“ – Back to the Future” A Discussion of the Past, Present, and Future of Rotorcraft

Presented by: Oris E. Davis, Jr.

Director, Southern Europe International Business Development (IBD) Boeing Defense, Space & Security (BDS) The Boeing Company Phone: +39-06-45217787 [email protected] Presented at: The National President of Associazione Arma Aeronautica (AAA), The Future of Rotary Wing Symposium at the Center for High Defence Studies,Palazzo Salviati, Piazza della Rovere 83, Rome, Italy November 22, 2012 Previously Presented: Steve Glusman Hal Rosenstein Director, Advanced Mobility Chief Engineer, Advanced Mobility Advanced Boeing Military Aircraft Advanced Boeing Military Aircraft AHS Dinner Presentation Technical University of Munich March 8, 2011 Towne House Restaurant, Media, PA June 27, 2011 Munich, Germany AIE Military Rotorcraft Conference June 7, 2011 Washington, DC 12/3/2012 12-130 | 1 V/STOL Aircraft and Propulsion Concepts

 We have done it all before

 Except for , only a handful of V/STOL concepts have reached production

12/3/2012 12-130 | 2 Competition Decreasing -- Derivative Modifications Increasing New Starts Program Impact of Cancelled XC-142A* increasing COTS Commercial X-22 * cost and Off-The-Shelf * CH-46A XH-59A complexity Technology CH-47A XV-15 * * Demonstrator or Prototype CH-53A AH-64A AH-1 UH-60A AH-56 XCH-62A V-22 RAH-66 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s CH-46D/F CH-46E OH-58D CH-47F VH-71A COTS CH-47B/C CH-53E UH-60L UH-1Y ARH-70A COTS CH-53D CH-47D MH-47E AH-1Z UH-72 MH-60K AH-64D MH-47G AH-64B 3 UH-60M Impact of Derivative CH-53K Modifications budget constraints CSAR-X

12/3/2012 12-130 | 3 U.S. Jet Fighter vs. Rotorcraft Generations

1940s 1950s 1960 1970s 1980s 1990 2000s 2010s s s 1st Gen 2nd Gen 3rd Gen 4th Gen Fighters 5th Gen Fighters Fighters Fighters Fighters

 Stealth  Subsonic  Supersonic  Maneuverability  Maneuverability  Fly-by-wire  Guns  Radar  Adv. weapons  Look down, shoot  Net centric  No radar  Air-air integration down capability  Thrust vectoring missiles

1st Gen 2nd Gen Rotorcraft 3rd Gen Rotorcraft Rotorcraft

 Piston engine  Turbine engine  Composite blades  Higher speed  Wood blades  Metal blades  Survivability  Fly-by-wire

 Vc < 90kts  Vc ~ 130 kts  Adv. weapons  Composites integration  Signature reduction

 Vc ~150 kts  Vc > 170 kts 12/3/2012 12-130 | 4 50 Years of DoD Aviation Investment 1960 – 2010 RDT&E Procurement

1% 2% 6% 3% 5% 3% 7% 6% 9% 17%

44% 14% 45% 7% 23% 8%

Fighter/Attack 2% 5% 3% Bombers 6% $ 321 B $ 926 B Transports - FW (FY 2011 $) 45% (FY 2011 $) 17% Other FW Utility/Assault RW Attack/Recon RW 14% 8% Cargo RW Other RW

83% / 17% investment split between fixed- and rotary-wing

12/3/2012 12-130 | 5 US Army Aviation S&T Investment Constant 2008 Dollars (Millions) Technology Readiness Level (TRL) = 1 to 4 350

300 YRAH-66 Comanche UH-60A Blackhawk Development 250 and AH-64A Apache Development 200

150

100

50

0

1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

Downward trend in DoD rotorcraft investment over past 20 years!

12/3/2012 12-130 | 6 A Look at Today There hasn‟t been this much excitement in the rotorcraft industry since the 1960‟s

Piasecki X-49A SpeedHawk Eurocopter X3

(2007) (2010)

PIASECKI AIRCRAFT CORPORATION CORPORATION AIRCRAFT PIASECKI EUROCOPTER

Sikorsky X2 Boeing/DARPA

Technology Demonstrator (2008) Disc Rotor

SIKORSKY AIRCRAFT SIKORSKY BOEING

12/3/2012 12-130 | 7 Have we made progress?

