DOCSLIB.ORG

Hostrange Differences Explain Speciation Opportunity

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Hostrange Differences Explain Speciation Opportunity Australian Journal of Entomology (2011) 50, 405–417 Gall inducers take a leap: host-range differences explain speciation opportunity (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae)aen_831 405..417 Michael J McLeish,1,2* Michael P Schwarz2 and Tom W Chapman2,3 1Department of Botany and Zoology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa. 2Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia. 3Department of Biology, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada, A1B 3X9. Abstract Phytophagous insects that specialise on broadly distributed plant groups are exposed to host-species diversity gradients. The gall-inducing thrips genus Kladothrips (Froggatt) that specialise on Australian Acacia Mill. (Mimosoideae: Leguminosae, subgenus Phyllodineae DC.) is expected to exhibit variation in host range that is dependent on host ecology. Host Acacia species distributions show structuring between the arid Eremean and non-arid biomes of the monsoonal tropics and temperate south-western and south-eastern Australia. We investigate two aspects of host use in: (1) the Kladothrips rugosus species complex that specialises on hosts whose distributions overlap among sibling lineages on different Acacia species; and (2) Kladothrips nicolsoni that specialises on a species that is relatively isolated from hosts of sibling lineages. First, several approaches that use DNA sequence data are combined to infer putative species among K. rugosus lineages collected from multiple Acacia species using: phylogenetic inference; statistical parsimony; amova; maximum likelihood genetic distance relationships; and generalised mixed Yule coalescent likelihood test of lineage delimitation. Second, haplotype network analysis is used to estimate population structuring of K. nicolsoni that specialises on a geographically isolated Acacia host species. Analyses indicated below species-level relationships among lineages that each induces galls on different Acacia host species. In contrast, haplotype network analysis for a gall-thrips species that is largely allopatric with hosts of sibling species indicates isolation by distance and range expansion effects. Greater host-species richness enhances gall-thrips opportunity to host shift resulting in founder effects that lead to disruptive selection. Restricted gene flow among gall-thrips populations specialising on a relatively isolated host species implies genetic drift via allopatric mechanisms. The results suggest gall-thrips speciation is driven by the combined influence of ecologically based selection with genetic drift that is largely determined by variation in host-species richness between arid and non-arid Australia. Key words Acacia, ecological opportunity, host shift, insect–plant interaction, thrips. INTRODUCTION (Crisp et al. 2004; Crisp & Cook 2007; Byrne et al. 2008; Murphy et al. 2010). Specialising on a comparatively small Aspects of the environment have profound consequences for proportion of these Acacia is the gall-inducing thrips genus how speciation proceeds (Schluter 2001). Reproductive iso- Kladothrips Froggatt (Crespi & Abbot 1999; Morris et al. lation should evolve between populations adapting to con- 2001; McLeish et al. 2007a). The taxonomy of this small trasting habitat structure, climate, resources, and the suite of group of Acacia lineages is controversial (Murphy et al. predators and competitors present (Schluter 2009). Heteroge- 2010). However, host-species affiliations as defined by the neous environments are believed to influence diversification Kladothrips phylogeny agree with older classifications that in widely distributed plant clades and the insect clades that separate section Juliflorae (Benth.) from section Plurinerves specialise on them (Austin et al. 2004; Östergård & Ehrlén (Benth.). These Acacia host-species distributions are geo- 2005; Janz et al. 2006). The Australian continent comprises graphically structured between arid and non-arid areas distinct biomes that include the arid Eremean interior and (Maslin & Pedley 1988; Maslin 2001b; Miller et al. 2003; non-arid temperate and monsoonal tropics that together Murphy et al. 2003; Bowman & Yeates 2006; McLeish et al. support an enormous diversity of endemic Acacia Mill. 2007b). Speciation of gall-thrips on each of these host sec- tions is expected to operate under different environmental and ecological contexts that are partitioned by arid/non-arid *[email protected] geographical disjunctions (MJ McLeish in review). © 2011 The Authors Journal compilation © 2011 Australian Entomological Society doi:10.1111/j.1440-6055.2011.00831.x 406 M J McLeish et al. Fig. 1. The species ranges of Plurinerves hosts of the Kladothrips rugosus and K. waterhousei complexes. Distributions of different Acacia species are shown by various overlapping outlined areas. The species range of Acacia papyrocarpa highlighted below shows Kladothrips nicolsoni sample populations. Distributions were simplified from Maslin (2001b). Solid vertical lines connect putative K. rugosus agg. species collected from multiple Acacia species. The dotted lines indicate the same putative K. waterhousei species but sampled from more than one Acacia species. Specialisation on a narrow host range does not necessarily The Kladothrips rugosus agg. (Froggatt), or species limit further evolution (Maslin 2001a; Nosil 2002; Nosil & complex, is associated with at least 14 Acacia species (Mound Mooers 2005; Tripp & Manos 2008). Ecological barriers to et al. 1996; Crespi et al. 1998; Crespi & Worobey 1998; phytophagous insect host use include fitness tradeoffs and Crespi & Abbot 1999; Kranz et al. 2000; McLeish et al. ancestral host preference (Janz et al. 2001; Ward et al. 2003). 2007b). Host species of the K. rugosus complex are distributed Host specificity of parasitic organisms in general does not over the Great Dividing Range, Murray River Basin and riv- necessarily have to correspond with historical associations and erine lowland region, Nullabor Plain and south-west Western is susceptible to ecological and geographical circumstances Australia (Maslin 2001b). Two lineages belonging to this (Janzen 1985; Nyman 2010). Differentiation in specialist phy- clade, Kladothrips nicolsoni (ex. K. rugosus Froggatt) and K. tophagous insects dependent on host ecology is influenced by maslini are described species. The clade comprises several selection driven by ecological opportunity (Janz et al. 2006; morphologically similar lineages that inhabit Acacia section Hoberg & Brooks 2008; Via 2009). Kladothrips predomi- Plurinerves. Each gall-thrips lineage is associated with a nantly exhibit host-species specificity (Crespi et al. 1998). variant of several highly discrete gall morphologies believed to However, observations support the possibility that some be extended phenotypes (Crespi et al. 1998; Crespi & species induce galls on multiple host species (Ananthakrish- Worobey 1998; Crespi & Abbot 1999; McLeish et al. 2006a). nan 1992; Morris et al. 2002; Crespi et al. 2004). Host spe- Unlike all the other members of the complex, K. nicolsoni is cialisation should favour the formation of new species via a distributed over the south-central deserts of the Eremean in shift from an ancestral to novel host plant followed by adap- relative isolation of host species of sibling lineages (Fig. 1). In tation (Bush 1969; Crespi et al. 1998). Clades comprising contrast, other members of the complex specialise on host races or sibling species offer an opportunity to evaluate host species that are largely overlapping. specificity at species and coalescent stages subject to different The aim of this study is to infer putative genetic species environmental contexts (Forbes et al. 2009). (Mayr 1969; Avise & Ball 1990) belonging to the K. rugosus © 2011 The Authors Journal compilation © 2011 Australian Entomological Society Host range and speciation opportunity 407 complex in order to detect departures from strict one-to-one Phylogenetic inference host-species specificity. We assess the genetic distinctiveness A comprehensive explanation of DNA extraction, PCR and of K. rugosus lineages and reconcile these with host Acacia alignment protocols is given by McLeish et al. (2006a). Phy- species distributions among different biomes of Australia logenetic inference was based on amplicates of up to 1245 bp (Crisp et al. 2004). A Bayesian consensus phylogram is of the COI mitochondrial gene, 444 bp of elongation factor inferred to identify the exclusivity of clades’ that might repre- one alpha (EF-1a), 472 bp of 16S (ribosomal RNA subunit) sent population-level divergences. Maximum likelihood (ML) and 549 bp of wingless nuclear genes. Up to 618 bp of the COI approach analyses based on four gene fragments are used to was amplified and included in the putative population-level generate distributions of pairwise genetic distances among the analyses. Sequence alignment was straightforward and K. rugosus species complex in order to detect below-species achieved manually by comparison with existing alignments host relationships. Statistical parsimony is used to infer aggre- (McLeish et al. 2007b). A Bayesian consensus phylogram was gates of K. rugosus lineages that are used as a priori putative inferred for the entire K. rugosus complex sample including K. species for analysis of molecular variance (amova) tests of nicolsoni, to assess branch length differences among lineages genetic variance. Fixation indices (F ) among the aggregates ST using the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Biological Survey of the Eastern Goldfields of Western Australia the Biological Survey of the Eastern Goldfields of Western Australia
