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KFRI-RR272.Pdf KFRI Research Report No. 272 ISSN 0970-8103 Rehabilitation of degraded forests through landscape-based participatory approach Jose Kallarackal U.M. Chandrashekara P. Vijayakumaran Nair George Mathew K. K. Ramachandran Mammen Chundamannil V. Anitha N.C. Induchoodan Trivedi Babu Prakriti Srivastava M.L. Thomas KERALA FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE Peechi - 680 653, Kerala, India July 2005 CONTENTS PAGE NO. PROJECT PROPOSAL i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY iv 1. INTRODUCTION 1-4 2. CAPACITY BUILDING 5-26 Component one – Senior Management Study Tour to Australia Component two - In-India Project Preparation and Needs Component three – Five Week Intensive Training Programme Component four - Follow-up Support for Demonstration Component five - Final Follow-up Visit and Project completion Workshop. 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 27-40 3.1. Landscape description 3.2. Methodology 3.2.1. Vegetation diversity 3.2.2. Faunal diversity 3.2.3. The human dynamics in the landscape 4. RESULTS 41-68 4.2. Vegetation 4.3. Faunal diversity 4.4. Socioeconomics 5. DISCUSSION 69-82 5.1 Landscape ecology and participatory management - interactions 5.2 The expectation 5.3 The experience 5.4 Policies and their implementation - problems 5.5 Resistance to change 5.6 Where did we falter? 6. CONCLUSIONS 83 REFERENCES 84 APPENDICES 85-161 List of Tables Page No. 1. Soil physical and chemical properties of the landscape. 30 2. Baseline information of tree community (Site I) 41 3. Number and area of homesteads (n=54) (Site I) 45 4. Agricultural crops (n= 54) (Site I) 46 5. Basic statistics of tree community in evergreen forest plots (Site II) 47 6. Girth class distribution of tree community in evergreen forests (Site II) 47 7. Basic statistics of tree community in semi-evergreen forest plots (Site II) 48 8. Girth class distribution of tree community in semi-evergreen forests (Site 48 II) 9. Basic statistics of tree community in moist deciduous forest plots (Site II). 49 10. Girth class distribution of tree community in undisturbed moist 49 deciduous forests (Site II). 11. Girth class distribution of tree community in disturbed moist deciduous 50 forests (Site II) 12. Basic statistics of tree community in moist deciduous forest plots (Site II) 50 13. Basic statistics of tree community in Fire affected MDF (Site II). 50 14. Girth class distribution of tree community in fire affected MDF (Site II) 50 15. Basic statistics of tree community in the MDF (SiteII) 51 16. Girth class distribution of tree community in MDF (Site II) 51 17. LAI measurements along with the standard error (S.E.) (Site I) 53 18 . LAI measurements in the sample plots (site II) 54 19. Relative dominance of insect groups 56 20. Species diversity 57 21. Similarity values 57 22. NWFP dependence of primary stakeholders (Site I) 67 List of figures 1.Girth class distribution of trees (Site I) 42 2. (a/b/c). Girth class distribution of trees (Site I) 43-45 3. Frequency of LAI ranges in the 51 quadrats (Site I) . 53 4 . Relationship between the area occupied by the bamboo clumps and the 55 number of earthworms. 5. The relationship between bamboo basal area per quadrat and the number 55 of earthworms per quadrat. 6. Dendrogram showing similarity of different insect assemblages at Site I 57 & Site II List of Maps 1. Study area -location 29 2. Contour maps of Site I & Site II 31 3. Contour and relief (Site II) 32 4. Surrounding roads and selected houses (Site I) 41 5. Land use based on aerial photo (1992) - Site I 62 List of Boxes 1. The stakeholders 40 2. NWFPS marketing channels (Site II) 60 3. Poverty analysis (site II) 65 4. Intensity of dependence on forests 66 List of Appendices 1. Forest plot divided into grids (Site I) 85 2. Geographic position of plots, density and basal area of trees in each 86 established plot (Site II). 3. Satellite map of site II showing location of the quadrate (numbered) laid 87 out for vegetation analysis. 4. Details of earthworm biomass from sampled quadrats 88 5. Number of individuals and basal area (cm2) of different tree species in the 89 Vellimuttom forest. Importance value index (IVI) of the species is also given. 6. Number of natural seedlings in the Vellimuttom forest site 91 7. Distribution pattern of bamboo clumps (Site I) 92 8. Distribution pattern of bamboo culms (Site I) 93 9. Distribution pattern of saplings (Site I) 94 10. Distribution pattern of trees (Site I) 95 11. Distribution pattern of natural seedlings (Site I) 96 12. Density (individuals ha-1) and importance value index (IVI) of different 97 tree species in homesteads of different size at Vellimuttom (n=54 homesteads) 13. Occurrence of different tree species in evergreen forests plots at 99 Vaniampuzha 14. Occurrence of different tree species in seedling phase in evergreen 101 forest plots in Vaniampuzha 15.Occurrence of different tree species in semi-evergreen plots (Site II) 103 16. Occurrence of different tree species in seedling phase in semi-evergreen 105 forests of Vaniampuzha 17. Occurrence of different tree species in moist deciduous forest plots at 107 Vaniampuzha. 