Journal of Poetry, Science, and Statecraft

Winter/Spring 2002 $10.00 ‘We are bound together by qualities of the human mind...’

modern European civilization a quality of impact upon are chiefly derived from that human existence, which only conception of the specific genetic change to a higher nature of the sovereignty species could mimic in the of the human individual animal kingdom. personality. This is the Thus we are bound indispensable, ecumenical together by those qualities of conception of constitutional the human mind, through statecraft, which is only which discovery of universal typified by the combination of physical principles is variously the best which the Fifteenth- generated or regenerated in century Iberian Peninsula, the mind of the individual and heirs of Alfonso Sabio, member of society. We are in particular, inherited from therefore bound together by their combined Moorish, the means through which Jewish, and Christian culture. societies develop those The distinction of the qualities of relations among human species from all lower persons through which forms of life, is that only the cooperation in employing sovereign cognitive (creative) these discoveries may occur. powers of the individual —Lyndon H., LaRouche, Jr. human mind, can discover March 5, 2002 and employ universal physical principles. It is the discovery [SEE “How ‘Democracy’ and transmission of Became Diseased”] such discoveries over successive genera- Astronomical observatory tions, which lifts the at Tophane (Istanbul), he effective citizen of a human species to Turkey, 1580. Trepublic is to be found those higher levels of where great ancient and power in and over modern philosophers, the universe. This such as Plato and Moses benefit occurs, as it Mendelssohn, found him, could occur only in a person conscious of the among human essential immortality of beings, through the the human soul. Indeed, for transmission, reasons I have given at length through replication, in relevant locations, no of such individual competent theology could acts of discovery, exist without Plato’s own from preceding ‘The Construction of development of that generations, to the present the Fatehpur Sikri,’ conception. and future of society. Such India, 1586-7. All the accomplishments of discoveries of principle have

“It is through beauty that one proceeds to freedom.” —Friedrich Schiller

Vol. XI, No. 1-2 Winter/Spring 2002 SPECIAL DOUBLE ISSUE EDITOR-IN-CHIEF William F. Wertz, Jr. 4 EDITOR How ‘Democracy’ Became Diseased Kenneth Kronberg Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr. ART DIRECTOR Alan Yue 15 EDITORIAL ASSISTANT How the ‘Lost Corpse’ Subverts Denise Henderson The American Intellectual Tradition BOOKS Stanley Ezrol Katherine Notley Fidelio (ISSN 1059-9126) is published by the Schiller 57 Institute, Inc., P.O. Box 20244, William Shakespeare and Thomas More: Washington, D.C. 20041-0244. www.schillerinstitute.org The Conscience of Kings Editorial services are provided Paul Gallagher by KMW Publishing Company, Inc. © Schiller Institute, Inc. Fidelio is dedicated to the 63 promotion of a new Golden Henry VII and the Creation Renaissance based upon the concept of agap¯e or charity, as Of Shakespeare’s England that is reflected in the creation Robert Trout of artistic beauty, the scientific mastery of the laws of the physical universe, and the practice of republican statecraft for the benefit of our fellow man. Editorial 2 The Crash Is On! Subscriptions by mail are $20.00 News 79 D.C. Conference: Continue the American Revolution! for 4 issues in the U.S. and 80 International Webcasts Present Strategic Direction Canada. Airmail subscriptions 82 Organize in Italy, Mideast for New Bretton Woods to other countries are $40.00 for 82 LaRouche Made Honorary Citizen of Sao Paulo 4 issues. Payment must be made 84 Institute Hosts German-Iranian Festival in U.S. currency. Make check or 84 International Protocol For Banning Violent Videos money order payable to Schiller Institute, Inc. Interview 86 Pianist András Schiff On the Cover Exhibits 94 A Yearning for the Classical Thomas Eakins, The Thinker (Portrait of Louis N. Kenton) Commentary 99 ‘Seize the High Ground of Independent Power’ (1900). Restore the American Intellectual Tradition! Reviews 102 Economics: The End of a Delusion (Metropolitan Museum of Art, 103 Lincoln’s Virtues New York, New York, John 105 Unholy War Stewart Kennedy Fund, 1917. 106 The Beneficent Dervish 17.172)

FIDPD-11-01 The Crash Is On!

