signed, it is almost impossible things may be able to change for 4 to switch to another position, what- the better. Last month, the People's ever the reason or excuse. Com- Daily, which is the most important )\ plaints or applications for transfers newspaper in China, advertised in just brought "ideological and poli- their columns for editors and repor- MNN tical" talks and indoctrination from ters to work on its tlnglish edition,

10 of dry iand on slopes of hills. Before job-contracting was practised, year- ly per capita income was RMB 79 yuan plus basic foodstuff. ln 1919, the year job-contracting was intro- duced, there was an increase of 40% in crop yields, and the net cash income per person jumped to RMB 130 yuan. Harvesting The following table is based on in the countryside an average of figures drawn from the three small production teams:

Grain Caslt work Average Average Alloca- Alloca- Total produc- Worth per per Items crop yield point tion/ tion/ tion work point person per mou person person In the province of Hunan, where Chairman Mao rnade his investiga- 1979 1,800i in 2lo,0o0 j in 7.3 cents 3,600 72O i in s30 tion on the rural situation in China half a century ago, the practice of 1978 I,300 j in 150,000 j in 5.7 cents 2,200 600 j in $79 job-contracting'is beginning to take j in cents l,200 400.i in $30+ hold in the communes.The People's 1976 520 60,000j in 2.0+ Daily, calling it the "responsible production system", gave coverage % inc. 38%+ 40% 28% 83% 20% 64% to slmilar happenings in Liaoning, 79178 Hubei, and Jiangxi. At present, there are two types also wasted in meetings. The ac- of job-contracting in Hunan: counting system was loose in the 1. Individual job-contracts - A job, production brigade, and there were like ploughing a fie1d, or leveling frequent requsition of manpower a hill. is assigned to an indivlduai from the households without com- or a team who undertakes to pensation, AII these contributed to finish it within a certain dura- the lowering of production by the tion and according to specifica- end of the year. tions. If it is finished sooner and Chen Dengqi mentioned not all better, a bonus is awarded in cadres are favorable toward the addition to the number of work- idea of job-contracting. They can't, points given to the job. If the of course, say it is revisionist now. job is not satisfactory, work- Rather, they hate to lose part of points are deducted. their power and authority as well as 2. Long-term job-contracts a Chen Dengqi (right) of the Xinxi Com- some special privileges. Chen himself production team in a commune mune has to join one of the three small is sub-divided into smaller teams production teams and work just for the purpose of undertaking like everyone else to earn his living. its own production and account- According to Production Team Besides, when job-contracting is ing for the entire production Leader Chen Dengqi. it was a mis- practised, each small team assumes year. By the end of each year, it take to organize large-scale produc- full responsibility and authority stands to gain or lose by the tion teams in this particular spot in within its own sphere, and there is work it has done and the yield the first place. The houses are wide- no tempering with their ways and they have got. ly dispersed, and the land is cut means of production. It has been Following is an example ol job- into small pieces. Water has to be said that the two merits of the contracting in Laiyang County, welled up from mountain streams, commune system are first, its size Hunan Province. It is carried out by which is then allowed to warm up and manpower, and second, its fair- the l4th Production Team of under the sun. There is no way to ness. But the case in Qutong Com- Qutong Brigade, Xinxi Commune. pool the water together. Farming is, mue he proved otherwise. The There are 217 people, separated therefore, much better done in small commune system itself may, there- into 54 households, in this smaller groups than in large teams. In the fore, have to undergo a metamor- team. one ol the three in the com- past, there has been a good deal of phosis if things like job-contracting mune. Arable land comprises of waste in organization and utilization keep springing up from the country- 129 mou of rice fieids, and 40 mou of manpower. A lot of time was side.

11 Ecorrorny - tg_tE

Question put to Premier Hua ialist ideology may come between Guofeng when he visited Tokyo the spirit of cooperation. Premier this past May. Hua's words have dispelled some of those fears. Indeed, China "Do you see any lirnits to the and Japan have been engaged a extent to which your economic in joint development the former system can cooperate with the of as a nrodern economic power West? What are the limits?" The late PM Masayoshi Ohira and Chinese which, it is hoped, will benefit Premier Hua Guofeng at govemment Hua's reply was: both parties. China sorely needs Guest House, May 27, 1980. "Our experience up to now advanced technologies and efficient manufacturing plants. amply shows that, despite different Not only $5 billion. social systems, is Japan willing to produce turn- on the basis of The chiefJapanese firm involved equality and reciprocity we can be key factories for China, she will in this project is Nippon Steel complementary; provide her with knowledge and we can support Corp., which is helping the China and help each other. methods of quality control and I don't think National Technical Import Corp. there hindrance. high productivity as well. is any I don't During build this ultramodern integrated think there Premier Hua's visit, three dif,ferent is anything that pre- steelworks in the suburbs ofShang- vent ... . As see Japanese companies been it I it, between the have hai. It will be providing, among capitalist system contracted and the socialist to build television ass- other things, a giant blast furnace system, don't believe embly plants. I there is any They are Matsushita, that can turn out 3 million tons economic Hitachi, and Japan Along limit to cooperation. Victor. of pig iron a year. Also engaged Should there with these, Aiwa producing be a limit, the limit will be in the project are well-known may radio-cassettes arise from the Chinese people's for China, Sanyo firms like Mitsubishi l{eavy Inustry, own Denki household ability to digest what you electric applian- Mitsui Shipbuilding, Hitachi Ship- have, ces, Itoman and the matter of com- women's apparel, Kon- building, and Kobe Steel. The list pliance with the law in China. Of do carpets, and Wacoal, of all of contractors also includes Amer- things, ladies brassieres. course, the Chinese legal system ican, German, and other companies, has been legislated in the spirit But all this pales when comp- but the Japanese and the Chinese of protecting the interests of ared with China's most ambitious themselves will play the leading foreigners, too." industrial project ever, one which role. is beginning to look very much In return for these assistance, Since 1911, China has tradition- like an exercise in Sino-Japanese the Chinese are reciprocating in ally eschewed dependence on fore- cooperation and which may well several ways. One is to offer Japan ign countries and preferred forms symbolize the whole period. It access to the country's tremendous of self-reliance. It also has bitter is the construction of the Bao- reserves of raw materials. Two of memories of the "cooperation" shan steelmaking complex. Expect- the most important are oil and coal. received it from the Soviet Union ed to be not only China's biggest, But they will be joined by bauxite, after 1940s, the as well as the but one of the largest steelworks tin and other minerals. China is domination of the Western powers in the world, it should be producing also helping Japan by permitting and Japan before the war. Now, 6.5 million tons of crude steel joint ventures and other arrange- course, of it is embarked on a annually when it is completed ments using the massive cheap massive program of modernization, later in the decade. In addition labor of the world's largest pop- and it does seem it needs all the to pig iron and crude, it will prod- ulation. Finally, in trying to mod- help get. However, it can there uce semi-finished steel, seamless ernize rapidly in the coming de- has been fears among Japanese pipes, sheeting and other articles. cades, China will turn more and and western businessmen that soc- The total cost is estimated to attain more to Japan.

t2 China's Foreign Policy after the Fall of the Gang of Four

Dr Joseph Y.S. Cheng Lecturer in Government and Public Administration Chinese University, Hong Kong

After the political demise of the sive united front among second and Gang of Four in 1976, both the third world countries, hegemonism internal and foreign policies of by either of the superpowers, that China have witnessed great changes. is, the United States and the Soviet Under the present leadership, China Union, can be checked. What is is obviously relying more and more more noteworthy is that the essay on the West in order to import elaborated on why the Soviet sophisticated technology to speed Union is more dangerous than the up her economic growth on the one U.S. in threatening world peace. hand, and, to enlist their support in The reasons are: checking the global scheme of the l. The Soviet Union is a newcomer Soviet Union on the other. How in the family of imperialist effective is China's foreign policy nations, with insatiable desires.' with regard to these two goals? Is it 2. The Soviet Union is relying on done at the expense of socialist military muscles in her overseas ideals and obligations? These are in- adventures to compensate for its teresting points to explore. weakness in economic develop- ment at home. 3. The Soviet leadership has trans- Geng Biao embraces U,S. Defence Secre- formed the Soviet economy and tary Brown on arriving at trVashington state machinery into a highly centralized and militaristic one. December 16, Beijing and Washing- As a consequence of increasing ton announced simultaneously to Soviet military menace, Sino-U.S. normalize bilateral relations and, relationship has taken on a new again, an antihegemonism clause course. In May, 1977 Carter aired was included in the agreement. out his support for a Sino-Japanese Moscow, seeing a gradual formation Deng Xiaoping visiting the Lyndon B, Peace and Friendship Treaty which of a China-U.S.-Japan tripartite Johnson Space Center in Houston last would include an anti-hegemonism "coalition", was quick to adopt year clause. The treaty would obviously counter-measures. On Novemeber 3, draw Japan and China closer tog- 1978 Moscow signed a Peace and ether for joint efforts in stabilizing Friendship Treaty with Hanoi and, China, the United States and Soviet the northeastern quadrant of the shortly afterwards, came off with a Union Asia-Pacific region. A few days later, similar treaty with Afghanistan. Carter's National Security Adviser China's tilt toward the United On November l, 1977, in reply pledged that Sino-U.S. relationship States and the West is paralleled by to an Albanian attack on Chinese was founded on long-term strategic increasing Sino-Soviet antagonism foreign policy, the People's Daily interests and that Washington which includes military confrontat- published a lengthy editorial entitl- would support China in opposing ion along the border areas. Since ed "Mao Zedong's Three lilorlds any country which tries to establish 1969, China has responded to the Theory is a Significant Contribut- global or regional hegemonism. Soviet military threat by building ion to Marxism", which expoundeil On August 20,1978 China sign- up her own nuclear defense. Only on the ideology and guideline of ed the Friendship Treaty with last month China successfully China's foreign policy. According Japan, with the anti-hegemonism launched a long-range carrier rocket to the essay, by forging an exten- clause clearly inscribed on it. On into the South Pacific. However, in t3 terms of conventional weaponry, rnoves in winning over the second- China still lags far behind the super- world countries. Last October and powers. Undoubtedly, easing the November, during his four-natiort

1 ...... ; ?ie**i i?91

Hua Guofeng reviews the guards of honor at Orly Airport, Paris in October 1979.