    THE BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE EASTERN GOLDFIELDS OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA THE BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE EASTERN GOLDFIELDS OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA Part I INTRODUCTION AND METHODS by Biological Surveys Committee Western Australia 1984 Front Cover Landsat image of south western sector of the Eastern Goldfields in the region south of Southern Cross. Wheatfields occupy the western portion. Courtesy Lands and Survey Department. © Western Australian Museum, 1984 ISSBN: 0 7244 9970 9 PT 1: 0724499717 PT 2: 0 7244 9972 5 Published by the Western Australian Museum, Frands Street, Perth, Western Australia 6000. Printed in Western Australia by Advance Press Pty Ltd. BioI. Survey of the E. Goldfields of W.A. Pt. 1. Intra. CONTENTS Abstract 1 Introduction . Objectives................. .. 6 Aims 7 Methods 9 Design 9 Vegetation and Floristics 10 Vertebrate animals 11 Acknowledgements 15 References 15 BioI. Survey of the E. Goldfields of W.A. Pt. 1. Intro. Abstract This part is the first in a series that will describe the biological survey of the Eastern Goldfields District of Western Australia. It deals specifically with the background, aims and objectives of the survey and outlines the methods used to document vegetation, soils, flora and verteprate fauna at numerous sample sites representative of this heterogeneous region. The Eastern Goldfields District (266,000 km') was selected for survey for the following reasons because: there had been no previous detailed survey of the biota of the District, which is a region of considerable interest in that it lies between the mesic South West and arid Eremaean regions; extensive areas of vegetation have remained relatively unmodified since European settlement; the need to evaluate the adequacy of existing conservation reserve systems; pressure to release more land for clearing for cereal crops in south-western and southern parts of the district.
    [Show full text]
  • Charles Darwin, Kadji Kadji, Karara, Lochada Reserves WA
    BUSH BLITZ SPECIES DISCOVERY PROGRAM Charles Darwin Reserve WA 3–9 May · 14–25 September · 7–18 December 2009 Kadji Kadji, Karara, Lochada Reserves WA 14–25 September · 7–18 December 2009 What is Contents Bush Blitz? Bush Blitz is a four-year, What is Bush Blitz 2 multi-million dollar Summary 3 partnership between the Abbreviations 3 Australian Government, Introduction 4 BHP Billiton, and Earthwatch Reserves Overview 5 Australia to document plants Methods 8 and animals in selected properties across Australia’s Results 10 National Reserve System. Discussion 12 Appendix A: Species Lists 15 Fauna 16 This innovative partnership Vertebrates 16 harnesses the expertise of many Invertebrates 25 of Australia’s top scientists from Flora 48 museums, herbaria, universities, Appendix B: Rare and Threatened Species 79 and other institutions and Fauna 80 organisations across the country. Flora 81 Appendix C: Exotic and Pest Species 83 Fauna 84 Flora 85 2 Bush Blitz survey report Summary Bush Blitz fieldwork was conducted at four National Reserve System properties in the Western Australian Avon Wheatbelt and Yalgoo Bioregions during 2009. This included a pilot study Abbreviations at Charles Darwin Reserve and a longer study of Charles Darwin, Kadji Kadji, Lochada and Karara reserves. Results include 651 species added to those known across the reserves and the discovery of 35 putative species new to science. The majority of ANHAT these new species occur within the heteroptera (plant bugs) and Australian Natural Heritage Assessment lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) taxonomic groups. Tool Malleefowl (Leipoa ocellata), listed as vulnerable under the EPBC Act federal Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Environment Protection and Biodiversity Act 1999 (EPBC Act), were observed on Charles Darwin Reserve.