s this issue of Fidelio goes to press, the global The collapse, accurately forecast only by LaRouche, A financial collapse which Lyndon LaRouche can not be avoided. has forecast is an onrushing reality, despite Under these conditions, unless LaRouche's the Herbert Hoover-like denials of U.S. Secretary of economic solution is acted upon, the danger is that, not the Tr easury Paul "the fundamentals are strong," "the only will the financial collapse accelerate, but the Bush recession never happened" O'Neill. On the record, Administration will move decisively towards fascist,. LaRouche is the most successful long-range economic police-state measures domestically, and war in the forecaster of the past thirty-five years. He has never Middle East, by as early as the August-September- published a forecast which October period. President failed to materialize. The EDITORIAL Bush's speech on the Israeli­ present world and U.S. Palestinian conflict, in which monetary-financial system is he effectively gave the go­ disintegrating, exactly as he ahead to the Israelis to forecast it would. And now, as the system is eliminate Yasser Arafat, must be seen in this light. disintegrating, the only workable reform on the table What is the alternative? As LaRouche has stressed is that of LaRouche. most recently in presentations in the United Arab In the first half of2002 , U.S. stock-market values Emirates and in Sao Paulo, Brazil, reported in this Fidelio, alone have lost $1.5 trillion. Moreover, just as the New issue of the only alternative is to put the entire Economy bubble of the dot.coms and telecom sector system through the equivalent of Chapter 11 has burst, with the Nasdaq falling almost 75 percent in bankruptcy reorganization; to create a New Bretton market value since March 2000 , the next to burst will Woods system, junking free trade, deregulation, be the housing bubble. The financial pages of U.S. newspapers have rapidly become police blotters. Enron, Arthur Anderson, ImClone, Tyco, WorldCom, are not cases of "loan assassins," however. The fraud is systemic. It is the way business is done. And the For the Love of Truth biggest fraud of all, is the data provided by the U.S. government itself. There is as much substance to the government statistics, designed to prop up the he greater the gift I must bequeath upon you,­ financial bubble and promote the "economic recovery," Tand what greater gift than truth has any man to as there was to WorldCom's profit reports. give to man?-the more I must take caution that its The U.S. current account deficit for the first quarter value is not debased in my hands. of2002 was a record $112 billion. Sustaining such a There is none among you to whom history has deficit requires a flow of$1.5 billion a day in foreign nothing important to convey; however different the investment into the United States. But, the inflow has paths toward your future destinies, it somewhere in already now dropped by 55 percent. As a result, the binds them together; but one destiny you all share dollar is collapsing against both the euro and the yen. the same way with one another, that which you brought with you into this world-to educate your­ self as a human being-and history addresses itself to , Visit the Schiller Institute website at this human being. The course of studies which the scholar who www.schillerinstitute.org

2 privatization, etc., and returning to protectionism; to men most responsible for the destructive paradigm promote the Eurasian Land-Bridge; and to defend the shift of the last 35 years, the consequences of which we sovereign nation-state as the only institution capable of are now suffering. promoting the General Welfare. This choice is presented in two features and a As LaRouche has emphasized, such a reform is number of supplementary articles: Lyndon LaRouche's hated by all American Tories and their lackeys, almost "Freedom vs. 'Democracy': How 'Democracy' Became as much as they hate God Himself. All of the notable Diseased"; "Seduced from Victory: How the 'Lost expressions of lying and hatred against LaRouche and Corpse' Subverts the American Intellectual Tradition," his proposals come chiefly from what is known as the by Stanley Ezrol; and a package of articles on the "American Tory" persuasion, who recognize in origin of the sovereign nation-state-"Henry VII LaRouche what they regard as an obnoxiously and the Creation of Shakespeare's England," by effective expression of that patriotic American Robert Trout, and "William Shakespeare and Intellectual Tradition of Benjamin Franklin, Abraham Sir Thomas More: The Conscience of Kings," by Lincoln, and Franklin Roosevelt, which they had Paul Gallagher. hoped had been stamped out. Whether the world survives the coming months is In this special double issue of Fidelio, we present ultimately up to you. Contrary to the existentialist Jean you with a clear choice between the American Paul Sartre, who wrote in No Exit that Hell is "other Intellectual Tradition of Lyndon LaRouche, and the people," we do have an exit from Hell, and that exit is American Tory tradition of the neo-Confederate to organize other people. In this war to save humanity, Nashville Agrarians, and such of their offspring as we have but one weapon--our love of the truth. Let us Henry Kissinger and Zbigniew Brzezinski, two of the wield it as Lyndon LaRouche has done.

feeds on bread alone sets himself, is very different the perfection of his knowledge; his noble impatience from that of the philosophical mind. The former, "Yho, cannot rest until all of his conceptions have ordered for all his diligence, is interested merely in fulfilling themselves into an ol'ganic whole .... New discover­ the conditions under which he can perform a vocation ies in the sphere of his activities, which cast the bread­ and enjoy its advantages, who activates the powers of fed scholar down, delight the philosophical mind. ... his mind only thereby to improve his material condi­ Even should these new discoveries leave it in ruins, a " tions and to satisfy a narrow-minded thirst for fame, new chain of thoughts, a new natural phenomenon, a such a person has no concern upon entering his acade­ newly discovered law in the material world over­ mic career, more important than distinguishing most throw the entire edifice of his science, no matter: He caref�lly those sciences which he calls "studies for has always loved truth more than hissystem, and he will bread," from all the rest, which delight the mind for gladly exchange the old, insufficient form for a new their own sake. one, more beautiful. Indeed, if no blow from the out­ Who rants more against reformers than the gaggle side shatters his edifice of ideas, he himself will be the of bread-fed scholars? Who more holds up the first to tear it apart, discontented, to reestablish it progress of useful revolutions 'in the kingdom of more perfected. knowledge than these very men? ... -Friedrich Schiller, How entirely differently the philosophical mind from "What Is, and to WhatEnd Do We comports itself.... All his efforts are directed toward Study, UniversalHistory?"