Wang Youping, China's Vice-minister of Foreign Affiars, was greeted by Leonid Ilytchev on his arrival at Moscow for Sino-Svoiet Talk tour in West Europe, Chairman Hua called for a quicker and more solid alliance among the industrial nations. In an earlier interview given to reporters, Deng Xiaoping also pointed out: l. If the world.made preparations for the outbreak of a war, the Soviet Union will not dare to act UNION too rashly. tl 2. The Soviet Union may outnur.n ber the U.S. in conventional weapons, but is still relatively backward in her technological and economic development. It would be most unwise to extend credit, loans SOVIET TORCES IN SOVIET FOHCES IN r EUR0PE and technological transfers to Y Threc sarvices combined "r,il6,ro'.;" Moscow. I s,zoo,ooo (3/a ormed forcer) { he So,ier (l/4 t,e sovier China's efforts in winning over "rmed gt,ooo,*', second-world countries has not 3(3/5 r+,ooo,."-, rhe Soviel lonk lnvenro.y) d always been smooth. To abandon detente completely, European nations are caught between the Nuclear warheads dilemma of having either to lean heavily on the United States, or to INDIAN OCEAN @ develop their ow4 nuclear weapons. The former would mean a partial Soviet military buildup in Europe and along Sino-Soviet border sacrifice of their own independence and the latter is too heavy an economic burden for them. In the past few years, the Sino-Soviet tension is beneficial to the U.S., have found there are limi- Chinese have also been trying to her quest for modernization, tations but a to detente, partly because bridge the ideological gap with the speedy rapprochement is out of the U.S. military supremacy has waned. Euro-Communist parties. The high- question. So, they are willing to establish ties with China as a means to set off the Hua Guofeng with General Secretary of China's relationship with Developed Soviet menace. Also, China's moder- Communist Party of Italy Enrico Berlin- guer Countries nization plans open up an enorm- ously big and potential market for China's ties with the second- western capital and advacned world countries have been improv- technology. ing in the past few years. Western In the past few years, Chinese European countries and Japan, like leaders have carried out diplomatic the third-world conferences and organizations, China keeps a low profile partly because she is afraid of giving the impression of coman- deering over the small nations. Thus China's role among third-world countries is less than assertive. Another dilemma is that China maintains diplomatic relations with some pro-western totalitarian regimes, while, at the same time, China's material aids to guerilla units and communist parties in the third world have diminished. As a result, a number of them in the Middle East and Southest Asia have turned toward Moscow, or, simply split into small factions.

Conclusion

After the convening of the 3rd Plenary Session of llth Party Congress, China's interpretation of "tevisonism" has altered. Iirstead of labeling Moscow leaders as "revison- ists". China calls them expansion- ists and adventurists. The Sino- Soviet bone of contention is now less theoretical than practical. The development of international situa- tion in the past few years has given Tito, late President of Yugoslaviq receiving Hua at Brioni, l97g evidence to China's viewpoint that the Soviet Union is less than helpful in maintaining world stability and peace. light was the visit of Italy's Enrico third-world countries is met with The greatest priority for Chinese leaders will be to urge the Berlinguer to Beijing. Berlinguer's troubles and policy zig-zags. For a West to be on the alert on the one tour was widely interpreted as long time, China has declared her- hand keep Sino-Soviet China's approval of Euro- self to belong to the family of de- and to bilateral talks open so as to avoid a Communism. veloping nations, yet she is not a major con-flict in the border areas member of the 77-Nation League, China and the Third World by far the most representative of on the other. In short, China is buy- China's relationship with the third-world coalition. In most of ing time to strive for her modernila- tion goals. Of course, under China's new open door policy and the sub- Huang Hua meets Carlos Romulo of Philippines: Strengthening ties with ASEAN sequent influx of western capital, she has to learn particulary how to handle adroitly foreign economic relationships in order to create a better atmosphere of cooperation. Diplomacy is not simply confined to polictics after all.

Thirnran 3e9P& Election to Be Held

by T. G. Chen

When the United States recog- leaders ofthe non-party forces after nized the People's Republic of China the Kaohsiung Riot on December on December 15, 1978, an election 1979, lhe KMT made it known that campaign was in progress in Taiwan' the elections would be resumed But as the news of the establish' very soon, ment of Sino-American relation On June I 1, President Jiang told reached Taiwan President Jiang his people that the government had Jingguo announced that the elec- decided to resume the elections in tions were postponed since the December. He said: "With the country was in a "critical situation". country in face of continuing dif' The non-party candidates viewed ficulties at this moment, such deci- Jiang's announcement as a Pretext sion is made not only to accomplist-r to escape another Kuomingtang an election but also to build a Congress. The National Congress defeat in the election camPaign as foundation for the country's long' consists of three organs: the Legis- they were sure to win manY seats in term development, and for a lative Yuan, in charge of legislatron; the national elections. democratic constitutional era." the Control Yuan, a watchdog bodY Since then oppositionists had The government also declared exercising censorial and impeaching been urging publicly through their that there will be alargu additional powers;and the National AssemblY, own publications that the govern- body to be elected into the National which elects the president and vice- ment should resume the elections as president every six years. The possible. The ruling KMT tenures of elected members vary soon as KMT members casting ballots for con- appeals and contin- from 3-6 years respectively. The pre- ignored all'the gressional candidates ued its hardline policY toward the sent congress was actuallY formed non-party members. However, with between 1947 and 1948 in Nanjing, the arrest of nearly all the important two years before the KMT retreated from the mainland to the island of Jiang Jingguo: A hardline policy toward course onlY of the tho oppositionists Taiwan. Of Part congress members followed. It is they, since 1949, who have consti- tuted the National Congress in Taiwan. Soon, the question of a quorum arose as there was an insuf- ficient number of members Present in Taiwan, and as subsequent deaths occurred. The problem was solved by filling in these vacancies with whoever had run for the congress in the mainland and who now happened to be in Taiwan, regard' less of how many votes theY got. Further, the government proclaime d the terms of the members of con- gress would be extended indefinite- ly, thus, in fact, according lifelong tenures to all members. The non-party forces denounced such measures, pointing out that such a congress could not represent the majority of the residents in Taiwan. Under increasing pres- sure, the KMT was compelled, in recent years, to allow for some congressional elections to be held. Those elected in Taiwan as additional congress members are subject to limited terms as original- ly prescribed by the constitution; and those eriled from the mainland continue to enjoy life-long status. After these additional elections, the ratio between life-term and limited- term members is as follows (January Non-party candidates running for congressional seats 1 e 78): In view of the fact that nearly all the opposition leaders are in jail, ORGAN LIFELONG LIMITED.TERMS the KMT has reasons to feel safe for MEMBERS MEMBERS the coming elections. KMT leaders predict that most of the new seats Legislative Yuan 8t% 13% will be occupied by KMT members Control Yuan I t10 z)'/o or other pro-government elements because the non-party force is now National Assembly 9s% s% at its weakest, and in no position to challenge the Kuomintang.

As it is, the KMT tried every means to keep opposition mem- bers from getting elected. In order to ensure its full success in the elec- tions the KMT resort to ballot- stuffing, falsification of tallies, dele- tion of parts of candidates's plat- forms, arrests of candidates and elected officials and even offer pay- ments to elected officials for votes. In November l)77, an angry mob burnt down a police station in Zhorrgli, a town iouth of Taibei after they had discovered a KMT election scandal. Two people were kilted in the riot. The KMT made some concessions and allowed The Zhongli Incident: A rebuke to a KMT election scandal in 1977 many oppositionists to take their seats in the provincial assembly and some local bodies. The election to be resumed in ORGAN LIFELONG LIMITED.TERMS December will be the biggest one MEMBERS MEMBERS since 1949. According to KMT's an- nouncment, more than 200 seats in Legislative Yuan 77% )?q^ the National Congress will be up for Control Yuan s7% 43% re-election. It will change the ratio National between life-term and limited-term Assembly 94% 6% members as indicated in the right:

l8 Thftxran APEert Taiwan's New Strategy for Economic Development

T. S. Yu

position in the U.S. market, The dicament resulting from a pernicious threat from Russia calls for closer competition with China. To do this, The qrticle is based on a report pre- and better Sino-American economic the present labor-intensive industry sented to Taiwan's "Commission as well as political relations. Of late has to be replaced by a technologY- for the Design of Recoveing the China has shown much greater flexi- intensive one; and this in turn de- Mainland" on Moy 1980. bility in her dealings with other pends on the successful import of countries, both in economic and advanced technology and the train- political affairs. China has been ing of a working force capable of Taiwan's trade with the United accorded most-favored-nation status meeting the new requirements. The States reached 9 billion U.S. dollars by the United States, and is expected authorities concerned have been in 1979, an increase of 22% over to be given preferential tariff treat- urged to study and implement Poli- the previous year. The fact that this ment soon. On the other hand, cies that will lead to a re-structuring amounted to 29% of Taiwan's total Taiwan's enjoyment of the preferen-' of the components of Taiwan's foreign trade indicated the import- tial rights will end as it gradually exports. ance trade with the United of the comes to be listed as one of the More obstacles are bound to States. Jiang Kuangshi, Taiwan's developed countries. Economists in come up in Taiwan's trade with Minister for Economic Affairs, fore- Taiwan fear that the competitive developed countries, especially the cast that trade with the U.S. will power of China's products in the United States, which the present exceed the 10 billion dollar mark American market will increase Taiwan economy depends on so for the first time in 1980, However, tremendously at the expense of very heavily. A flexible trade policy Taiwan's economists planners and Taiwan exports. should be adopted which would are not without worries. To them, consist of a diversification of trad- an economic threat is looming across Diplomatically almost comPlete- ing partners. According to some the Strait of Taiwan in the form of ly isolated, the survival of the economists trading partners should Four Moderntations, which are government in Taibei dePends verY not be limited to those from 'free' slowly taking shape as new, pragma- much on its foreign trade, As China economles. tic policies are being implemented. is expected to be able to take a big Indeed, China's vigorous moder- slice away from Taiwan's most At present, the backbone of nization activities should not be important market, the authorities Taiwan's industry is composed of taken lightly. While some of us still in Taiwan deem it necessarY and small and medium-sized factories. belittle Beijing's chance of success urgent to devise a new strategy to Confronted with fierce competition in her modernization programs, it deal with the menace from the from other countries, these factories must be conceded that break- Mainland. are not in a position to distinguish throughs and major achievements in The first proposal Put forward is themselves in the international some areas cannot be ruled out. It to change the comPonents of Tai- market. In view of this situation, is, therefore, natural that China's wan's exports. According to eco- Taiwan economists have begun to new economic measures will indi- nomists in Taiwan, China's exPorts advocate the merging of small and rectly affect Taiwan's economic to the international market in the medium-sized businesses and facto- developments. next ten years will mainlY consist ries into larger units or even conglo- The atea which worries the of agricultural products, processed merates. They maintain that only Taiwan authorities most is China's farm produce, and primary indust- large-scale enterprises will be able expanding trade with the United rial products. Looking ahead, Tai- to shoulder the task of opening up States. Although the amount is still wan should stop producing those foreign markets, importing advanced not very large, Sino-American trade commodities which China can technology, and carrying out re- has every potential to develop to export to the U.S. on preferential search and development. While such a level as to endanger Taiwan's treatment, thus avoiding the pre- guarding against the monopoly of t9 production uneven or distribution will increase, and they will tend to urgent. Taiwan economists see the of wealth, the Taibei government is share wealth and woe with ihe solution is in a countrywide labor urged to encourage and help small management. insurance scheme, which, they and medium-sized factories to claim, will be a major step toward merge. As a result of the speedy develop- a rational distribution of income. ment of industry and commerce, Foreign trade will have to con- and the steady increase of industrial tinue play to a leading role in Tai- wages, the gap wan's future between the income economic develop- of the worker and that of the pea- ment. With gradually China increas- sants for farm work has thus gradu- ing the speed and scale ofher pene- ally dwindled. Reports fromTaiwan tration into Taiwan's established say that the root of the problem in foreign markets there is an urgent agricultural production lies in the task gather to information on fact that the plots of land to be China's economy. An information worked upon are too small, making center has been proposed, and all farming uneconomical. The rural information collected by govern- populbtion is too large and at the ment or nongove{nment bodies is same time ageing, and the tradi- to be channeled to the center. The tional concept which stresses on center will study and analyse the self-sufficiency in all crops consu- information and issue reports on med are hindrances to raising out- China's economic situation to put. Yu Tsung-kwong, one of government departments and those Taiwan's top economists, suggested in industry and commerce for their four ways to tackle the problem: reference. The following Chinese saying is now governing the minds 1 Ownership of land for farming of the economic planners in Taiwan: should be concentrated in fewer Know the enemy and know your- hands, and production is to be run self, and you can fight a hundred in the way as an industrial enter- battles with no danger of defeat. pnses. 2. Rural areas should be divided into special agricultural zones ac- Welfare for Workers and Peasants cording to geographical conditions. Factories or other businesses are Other measures proposed to strictly forbidden within these bolster Taiwan's economy include zones. the promotion of closer and better 3. The feudal land tax is to be relations between employers and abolished, and in its place a new employees in the industries, the rai- land tax is to be levied sing of real income for the peasants, 4. Peasants should be discouraged and the implementation of'a com- to produce crops that are unecono- prehensive labor scheme for mical to grow. lnsurance. Some economists argue that the The objective ofthe second land principal way to bring about a reform is to reduce the peasant rational distribution of income is to population from five million to keep on improving the welfare of three million in the next ten years, the workers, and this depends main- so that the income of the peasants ly on the strength of the enterprises. can be kept at a relatively high level. As only enterprises of considerable After the completion of the size are in a position to provide Twelve Big Projects, the active im- better welfare for the workers, those plementation of social welfare poli- enterprises that are at present owned cies will be paramount. At present, by one person or members from the some wages are so low workers can same family should be changed to hardly save up money. As the pen- joint-stock companies, with workerg sion system is still not widely and other members of the public applied, and young people tend to becoming shareholders. When the leave their parents when they grow workers are given some say over the up, workers often spend their later ownership of the enterprise, their years without being provided for. sense of belonging to the enterprise Soon, this problem may become