18. Occurrence of tree species in seedling phase in moist deciduous forest 108 plots at Vaniampuzha. 19. Occurrence of different tree species in fire affected areas in 109 Vaniampuzha. 20. Occurrence of different tree species in seedling phase in the fire affected 110 areas in Vaniampuzha 21. Density and IVI of herbs in the fire affected moist deciduous forests. 111 Values in parentheses are for moist deciduous forests not affected by fire. 22. Density and IVI of shrubs in the fire affected moist deciduous forests. 112 Values in parentheses are for moist deciduous forests not affected by fire. 23. Density and IVI of climbers in the fire affected moist deciduous forests. 113 Values in parentheses are for moist deciduous forests not affected by fire. 24. Density and IVI of herbs in the forest near tribal settlement in 114 Vaniampuzha 25. Density and IVI of shrubs in the forest near tribal settlements in 115 Vaniampuzha 26. Density and IVI of climbers in the forest near tribal settlements in 116 Vaniampuzha 27. Birds observed in the forest using Timed Area Search method (site I). 117 28. List of birds (Site II) 118 29. Insects recorded on various host plants 121 30. List of insects recorded from Vellimuttom (Site I) 122 31.Socioeconomic details of study sites 126 32. Ethno botanical infor (Site II) 127 33. Health report (Site II) 148 34. Problem tree analysis (Site II) 149 35. Cause-effect analysis of alcoholism (Site II 150 36. NWFPs seasonality (Site II) 151 37. List of NWFPs collected (Site II). 154 38. Cause effect analysis of NWFPs resources (Site II) 156 39. Workshop report 157 PROJECT PROPOSAL 1. Project number : 318/1999 2. Title of the Project : Rehabilitation of degraded forests through landscape-based participatory approach. 3. Objectives : 1) To build capacity within KFRI and KFD for landscape ecology based participatory forest management. 2) To adopt participatory management approach to plan, design and implement strategies for rehabilitation of degraded forests for protecting and perpetuating the structures and processes of landscape ecosystems. 3) To establish demonstration forest plots to represent a set of landscape-based participatory approach for the rehabilitation of forests. 4. Date of commencement : September 1999 5. Scheduled date of completion : August 2001 6. Funding agency : Australian Assistance for International Development (AusAID) Department of Planning and Economic Affairs, Government of Kerala 7. Project team Project Coordinator: Dr J. Kallarackal Principal Investigator: Dr U.M. Chandrashekara Associate Investigators: Dr P.V. Nair Dr George Mathew Dr K.K. Ramachandran Dr N.C. Induchoodan Dr M. Chundamannil Dr V. Anitha Mr. Trivedi Babu (KFD) Ms. Prakriti Srivastava (KFD) Mr. M.L. Thomas (KFD) ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project on Capacity Building is the result of signing an agreement between two countries, India and Australia for mutual cooperation between the two countries in the field of science. The vision and quest for advancement of science shown by the Government officials of the two countries need special acknowledgement. The credit for promoting the agreement between the two countries goes to Australian Assistance for International Development (AusAID) and Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Government of India. Several officials, especially Mr. Alex Knox and Mr. Ramesh Subramanian of the AusAID office in New Delhi and Mr. Mahesh Jiwarajka, IFS (MoEF) deserve thanks for the efforts they have taken during the formulation of the project proposal as well as the cooperation shown for implementing the programme. The officials of the Department of Science Technology and Environment (STED), presently Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment (KSCSTE), Government of Kerala also gave cooperation in initiating and implementing this project. This project was delegated by AusAID to GRM International Pty. Ltd. for implementation, who subcontracted it to Hawthorn International as a consultant. We are grateful to the officers of GRM International, especially Mr. John Lyndon and Ms. Gabrielle Evans for their interest and cooperation shown during the project implementation. The officials of Hawthorn International organized visits by several of our officials and scientists for training. We specially thank Ms. Karen Medica and Ms. Sally Low who took a lot of pains to organize the training and arrange for trips we made in Australia. The leader of the Hawthorn team, Professor Ian Ferguson deserve special credit for organizing the technical programme of this project in the most efficient and impeccable manner. We thank the scientists who visited India as consultants in this project, namely, Dr Sadanandan Nambiar, Dr. David Flinn, Dr. Peter Stephen, Dr. Steve Reid, Dr Richard Loyn, Dr Tim O’Meara and Dr Rowan Reid.
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