3 Freedom vs.‘Democracy’ How ‘Democracy’ Became Diseased

by Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr. March 5, 2002

ince the period of transition, from the LTCM crisis of the profound changes now fully under way. Those of August-September 1998, to the January 2001 dramatic changes are in process, chiefly in triumphant Sclose of the two-months-long Presidential election- defiance of that doomed system in its present form. crisis, a fundamental change has been under way inside This present statement adds a crucial new dimension the U.S.A., and also the world in general. The previously to the matters I addressed in that February 19th report. developing breakdown-crisis of the world’s present mon- For reasons I shall set forth, during the course of this etary-financial system entered its present terminal phase, report, the notion of “democracy,” as the term had come to in time to greet the inauguration of a new President, be defined in practice during the preceding two decades George W. Bush. The intensity of the crisis has increased and more, does not permit effective responses to the most by steps, including the giant step of September 11th, since crucial among the kinds of life-or-death challenges which that Presidential inauguration. reality is now shoving onto the government’s agenda. Already, now, what had seemed, to the wishfully self- For this reason, a critical reexamination of the institu- deluded many, to have been the inevitable, irreversible tions of political-party-led government, is now mandato- trends inhering in the policies reaffirmed under the Clin- ry. The challenge immediately before our government ton Presidency, are being wiped away. During my and the constituencies, is to define the practical meaning address of Saturday, February 16th,1 and my written of the name of “democracy” in ways which are consistent statement of February 19th2 I warned that we are presently encumbered with a decadent political-party sys- ______tem, a system which is ill-suited to meeting the challenge 1. “After the Collapse of Enron: Next Comes the Cluster-Bust!,” keynote address to the ICLC/Schiller Institute Presidents’ Day ______Conference, Executive Intelligence Review, March 1, 2002 (Vol. 29, No. 8). This essay originally appeared in Executive Intelligence 2. “Can the Democratic Party Survive?” Executive Intelligence Review, March 22, 2002 (Vol. 29, No. 11). Review, March 8, 2002 (Vol. 29, No. 9).

4 The judicial murder of Socrates: mob rule organized by the Democratic Party of Athens. Painting by Jacques-Louis David,“The Death of Socrates,” 1787 (detail). www.arttoday.com with the continuation of that peculiar Constitutional form Wells’ book, which has served, continually since 1928, of government upon which our nation’s past constructive as the open pact among Fabian circles of Wells and Rus- role of leadership in world affairs has depended. sell, is key to understanding the continuing basis for the During the recent quarter-century, the official mean- rise of our nation’s utopian political-military faction, ing of the word “democracy” in the U.S.A. had been during the time since the death of Franklin Roosevelt, shifted radically away from what it had signified during and through the present day. That, in turn, is prerequi- the Presidency of Franklin Roosevelt. That change site for understanding the real challenge presently con- occurred in the form of a shift away from sundry earlier, fronting the political system of the U.S.A., including its loose, rule-of-thumb understandings, toward a thor- political parties. oughly nasty, narrow-minded coincidence with the pro- The present codification of the term “democracy,” as fascist dogmas of Bertrand Russell’s accomplice Herbert signifying Wells’ utopian schemes, is echoed in the trend George Wells. I emphasize the indisputably fascist inten- toward establishing an imperial form of what is termed, tions summed up by Wells himself in his 1928 The Open in technically precise, academic language, as universal Conspiracy. fascism. That signifies: the dissolution of the existence of

‘The task before us, a task on whose outcome the continued existence of our republic may depend absolutely, is the rapid recruitment of young people, and others, to emerge, soon, as true leaders. That is the purpose of this appeal on behalf of the cause of true freedom.’

5 the sovereign nation-state, in favor of a global imperial François Quesnay’s laissez-faire, and Adam Smith’s pla- order, ruled through the mechanisms of military tyranny giarism of Quesnay’s term, under the substituted name of like those of the Roman legions which the Nazi Waffen- “free trade.” In effect, Smith copied the text of the book, SS echoed. Typical is Samuel P. Huntington’s proposed but added his own title. parody of that Waffen-SS, his The Soldier and the State.3 That abuse of the term “democracy” has evolved out This trend is typified by utopians such as Zbigniew of a precedent from within medieval Europe, from a reli- Brzezinski, his Huntington, Henry A. Kissinger, and gious sect known as the “Bogomils.” I have explained the other associates and other co-thinkers of the late continuing historical significance of that sect’s influence Nashville Agrarian, Harvard Professor of Government, in numerous published locations earlier. In short, the William Yandell Elliott. Those are the oligarchical, “Bogomils” were a neo-Manichean sect of Byzantine ori- American Tory circles merely typified by the Smith gin, which was spread from the Balkans into Italy and Richardson Foundation. southern France, variously, under such titles as the Typical of the radiation of the Wells-Russell-centered Cathars, or, in English slang, “the buggers.” “Open Conspiracy,” to the present day, is the case of for- The connection is the following. mer Secretary of State Madeleine Albright. She avowed Those nasty meanings of “popular opinion” which I publicly her own and her father’s faithful debt to the doc- address here, more or less took over official English-lan- trine of Wells, an announcement which she made even guage usage in the U.S.A., under the influence of those while she was serving as President Clinton’s Secretary of utopian uses of the term “democracy” which have been State. Her ugly admission on that occasion points to the practiced in the U.S. during the recent thirty-five-odd source of certain strategically significant, strident notes years. As I shall explain here in due course, those usages which erupted in Clinton Administration foreign policy, echo the “bugger” sect’s doctrine of “The Elect,” a term during her tenure. synonymous with much of the contemporary U.S. use of Out of Albright-linked Brzezinski’s initiatives to that the term “Establishment.” The transmission of that doc- effect, sprang that present quasi-dictatorship over our trine into modern times, appeared in the guise of such nation’s party system, which is known as “Project forms of empiricism as the teachings of such modern Democracy.” “Project Democracy” is, in fact, a by-prod- gnostics as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Bernard Man- uct of the continued drive of the imperial utopian faction deville, Physiocrat François Quesnay, David Hume, toward establishing world rule under universal fascism. Adam Smith, Jeremy Bentham, and Immanuel Kant. Incredible? It is sometimes difficult for persons trapped The currently popular connotations of “democracy,” within a rolling barrel, to discover the direction into as a synonym for popular opinion, have often served in which they are being maneuvered. the past, as now, as a symptom of the influence of the The leading antecedents for that intentionally mis- American Tory tradition in our country, the tradition leading term “Project Democracy,” are broadly traceable opposed to what utopian Henry A. Kissinger has in ancient European history, from such evidences as the denounced as the American intellectual tradition. judicial murder of Socrates by the Democratic Party of The crucial feature of the influence of all of those Athens and the related, obscene meaning given to the mentioned and kindred empiricist ideologues, such as name of “popular opinion,” vox populi, by ancient Rome. H.G. Wells and his followers Zbigniew Brzezinski, Samuel Huntington, and Michael Novak’s radically ‘Project Democracy’s’ Arcane Roots empiricist American Enterprise Institute, is the systemat- ic denial of the existence of actually knowable truth. This However, Project Democracy’s own use of the term denial is premised upon the indicated feature of the “democracy,” embodies a more narrowly specific variety “bugger” tradition. of irrational, gnostic belief. By “gnostic,” one signifies, in Typical among those contemporary denials of the exis- practice, the substitution of a controlling form of arbi- tence of knowable truth, are the arguments of such exis- trary belief in some unknowable principle, such as “secret tentialist followers of Kant as Karl Jaspers, Hannah knowledge,” which is deemed to be “self-evident,” even Arendt, and Nazi philosopher Martin Heidegger. That when its existence is unprovable by rational means. latter, axiomatically irrationalist dogma, as practiced in Examples of typical gnostic beliefs include Physiocrat the U.S.A. by Arendt and her accomplice Theodor ______Adorno, has been a significant environmental factor in 3. Samuel P. Huntington, The Soldier and the State: The Theory and promoting the influence of a specifically American vari- Politics of Civil-Military Relations (Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press: ety of fascist movement now associated with such rabid 1957). Reviewed in Fidelio, Fall 2001 (Vol. 10, No. 3). American Tories as Brzezinski and Huntington.