20 Last June when Asean foreign South Vietnam. between Vietnam and Kampuchea. ministers were about to meet in The decision to invade Tharland Bangkok shouldn't have interfered Kuala Lumpur to discuss the also reflected the differences in in the business at all. However, the Kampuchean crisis and it had been Hanoi. Foreign Minister Nguyen Co incursion had spoiled what Thach expected that Vietnam would be in Thach was then on a tour in In- had longed to see and Bangkok was good behavior. during that period, donesia, Malaysia and Thailand. In at once strongly backed by fellow a new incursion by Vietnamese the past few months, Thach had members of Asean. soldiers into Thailand took place. been waving an olive branch in Elsewhere, Beijing and Washing- Earlier, Thailand had announced Southeast Asia, giving sweet pro- ton joined forces to condemn the the repatriation of Khmer refugees, mises to Asean members. It seemed Vietnamese invasion. Washington most of whom were from the Thach himself knew nothing about immediately showed her support Khmer Rouge controlled camps. the incursion beforehand, which by dispatching its sophisticated Hanoi and her Phnompenh client made him very embarrassed. When arms to Thailand immediately. Hua proteste'd strongly to Bangkok he arrived at Thailand after the in- Guo-feng and Carter later met at saying that Thailand was sending cident, he was greeted by furious the funeral of Ohira in Tokyo. back Pol Pot's men to Kampuchea. demonstrators at the airport. Both leaders voiced opposition to It seemed that Hanoi had Shortly after the incursion, Le Vietnam's penetration in counted on a flash attack at the Duan, Pham Van Dong and Vo Kampuchea and incursion into border which would paralyse the Nguyen Giap went to Moscow Thailand. Thai armed forces quickly and begging for more aid. Some time Fighting is still continuing along *'ould force Bangkok to the earlier, Moscow had announced the the Thai border, but mainly on the defensive. Yet, the invasion was withdrawal of part of her army in Kampuchean side. It seems that driven back after only one or two Afghanistan so as to make the Hanoi wants to wipe out the Khmer days, without causing too much Olympic Games look more peaceful. Rouge stronghold in the Malai harm to the Thais. The incursion was surely harmful to Mountain. A tough war is going on. the image Some reports say that the Khmer Khieu Samphan: A tough war is going on of the Soviets whom people believed to be the boss Rouge main forces are retreating, Indo-chinese government. Anyway, leaving only some guerrillas to as Vietnam got bogged down in slacken the advance of the Viet- Kampuchea, her dependence on namese. Moscow could only increase. It was According to a French left-wing reported that the Soviets had newspaper "Liberation " which moved into Cam Ranh Bay, a interviewed Khieu Sampan recent- former U.S. military base in South ly, the Khmer Rouge still have Vietnam. enough arms to fight, including The incursion sparked off wide launchers, machine guns and rifles condemnation among the states in which are shipped in from China. the region and made Asean members However the guerrillas are now more united. Before the meeting, it lacking in food. The international had been reported that Indonesia relief agencies had stopped sending and Malaysia were willing to accept food to areas controlled by the the pre-eminence of Hanoi . in Khmer Rouge because it was Indo-China. So it seemed that reported that much of the food Thach's effcirt was about to bring were used to feed the guerrillas. harvest. Thach had argued that the Certainly, the ordinary Kam- Kampuchean crisis is a problem puchean refugees have suffered a lot

27 during and after the incursion. Now their number is about one million. Hundreds of them have been killed or injured the last few weeks. As fighting is becoming more inten- sive, their fate would become more gloomy. Last May, shooting also broke out between Laos and Thailand in the Mekong, killing a Thai officer. Thailand has not only suspended trade with Hanoi, but with Laos too, and has closed the whole Laos-Thai border. Bangkok argued the shooting in the Mekong is part of the plan to invade Thailand. The landlocked country immediately faced severe difficulties. Supplies became extremely short, and prices in the black market is soaring up. Laos had urged Bangkok to re- open the border but the latter had turned a deaf ear. Later, it is re- ported .that Laos has deployed more soldiers along the border. Anyway, Thailand has to face the danger of being attacked from two fronts. At the same time, tension has mounted on the Sino-Vietnamese border. Observers have talked about a second punitive action from China. At least, China has increased war preparations along the border. Richard Hobbrooke, U.S. Assistant Carter and Hua in Japan: Closer ties between Beijing and Washington Secretary of State recently on a visit in China said a Chinese move against Vietnam was possible. Some observers suggested that China Khmer refugees crosing into Thai territory: Gloomy future might bomb Vietnam's industrial centers so as to paralyse her s[{*_t economy. Thach even claimed that China had recently sent three new divisions to the border, which were stationed near Vietnam's strategic province Lang Son. Beijing has denied that more troops were sent, saying that it was Hanoi's trick to divert attention from the Thai border. If it was so, then the recognition of Heng's \ regime by India was surely another 1.9 way of shifting the focus, with New Delhi fooling herself by becoming the target of world-wide con- demnation. As a matter of fact, the second punitive war is always a possibility in the future. So long as Vietnam's expansionism exists, her + neighbors would find themselves threatened.

.) ''')

4S FOMTHGOMING PUB[[GATI 0N$ Frorn Soaring: Reverberations: Poems oI A New War of Opium Liao Chung-k'ai Translation Complete and to Liberation Poems oI nin$ Ho Hsiang- Mao Tse-tun$

By Israel Epstein l-ranslated by Ma Wen-Yee Translated by Nancy T. Lin

This book gives an inclusive Liao Chung-k'ai and Ho Hsiang- Th is ls the most uP to date account of the historical ning, husband and wife, were collection of the poems of Mao happenings that led from the close friends of Sun Yat-sen, and Tse-tung. lt also include the Opium War in 1840 to the both played imPortant roles in three poems posthumouslY founding of the People's the Chinese Bevolution of 191 1. published in '1 979, herein trans- Republic in 1949. The author Like most other revolutionaries lated into English for the first has lived in China for decades of their. time they were Poets time. The translator has suPPlied and has not only studies but themselves. This volume presents background information relevant witnessed many of the events 21 of their poems, arranged in to these poems, making use of described. His book should be chronological order, which also many authentic comments and the more interesting to readers give the reader an idea of the elucidations by the poet himself. in the West and in the Third flow of events in modern World, because it connects Chinese history. Nancy T. Lin is also translator of China's history with their own at Chou En-lai's poems, ln Ouest, various key junctures. The translator is the grand- published in 1979. daughter of Ma Hsiang, active participant of the 191 '1 Revolu- tion. She enjoys the advantage of having first hand information which enriches her translation and annotation of the Poems.

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For subscription, please call 5-728540 or write to the Monsoon Publishing Co., G. P. O. Box 11992, Hongkong.