Co-Axial Compound Helicopters

AVIATION WEEK & SPACE TECHNOLOGY, SPACE & WEEK AVIATION 1968 29, ANUARY SIKORSKY AIRCRAFTSIKORSKY Sikorsky Light Anti-Submarine Sikorsky XH-59A Advancing Blade Concept

Attack Vehicle – LAAV Concept (1968) (ABCTM) (1975)

SIKORSKY AIRCRAFT SIKORSKY

SIKORSKY AIRCRAFT SIKORSKY SIKORSKY AIRCRAFT SIKORSKY Sikorsky LHX Concept (1982) Sikorsky X2 Technology Demonstrator (2008) 12/3/2012 12-130 | 8 Have we made progress? Single Rotor Compound Helicopters

Bell UH-1 Model 533 HPH III

– 274.6 knots (316.0 mph)

(1969)

EUROCOPTEREUROCOPTER Eurocopter X3 – 180 knots (207 mph) (2010)

12/3/2012 12-130 | 9 Have we made progress? Piasecki Compound Helicopters with the Vectored Thrust Ducted Propeller

Piasecki 16H-1 Pathfinder (1962)

(2007)

Piasecki 16H-1A Pathfinder II (1966)

PHOTOS: PIASECKI AIRCRAFT CORPORATION 12/3/2012 12-130 | 10 Have we made progress? Compound Tandem Rotor Helicopters

Chinook Compound Concept (1961) Unloaded Lift Offset Rotor – ULOR (Ongoing Design Project)

CH-46 Tandem Wing Compound Model 347 Tandem Compound (mid-1960s) (early 1970s)

12/3/2012 12-130 | 11 Have we made progress? Disc Rotors

Jacob Ellehammer – first „Disc-Rotor ‟ concept to fly (1912)

Ellehammer –Disc-Rotor wind tunnel model and test (1935)

Boeing/DARPA Disc Rotor (Ongoing Design Project)

Jonathon Caldwell – „Disc-Rotor Plane‟ (1934) SOURCE: 100 YEARS OF DISC-ROTOR RESEARCH - A BRIEF HISTORY, ANGELO N. COLLINS and MICHAEL J. HIRSCHBERG, Presented at the International Powered Lift Conference, October 5-7, 2010, Philadelphia, PA 12/3/2012 12-130 | 12 Have we made progress?

Tilt Rotors

Baynes “Heliplane” LEPAGE AIRCRAFT ARCHIVES AIRCRAFT LEPAGE

(1938) -

JAY HENDRICKSON JAY PLATT Platt-LePage Tilt Rotor Design

(1940s) HOWARD LEVY PHOTO LEVYHOWARD Transcendental Model 1-G (1954)

USMC/Bell Boeing MV-22B Osprey (1989) Bell XV-3 (1955) In production and operational

HOWARDPHOTOLEVY with the U.S. Marine Corps and Transcendental U.S. Air Force, the V-22 recently

Model 2 surpassed 100,000 flight hours !

(1957) NASA AMES PHOTO AMES NASA

12/3/2012 12-130 | 13 What is going on? “Recent” Technology Advancements  For the most part, it is not the configurations that are advancing …. it‟s the Technology Enablers

All-composite rotorcraft Electric actuation [1980s] [late 1990s] Fly-by-wire [1970s]

Digital fly-by-light Advanced [1980s] crew stations Active Survivability [1980s] vibration control enhancements [1980s] [1980s] Optimal Speed Rotor Advanced airfoils and [early 2000s] blade tip shapes [1990s] HHC Off Higher HHC On CFD and other harmonic control Analysis Tools/Techniques [1980s] Computing Power

What technology breakthroughs have been demonstrated in this decade?