6 Laser fusion experiment, University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, 1985.

Freedom is the exercise of the mental power to overturn false ruling assumptions, and to generate hypotheses which, when verified experimentally, are in fact additions to LLE our stock of knowledge of universal physical principles. In that case, ‘truth’ and ‘freedom’ are two ways of expressing the same idea.

Hence, as a result of those influences, we have such out- Many among the silliest, even most dangerous comes as the recent two decades’ perverse uses of that beliefs known to man, have enjoyed the charm of being notion of “democracy” and “popular opinion” within the upheld as popular tradition. This pathetic trait is the U.S. Congress. Saving the U.S.A. from its present, willful most common cause of the self-doom which nations plunge toward self-destruction, demands the uprooting of and cultures have often brought upon themselves. So it such radically empiricist, Wellsian myths as those of the is with that popular notion of democracy which rabid utopians Kissinger, Brzezinski, Huntington, expresses the childish wish that nothing in society Madeleine Albright, et al. Such were the corrupt influ- should be decided contrary to popular opinion. Pathetic ences leading to the establishment of Project Democracy. ejaculations such as, “You can’t put the toothpaste back I have addressed the crucial issue so posed in various in the tube,” or “Go along, to get along,” or the reckless published locations, such as my recent “Economics: At use of inherently tendentious “opinion polls,” typify the End of a Delusion,” 4 in which the scientific side of this commonplace symptom of the mind-set of the pro- the matter is developed at necessary length. Here, I rely fessional underling. upon public access to those earlier publications, to sum- Many people, even ostensibly literate adults, will stub- marize the relevant portions of that earlier argument. bornly insist on blind religious faith in popular opinion, even in face of the such abominations as the confirmation 1. of the Adolf Hitler dictatorship by a vote of the over- whelming majority of the popular opinion expressed The Fight for Freedom among German citizens at that time. The toleration of and support for the practice of chattel slavery, that done The issue in U.S. political processes today, is the insepara- according to the teachings of John Locke, is a similar ble connection between any meaningful use of the term example of the evil often done on behalf of the silliness of “freedom” and the notion of truthfulness. I explain. blind faith in wisdom of the corrupted popular will. ______Similarly, the destruction of the U.S. economy, away 4. Executive Intelligence Review, Feb. 8, 2002 (Vol. 29, No. 5). from the vigorous economy of the period from Roo-