Cl.irraAffairs Great Changes in the Cadre System in China

by Xl Wong

The 5th Plenary Session of the some Yugoslavian journalists in when he or she continues to do Central Cornmittee of the CPC held June that China is developing a splendidly in other jobs. in late February this year decided collective leadership system, so that To promote rejuvenation and to put an end to the lifelong tenure no future leader will have the ex- regeneration of the leadership at for office-holders. Officials would cessive power of the late Chairman various levels, an average age limit be obliged to retire after a fixed Mao Zedong. He said tha! the for each level has been put forward: term of office. changes would prevent too much 55-65 for Central Committee 'Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping said power falling into the hands of a members, 50-60 for executives of in an interview that this will apply small group or one man. to all officials holding government ano party positions, including the Chairman of the Party, the top rank What are the changes described for Cilinese cadres. It means that as epoch-making in the history of the obligatory retirement pro- the CPC? gram will cover the whole party, state and military apparatus with- Main Points of New System out exception. The General Secretary of the The new system for cadres has party, Hu Yaobang confided to been laid down in the revised draft party consitution, submitted for 55-65 for Central Committee members discussion throughout the party and to be adopted at lhe l2tb. Hu Yaobang: A relatively young leader National Party Congress at the end of this year. The regulations the provincial party committees, appeared for the hrst time in the and a maximum 45 for executives CPC's constitution, and has never of the county party committees. been adopted by constitutions of Cadres are obliged other communist parties. to retire when they reach the age of retirement It has been stipulated that fixed by the state, which is usually members of the Central Committee 55-60 for women and 65-70 for and of local party committees men. could only serve for 3 consecutive terms of 5 years each or of 3 years young each for members of county party Wan Li: "The generation" committees. Some suggested that for young cadres with exceptional abiiities, the term of office may be prolonged, provided he or she gets 415 of the votes. But others dis- agreed, as this contradicts the idea of abolishing lifelong appointments. They held that such persons could be re-elected after an interruption of at least 5 years following his or her third term of offic.e, and only

27 team work. Strict requirements and rules l.'iir9Lr,|i,,\" have been put forward for leading li T,.f," cadres. They should not only have a good theoretical knowledge and adhere to party line and policies, but should also have the profes- sional skills to manage their specific jobs. They should not abuse their powers and indulge in special privil- eges. They should keep close con- tact with the masses. They must be good at uniting with those who dis- Wang Renzhong: Member of the relative- agree and should by no means ly young and competent Secretariat conduct factional activities. Every Iron bowl system cadre should be regularly tested morally and vocationally. Those with good conduct and excellent To resolve the succession pro- performance should be promoted, who are asked to retire or to be blem and ensure a smooth transi- while those who fail after consecu- transferred to lower positions ac- tion, a system of advisors is intro- tive tests, should be demoted or cording to their ability, view it as a duced, for example, the Council of dismissed. degradation or penalty, and are re- Advisors for the Central Committee luctant to obey such orders. The and for provincial party committee, Background for Reforms resistance comes also from a large and advisors or group of advisors number of young and middle-aged for lower party committees. These The Chinese cadre system, scaled ultra-liftists, who gained power councils or groups would comprise into twenty six grades, is shaped during the Cultural Revolution. experienced cadres who are either after the bureaucratic herarchy of Reproached by the people, theY advanced in age or in such ill health the Soviet Union. The "iron bowl were forced to make self-criticism, as not to be able to handle day-to- day work. By retiring, these veteran cadres would relieve themselves of the heavy pressure and tedious tasks so that they would have time to give full consideration to major issues, sum up their own experience, and help guide and bring up young and . middle-aged cadres. It has been aln suggested that advisors should shoulder certain practical activities, and therefore should be selected and officially announced. They N should not hold the posts perman- fi ently, and would completely retire after a prescribed time. It has been stressed that success- ors should not be appointed indivi- dually and separately, which was Wake up, comrade! the practise in the past, but should be selected as a group of successors, and that all major issues relating to party line, personnel appointments system", so called because cadres but some of them still try to put up or government matters, are to be could not be fired from their jobs, a resistance by conducting factional submitted to committees at various enables cadres to hold their posts activities and secretly sabotaging levels and not to be left for indivi- all their life without regard for their the implementation of the new dual leaders to decide. This will ability and old age. As position policies. both ensure the continuation of a means privilege, very few of them Deng Xiaoping and his associates collectii,e leadership, prevent the are willing to step down to make are quite aware of this danger. In emergence of a single omnipotent way for younger{nore able and the last few months he has been leader, and enhance the spirit of technical-minded officials. Those urging that the question of succes-

28 sion must be solved within 3 years. Standing Committee of the Polit- Even 5 years would be too long. He buro, with 5 advisory members, was also pointed out that the modern- set up. ization program would come to Deng Xiaoping himself plans to nothing if paternalism and faction- resign all his posts by 1985 and alism are not curbed. assume the role of advisor. It is Chinese leaders are facing the quite likely that the Chairman of question of succession that has Deng Xaoping informs foreign visitors National People's Congress, Marshal of his plan to retire never been properly solved in all in the near future Ye Jianying, an octogenarian, and- communist countries, where the the two septuagenarian Vice- the CC had elected a powerflul dictatorship of the proletariat often of Premiers Li Xiannian and Chen Yun, degenerated into dictatorship of Secretariat of eleven, who are rather will soon retire from their active young by Chinese leadership stan: one man. A swing of policy often roles within the government. occurs after the death of the top dards, politically open-minded and leader, causing chaos and instability. experts of different fields. They Recently, about 1600 veteran The Chinese communists are trying control the day-to-day running of cadres in Guizhou province, have to tackle this problem by fighting party affairs, setting an example of retired or took the role ofadvisors. the personality cult and establishing collective leadership. In the Shenyang military region, a collective leadership. setting an example of collective elderly officers at the divisional level and above, have stepped down Setting Examples The supporter of the ultra- to become advisors, and a group of leftist line, the so called 'Junior graduates from universities, post- The new regulations laid down gang of four" in the Politburo, were secondary and technical colleges in the revised draft party constitu- urged to make self-criticism,have have taken over leadership at the tions are important steps toward resigned from all their party and divisional level and above. This is solving this knotty problem. To government posts and were trans- just the beginning of the long, tor- break theice, the Central Committee ferred to lower positions, setting an tuous and painful process of struc- members and Deng Xiaoping him- example of how to deal with un- tural reform, which will have a self had to take the lead by setting qualified leaders. direct impact on China's modern- examples. The 5th Plenary Session A Council of Advisors within the ization drive.

CHIIIA,S NEW OEMOCRACY full texts of -Yviththe three constltutlons of the People's R€publlc of Chlna Qi Xin and others

Democracy is an issue of crucial importance in China at the moment. All discussions of democracy in China inevitably include references to and comments on important events in contemporary Chinese history. This book attempts to give a context to the complex issues involved in the development of democracy in China. The appendix of the book includes the three constitutions of the People's Republic of China - reference materials that are not readily available to the non-specialist.

29 Edrrcation ik6 Education A Crucial Factor in China's Modernizalion- Drive

bl, G. l{gai

After three years of embarking leaders to turn their attention to college students than China. The on the modernization drive, the education? standard and percentage of scl-rolars new Chinese leadershiP seems to and skilled personnel are even higher have realized that there is a serious Healing the Wounds in the Soviet Union. The scarcity of lack of educated manpower as well intellectuals is one of the rnain indi- as a shortage of financial resources China is slowly healing the cations that China is at least two and of modern technology. wounds caused by the Cultural decades behind in modern science In an important address rhis Year, Revolution. which had the most and technology. Vice-Premler Deng Xiaoping pointe d destructive effect on education. But it is quite unfortunate 1o see out that the country's moderniza- Many Chinese still feel horrified that the irrtellectuals are still sulfer' tion drive needs an additional 3 mil- when they recall the total ruin of ing lrom financial and political dis- lion teachers for primarY and the educationatr system, lvhich was crirnination in many parts of China. secondary schools, and at least 2-3 turned into h brooding nest for It has been officiallY recognized million personnel of professional anarchism, hooliganism and ter- that intellectuals receive I 0-30%less skill lrom colleges and universities. rorism. The new leadership have pay than ntanual laborers. Workers hard, plus 2 million judges, lawYers, Pro- get bonuses if theY work earn more bY selling curators and special Police. He Youngsters loitering and sloganeering peasants can criticized the party organizations at during the days of Culufal Revolution their products in the free market, different levels for neglecting their but intellectuals get no bontts for responslbility to discover, cultivate their special accomplishlncnls. to and promote persons of Profes' There is still a strong tendency sional skill in making better use of level off differences between manual their respective talents. and mental labor bY lowering the Speaking at the national confer- wages for inlellectuals. ence of the Chinese Scientific and Technical Association in March this year, party General SecretarY Hu Yaobang urged scientists to assist the party in cultivating better quali- hed scientists, technical workers, theoreticians, inventors, innovators, engineers, agronomists and medical specialists. He said that the country made painstaking efforts to restore must put greater energy and effort chaos. Schools were into education and must graduallY it from reopened or revamped, textbooks make major improvements in this Unemployed youths outside a recruiting were rewritten, teaching methods comes first field. center: Abilig were modernized, and treatment ol On the occasion of celebrating teachers were generally improved. Children's Day on June 1 this year, But still, many problems remain. Politicaliy, intellectuals ale still Vice-Premier Zhao Ziyang pledged Persons with professional skill being distrusted, and often not given the government's determination to merely 25% of the the right job to develop theil capa- take more effective measures in comprising scarce in bilities and skills in the interest of educating a new generation with population are still too weak in qualitY the state. a few specialists good morale, fit physique and ample quantity and Quite compared developed countries and talented persons, unable to use knowlege. with and some developing countries. The their skills fully or afraid of being But what are the troubles behind U.S. with % the population of humiliated for the second time, all these words? What are the boiling China, has 4 times more colleges have left or are applying to leave problems which have caused Chinese and universities and 9 times more the country. 30 s

F k -'- tsB*

E

i .*- E -: -- Chinese and American scientists at Beijing A teacher instructing his students in einghua University (Beijing). seminar: Interflow of ideas and experi- ence

Lacking Qualified Teachers year, set up more normal schools of what kind of educational system and leachers' training colleges, and China should adopt. Many experts Chinese leaders have correctly help teachers follorv on-the-job in education are for diversification pointed out, that the training of courses to increase their knowledge of the educational system. On the professionals depend mainly upon and improve their teaching. Unqua- one hand, the "key-point" system -- the teachers, and that their social lified teachers would be checked that is. putting emphasis on some status should be raised to match and asked to change their jobs if top schools --- should be maintained their "glorious and arduous task". they don't improve themselves. to keep abreast of international In some big cities, "special-class standards. On the other hand,great teachers" in primary and secondary New Imbalances and Problems attention should be paid on spare- schools have been seiected as time and on-the-job studies. models, cornrnended for their rich Although the total number of Berjing University is now giving teaching, and given a salary equal students in tertiary institutions has courses through public television, teaching, giving them a salary equal reached a record of 1.02 million enrolling more than 40,000 to that of skilied workers. But the last year, doubling the figure in studenls, mostly unemployed young majority of the 10 million teachers, 1965, the places for freshmen only people. Those who pass the end-of- especially the primary school expanded from 270,000 last year ro term exams can receive a college teachers, are still poorly paid. A 300,000 this year, an lncrease of diploma recognized by the state. primary school teacher of 10-20 30,000. ln all, 4.6 million young- This will reduce the pressure on years standing, usually gets RMB sters were competing to get these conventional colleges. The 4.5 mil- 40-50 yuan per month, lower than places. Only 6% of the applicants lion TV sets in China could be used workers of the same len$h of could get them, among which 3% for the purpose of satisfying the service. Teachers receive much less came from high school graduates, a young people's thirst for knowledge, social benefits than workers, say, in very low percentage compared with especially in rural areas. housing. which is becoming more other countries. (In the U .5. 60% of Well over 1.6 million workers in and more an acute problem. More high school graduates continue their the 4 major industrial cities -- Bei than hall of the teachers in secon- studies in tertiary institutions). jing, Shanghai, Tianjin and Harbin -- dary schools are graduates of the The new enrolment policy does are studying in spare-time schools same level, while many teachers in create problems, giving more chance run by the factories, trade-unions primary the school are just graduates to urban residents and children of or schools, comprising 1/5 of the junior from middle schools. These intellectuals. who have more time, total work-force in these cities. The teachers never had a training in better tuition and financial support. percentage is still very low, as more normal schools or teachers' training A survey in Be4ing showed that than half ol the workers in nrany colleges. The situation is even worse more than half of the freshmen class cities had an education lower than in the countryside, where education consisted of children from families junior middle school. Recruiting has been more seriously neglected. of inteilectuals and government new workers through examinations To improve the situation, the officials. It seems that the authori- in language, mathematics and special Government promised has to raise ties are becoming aware of the skills. started last year in some the salaries of teachers starting next problem, resulting in a hot debate cities, is also a good method of

