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The Uptake of Mercury and Relationship to Food Habits of Fish in the South River and South Fork Shenandoah River, Virginia

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The Uptake of Mercury and Relationship to Food Habits of Fish in the South River and South Fork Shenandoah River, Virginia The Uptake of Mercury and Relationship to Food Habits of Fish in the South River and South Fork Shenandoah River, Virginia G. W. Murphy, T. J. Newcomb, and D. J. Orth Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0321 October 21, 2003 Study Justification • Mercury concentrations have been persistent in fish in the South River and South Fork Shenandoah River • Diet is the greatest pathway of mercury accumulation by fish • Research fish food habits, mercury in food items, and mercury bioaccumulation • Study will provide an advanced understanding of the processes and pathways affecting mercury accumulation by fish This presentation is an update on the preliminary findings of our study Review fish food habits Present preliminary mercury concentrations in food items Introduce the mercury bioaccumulation model Objective 1 of our study: •To determine food habits of channel catfish, redbreast sunfish, smallmouth bass, and white sucker in the South River, South Fork Shenandoah River, and North River. Selected fish species represented several trophic levels White sucker Smallmouth bass Channel catfish Redbreast sunfish Jenkins and Burkhead 1993 Fish sampling sites used during objective 1 North Fork Shenandoah River Shenandoah River South Fork N North River Shenandoah River Middle River Contamination Point South River 0 30 60 miles Fish were collected seasonally by electrofishing and hoopnetting • Collected seasonally using electrofishers and hoopnets • Targeted juveniles to adults • Recorded length and weight • Removed stomachs and otoliths Compared diet composition using an overlap index • Identified “stomach” contents • Calculated diet composition (% by weight) • Compared diet using the Schoener Overlap Index: - size classes - seasons - reaches - species In summary, differences in diet were observed between sizes, seasons, reaches, and species • Analyzed 1,276 “stomachs” • Fish consumed variety of organisms • Size classes (sunfish, bass) • Seasons (spring, summer, and winter) • Reaches (species dependent) • Species (trophic position) Objective 2 of our study: •To determine mercury concentrations in food items utilized by channel catfish, redbreast sunfish, smallmouth bass, and white sucker in the South River, South Fork Shenandoah River, and North River. Food item sampling sites used during objective 2 Shenandoah River North Fork Shenandoah River Fosters Landing (SF5) South Fork Burketown (NR2) North River Shenandoah River N Crimora (SR6) Middle River Waynesboro Waynesboro North Park (SR3) Basic Park (SR4) Contamination Point South River 0 30 60 miles Fish were collected seasonally by backpack electrofishing • Backpack electrofishers • Sampled seasonally • Measured total length (mm) • Minimized size variance between fish • 3 composites (n=10) Invertebrates were collected seasonally using D-frame kick nets • D-frame kick nets • Seasonally • Picked samples onsite • Identified to family • Proportioned by weight • 3 composites (>0.5g or 1.5g) All samples were processed using clean methods • Processed using clean methods: - equipment pre-cleaned - latex gloves - rinsed in DI water - double bagged - frozen within 8 hr • Frontier Geosciences, Inc: - THg = 0.45 ng/g - MeHg = 1.2 ng/g QA/QC was conducted to validate clean sampling methods • Quality assessment/Quality control • Brook trout (Montebello Hatchery) • 3 exposure groups (n=5): - sampling - work up - none • Results = no differences (~7 ng/g) Aquatic insect larvae collected for mercury analysis Anisoptera Ephemeroptera Dragonflies Mayflies Diptera Trichoptera True flies Caddisflies Coleoptera Water beetles Zygoptera Megaloptera Damselflies Dobsonflies Fish groups collected for mercury analysis Bullhead (juveniles) Madtom Dace Shiner Sunfish Bass (juveniles) (juveniles) Sculpin Jenkins and Burkhead 1993 Other invertebrates collected for mercury analysis Bivalvia Decapoda Clam Crayfish Annelida Gastropoda Aquatic Snail earthworms South River Preliminary Results Mercury concentrations in food items at North Park in Waynesboro (SR3) Spring Summer Winter 350700 300600 250500 200400 150300 THg (ng/g)THg (ng/g) 100200 10050 00 FoodFood Item Item Mercury concentrations in food items at Basic Park in Waynesboro (SR4) Spring Summer 900 Spring Summer 14000750 12000600 10000 450 8000 300 THg (ng/g) 6000 THg (ng/g) 1504000 20000 0 FoodFood ItemItem Mercury concentrations in food items at Crimora (SR6) SpringSpring SummerSummer 2100900 1800750 1500 600 1200 450 900 300 THg (ng/g) THg (ng/g) 600 150300 00 FoodFood ItemItem South Fork Shenandoah River Preliminary Results Mercury concentrations in food items at Fosters Landing (SF5) Spring Summer 300 250 200 150 100 THg (ng/g) 50 0 Food Item North River Preliminary Results Mercury concentrations in food items near Burketown (NR2) 40 30 20 THg (ng/g) 10 0 Food Item 100 Methylmercury was highest in fish and decapods (crayfish) 80 60 40 Percent MeHg 20 0 Decapoda Fish A. Insect Food Item Gastropoda T. Insect In summary, mercury concentrations in food items increased trophically • North River had background mercury concentrations • Mercury concentrations increased from North Park (SR3) to Crimora (SR6) • Mercury concentrations were higher in organisms of higher trophic levels • Organisms associated with sediment exhibited the highest concentrations of mercury • Possibly seasonal differences in mercury concentrations • Methylmercury was highest in fish and decapods (crayfish) Objective three of our study: •To predict mercury concentrations in channel catfish, redbreast sunfish, smallmouth bass, and white sucker in the South River, South Fork Shenandoah River, and North River. BASS predicts mercury bioaccumulation dynamics of fish • Bioaccumulation and Aquatic System Simulator (BASS) • Beta Test Version 2.1/2.2 • Developed by U.S. EPA (C. Barber) • Fortran 95 simulation program • Predicts population and bioaccumulation dynamics • Standard mass balance, bioenergetic model Alternative management scenarios will be evaluated using BASS • Format our data: - food habits - mercury in food items - fish age and growth - water temperature • Gather and format pre-existing data • Calibrate model!!! •“Management scenarios” In summary, all aspects of the project are on schedule • Food habits of the selected fish species have been determined and evaluated • Mercury concentrations in food items utilized by the selected fish species have been determined for spring and summer (fall results will be received by December) • Initial phases of the modeling effort have started Acknowledgements Committee: T. Newcomb D. Orth S. Reeser J. Ney D. Cherry South River Science Team.
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