    [Show full text]
  • Rangelands, Western Australia
    Biodiversity Summary for NRM Regions Species List What is the summary for and where does it come from? This list has been produced by the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (SEWPC) for the Natural Resource Management Spatial Information System. The list was produced using the AustralianAustralian Natural Natural Heritage Heritage Assessment Assessment Tool Tool (ANHAT), which analyses data from a range of plant and animal surveys and collections from across Australia to automatically generate a report for each NRM region. Data sources (Appendix 2) include national and state herbaria, museums, state governments, CSIRO, Birds Australia and a range of surveys conducted by or for DEWHA. For each family of plant and animal covered by ANHAT (Appendix 1), this document gives the number of species in the country and how many of them are found in the region. It also identifies species listed as Vulnerable, Critically Endangered, Endangered or Conservation Dependent under the EPBC Act. A biodiversity summary for this region is also available. For more information please see: www.environment.gov.au/heritage/anhat/index.html Limitations • ANHAT currently contains information on the distribution of over 30,000 Australian taxa. This includes all mammals, birds, reptiles, frogs and fish, 137 families of vascular plants (over 15,000 species) and a range of invertebrate groups. Groups notnot yet yet covered covered in inANHAT ANHAT are notnot included included in in the the list. list. • The data used come from authoritative sources, but they are not perfect. All species names have been confirmed as valid species names, but it is not possible to confirm all species locations.
    [Show full text]
  • Diagnostic 1 Location
    Flora and fauna assessment for the Calingiri to Wubin study areas Prepared for Muchea to Wubin Integrated Project Team (Main Roads WA, Jacobs and Arup) Appendix 6 Key to determining presence of the EPBC Act listed TEC Eucalypt woodlands of the Western Australian Wheatbelt Description based on Department of the Environment (2015a): The Eucalypt woodlands of the Western Australian Wheatbelt TEC is composed of eucalypt woodlands dominated by a complex mosaic of eucalypt species with a single tree or mallet form over an understorey that is highly variable in structure and composition. A mallet habit refers to a eucalypt with a single, slender trunk and steep- angled branches that give rise to a dense crown. Many eucalypt species are considered iconic within the Wheatbelt landscape, for example, Eucalyptus salmonophloia (salmon gum), E. loxophleba subsp. loxophleba (York gum), Eucalyptus rudis subsp. rudis, E. salubris (gimlet), E. wandoo (wandoo) and the mallet group of species. Associated species may include Acacia acuminata (jam), Corymbia calophylla (marri) and Eucalyptus marginata (jarrah). The understorey structures are often bare to sparse, herbaceous, shrub of heath, chenopod-dominated, thickets (Melaleuca spp.) and saline areas with Tecticornia spp. The main diagnostic features include location, minimum crown cover of the tree canopy of 10% in a mature woodland, presence of key species and a minimum condition according to scale of Keighery (1994) that depends on size of a patch, weed cover and presence of mature trees. A patch is defined as a discrete and mostly continuous area of the ecological community and may include small-scale variations and disturbances, such as tracks or breaks, watercourses/drainage lines or localised changes in vegetation that do not act as a permanent barrier or significantly alter its overall functionality.