31 Facts and Figures

The Chinese Ministry of Educa- tion has furnished the following figures.

o Kindergartens: 164,000 with 7.87 million children,60.5 times the peak year of 1946 before China was liberated in 1949. o Primary schools: 949,000, or 2.7 times those of 1949; Pupils: 146.24 million, 6 times those of 1949. o Ordinary middle schools: 162,000, or 40 timesthose of 1949; students: 65.48 million, 63 times Students taking a break in the campus of Beijing University those of 1 949. O Secondary technical schools: 1,700; students: 530,000 or 6.9 times those of 1949. stimulating the young people for has increased sharply in the last lew lurther studies. years. The government is tackllng o Colleges and universities: 598 About 70,000 leading administra- this problem energetically by put- offering over 800 specialities of tive personnel in commercial posi- ting them in work-and-study which over 500 are in science and 850,000 or tions are attendlng special qourses schools, trying to reform them, but engrneering; students: 7.3 times those of 1949. of management, including subjects too often lactories don't want 'to on industrial management, speciali- employ them afterwards. O Post-liberation graduates zation and coordlnation, pianning, Problenrs are a bit different for from full-time institutions of higher quality and oost control. Commer- coilege students. Most of them education: 2.946 million, equal to cial colleges and schools have study hard, and try to make up for 16 times the total number of increased from I 3 I last year Io 194 the time lost in the Cultural Revolu- graduates from old China's colleges now. and the number of students tion. But many of them, especially and universities in the 20 Years before liberation. lrorn 3l ,000 to 40,000. Vocational sludents in science and engineering schools, completely neglected are not interested in poiitics, and o Post-liberation graduates during the Cultural Revolution. are are reluctant to attend political from teachers' colleges and univer- being restored, gradually turning the lectures or to take part in political sities: 636,000, or 30.3 times those ratio of senior middle schools and discussions. Some of them don't trained in the 20 years before vocational schools from around 10:1 want to work at the grass-root levels liberation. at present to 1:1 after 6-7 years, border in the countryside or in o graduates givlng youngsters a better opportu- Post-liberation regions. The students are not entire- teachers' schools: 2,312,000 nity of employment. from iy to blame for the reversal. or 6.5 times the total number trained Methods theoretical indoctrina- Moral Problems of in the I 6 years before liberation. tion simply do not solve practical Chinese leaders and teachers are problems. o There are 68 million workers, confronting problems of low moral- peasants and cadres now studYing ity among the studenrs. The first in spare-time primary and middle schools, and 550,000 in factorY-run year after restoring the system of Secondary students attending an English exams saw a slackening of anarchism class" or spare-time colleges. which had plagued the schools lor a o 'Ihere are 420,000 (including decade. But the euphoria soon wore on-the-job personnel) students and thin as new problems arose. Seeing 200,000 auditors in the Central litt1e chance of entering college or Broadcasting and Television Univer- getting a job in the cities after sity and 28 other such institutes graduation, students with low grades run by variou.s provinces. munici- feel disheartened and frustrated. palities and autonomous regions. Some of them are apt to get into mischief by abandoning their studies (The above ligures are based on 1978 statistics ) and by gambling, stealing, smuggiing and fighting. Juvenile delinquency

aq Mqlia

Advertising in China - Maki ng up f or Lost Time

Connie Wei

Within the last twelve months, Within those com' China'made advertisements have intruded upon months, also, ad- for the lives of almost every urban and dvertising agencies suburban citizcn in China. The have been in- corporated in modities moment he or she opens her ma.jor cities such as eyes in the morning, she is liable Beijing, Shanghai, to catch an ad over the rarlio, Tianjin, Hang- and, by the time she is ;.,,'cut zhou. With the exception of the to go to bed, she may well be last one, which is under the aus- confronted with some other on pices of the special economic television. The fact is that an ad- zone of Guangdong, all these fever has caught up with the com- agencies are operated by the munications rnedia in China, and Ministry of Foreign Trade. Their every newspaper, n'ngazine, radio business are two-fold: to act as or television station is out to an agent for foreign advertisements, get any advertisement it can possi- and, to handle Chinese advertise- bly find. Not only that; bill- ments aimed at foreign markets. boards have sprung up in every Whereas these companies take care conceivable spot in cities and in the of more or less all the products countryside, where tourists might controlled by the national export- sometimes visit, and in airports, ing companies, they are far from trains and bus depots, hotels and monopolizing the advertising busin- An restaurants. To an observant visitor, ess in China. For example, they are advertisement in shop-window commercial advertisements have in no position to control those largely replaced the political slogans ads going into China from foreign that have become oruripresent countries. These are largely taken throughout China since the days care of by advertising companies numerous provincial papers accept of the Cultural Revolution. To operating in Hong Kong. In fact, advertisements. Because of its mass Chinese officials, the advertising most national media, and some circulation of 7 million printed business serves at least these pur- local ones in the provinces, accept copies, the People's Daily charyes poses: their own ads or have their own around US$10,000 for a 116 l. To promote the country's agents in Hong Kong to do it for page advertisement. Others, such as modernization program thro- them. Most common among these the Tianiin Daily, with a circulation ugh the dissemination of agents are China Advertising Comp- of 600,000 charge somewhere aro- useful information in indust- any in Hong Kong, and the two und a quarter of that rate or lower. ry and commerce. leftist Chinese dailies, llen WeiPao Beiiing's Market News, a biweekly 2. To draw income for the and Ta Kung Pao. llen llei Pao, f or paper specially designed for the public news media and for example, is the sole agent for exchange of information regarding professional publications, wh- television stations in Guangdong, the marketing of economic prod- ich are almost entirely dep- Sichuan, and Shanghai, as well as ucts, enjoys a readership up to a endent on state or public for provincial newspapers in Guang- million and is considered a good support. dong, Jiangsu, and Hebei. bet for advertisers. 3. To exchange useful know- ledge and information with At present, four national dailies Among the 400 magazines open foreign countries, and, to in China (People\, Guangming, for advertisements, including both absorb foreign currency. llorkers', and China's Youth) and general and professional magazines,

33 crsde ffs*re=rie€d ***ffi€s &dvmreEs* *rlg#

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China Pictorial is one of the highest-priced periodicals for foreign advertisements

only a small percentage has good among these are Wangfujing in possible exceptions of Coca-cola, quality paper and printing. The Beijing, the Guang:drou Trade Fair, Kodak, and Citizen watches, there rest are more or less geared to the and the major international air- seems to be little prospect of internal rnarket only. So far, ports in China. Even tourist spots immediate returns for them. Some only a few foreign advertisements are not exempted. Surprisingly, businessmen prefer to arrange for have appeared in the colored pages billboards have become the most exhibitions in whcih they could of China Pictorial, one of the best, popular outlet for advertisers, both actually display their products, and probably the highest-priced, local and foreign, the reasons mostly in machinery, technology, in the field. It is interesting to note being cheaper expenses and loriger and equipments. A kind of Canton that llongqi, the official theoretical duration. Fair in reverse, one might say. journal of the Chinese Cornmunist Exbibitions of this kind have been Party, is also going after advertise- found to be quite effective. What- ments. Generally speaking, foreign ad- ever the methods of persuasion, it vertisers adopt a wait-and-see atti- seems most likely that advertising is A good proportion of television tude when they come to the point going to stay in China for a long stations in China accept advertise- of making decisions. With the time to come. ments, among them, those in Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Nanjing and Guangzhou. It is estimated that there are 5 million TV sets in China, with a viewing audiencc of 200 million. So far, the most frequent ads appearing on screen are Japanese-made watches and electrical consumer items, whereas, other consumer products such as patented medicine are also heard over the radio, which, incidentally, reaches almost every single home and household in all of China, and, hence, enjoys the largest possible audience.

Commercial billboards are a bit of novelty in Chinese cities. Now Building they adorn every central business district in major cities, most famous

34 Publicatiorr A Publisher Speaks His Mind

Staff Reporter

- from a speech delivered by Chen Yuan, Vice-Chairman of the Publishers' Association of China, while visiting Hong Kong Chen Yuan addressing a reception in Hongkong To the general public in China, two criticisms. the publishing business has under- That is, anything gone a drastic change for the better published must contribute to the readers, and a good deal of young over the last three years. The Cultur- objectives of criticizing both revi people, too, certain short stories al Revolution had brought havoc sionism and capitalism. In bringing dealing with social themes, as well to publishing, as it had to other everything in line with party ideo- as sto.ries ofespionage and adventure fields. But, as more and more books logy, a good deal of useful or harm- are considered most enjoyable, or are coming out in print, the confi- iess books were either forbidden, or relaxing. Translations of Agatha dence of publishers has been regain- voluntarily omitted, thus rendering Christie's "Death on the Nile" arrd ed in a relatively short time, because the publishing business in a state of "The Oient Express " are gaining a 90% of the books are selling at a stagnation and ill-repute. very wide readership in China now. rapid rate. Now, as many restrictions The last three years saw the dis Even Sherlock Holmes has been are being done away with in publish- mantling of such ideological barriers, revived, and avidly followed. But, ing, a much greater variety of books and the revival of all sectors in the by and large, books on popular are being released. ln l9J9,lhere publishing business. Most notable science and technology have the were 17,000 titles inprint, of which are children's books. Of late, they greatest circulation because they 4,000 were in science and techno- have become the most popular items are tied in with the modernization Iogy,2,500 in literature, and 1,500 in bookstores. Then, there are those drive in China. in social science. The total printed which teach you how to do this and Forbidden Areas copies amounted to 4 billion, or, that -- practical knowledge and skills. four copies for every person in One bestseller is called "How to be In the past, people have been China. a Good Parent". But, among adult told by party officials that most of Copyright Laws

China is now looking into the field of legislation for publishing. Groups Queuing up for new books, of experts are engaged in the draft- ing of laws in regard to publishing and copyright. Copyright laws aie less complicated, and should be ready within a year or two. It is envisioned that once both sets of laws are ratified, China will be in the position to consider whether it is appropriate to join the Interna- tional Copyright Agreement.