7 sevelt’s “New Deal” through post-war reconstruction, Such is the tragic challenge which looms over the into the terrible destruction which has been wrought as U.S.A. today. the aftermath of the Nixon and Carter Administrations, If we wish to free ourselves from the grip of our reminds us, once again, that even the long-persisting unfolding national tragedy, we must rise above the pro- decisions of a popular majority, such as those of the fessional underling’s foolish, blind faith in the simple recent thirty-odd years, are often wrong, even terribly popular vote as such. The noble essence of our wonderful wrong. U.S. Federal Constitution is expressed in two higher, sci- As I have emphasized earlier, in the indicated and oth- entifically grounded principles of universal natural law. er locations, and as many celebrated thinkers before me These are, first, the defense of the institution of nation- have pointed out, the doom which once powerful nations states, and, secondly, that such states must be efficiently and cultures have brought down upon themselves, is usu- committed to promotion of the general welfare of all sub- ally the fruit of no factor so much as popular opinion ject persons, both of the present and their posterity. itself. Instead of regarding the voter’s Constitutional franchise Typical, among the great Classical tragedies which as a matter of rule by the bitch-goddess known as popu- assist a population in understanding the actual making of lar opinion, let us recognize the actually lawful, and effi- history, is the case of Hamlet, whom Shakespeare por- cient basis for the universality of the franchise. Let us trays, contrary to the opinion of him prevalent among return to the form of self-government which is self-rule, Romantic academics, as doomed precisely because he not by mere opinion, but citizens’ choices informed by refuses to break free of the burden of the prevalent cus- the truthful fruits of reason. tom of his self-doomed kingdom. So, once-mighty Athens destroyed itself, to become a mere colony of How Underlings Don’t Think Macedonia, as Rome also destroyed itself, precisely because it could not shake the fatal embrace of its own It has been the plausible, somewhat truthful argument of popular customs and opinion. many modern historians and social theorists, that the typ- All great Classical tragedy and related compositions, ical source of the potential mass base for a fascist move- such as those of ancient Greece, Boccacio’s Decameron, ment or regime, is populism. Those scholars’ views may Rabelais’ Gargantua and Pantagruel, Cervantes’ Don be fairly described as equal to saying that the typical Quixote, Shakespeare’s histories and tragedies, and the expression of a fascist mass movement, is the same pat- dramas and writings on history of Friedrich Schiller, tern of behavior witnessed in the behavior of a lynch- teach the same crucial lesson, and usually show us, mob. It would be better to treat the term “populism” as a with the essential precision which only great Classical kind of slang word. I prefer the term which Shakespeare artistic composition can achieve, exactly how the spe- put in the mouth of Cassius: “the fault, dear Brutus, is not cific cultures referenced in those compositions either in our stars, but in ourselves, that we are underlings.” virtually destroyed themselves, as Cervantes showed The appropriateness of the preferable term, “under- why Sixteenth-century Hapsburg Spain was bringing ling,” is manifold. about its own decay, or plunged themselves, through I have used the term frequently to denote the slave the sway of popular opinion, into extended periods of who queues at the back door of the master’s house, say- great troubles. ing: “We don’t ask for freedom; just pay us some repara- As I wrote recently on the subject of the current state tions, and we will not ask for freedom.” That slavish fel- of the Democratic Party, “Among you Democrats, as low is saying to his master and himself, “I do not claim to among Republicans of today, the fault in all this lies, be actually human; I am an underling.” If he adds the essentially, exactly where Shakespeare pointed, when he phrase, “and proud of it!” we should recognize him as a put the following words into the mouth of his character professed populist, and potential recruit to the timely Cassius: ‘Men at some time are masters of their fates: the arrival of a fascist mob. fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars, but in ourselves, Take the case of the debate over education of the for- that we are underlings.’ You have become, more and mer slave, which raged over the decades following the more, like the self-doomed ancient Democratic Party of defeat of the Confederacy, a debate which rages, in fact, Athens, or the foolish so-called citizens of ancient to the present day. Take the related, disgusting populist Rome, the slaves of an Orwellian, mass-media-dictated attacks on Frederick Douglass, or on President Abraham tyranny, which most of you refer to, dreamily, as ‘popu- Lincoln, as typical of the appetites engendered by the lar opinion,’ or, among most members of the Congress, mob-like mentality of the professional underling. ‘the market.’ ” The struggle for freedom for descendants of African

8 slaves, was most effectively led by men and women like will shuck off newly gained freedom, as it were this Jan- Douglass, who defined freedom as essentially a devel- uary’s torn Christmas wrappings. We seek to give our oped quality of the individual human mind. Such men people freedom; but, as Benjamin Franklin warned, once and women insisted that those of African descent should the U.S.A. had been given the Federal Constitution have access not only to reading and writing, but to mas- which made it a true republic: “We have given you your tery of the greatest Classical science and literature from freedom. Can you keep it?” Providing the needed quality the entirety of European civilization, and beyond that. of universal education then typified that issue. They should become, not merely “employees,” but enjoy My use of “underling” is not some form of mere the qualities of self-development required of the citizen rhetoric. There are precisely defined, scientifically defin- of a true republic, educated as a person, instead of merely able differences between the person whose sense of per- a prospective employee. The underlings retorted: “No, sonal identity is that of a human being, and another we should desire nothing but the destiny which has been whose sense of identity is that of an underling. preassigned to us.” A contrary opinion asserted, that education for freed Citizens and Their Leaders slaves must not seek to educate the pupils “above their expected station in life.” This opinion was not limited to The best people of any society, those who do not think of policies for education of freed slaves; it is a philosophy of themselves as underlings, fall into two general classifica- education savagely applied to the majority of the U.S. tions. population by today’s generally accepted policies of class- The greater number of such people do not merely room education. Such prevalent trends in U.S. education accept the name of being “made in the image of the Cre- today, have some ugly similarities to what might be ator”; they actually know it; not as mere phrase-monger- recalled from the days of “blab school” for poverty-strick- ing, but, rather, as a good professional actor might say, en “mountain whites.” Today, even at the university level: they actually “own” that idea. For that reason, they are “Don’t educate people above their future station and paid not underlings, but truly free human beings. Sadly, employment in life.” Many among today’s university pro- among our people today, too few have had the combined fessors, and not only professors of economics, are capable opportunity and courage to rise to the condition of being of delivering nothing but exactly that outcome for their free persons in their own minds; they have accepted those immediate victims, the students. meager privileges which the ruling establishment allots As the economic and cultural policy of the U.S. degen- to the serfs of popular opinion. erated from a rational, pre-1965 producer’s culture, to a Thus, so far, among the good people, there is a much, lunatic, “post-industrial” consumer culture, the educa- much smaller ration of persons who are also actually true tional and employment policies of our own and other leaders; even a much smaller ration among our people nations degenerated in a way consistent with those than a generation or two ago. The distinction that makes changes. So, today’s university graduate is awarded a the true leader, is a sense of immortal identity, as higher mean-spirited destiny like that which the American than their merely mortal one. This decadence is, chiefly, Tories of the post-Lincoln U.S. assigned to the freed the effect of the shift from the sane form of society, a pro- slave. ducer society, to what is called a consumer society. The In either case, former freed slave or today’s typical uni- effect of such a shift, is inevitably, as in ancient Rome, a versity student, such educational policies treat the stu- spiral of moral decay. dents not as truly human beings, but as “underlings.” The good citizens not only know that they, unlike the People who accept such notions of their role in society, lower forms of life, are made in the image of the Creator; have defined themselves, in their own minds, as of an their attachment to their true, immortal identity is so inferior species, as “underlings.” It is the mentality of the powerful a motive, that they can not be easily corrupted “underling” which represents the potential mass base of by excessive attachment to the mortal concerns of person- support for the “lynch mob” of yore, or the “democratic” al family and community values. The Rev. Martin base of support for trends toward universal fascism in the Luther King, speaking on the subject of the “mountain- U.S. today. top,” showed himself thus as such a true leader. His like The fight for freedom, now as before, is essentially a has not appeared as a leader on that same national stage fight within the individual. It is a fight to uplift him, or since Martin’s death, to the present day. her, from the habit of thinking like an underling. If you The task before us, a task on whose outcome the con- give them freedom for a moment or two, but do not tinued existence of our republic may depend absolutely, is remove the habit of being an underling from them, they the rapid recruitment of young people, and others, to