    [Show full text]
  • Species List
    Biodiversity Summary for NRM Regions Species List What is the summary for and where does it come from? This list has been produced by the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (SEWPC) for the Natural Resource Management Spatial Information System. The list was produced using the AustralianAustralian Natural Natural Heritage Heritage Assessment Assessment Tool Tool (ANHAT), which analyses data from a range of plant and animal surveys and collections from across Australia to automatically generate a report for each NRM region. Data sources (Appendix 2) include national and state herbaria, museums, state governments, CSIRO, Birds Australia and a range of surveys conducted by or for DEWHA. For each family of plant and animal covered by ANHAT (Appendix 1), this document gives the number of species in the country and how many of them are found in the region. It also identifies species listed as Vulnerable, Critically Endangered, Endangered or Conservation Dependent under the EPBC Act. A biodiversity summary for this region is also available. For more information please see: www.environment.gov.au/heritage/anhat/index.html Limitations • ANHAT currently contains information on the distribution of over 30,000 Australian taxa. This includes all mammals, birds, reptiles, frogs and fish, 137 families of vascular plants (over 15,000 species) and a range of invertebrate groups. Groups notnot yet yet covered covered in inANHAT ANHAT are notnot included included in in the the list. list. • The data used come from authoritative sources, but they are not perfect. All species names have been confirmed as valid species names, but it is not possible to confirm all species locations.
    [Show full text]
  • Western Australia's Journal of Systematic Botany Issn 0085–4417
    WESTERN AUSTRALIA'S JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC BOTANY ISSN 0085–4417 Maslin, B.R. Three new wattles (Acacia: Mimosoideae) from the Kalannie region, Western Australia Nuytsia 17: 229–240 (2007) A special edition funded by the Western Australian Government’s ‘Saving our Species’ biodiversity conservation initiative. All enquiries and manuscripts should be directed to: The Editor – NUYTSIA Western Australian Herbarium Telephone: +61 8 9334 0500 Dept of Environment and Conservation Facsimile: +61 8 9334 0515 Locked Bag 104 Bentley Delivery Centre Email: [email protected] Western Australia 6983 Web: science.dec.wa.gov.au/nuytsia/ AUSTRALIA All material in this journal is copyright and may not be reproduced except with the written permission of the publishers. © Copyright Department of Environment and Conservation B.R.Nuytsia Maslin, 17: 229–240 Three new (2007) wattles (Acacia: Mimosoideae) from the Kalannie region 229 Three new wattles (Acacia: Mimosoideae) from the Kalannie region, Western Australia Bruce R. Maslin Western Australian Herbarium, Department of Environment and Conservation, Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre, Western Australia 6983 Abstract Maslin, B.R. Three new wattles (Acacia: Mimosoideae) from the Kalannie region, Western Australia. Nuytsia 17: 229–240 (2007). The following new taxa are described: Acacia inceana Domin. subsp. latifolia Maslin, A. stanleyi Maslin and A. synoria Maslin. The first two taxa are listed as Priority One and the last as Priority Two according to the Department of Environment and Conservation’s Conservation Codes for the Western Australian Flora. Introduction The Kalannie region is located largely within the Shire of Dalwallinu, in the north-central wheatbelt region of Western Australia c.
    [Show full text]
  • Kalannie Region at Least) Becoming Twisted, Crowns Occupying About 30% of the Total Plant Height with Age
    Botanical name Acacia enervia Maiden & Blakely subsp. explicata Cowan & Maslin, Nuytsia 10: 232 (1995) The species name is derived from the Latin enervis (without nerves) and refers to the very obscurely nerved phyllodes. The subspecific name is derived from the Latin explicatus (to spread out or expand), and refers to the flattened phyllodes which distinguish this subspecies from subsp. enervia. Common name None known. Characteristic features Phyllodes linear to narrowly oblanceolate, narrowed towards the base, flat, ascending, straight to shallowly incurved, dull green, obscurely multi-nerved, acuminate with delicate, brown, curved points; gland absent or if present then situated at distal end of pulvinus. Heads globular. Flowers 5-merous. Pods 2-2.5 mm wide. Description Habit. Dense, rounded or obconic shrubs or rarely small trees 1.5-3.5 m tall and 1.5- 3.5 m wide, single-stemmed or 2-6 branched at (or just above) ground level, the main stems (in Kalannie region at least) becoming twisted, crowns occupying about 30% of the total plant height with age. Bark Dark grey, fibrous and longitudinally fissured towards the base of stems of oldest plants, fibrous or smooth on branches (depending upon age of plant). Branchlets. Glabrous or tips appressed-hairy. Phyllodes. Linear to narrowly oblanceolate, narrowed towards the base, 2-7(-9) cm long, 0.8-4(-6) mm wide (1.5-3 mm wide in Kalannie region plants), flat, ascending, straight to shallowly incurved, glabrous or sparsely appressed-hairy, dull, green; longitudinal nerves numerous, rather indistinct and close together; apices narrowed to delicate, acuminate, curved, brown, non-pungent or slightly pungent points; gland absent or if present then situated on upper margin of phyllode at the distal end of the pulvinus.