Two Criticisms

A few years ago, during the Cultural Revolution, it was suggested, and, indeed, observed, that all editors should bear in mind the concept of

35 the books that existed were, to a lectuals generally had a very rough doing their share in giving authors certain extent, objectionable from deal during the Cultural Revolution, those economic and political privi- the point of view of ideology, and their books were all too lightly leges which rightly belong to them. because they were products of the labeled "rightist" or even "anti- In addition to royalties, bonuses are old feudalistic society, or, of capital- revolutionary". In fact, they were issued with every reprint. The right ist society. One wonders, however, looked upon as no more than "third of authors to make alterations for how far this principle of evaluation class" citizens. Now, writers and new editions is also taken into con- could be applied. Even now, of authors are slowly regaining their sideration. Publishers think these course, there are those who would due respect from society. Politically, are the least they could do to pro- say that Agatha Christie's books are they have been re-classified as part mote a better atmosphere of co- "no good", or "not literary enough". of the working class. Publishers are operation. Granted they are to "Hamlet",nor "David Copperfield", nobody can say they are bad either. Publishers A display of books and periodicals published by Orina: Still lagging far behind the have often been accused in China of demand "adulterating the minds of young- sters" by publishing obviously harm- less books. One fails to see any con- nection between the existing crime rate in China and the detective stories that have been reprinted. It seemed the accusations were grossly unfair.

Respect for Intellectuals

It has recently been decided that writers and authors get a general increase of 40% in royalties. Intel-

According to Market News in Beijing, there are now over 5000 news' Facts and Figures papet, magazines and periodicals published in China and 30% of them are distributed through post offices.

Some statistics released by National Publications Bureau relating to newspaper and magazines are shown below:

Newspapen

Year Number of Printed copies Publication (in billion)

t952 296 1.508 196 8 42 3.5'.1'l t978 185 r2.776 1980 328 N.A.*

*N.A. - Not available

Magazines

Year Number of Printed copies Publication (in billion)

t952 ts4 0.204 r968 22 0.027 t978 930 0.76r 1980 I 3s8 N.A.

36 EBits &Pieces fru

Breezes From China

Peregrine Lin

37 qlievi ,,it. *on:un,'..,:'

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38 Slror:t Sto ^Ifr, Sons and Successors

Written by Ru Zhijuan Translated by Ellen KlemPner

Introduction to "Sons and Successors" Ru Zhiiuan

"Sons and Successors" deals with a phenomenon that is fairly recent in China - the "genreation gap." Although the specific term is seldom used in China, it has been general- ly recognized that the problem exists, and articles in various periodicals, particularly "China Youth", have appeared on the subject. First published in the January issue of "Shanghai Literature" this year "Sons and Successors" is one of the first piece of contemporary Chinese fiction to focus on the problem. The main "young" character in the story, 2S-year-old Kuai Chi, like many of China's youth today, has had no experience of the abject poverty and national degradation that was China before the Revolution. Nor has he had much of a chance to witness some of the truly moving acts of self-sacrifice that had once managed to win over the hearts of the Chinese people to the Communist Party in the past. Growing to maturity during the Cultural Revolution, a period in which the gap between ideals and reality in China had become a chasm, Kuai Chi is fed up with listening to tales of the "glorious old days" and his mother's past heroic feats in the P.L.A. This is especially true now that he is not infrequently confronted with examples of bureaucratic behavior and special privilege among officials and cadres. His own mother, Tian Jing, daughter of a poor peasant, now a middle-level cadre, who has tried to pull every possible string to "set up" her son is without exception. His reaction, however, is not to rebel or struggle, as some young people have, but to turn to the pursuit of more material pleasures in the attempt to lead a "good life". In this, he had the moral support of his girl friend, the attractive, fashionable factory hand, Wang Jiali. This eventually leads him into direct conflict with his mother, who feels he ought to rid himself of the bad influence of Wang and to "maintain the revolutionary way of hard struggle and plain iiving". But yet, has Tian Jing herself been really so dedicated to the "cause"? If so, then how does she explain the "illegitimately nurtured feudalism" that has caused her to devote so much energy to "arranging" things for her only son? Her answer seems simple enough: "The Revolution is safe and secure in China now." The implication is that the "successors" problem has been neatly taken care of following the advent of the Communist Party to power. But in reality, the situation is not quite so simple and clear- cut, and, as can be seen in "Sons and Successors", an adequate solution has yet to be found.

