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Communications Satellite Systems Operations with the Space Station

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Communications Satellite Systems Operations with the Space Station NASA CR179527 COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE SYSTEMS OPERATIONS WITH THE SPACE STATION VOLUME II- TECHNICAL REPORT FEBRUARY 1987 NASA Lewis Research Center Contract No.NAS3-24253 =i!i211iiiiiiii!iJ!i;!'i:_:',-. I__d (_ Ford Aerospace& Communications Corporation (_ASA-C_- 179527) CCM_UNICA_IC_Z 5 AT_LLITE _87- 174_3 SYSTEMS OP£RA216N_ _I_H _SE S_C£ S IATICN, _£LUME 2 P inal Eeport, Jul. 1965 - Sep. I&65 (Ford Aezo_Face and Communications Unclas Corp.) 150 p CSCL 12B G3/6b q375; NASA Contract No. NAS3-24253 COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE SYSTEMS OPERATIONS WITH THE SPACE STATION Volume II: TECHNICAL REPORT February 1987 Prepared by FORD AEROSPACE & COMMUNICATIONS CORPORATION Western Development Laboratory Division Spacecraft Systems Operation, Advanced Systems Department 3939 Fabian Way, Palo Alto CA 94303 COOPERS & LYBRAND 1800 M St. NW, Washington DC 20036 Program Manager: Kent M. Price Major Contributors: John Dixson John Egan (C&L) Michael Kanfer (C&L) F. L. Limburg Larry Spanier Chuck Weyandt Steve Wright Prepared for NASA, Lewis Research Center Cleveland, OH 44135 ABSTRACT The NASA Space Station has the potential to provide significant economic benefits to commercial communications satemte operators. This report gives the results of a study to quantify the benefits of new space-based activities and to assess the impacts on the satellite design and the Space Station. The following study results are described: • A financial model is developed which describes quantitatively the economics of the space segment of communication satellite systems. The model describes the economic status of the system throughout the lifetime of the satellite. The economic performance is output in terms of total capital cost and rate of return on investment. • The expected state-of-the-art status of communications satellite systems and operations be- ginning service in 1995 is assessed and described. The results of the assessment are utilized to postulate and describe representative satellite systems. • New or enhanced space-based activities and associated satellite system designs that have the potential to achieve future communications satellite operations in geostationary orbit with improved economic performance are postulated and defined. These activities include retrieval, orbital transfer vehicle (OTV) launch, deployment of appendages, checkout, fueling, assembly, and servicing of satellites. The financial model is used to determine the economic performance of these different activities and combinations of activities. The use of the space-based OTV to transport satellites from low earth orbit to geostationary orbit offers the greatest economic benefit. • Three scenarios using combinations of space-based activities are analyzed: (1) a spin stabilized satellite, (2) a three axis satellite, and (3) assembly at the Space Station and GEO servicing. The economic performance of the scenarios is analyzed. • Functional and technical requirements placed on the Space Station by the scenarios are de- tailed. Requirements on the satellites are also listed. The major study results are as follows: 1. Economic benefits are realizable for the commercial communications satellite industry with use of the Space Station. / 2. A space-based OTV is necessary to carry out APOs in a timely and cost-effective manner. 3. A study of the economics of retrieval missions and the influence of retrieval on the insurance industry is required in order to ac_urately demonstrate the value of retrievability for the satellite. Further NASA-sponsored study of a modular satellite design capable of being assembled in LEO (at the Space Station) and serviced in GEO is required. Sp (_+._+'_ 1_._1 ........... "._.-1 -¢'.... +^11:+^ " " _1.^..1..1 T.^ :_+_11^_1 .... :1..1^ to demonstrate NASA commitment. TABLE of CONTENTS SECTION I - INTRODUCTION Background I- 1 Objectives of Study I-1 Approach I- 1 3.1 Task 1. Develop Communications Satellite Financial Model .............. I- 1 3.1.1 Task 1A: Develop Basic Financial Model ..................... I- 1 3.1.2 Task 1B: Assess Impact of System Characteristics on Financial Model Output I- 2 3.2 Task 2. Determine Economic Performance of Business-as-Usual Scenario for 1995 . I- 2 3.3 Task 3. Assess Economics of New Space-Based Activities for 1995 .......... I - 2 3.3.1 Task 3A: Postulate New Space-Based APOs ................... I- 2 3.3.2 Task 3B: Evaluate Economics of APOs ...................... I- 2 3.4 Task 4. Develop Space Station Scenarios and Requirements .............. I- 2 4 Organization of Report I - 3 SECTION II - FINANCIAL MODEL Introduction II- 1 Model Assumptions II - 1 2.1 System Characteristics ................................... II - 1 2.1.1 C-Band Satellite .................................. II- 1 2.1.2 Ku-Band Satellite ................................. II-4 2.1.3 Hybrid Satellite ................................... II- 4 2.2 Capital Expenditures .................................... II - 4 2.2.1 Satellite Costs ................................... II - 7 2.2.2 Perigee Stage Costs ................................ II- 7 2.2.3 STS Launch Costs ................................. II-8 2.2.4 Launch and Mission Operations .......................... II- 8 2.2.5 Launch Insurance .................................. II- 8 2.2.6 Payment Schedules ................................. II- 8 2.3 Revenues .......................................... II - 9 2.3.1 Characteristics of Transponder .......................... II - 9 2.3.2 Degradation of Satellite .............................. II - 10 2.3.3 Market Factors ................................... II- 10 2.3.4 Price of Transponder ................................ II - 11 2.3.5 Utilization of Transponder ............................. II - 11 2.4 Operating Expenditures .................................. II - 11 2.4.1 Life Insurance .................................... II- 12 2.4.2 Other Expenditures ................................ II- 12 2.4.3 Rate of Inflation .................................. II- 12 2.4.4 TT&C ........................................ II- 12 2.5 Financing Assumptions .................................. II- 12 2.5.1 Balance Sheet Financing .............................. II- 12 2.5.2 Period of Financing ................................ If- 12 2.5.3 InterestRates .................................... II-12 2,6 Tax Assumptions ...................................... II- 13 2.6.1 Investment Tax Credit ............................... II- 13 2.0.2 Depredation .................................... if- i3 2.6.3 Marginal Tax Rate ................................. II- 13 3 Financial Analysis II - 13 3.1 Net Present Value ..................................... II- 13 3.2 InternalKate of Return .................................. II- 14 3.3 Dual Terminal Rate of Return ............................... If- 14 3.4 Other FinancialEvaluations ................................ If- 15 4 Model User Manual II - 15 4.1 Introduction ......................................... II- 15 4.2 Accessing the Model .................................... II- 15 4.2.1 Main Menu ..................................... II-15 4.3 Model Inputs ........................................ II- 15 4.3.1 General Assumptions Menu ............................ II- 16 4.3.2 Financing and Tax Menu ............................. II- 16 4.3.3 Capital Expenditures and Operating Assumptions Menu ............ If- 17 4.4 RecalculateSpreadsheet .................................. II- 17 4.5 Printthe Spreadsheet ................................... II- 17 4.5.1 Model Output ................................... II-17 4.5.2 Print Options .................................... II- 18 4.6 Save and Exit Spreadsheet ................................. II- 18 4.7 Use of Model ........................................ II- 18 Model Outputs for 1985 Satellites II - 19 5.1 C-band Satellite ...................................... II- 19 5.2 Ku-band Satellite.......................... ............ If-19 5.3 Hybrid Satellite.......................... _............. II- 19 5.4 Discussion.......................................... II- 20 SECTION III - IMPACT OF SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS ON ECONOMICS 1 Introduction III- 1 2 Choice of Characteristics III- 1 2.1 Channel Capacity ...................................... Ill- 1 2.2 SatelliteLink Equation ................................... Ill- 1 2.2.1 Downlink Communications ............................ Ill- 2 °.* 111 2.2.2 Uplink Communications .............................. III- 2 2.2.3 Technical Characteristics ............................. III-2 2.3 Atmospheric Attenuation ................................. III- 3 2.4 Regulatory Considerations ................................. III- 3 2.4.1 Interference ..................................... III- 3 2.4.2 Ground Antenna Sidelobes ............................ III-3 2.4.3 Power Flux Density Limits ............................ III-3 Primary Characteristics III- 4 3.1 Communications Capacity ................................. III- 5 3.2 Bandwidth of Channel ................................... III- 5 3.2..1 C-Band Channel Bandwidth ........................... III- 5 3.2.2 Ku-Band Channel Bandwidth ........................... III- 6 3.3 Frequency Band of Operation ............................... III- 6 3.4 Power Transmitted in Channel .............................. III- 6 3.4.1 Impact on Satellite ................................. III- 7 3.4.2 EIttP ........................................ IH- 7 3.5 Utilization .......................................... III- 7 4 Secondary Characteristics III - 8 4.1
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