9 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Washington, D.C., 1967.

The distinction that makes the true leader, is a sense of immortal identity, as higher than their merely mortal one. The Rev. Martin Luther King, speaking on the subject of the ‘mountaintop,’ Reprinted by permission of the D.C. Public Library showed himself thus as such a true leader. His like has not appeared on that same national stage since Martin’s death, to the present day. emerge, soon, as true leaders. That is the purpose of this occurs, as it could occur only among human beings, appeal on behalf of the cause of true freedom. through the transmission, through replication, of such The effective citizen of a republic is to be found where individual acts of discovery, from preceding generations, great ancient and modern philosophers, such as Plato and to the present and future of society. Such discoveries of Moses Mendelssohn, found him, in a person conscious of principle have a quality of impact upon human existence, the essential immortality of the human soul. Indeed, for which only genetic change to a higher species could mim- reasons I have given at length in relevant locations, no ic in the animal kingdom. competent theology could exist without Plato’s own Thus we are bound together by those qualities of the development of that conception. human mind, through which discovery of universal All the accomplishments of modern European civi- physical principles is variously generated or regenerated lization are chiefly derived from that conception of the in the mind of the individual member of society. We are specific nature of the sovereignty of the human individ- therefore bound together by the means through which ual personality. This is the indispensable, ecumenical societies develop those qualities of relations among per- conception of constitutional statecraft, which is only typi- sons through which cooperation in employing these dis- fied by the combination of the best which the Fifteenth- coveries may occur. century Iberian Peninsula, and heirs of Alfonso Sabio, in Because we live within that kind of social process, we particular, inherited from their combined Moorish, Jew- individual human beings are, at the same time, both mor- ish, and Christian culture. tal and immortal. To be a moral person is to locate one’s The distinction of the human species from all lower self-interest in the relatively immortal outcome of one’s forms of life, is that only the sovereign cognitive (creative) living and having lived, rather than merely the relatively powers of the individual human mind, can discover and bestial obsession with mortal sensory pains and satisfac- employ universal physical principles. It is the discovery tions from immediate personal, family, and community and transmission of such discoveries over successive gen- forms of mortal life as such. erations, which lifts the human species to those higher It is that quality of moral outlook, on our debt to the levels of power in and over the universe. This benefit possibilities and hopes of progressive development of