39 I'd been standing watch at Tian suspicions were up, and so in an her - Wang Jiali. Jing's bedside for more than an attempt to divert her attention and "Vixen!" That was how Tian hour. It was only a few days into make her last moments happier, I Jing referred toWangJiali. And sure Autumn, not quite six in the even- told her how her favorite student, enough, under her influence, her ing and the sky was just beginning Jia Minghua, had skipped a grade son had begun to grow sideburns, to get dim. As I sat there in a single and passed the university entrance his hair had gotten longer, and he'd room in the Critical Ward, I was exams. He would be going to report started to wear checkered shirts. helplessly witnessing a human life very soon. The problem was, Kuai Chi had quietly slipping away. It was simply "Jia Minghua . . what Jia always been very docile up till now, ebbing, breath by breath, thread by Minghua?" She was a bit out of it and Tian Jing had gotten used to it. thread - dissolving into the dusky now. He had never gone against his light of early evening. Despite my "The student who made you a mother's will before, nor had he ability to think objectively about cabinet last summer. You said his ever wanted to, because everything Tian Jing and my cool attitude father had died and mother remar- had been arranged so well for him, toward this inexorable fact,I found ried and that he'd been learning so comfortably. Well. maybe it it hard to take. And it made me caryentry ever since he was small." hadn't been the best of possible think a lot, too, after I'd run into She fixed her gaze again, but arrangements, but it wasn't the her son, Kuai Chi a moment ago on you couldn't tell if she remembered worst either. But now faced with the stairs. him or not, so I continued : "I the problem of choosing a wife, all I had been the one to recommend bumped into him a few days ago in the pains his mother had taken col- Tian Jing to join the Party. My front of your house. He had come lapsed like a pack of cards, nraking husband had died early, as hers was to visit you." her seem more like a fussy old nag a little later, leaving me with no "Hugh! . . . " She had intended than anything. As a result, Tian children or household burdens. I to give out with a disparaging snort, Jing was broken-hearted, and her became her intimate friend and but instead it resulted in a short, son wasn't too happy either. Three advisor. Since then, she had become abrupt groan. "That phony!" she months ago, Kuai Chi had ignored a middle-echelon cadre. She was a muttered. "Putting on his new Tian Jing's opposition and brought very capable person and could do shirts, has he? Couldn't fool anyone Wang Jiali home for the purpose of, men's work as well as women's. but a corpse, . . . . . and I'm not one as he put it, making his mother Needless to say, her son, Kuai Chi, yet!" "widen her knowledge" and get was always immaculate and fresh- She was stiJl thinking about Kuai use to Wang Jiali. However, he looking. The teachers at her school Chi. I could only keep my mouth really underestimated his mother's often said, "Our Party Secretary shut. strength, as the hitlierto consisterlt- janitor Tian is like a when she's at I'd been coming to see Tian Jing ly mild-mannered Tian Jing had school, and a regular laborer at constantly ever since she had taken gone so far as to point at Wang Jiali home." The way I see it, that was a turn for the worse . Then, as I came and say, "No one like you has ever both her good point and bad point. puffing up the stairs to the second- come out of my house, and no one Yet now, she was lying there so floor ward after work today, I saw .ever will, unless it's over my dead groaning. as quietly; no struggle, no her: a young woman. sitting on a body!" Wang Jiali swung around if she felt no pain at all. But I knew bench by a window in the big cor- and walked out without a word. just how unmistakable her suffering ridor near the stairwell. Her long, The next day, Kuai Chi left home was, as she soberly, silently waited long iurly hair was coiied up on top and moved into the factory. Tian for that one moment. The lines at of her head, and the bangs on her Jing came over to see me, glowering each side of her mouth now looked forehead had been meticulously inflexibly. "I won't compromise! as they had been chiseled into if arranged to give a casual appearance. I won't cornpromise!" she repeated. place, carved out by her pig-headed Her eyes, already flawless, had been I tried to convince her that it tenacity. From time time she to made to look even larger and brigh- wouldn't hurt to make another would open her eyes and look at ter by the eye-shadow applied effort to understand just what was me, at the high, dark ceiling and or around the lids. Under the perfectly it that young people really wanted weakly ask, "What time is it?" straight nose was a full, lightly lip- nowadays, but she just shook her "Six o'clock." sticked mouth. Beneath the form- head, saying, "Vixen! Vixen!" and "What about him?" The "him" fitting bell-bottoms of her grey, walked out. Later on, I tried to talk in question was her son, Kuai Chi. I simpleJined Western suit, was a pair to her one more time, but to no could only answer according to prior of equally grey leather shoes. The avail. The deadlock between mother arrangement. "He went to take a only thing to break up the mono- and son didn't end until it was dis- nap." chrome was the small, blood-red covered that Tian Jing's lung cancer Her murky gaze stopped at a georgette scarf at her neck. She sat had spread, foreing her into the fixed point in space. "That's fine!" there, meeting all the glances thrown hospital. Kuai Chi moved back home she said slowly and clearly. her way without a trace of timidity. then, and their relationship "Don't worry." I knew her I thought to myself - this must be improved somewhat, but Wang Jiali was still on their minds, even though photo album. He talks about you a tion: "Auntie Liu. this is Walg mother and son studiously avoided lot." Jiali." A despondent exl)r'essiorl all mention of her. And now, the "Oh!" I didn't know what to say came over l.ris tace as he spoke. as il person sitting right there by the and just stood there. thinking the to tell me, "See? There's nothing stairwell was very possibly Wang whole while how intelligent she wrong with her." Jiali, herself. seemed. Fortunately, Kuai Chi came Lnmediately understanding Kuai In all fairness, she was really rushing out of Tian Jing's hospital Chi's unspoken nressage, Wang Jiali's quite pretty. was just about to just I room at that moment, stripping smile disappeared and she turned take another look at her, when she off his work-clothes as he walked. her head away, pretending to have a stood up, all wreathed in smiles. revealing a snow-white shirt and a great interest in a patient who was "You must she be Auntie Liu," pair of Western-style pants under- walking by. asked. Then continuing in the soft neath. He seemed stunned for a "How's your Mom?" I asked Shanghai dialect that seemed to moment when he saw me standing Kuai Chi. Aclually. I was just trying flow efl'ortlessly out of her mouth: together with Wang Jiali, but, then. to change the subject. "l saw your picture in Kuai Chi's still managed to give us an introduc- "The doctor said she'll be all right for the time being." "Oh. Have you gone to see ..Auntie in Kuai Chi htroduced, Liu, her?" I asked Wang Jiali, trying to this is Wang Jiali." be casual. She lowered her head and shook it slightly. I didn't care to delay any longer. "l'm going in to see her for a short while, then leave," I said. I hadn't taken more than a few steps when Kuai Chi called me. "Auntie Liu!" He thought to himself a bit, biting his dry lips, then spoke: "Could you stay with her till ten o'clock?" "What for?" "Well, frankly speaking, He had only managed to get half a sentence out. "Go ahead and speak. Auntie Liu isn't an outsider," the girl said. Obviously, she was rnuch more sophisticated than he was. "Frankly speaking," he con- tinued, "Wang Jiali and I are going to attend her older brother's wed- ding." He removed the rest of his work-clothes while talking, and then drawing out a maroon diago- nally-striped tie from Wang Jiali's bag, proceeded to tie it at a lightning pace. Still working on the tie. he went on, "Of course, Xiao Wang's parent's will be there. Plus they're bringing the son of a high cadre with them to introduce to Xiao Wang. We're going to be checking them out and they'll be checking us out. So what can we do? I have to gol I realize how sick Mom is, but I. He paused for a minute and carelessly roiled up his work-clothes, stuffing them savagely into the bag and continued, "l still have my life to live " He pulled a brand- jacket new out of the bag as he ing with difficulty, her chest rising time that Wang Jiali made her spoke. and falling rapidly. I called in a appearance in Kuai Chi's life. I really I saw no reason to make my nurse, who hooked her up to an wouldn't know how much effect position known, so I just stood oxygen tube. Her condition became the coaching had on him. there, staring blankly. Then Wang a bit more stable after that, and she Like the vast majority of other Jiali spoke: "We borrowed these just lay there, silently looking at me, cadres at the time, Tian Jing had to clothes from someone, you know. her eyes gradually misting over with "stand aside during the Cultural And this is not the sort of thing we a layer of tears. I knew she had to Revolution." All she got each month can let anyone know, not even mY be thinking of her son, whom she was a little bit of money for living own mother. No one else will know both loved and hated so much. I expenses, so things were extremely except us. If we say anything at all hurried to turn on the overhead hard for her then. In addition to just at this party, it'll be about how lamp, but its dim, yellowish light making her own clothes. which she great Kual Chi's apartment is." Wang only served to increase the cold, already knew how to do, she also Jiali's eyes were brimming with tears cheerless atmosphere. I could only had to learn how to cook. This she at this point. force a smile and sit down beside learned quite wel1, and anything What could I say to them? I was her, trying to think of some of the that came out of her kitchen was ignorant about their kind of life, happiest, most glorious moments of tasty, even if it were just green struggle, and human relations. What her life to talk about. Ever since her vegetables and turnips. But even in could I say? I had been very familiar joining the army thirty-two years the midst of all this adversity, she with Kuai Chi up till now. But to ago at the age of twenty, we had still managed to save seven yuan a these two young people, under these been working in the same city, and month to pay for the not terribly circumstances, I just didn't know I had never lost contact with her. brilliant violin tutor she had found what to say. I could only stand there Which memories would console her? looking stupefied watching Kuai Chi There must be some high points in for Kuai Chi. I remember one winter, put on that . , . that jacket as if the long life of struggle of a Com- she borrowed forty yuan from the he were puliing a rabbit out of a hat. munist Party member. But what cadre school and came back to buy His whole appearance suddenly were hers? him a practice violin. Violins were a changed as soon as he put it on. He She had been Party Secretary in scarce commodity then. She had to became . . . . . became well, ..... a high school these two years after run around to all of the second-hand impressive. That head of long hair the smashing of the Gang of Four. shops in Shanghai to find a suitable of his went well with the new Actually, it was in name only, as clothes, too, and no longer seemed she was in poor health. Her most instrument, hoping all the while so offensively conspicuous. He was prominent worry for the past two that no one would spot her. This standing on one leg now, changing years had been Kuai Chi's job -- it wasn't easy, as eithel the price wasn't wasn't into leather shoes, as he spoke: "I was not ideal. He was working in a right, or the violin to told Mom I was sleepy and wanted textile factory, oiling the machi- her liking. Finally, after dashing to go home to take a nap. If she alks nery, alternating day and night about all day, she found one with a yuan. about me, just tell her that." He swifts. Needless to say, it was a decent tone for forty-two finished putting on the shoes and tough job, and held little possibility She was so happy that evening, her stood there. "Lying to a sick person for future advancement. So Tian son's future was guaranteed. The is a virtue," he said. He had avoided Jing started rushing around, going whole thing was very moving, but looking at me the whole time he to a lot of trouble, looking up old also a little pathetic. Two years was talking, but now he looked at senior cadres she had served under afterward. when Kuai Chi was me and said, "Don't blame me, and old comrades, telling everyone, assigned work in a State-run textile Auntie Liu!" "I don't have any requests for factory, Tian Jing was so happy Wang Jiali, who had been stand- myself. I'm too old for that. My that she prepared a banquet for ing to one side without uttering a only worry is setting things up right guests, and even handed out candy word, added, "There's nothing I for my son." I don't know how in celebration. Naturally, that put can do, either." often I heard her say this. Finally, an end to the violin lessons, too. "Ail right. You. .you go she managed to get him transferred I held her thin, bony hand in ahead." I said, nodding in agreement into the factory's propaganda mine. It was so cold! I was just as I spoke. I really didn't know department, but that had its short- about to put it back under the what else I should say. comings, too, as there still isn't a covers, when it suddenly squeezed At this, the two of them took bright luture in store for a person my own hand. Tian Jing was looking their things, and, casting a smile in without any special skills. However, at me through barely opened eyes. my direction, took off down the now that she was working in a "What are you thinking?" she asked. stairs. schooi, Tian Jing was in an oppor- "I. I was thinking of how But happily, Tian Jing didn't tune position to find a good teacher you escorted those prisoners-of- bring up the subject of her son to coach her son in maths and war one time in the battle for again. I noticed that she was breath- science. But it was about at this liberation." In my haste, I had hit

42 sweating and feeling tense when, all of a sudden, I heard a crisp, sharp voice up front issuing a command: "Everyone, hands up and run!" "What a girl, Jing! Growing up in the middle of the 'Anti-mopping- up Operation' really paid you off with valuable experiencel" I thanked her in my mind as I ran, huffing to catch my breath. As our contingent turned onto a path between the fields, I could see her smal1, thin figure, running as fast as a little deer, and with such pep that her heels were knocking against her butt. In one haif hour, we covered several miies, safely passing the danger zone. I squeezed Tian Jing's thin hand and straightened out her straw-like hair. "Then, once, our troupe was having a victory celebration when a guest came running up just for the purpose of giving you a small pistol and three rounds of bullets. You remember, don't you?" I said, forc- ing a smile. "Lao Kuai!" Tian Jing's eyes opened wlde and an excited expres- sion came over her face. "We ali could sense what was up then. Everybody was saying you were probably in love." A trace of a smile danced in Tian After dashing about all day, she final- Jing's eyes as she spoke: "I didn't ly found a violin with a decent tone know about anything in those days. for forty-two yuan. She was so happy No one really paid much attentlon that evening. her son's future was guaranteed, to me either, but for some reason, he'd noticed my name. He asked me why I was named "Jlng" upon the climax of her life. What up yet. The Kuomintang army had ("weil" in Chinese), and I said there liery days those were! What a flam- tried to hold last to their position were always droughts where I came ing youth! And sure enough, the here and the whole place was strewn from. So then he asked wouldn't corners of her mouth moved a bit. with corpses, documents! papers, it be better to call me "Hai" ("sea" It had made l-rer feei better! and more important, with guns and in Chinese). I said no, sea water is It was in the Spring of l94l ,not ammunition. If only a few of the useless for farming. He said well long after Tian Jing had joined the prisoners-of-war bent over and then, a pond was still better than a army. The Battle of Laiwu had just picked up a coupie ofhand grenades, well. I said after Llberation we']l started and Jing and I had been sent the situation would reverse itself, have everything, but right now just to the front lines from the cultural and the six of us, with our four call me "We11"." She spoke very troupe to do prisoner-of-war work. guns, would be helplessl I was quickly and clearly, but her excited We had to escort 120 P.O.W's out extremely anxious, but had no way state didn't seem like a good omen of a forward position to a camp of discussing the problem with the to me, so I didn't dare continue her sixty 1i away. The combat company other comrades as I was bringing up thread of discourse. But oh, Jingl that had captured them could only the rear. Our four soldiers were Jing of those days ! I was still calling afford to send four soldiers to heip. marching on both sides of the con- to her in my mind, searching...... No sooner had we left the forward tingent, and Jing was leading up She paused for a sccond, then position than we realized that the front. The sandy battlefield stret- continued, "Later, when I first territory we were covering was a ched out endlessly ahead and there knew I was pregnant, I decided right battlefield that hadn't been cleaned was no sign of human life. I was