12/3/2012 12-130 | 14 Joint Multi-Role (JMR) Program

Performance

Range Affordability Payload Fuel Efficiency Station Time Environmental Speed Affordability o A generational Size 6,000 ft / 95 F leap desired in Scale All-Weather Ops Risk Future in Degraded range and speed Aviation Visual – all at Capabilities Environment 6,000 ft/95oF Survivability Operational IR / RF / Laser Availability Kinetic Threat Operations Small Arms & Support Costs

Survivability Sustainability

12/3/2012 12-130 | 15 Joint Multi-Role (JMR) Program (continued)

Attack Utility Common Maximize Flight Controls / Flight Controls / commonality Hydraulics Wing Hydraulics to improve Avionics Rotor System Avionics affordability Subsystems Drive System Subsystems Engines Fuselage Fuselage

JMR program appears to be the future of DoD Vertical Lift

12/3/2012 12-130 | 16 Back to the Future – Prototyping

[e.g. Opportunity]

SIKORSKY AIRCRAFT SIKORSKY SIKORSKY AIRCRAFT SIKORSKY

Model 347  Fly-by-Wire XH-59A  Advancing Blade Concept X2  Speed, maneuverability

PIASECKI AIRCRAFT CORP. AIRCRAFT PIASECKI

XV-15  V-22 Model 360  V-22 composite airframe X-49A  Speed

EUROCOPTER

ARTI  RAH-66 S-76B Fantail  RAH-66 anti-torque system X3  Speed 12/3/2012 12-130 | 17 Hurdles

 Existing fleet modernization programs:

SIKORSKY AIRCRAFTSIKORSKY Bell Boeing Boeing Boeing Sikorsky V-22 Osprey AH-64D Apache CH-47F Chinook UH-60M Black Hawk  Fixed-wing The US Industry Faces a Precarious Future

Pre-MS B Derivative Development New Start Development emphasis 400 FY12 VH-71 Start UH-72A 350 CH-53K  Customers MH-60R 300 MH-60S UH-60M collaboration OH-58D SEP US Gov‟t 250 TH-67 Rotorcraft ARH-70A Deliveries UH-1Y  International 200 AH-1Z HV-22 competition 150 CV-22 MV-22 AH-64 Blk III 100 AH-64 Blk II  Possible loss MH-47G CH-47F of critical skills 50 0

Source: Boeing analysis of PB09 CY08 CY09 CY10 CY11 CY12 CY13 CY14 CY15 CY16 CY17 CY18 CY19 CY20 CY21 CY22 CY23 CY24 CY25 CY26 12/3/2012 12-130 | 18 Exciting projects are already under-way

Unloaded Lift Offset Rotor – ULOR

DARPA Mission Adaptive Rotor – MAR

DARPA Disc Rotor

12/3/2012 12-130 | 19 ULOR Configuration Features Unloaded Lift Offset Rotor – ULOR

Same payload as H-47 High speed cruise More with greater range > 250 knots maneuverable than H-47

Advanced 4-bladed rotor 60 ft [18.29m] diameter

8-ft (2.44m) diameter Retractable propellers landing gear Underfloor fuel Similar external (2,000 gal 7570.8 liters) dimensions as H-47 in crashworthy cells

Same internal cabin dimensions as H-47 30 ft 2 in. [9.19m] Length X 6 ft 6 in. [1.98m] Height X 7 ft 6 in. [2.29m] Width ULOR Mission Scenario

12/3/2012 12-130 | 20 Boeing/DARPA Edgewise Mission Adaptive Rotor (eMAR) Features on a Notional New Design Rotorcraft

Swashplateless Variable rotor speed rotor system

Active blade twist

Active leading edge

Active trailing edge

Active tip sails

12/3/2012 12-130 | 21 DARPA/Boeing/VPI Disc Rotor Concept Study

 High-speed VTOL/troop assault

 (2) engines or turboshaft/turbofan combination

 Unique 350+ knots speed capability

DiscRotor Mission Scenario

12/3/2012 12-130 | 22 What will next generation rotorcraft look like ? Mission Adaptive Rotor technologies Active Ultra-low drag reduction vibration and noise

Adaptive self-healing Next structures generation advanced NOTAR

Next generation digital flight controls Morphing wings

Advanced engine Single-pilot and hybrid propulsion crew station technologies

Technology Demonstrators and Prototypes have worked very well in the past…

12/3/2012 11-070 | 23 Parting Comments

12/3/2012 12-130 | 24 Questions?

Thank you.

12/3/2012 12-130 | 25