    [Show full text]
  • Shire of Esperance Technical Report 20021.5 MB
    A Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Esperance and Roadside Management Guidelines December 2002 Roadside Conservation Committee CONTENTS Introduction 3 Values of Roadsides 4 Roadside Conservation in Esperance 4 Legislation 6 Assessment Process 8 - Methods 8 - Quantifying Conservation Values 8 - Mapping Conservation Values 9 Survey Data Results 11 Management Techniques 18 Code of Practice 19 Tree Roads 19 Flora Roads and Roads Important for Conservation 20 Special Environment Areas 20 Roadside Management Planning and Strategies 22 Roadside Action Plans 25 References 26 FIGURES Figure 1. Climate statistics Figure 2. Road reserve widths in the Shire of Esperance Figure 3. Width of vegetated roadside Figure 4. Conservation status of roadsides in the Shire of Esperance Figure 5. Native vegetation on roadsides Figure 6. Extent of native vegetation Figure 7. Number of native species Figure 8. Weed infestation Figure 9. Value as a biological corridor Figure 10. Predominant adjoining land use Figure 11. Weed occurance along roadsides in the Shire of Esperance Figure 12. SEA site marker Figure 13. Marking sites in the field TABLES Table 1. Colour codes used to depict the conservation status of roadsides Table 2. Summary of roadside conditions in the Shire of Esperance APPENDICES Appendix 1. Definitions of remnant vegetation types Appendix 2. Standard survey sheet Appendix 3. Raw data used to calculate conservation values Appendix 4. Plant species in the Shire of Esperance INTRODUCTION The Shire of Esperance covers an area of 42, 450 square km and supports a population of approximately 13,500 people. The area experiences a mediterranean climate with an average annual rainfall of 619 mm.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Biome Shifts in Lineage Diversification
    The Role of Biome Shifts in Lineage Diversification Esther Elizabeth Dale Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy Department of Botany, University of Otago November 2018 II Abstract This thesis examines the role of biomes in lineage diversification. It explores whether biome conservatism, the tendency to remain in ancestral biomes, constrains diversification, and tests whether biome shifts are linked to characteristics of particular biomes, clades or traits. This work focuses on a series of radiations in Australia and New Zealand. Using the hyper-diverse genus Acacia in Australia, Species Distribution Models (SDM) were used to predict distributions and niche traits of 481 species in 19 clades across two biome typologies. Diversification was not constrained to any biomes, with most species (94%) occupying multiple biomes, but diversification was greatest in those biomes currently occupying larger areas. New Zealand groups (Poaceae, Melicytus, Myrsine and Pseudopanax) with small scale radiations (< 25 species) were then investigated in relation to occupancy of the three main biomes (Forest, Open and Alpine). A temporal sequence of biome availability in New Zealand allowed an examination of diversification in the context of the directional transition from forest to more open biomes. A combination of methods including SDM, biogeographical models, and trait measurements of plants grown in a common garden were utilised to explore the importance of biome shifts during diversification, the relationship between trait shifts and biome shifts, and ask if biome conservatism was prevalent in the different clades. Biome conservatism did not constrain diversification in New Zealand lineages. Biome shifts were generally frequent and more closely related to extrinsic biome factors like biome age, biome availability and relative environmental similarity between biomes, rather than to intrinsic features of lineages, such as clade size, diversification rate or age.