10 society, from the past and into the future alike, which wrong choice of candidate, supported the wrong policy, defines the essential quality of a true citizen, rather than a selected the wrong education, the wrong entertainment, mere underling. This concern for the progressive devel- and other such things, most of the time, for most of the opment of mankind, including commitment to realiza- past thirty-odd years. Otherwise this nation, and its econ- tion of the frustrated just aspirations of those who have omy, could not be in the mess in which it finds itself lived before us, constitutes the fundamental principle of today. You do not need a father figure. What you need is moral law of all modern civilization, the principle of the a “Dutch uncle”! You need leaders in the mold of the primary obligation of government, to promote the gener- Rev. Martin Luther King. al welfare, otherwise termed the “common good,” of pre- You need to be reminded, that you are often thinking sent and future generations. and acting like just another underling, even most of the Thus, the explicit, irrepressible conflict between the time, and we all have the evidence now in hand to prove respective Preambles of the Federal and Confederate just that. For the most part, your chosen leaders were not Constitutions, sharply defines, in the blood of a great qualified to be leaders, and most of our voters were not Civil War, the superior authority and meaning of the behaving as citizens. The mess coming down on you Preamble of our Federal Constitution over all other right now, is the price of nothing as much as your own interpretation of the proper law of our republic. foolishness, the insistence of most of you, on thinking and Those thus qualified to be considered as truly citizens acting as underlings, rather than as citizens. of a republic, are thus assorted into two general sub- types: ordinary citizens, and leaders. 2. The ordinary citizen recognizes his or her obligation to behave as a citizen, to develop children into the quality Truth as Freedom of citizens of a republic, to participate in society as a citi- zen, and to make decisions bearing upon the adoption of The intelligent use of the term “human freedom,” signi- the nation’s policies of practice as a citizen’s obligations fies a quality not found in the decision-making of lower require. forms of life. Freedom is the exercise of the mental power The true leader of a republic must satisfy a significant- to overturn false ruling assumptions, and to generate ly higher standard of passion and performance than the hypotheses which, when verified experimentally, are in bulk of the citizens. For him, or her, it is not sufficient to fact additions to our stock of knowledge of universal be a mortal person with a sense of immortality, but to be physical principles. devoted wholly to an overriding passion of service to This notion of freedom is best expressed in terms of immortality as a cause in and of itself, as the Rev. Martin the science of physical economy, my specialty. Here, in Luther King’s “mountaintop” address typifies this quality this branch of science, freedom is expressed in the form of commitment, the model quality of commitment which of “free energy” of that system which is society. This the Christian associates with the Passion of Jesus Christ. means, that through cooperation in the use of a valid, dis- In such future time that mankind may have developed covered universal physical principle, mankind’s power in to the level of true mental as well as biological maturity, and over the universe is increased, over and above what all adults would be qualified as leaders of society. Even in were feasible without the addition of such a principle. that case, we should still be obliged to choose leaders, but In that case, “truth” and “freedom” are two ways of as leaders chosen from among leaders. Unfortunately, at expressing the same idea. present, we are far from even an approximation of that By “universal physical principles,” we signify any dis- accomplishment. In our present state, the best we can covered principle, whether of what is usually signified as achieve is the selection of leaders who serve as the con- physical science, or scientifically provable principles of science of those who need to be reminded of their respon- social cooperation, if the application of those principles sibilities as citizens. produces a measurable, beneficial physical effect of a type I, frankly, am disgusted by supposed leaders, who like which qualifies as universally valid. Thus, the principle typical demagogues, address the cupidity of their audi- of the general welfare, on which the modern sovereign ences with words to the effect, “I am just another low- nation-state republic is based, is a universal physical prin- down, dirty dog, like you. Therefore, you should vote for ciple, since its application results in an implicitly measur- me!” or, words to the same effect, “I go along, to get able increase in the society’s power in and over nature. along!” The evidence is, as you identify that bitter, nau- Great Classical drama and poetry, reflect universal physi- seous aftertaste still lingering in your mouth right now: cal principles, because of the effect of the improved quali- You have either voted for, or negligently tolerated, the ty of cooperation they make available to a society.

11 The crucial point, for the science of physical economy, tribute to correcting and otherwise enriching the stock of is that society’s gain in “free energy,” through the discov- knowledge of society. It is a society in which relevant ery and cooperative use of universal physical principles, is forms of cooperation are fostered, with the aim of pro- shown to be truthful in the sense that any valid experi- moting the common good. It is a form of society which is mental proof of a universal physical principle sets a stan- dedicated to increasing mankind’s power, per capita, per dard for definition of the word “truth,” as opposed to the square kilometer of the Earth’s surface: man’s power to alternative, “false.” exist in, and over the universe as a whole. Progress so Thus, the political term “freedom,” strictly used, signi- defined, is the goal of society, and the means by which the fies nothing other than “truth.” Opposition to truth so work of one generation achieves immortality in the bene- defined, is falsehood, rather than being characterized by fits of increased power transmitted to its successors. the evasive term, “a difference of opinion.” However! Free deliberation in a true republic, is the interaction Knowledge pertaining to matters of freedom exists, as of such free individual minds to the purpose of joyfully knowledge, only as a product of the sovereign creative- promoting the achievements of freedom for the present mental powers of the individual human mind. Such a and future of that society as a whole. It is this quality of discovery, if potentially valid, is called an hypothesis. commitment to progress which elevates a society above Truth is expressed as crucial experimental proof of the the level of the mere beasts, its commitment to a univer- validity of such hypotheses. Hence, this is the basis for sal principle of human progress, so defined. defining the meaning of “personal freedom,” including “political freedom.” ‘Free Trade’ Buggered Progress The difficulty inhering is the fact that such freedom exists only in the form of an activity within the sovereign Physiocrat Quesnay and his followers echoed the gnostic confines of an individual human mind’s powers to dis- Cathars in insisting that the increase of wealth taken as cover validatable hypotheses. The difficulty is that the profit by the aristocratic landlord, was earned by that cognitive processes occurring in one person’s mind can aristocrat through the magical agency of his title to that not be witnessed by means of the faculties of sense-per- estate. The serf was, for Quesnay, nothing more than a ception of another. No principle could ever be discovered form of cattle, who deserved no more than the care pro- through an act of deduction. No principle could be vided for herds of four-legged cattle. Non-interference demonstrated by “ivory tower” forms of mathematics at with that profit was called the principle of laissez-faire, the blackboard, for example. which Adam Smith adopted as “free trade.” Principles are known only through the conjunction The same magical principle borrowed from the “bug- and agreement of hypothesizing and experiment. The act ger” Elect, also provides the implicit basis for the empiri- of discovery can be known by a second mind only cists Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Bernard Mandeville, through a combination of two means: first, replicating and utilitarian Jeremy Bentham. Even in 1759, prior to the experience of discovery of the relevant hypothesis, his foraging among the fields of the French Enlighten- and, second, sharing the experimental validation of the ment, Smith had expressed the same conception in his hypothesis. The Theory of the Moral Sentiments; it was a pervasive The notion of “freedom” thus enjoys the corollary sig- view among the empiricist followers of Paolo Sarpi, nificance of the individual’s personal right to explore the which Smith applied to political-economy after his study domain of knowledge. For the same reason, it also signi- of the work of Quesnay, Turgot, et al. fies the moral and political right of the individual to Such fellows were arguing, in effect, that there exist access the store of existing human knowledge of matters little green men under the floorboards of the universe. pertaining to universal principles and their application. These curious, mythical miscreants are assigned the arbi- For example, we make a corresponding distinction trary power to change the outcome of the roll of the dice, between persons who have merely learned what they to make some men rich, and others poor. Thus, what have been taught, as a dog is taught to perform tricks, chances to please those supposed entities must be accept- and those who have come to know the experience of dis- ed as the rules of the game. Similarly, as Leibniz empha- covering the relevant principle de novo. The proper pri- sized, God must intervene periodically into Newton’s mary goal of education, is not to prompt the pupil to universe, to wind it up from time to time. learn, but to come to know. Such conceptions of a universe based upon either sta- Thus, a free society is one in which individuals are tistical cheating, or cheating statistics, are the characteris- developed according to such views of freedom. tic feature of the British empiricist and congruent sys- It is a society within which individuals are able to con- tems of thought about man and the universe in general.