43 away what to name the baby -- precisely for. .. . ?" she said, clutch- ing the deposlt slips tightly in hand, "Chi" ("pond" in Chinese) ing the slip in her hand, both cheek- though. I understood her, and there' Then she fell silent. After awhile, bones flushing deeply. I grabbed fore, was a bit annoyed at her her lips started to tremble violently her hand again: "You've been for falseness, but I still attemPted to and a choking. gagging noise came the Revolution, Jing; for maintain- reassure her. "If you want to hand up lrom her throat. There seemed ing the revolutionary way of hard in dues, you can do it Yourself. to be a half-extinguished fire in her struggle and plain living. You're the Why don't you just let me Put these eyes, still burning faintly with daughter of a poor peasant and can things away for you," I said as I resentment, indignation and grief. bear any hardship. Isn't that rlght?" lilted up her shirt pocket and care- Then she exploded. 'Lao Kuai !" I lied. I could hear Kuai Chl's voice fully put the slips back, one bY one. she shouted hoarsely, "I haven't let again: "Lying to a sick person is a She seemed to relax and quiet the family downl I've down right vlrtue." Yes, just like opium and down. Then I noticed her sweat was by your son! . I never had rnorphine. Tian Jing nodded l.rer rather sticky and gave her a tran- even one day of ease and comfort. head. As I expected what I said had quilizer to 1et her sleep for.awhile. I . . . . ." Suddenly, she threw off enabled her to ge1 a hold of herself. I straightened uP and leaned back my hand and began pulling at her but in a short whiie she started up on the chair. sweater with her own badly shaking again. "This is minel And this Children! When did theY first hands, trying to undo the buttons. family is nrine! I'm not giving this appear in our lives? And when was Before I had a chance to help her. to anyone, and certainly not to that it that they managed to caPture the she had already rouglily torn it vixenl" she said in a stern voice, comrnanding heights of the Revoiu- open, and had pulled out a stack of somehow nranaging to hall prop tion? . . . . It's as if from the verY deposit slips fronr her undershirt herself up as she spoke. Tlien she moment they were born, theY pocket, frantically searching among went on. looking at me with flashing began to occuPy a dominant receipts with face values of thirty eyes: "l'rn a member of thc Com- position. I don't know about other yuan, fifty yuan, and even one munist Party. I don't have anY people, but Tian Jing had once said hundred yaun. Ah! What a hard life inheritance to pass on. Give, . . . . . that her onlY worrY was about she'd had! She even had had to give this to the Party as dues!" Fin- setting up thiligs for her children. borrow money from me during those ishing her speech, she collaPsed And the Revolution? Her answer days when everyone had to "stand back onto the pillow, soaked in was: "The Revolution is sale and aside" and try to survive on a living sweat, as if she had spent every last secure in China now." allowance. At last. sl're found what drop of strength. She was still hold- The hospital rootr was Peaceful she was looking for -- a slip for live thousand yuan. "What has been the purpose of my life? Hasn't it been

44 and quiet. The ceiiing seemed "No, I don't get it. I don't "What do you mean bourgeois? especially high. Maybe it waS understand!" I was seized with We don't steal, We don't rob PeoPle. because the room was so narrow. terror. Reallyl I didn't recognize We don't exploit anyone or have The wattage of the overhead light that voice at all. And I didn't know any ambitious designs. How can was very low. It's dull glow hid a what kind of life he meant by a you call us bourgeois?" Kuai Chi lot of the ominous signs on Tian "good 1ife." was speaking now, his head turned Jing's face, at the same time adding Wang Jiali giggled and sat down sharply around. to the chilly, desolate loneliness . . . on the sofa, looking even more "And you're proletariat, I Then, I seemed to see a pair of satisfied. "Isn't that the purpose of suppose? I think feudal might be a bright, sparkling eyes getting nearer living in this world - to eat, to better word for your thinking. You and nearer. There was eye-shadow dress? It's not like I'm going out say I'm bourgeois? Hoping for a around the 1ids, and that Iittle, and doing anything bad." better life is bourgeois? Then why blood-red scarf. It was Wang Jialil I "Compiete philistines! Bourgeois don't you just not pass down could see her clearly norv. movirtg thinking! And you, you Vixen!" anything at all?" Wang Jiali was stil1 about that bright, gleaming-clean Tian Jing suddeniy appeared, the srniling as she spoke. "But there's two-room apartment as if she oxygen tube still attached to her no way you can get away with that ! owned the place. The rooms were a nose, but her voice sounded just the Sooner or later, this world is going little messier now, but seemed way it had when she'd been healthy. to belong to us, and when it does, sor.newhat warmer. Wang Jiali was speaking to rne with a little smile on her face. but the voice I heard was Kuai Chi's: "What do you mean bourgeois? We don't steal. We don't rob people. We don't exploit anyone or have any anibitious . I know what Mom's . designs. How can you call us bourgeois?" Kuai Chi reorted. dream is she wants me to become a great man and do great deeds. But her position just isn't high enough for me to become a great man and do great deeds. Otherwise, there wouldn't have been that probient with the high cadre's son today. First she wants me to learn how to play the violln, then she wants me to study maths and science. It's like her rnain talent lies in torturing me. But it's no good anymore. I'm twenty-eight years o1d. I'11 never become a great man or do great deeds. Nor do I have the ability to become a great tnan and do great deeds. And I'm certainly not going to pretend to be something I'm not. I just war.rt to have a good 1ife. For this I do have to thank Mom she gave me a little "capital" in that. Arrd so has XiaoWang...... Xiao Wang's Working in a 1lttle street association factory, you know. Is thaL her fault? But Mom won't even look at her. So she likes to dress up. Does that get in the way of the Four Modernizations? But Mom we're goingto seek truth from facts. her hand back under the covers. It looks down on that, too. She We know how to look at thingsl" was icy cold, as were the blankets. criticizes every little thing about Proletarlat, bourgeoisie, plus an Then I suddenly realized what a Xiao Wang. What does she want, illegitimately nurtured feudalism - frightening thing it was rhat Tian already?! I'm not a great man and ail living together at the same time, Jing was facing. She wanted to pass can't do great deeds. I just want to under one roof. What a n-rixed-up on her world. It was imperative for have a good life. Get it? A good age! Shaking my head with force, I her. But to whom could she pass it life!" The voice got louder and woke up from my half-asleep state. on? To a "useless" son and his louder and more and more un- It was a bit chilly. Looking at Tian "vixen"? Could she offer her entire familiar. Jing, I found her still sleeping. I put worldtothem?..... "What time is it?" Tian Jing know. Iansweredhalting- ly resumed beating. The moment of raised her eyes and looked at me. ly. parting had come. But Jing! Wait She was waiting for her son. The door behind me opened and awhile ! "Eight o'clock." I looked at my Wang Jiali's beautiful face "Doctor!" I could only wave my watch. It was a quarter to nine. I disappeared. I looked at my watch hand at Jia Minghua, but he caught deliberately made it seem earlier so - nine thirty. Kuai Chi had actually the meaning of my gesture, and the she would think that her son had come back a half hour early. Not empty hallway immediately returned quickly when he came badl But then I heard the door resounded with the sound of his back later. She cocked her head being closed very lightly and care- footsteps. I straightened up and to the side, then turned it back fully. It wasn't Kuai Chi, after ail. took a look at my watch, one hand around, looking at me. "I want to Turning around, I only saw Jia pressing over my own o1d, feeble go home," she murmured, a Minghua, his head soaked with heart. It was exactly ten o'clock. teardrop trickling down out of the sweat, standing by the door with Kuai Chi would be back any rninute. corner of her eye as she spoke. some wooden object over his Perhaps Tian Jing could hold cut "A11 right," I said, puuing my shoulder, dumbly starirg at Tian till then and pour out all her last arrn around her shoulders. "I'll take Jing with wide-open, gllstening hopes and instructions. you home as soon as it gets light." eyes. A very familiar person was about She nodded and closed her eyes "Jia Minghua! You're here!" I to become part of the past, taking again. but her breathing was quite don't know why, but as soon as I with her things very familiar to me. rapid. She was waiting for dawn . . . saw him. I felt an inexpressible joy, I knew that I wouldn't be present I stood up, wiped the tears from as if I were nteeting with an o1d much longer either. The future my eyes, and started walking about familiar friend. belonged to Jia Minghua, to Kuai the room. Could she make it ti1l "I told the nurse I'd only come Chi and Wang Jiall, and ol course, dawn? I would've taken her horne in for a few minutes. I had no idea to the high cadre's son, too. They right then and there if it had been Teacher Tian was as sick as would have high points in their lives, possible. That bright, gleaming- this!" some exceeding ours, some perhaps clean home was hers. It was what "Weren't you going to BeSing? not. But whatever the case may be, she was familiar with, and she How come you haven't gone yet?" I hope their high points won't be wouldn't be getting too many "I'm going tomorrow. I had subjected to compromir-, expedi- chances to see it in the future. son.re things to do so I put it off for ency, or antagonrsm. The oniy window in the room a few days. I had no idea that I heard Jia Minghua running had a northern exposure, and it Teacher Tian was so sick. Otherwise, back with the doctor. faced out onto the hospitai wall. At I would have come to see her the foot of the wail was a cricket, before." He remained standing by chirping miserably in the cold, and the door as he spoke, as if one extra beyond it. a baby was crying. step would have had a bad effect on Somewhere in a far off place, the the patient. festive banquet was reaching a "Sit down!" I said, moving the climax. I wondered how much only chair in his direction. assurance the ten-degree cadre's son He opened his eyes wide and had of victory. Next to me, a looked at me, then at Tian Jing, human life was disappearing, but totally stunned. "Does she need Life itself had not come to a halt, blood? Mine's good type "O"!" and was continuing forward in the he said, looking at me agaln. quiet of the night. "Life goes on, I shook my head, then, before I but where is it going?" I brooded to had time to speak, I discovered that myseif. Then the two made-up eyes there was somethlng wrong with appeared in front of me again, and Tian Jing's breathing. She was clean, white little ears peared out struggling. "My boy's coming soon," from under the soft, coiled-up hair. she said. I don't know why, but for some "Tian Jing, what's the matter?" reason, I imagined a pair of blood- She didn't make a sound, but only red earrings hanging from them. clutched the clothing about her "What's the right direction, you solar plexus. After awhile she spoke ask? From the 70's to the 80's!" up: "The money give it to she said, eyes sparkling. "When has him, to my son." You could hear there ever been a Proletariat that the phlegm in her throat as she didn't hope to live better from talked. generation to generation?" I felt my own heart thud to a "Maybe you're right. I don't stop for a second, but then it quick- EBooks Notable Facts - China in compact Philip llu

The growing importance of the anyone could find the fare inter- one's business in China. People's Republic of China in the esting and enjoyable. For business- In this handsomely produced international sphere since its emer- men, students or tourists, this hand- and more or less copiously com- gence from the Cultural Revolution book, though unpretentious of its piled package, the readers will surely has been heightened by frequent origin, is a most readable one. find a similarity with "China-A cultural and economic contacts Among its neatly arranged sec- Generol Survey" published by between China and the rest of the tions, one f,rnds the subject matter Beijing Foreign Language Press. Of world. Much has been written about as diverse as geography and history, course, China Handbook evades China, yet, introductory books are government and politics, culture being an exact replica of it. A too often superficial and fragment- and economy, science and educa- capsule history of China in ary, not enough to whet one's tion, language and national minor- chronological form provides the appetite. ities, foreign relations and tourism. readers with interesting insight. China Handbook published by Also found are lists of government China Handbook, one must Ta Kung Po, Hongkong is a compre- offices, associations, organizations say, cannot claim to have the final hensive manual with the most cur- and their respective body of ofhcials. say on the subjects presented. rent information on China. But to Altogether, this manual brings one Nevertheless, it serves as a quick dub it as a 'miniencyclopedia' up-to-date with all the important reference for understanding China would be a misnomer. Sure enough, data one needs when going about and its changing society.

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