    [Show full text]
  • Avon, Western Australia
    Biodiversity Summary for NRM Regions Guide to Users Background What is the summary for and where does it come from? This summary has been produced by the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (SEWPC) for the Natural Resource Management Spatial Information System. It highlights important elements of the biodiversity of the region in two ways: • Listing species which may be significant for management because they are found only in the region, mainly in the region, or they have a conservation status such as endangered or vulnerable. • Comparing the region to other parts of Australia in terms of the composition and distribution of its species, to suggest components of its biodiversity which may be nationally significant. The summary was produced using the Australian Natural Natural Heritage Heritage Assessment Assessment Tool Tool (ANHAT), which analyses data from a range of plant and animal surveys and collections from across Australia to automatically generate a report for each NRM region. Data sources (Appendix 2) include national and state herbaria, museums, state governments, CSIRO, Birds Australia and a range of surveys conducted by or for DEWHA. Limitations • ANHAT currently contains information on the distribution of over 30,000 Australian taxa. This includes all mammals, birds, reptiles, frogs and fish, 137 families of vascular plants (over 15,000 species) and a range of invertebrate groups. The list of families covered in ANHAT is shown in Appendix 1. Groups notnot yet yet covered covered in inANHAT ANHAT are are not not included included in the in the summary. • The data used for this summary come from authoritative sources, but they are not perfect.
    [Show full text]
  • Kalannie Region, Namely, Subsp
    Botanical name Acacia inceana subsp. conformis Cowan & Maslin, Nuytsia 10: 234 (1995) The species name commemorates Walter Hokinshed Ince who collected the type specimen in the early part of the twentieth century. The subspecific name is a Latin word meaning similar, and refers to the similar appearance of this subspecies to A. enervia subsp. explicata. Common name None known. Characteristic features Phyllodes linear, flat to sub-terete, very narrow (1-2 mm wide), dull green, +/- straight, obscurely multi-nerved, delicately curved-acuminate at apices; gland (obscure) 5-15 mm above pulvinus. Heads normally globular, on short peduncles. Flowers 4-merous. Pods thin-textured, pale-coloured. Saline habitats. Description Habit: Rounded shrubs (1.5-)2-3 m tall growing to small obconic trees 4-5 m tall. The shrubs are multi-stemmed with their main stems fairly straight and much divided, the canopy is dense, 2-4(-5) m wide and extending +/- to the ground. The trees have 1-5 trunks from ground level (each 8-13 cm diameter at their base) and (together with the branches) sometimes slightly crooked, the canopy occupying about 20% of the total plant height. Bark. Light- to mid-grey, longitudinally fissured, flakey and friable on trunks of mature trees, the upper branches (and the stems of shrubs) smooth. Branchlets. Glabrous except often minutely appressed-hairy within axil of phyllodes, also, often sparsely appressed-hairy at extremities but soon becoming glabrous. Phyllodes. Linear, flat or (when very narrow) compressed to sub-terete, (3-)4-8 cm long, 1-1.5(-2) mm wide, ascending to erect, +/- straight, appressed-hairy and sub- glaucous when young, soon becoming glabrous (except pulvinus) and green, dull; longitudinal nerves numerous, indistinct and close together; apices delicately curved- acuminate and terminated by non-pungent or +/- coarsely pungent tips; pulvinus often minutely hairy on its upper surface; glands inconspicuous, 1 or 2 situated on upper margin of phyllode, the lowermost gland 5-15 mm above the pulvinus.
    [Show full text]
  • A.3 Flora and Vegetation Surveys
    SANDY RIDGE PROJECT, EXPLORATION TENEMENT E16/440 LEVEL 1 FLORA AND VEGETATION SURVEY Prepared for: Tellus Holdings P/L Report Date: 7 November 2016 Version: 4 Report No. 2015-205 CONTENTS Contents ............................................................................................................................................................. i List of Attachments ........................................................................................................................................... ii 1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ........................................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Proposed Mining Operation .............................................................................................................. 1 1.3 Scope of Works .................................................................................................................................. 1 2 METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................................................................... 2 3 RESULTS ..................................................................................................................................................... 3 3.1 Past and Existing Land Use ...............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]