Japanese variety, cultivation and harvesting for high yield and high quality

Namiko Ikeda NARO Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, Japan Tea Production Area in Japan

in 2017 Total 41020t

Shizuoka

Kagoshim a Tea Production in Japan in 2017 Total 80242t

Shizuoka

Kagoshima Type of Japanese Tea Green + Sencha - steam-treated, most popular type + Gyokuro - tea shoots grown in the shade for 20 days, finest + Matcha – powdered tea, used for , grown in the shade, no rolling + – pan-fired Black tea Goishi cha, Microbiological tea Microbiological fermentation tea Tea Production in Japan

80000

70000

60000 Material of powdered tea

50000 Popular Japanese green tea

Material of beverage

40000 Production(t)

30000

20000

10000

0 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Black Tea Production in Japan

10000

ton 5000

Production Export Inport

0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 year tea trade was opened Black tea Cultivar in Japan

Benihomare 2500 Indo Hatsumomiji Benitachiwase 2000 Akane Benikaori Benifuji Satsumabeni

1500 Black tea cultivar total ha 1000

500

0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 year Small Scale Black Tea Processing

Withering Tea leaves after withering Rolling

Stop the oxidization, Drying Fermentation Tea leaves after rolling Process of Steamed Green Tea ,Sencha

Steaming Primary rolling Rolling

Drying Final rolling Secondary rolling Crop season in Japan in Shizuoka +First crop April to May high yield refreshing flavor with green note brothy and sweet taste high grade +Second crop June +Third crop July to August +Autumn crop September to October materials for beverages Process of Tencha Cooling and mixing Material for powdered tea, matcha Shading cultivation Steaming

Grinded by stone mill Tencha, material of matcha Drying Drinking and Eating Matcha Tea propagation in Japan

Yabukita Yutakamidori Saemidori Okumidori Sayamakaori Asatsuyu Kanayamidori Asanoka Clonal varieties Samidori Okuyutaka Meiryoku Tuyuhikari Ooiwase Okuhikari Other cultivars Seed propagation Tokyo Olympic 1.2% Games in 1964 Tatsuyama village, Seed Propagated Tea Shizuoka Prefecture Garden in Japan

+ Mountain area, steep slope land Kawane town, + Low yield Shizuoka Prefecture + Sprouting time, shoot size were not uniform Kochi Prefecture Tatsuyama village, + Not adapted to mechanical plucking Shizuoka Prefecture Clonal Propagated in Shizuoka, Japan +High yield +Sprouting time, shoot size are uniform +Adapted to mechanical plucking Cutting Propagation In nursery of our institute +In July, in Japan (rainy season) +During 2 months after planting (shade cultivation) width of nursery bed ; about 90 cm

Shading nursery cultivation at Nagata Tea Garden, Kanaya, Shizuoka

between plant 3cm between row 15cm Two leaves and two nodes

3cm One row Planting in the Field 150 – 180 cm

+ Width between row was adapted to plucking machine + Portable machine for two people 150-160 cm Two rows + Riding type machine 180 cm

150 – 180 cm Bush Formation

1 year after planting 2 years after planting

3 years after planting 1 year after first prune Pruning

Objectives +Refreshing the vigor of old tea plants +Maintaining the height of the plucking surface every 5 years

Riding-type pruning machine Tea Harvesting

Hand plucking Plucking shears Portable machine for one people

Portable machine for two people Rail-tracking machine Riding-type machine Glendale Tea Estate in South India

Ordinary tea mechanical plucking stable income

Special tea hand plucking processing by small machine gain a highest price at auction become better known high cost Which is important, quality Chinese black tea tea in Taiwan or quantity (yield) ? + Yield is more important. + Tea is a valuable beverage for Buddhist monks, ruling classes, and high society classes in former times + Tea is a popular favorite beverage now

+ Demand for super high quality and high price tea is in India First Flush not large. + The cost of special tea production is very high, and not stable. Special tea needs many requirements, for instance, cultivar, some natural conditions, careful plucking, and carefull processing. Mr. Tohei Maejima hand plucking Shading cultivation Finest green tea, Gyokuro export to Europe 0.4 ha

+ Mr. Maejima’s family factory He knitted the straw mat with his straw produced in his paddy field + Okabe town in Shizuoka Prefecture + harvest only first flush + not organic Utilized straw mats put into the field + Oct. to May without pesticide dressing small family factory Gyokuro + June to Oct. minimum pesticide dressing + Export to EU Yield of Tea Shoots Natural effects Genetic effect Artificial effects temperature cultivation rainfall age of tree solar radiation pruning and trimming frost damage Yield fertilizer application plucking hand or machine plucking position (How many leaves?) 5/1 5/6 increased day by day Yield components

All shoot are plucked by hand on bract

+ weight of shoots terminal bud + number of shoots + rate of banjhi shoots + shoot lengths + number of leaves new shoots

bract the shoots which terminal buds were mature leaf already developed Genetic Effects and Environmental Effects

1987 Variety 1988 Place 1989

year Error 1990

0 50 100 Contribution of variance components（％） Fig. 1. Variance components of yield of first crop in local adaptability test Varietal Differences in Yield of First Crop

Cultivar 1987 1988 1989 1990 Saitama No. 29 1868 2533 3239 3505 high Fushun 2074 2810 3428 3754 high Miyazaki No.8 2195 2659 3171 3860 high Saemidori 1292 1854 2280 low Yabukita 1502 1773 2086 2588 low Varietal Differences in Yield Components

Number of shoots per unit Weight of 100 shoots(g) (900cm2) Cultivar 1987 1988 1989 1990 Saitama No. 29 151.3 176.0 37.2 33.5 Fushun 141.2 162.4 45.8 40.4 Miyazaki No.8 114.2 143.8 56.0 46.2 Saemidori 137.8 38.7 Yabukita 116.7 148.4 43.5 39.5 Bush Style better X

erect type spread type wide of bush just small large after planting

vigor just after planting apparently low apparently high

bush number on many little plucking surface

number of new shoots many little Our Trip to Turkey

+in 2013 +With Prof. Omori of Otsuma Women’s University and some researchers, students