12 Scene from Friedrich Schiller’s “Don Carlos,” Shakespeare Theatre, Washington, D.C., 2001.

The principle of the general welfare, on which the modern sovereign nation-state republic is based, is a universal physical principle, since its application results in an implicitly measurable increase in the society’s Carol Rosegg power in and over nature. Great Classical drama and poetry, reflect universal physical principles, because of the effect of the improved quality of cooperation they make available to a society.

In economics, this results in the substitution of the profits The cycles so defined are, variously, short-term, medi- of trade for the profits of production. In such doctrines, um-term, and long-term. The most important cycle to be man gains profit only by, either, stealing from nature, or considered in defining the horizon of present national stealing from other people. Like Newton’s universal economic policies, is between one and two generations, a clock, the world is winding down; it is undergoing quarter- to a half-century. This means, that a sane society entropy. is both protectionist, in Hamilton’s, List’s, and Carey’s In reality, in physical economy, true profit is earned by sense of the term, and is also dominated by long-range mankind, because mankind’s discovery and cooperative investments, such as those adopted in the so-called use of universal physical principles have increased the “indicative planning” of President Charles de Gaulle’s total of the combined natural and other wealth of the uni- Fifth Republic, or the long-range planning of Jean Mon- verse, or, at least, the Earth, or at the very least, a local net earlier. economy. In economic science, earned profit is a reflection This means, that a rational organization of a national of the fruit of anti-entropy. This latter sort of profit is the economy assumes the form of a division of labor in gov- fruit of the creative powers of the individual human ernment between public and private enterprise. The gov- mind, the power to discover and to cooperate in use of ernment assumes responsibility for that which pertains to experimentally valid universal physical principles, the the development of the economy as a whole, and govern- fruit of implicitly endless scientific progress, in that sense. ment also defines conditions intended to encourage rele- In the science of physical economy, true economic vant categories of private entrepreneurship. The purpose cycles are the result of a combined process of entropy of the latter, is, as Hamilton emphasized, to foster an (attrition) and anti-entropy (scientific and related abundance of the benefits which can be harvested only progress). An economy may enrich itself, temporarily, by from the improvement of the creative activity of the indi- depleting nature, or previously created man-made vidual human mind. wealth: hence attrition, entropy. That economy secures a Thus, government should think a quarter- to a half- contrary, anti-entropic effect, through the realization of century ahead. The participation of the citizenry as a the benefits of investing in scientific progress. whole in that deliberation, should be the normal course

13 of the business of government and of the people in their into supremacy over the planet as a whole. Those utopi- private capacities. To bring that about, we must develop ans are, presently, the only major threat to civilization, in our people as a citizenry, not underlings, and craft the part, or whole. functioning of our institutions, including our political The way the present threat developed is most simply parties, in accord with that general mission of endless identified, by pointing to the principle of conflict central progress. We must define our national agenda as, pre- to Hobbes’ doctrine. As I have pointed out here, the nat- dominantly, a long-range agenda, and define it in the ural impulse of the republic, is the fostering of endless general terms I have indicated here. progress through cooperation in discovery and utilization of universal physical principles. War and Peace The existence of the perfectly sovereign nation-state form remains indispensable, for cultural reasons. If a peo- At this time, our nation, and the world, are imperilled by ple is to deliberate, it must deliberate in terms of the cul- a conception of a long, essentially global state of warfare. ture made efficiently available throughout the pores of This is a notion of national and world affairs echoing the society. “Efficiently available” is the operative term. awful decadence of ancient Rome, and the notions Thus, the world of nations must cooperate in a decentral- implicit in Napoleon Bonaparte’s imperial war-making, ized way, to a globally centralized effect which might be and in a world which had been ruled by the Roman- aptly identified as “the common aims of mankind.” legions-like Nazi Waffen-SS. This is the utopian notion Today, the immediate task of nations, is digging our which has been associated most conspicuously with such way out of the awful mess we ourselves have made of this Golems of Nashville Agrarian William Yandell Elliott as planet, including digging out the relevant rubbish sitting Henry A. Kissinger, Zbigniew Brzezinski, and Samuel P. as “popular opinion” in the minds of our people and the Huntington. This is also the natural outcome of that follies of our institutions. empiricist misconception of society associated with The object of society, is to develop the relations among Thomas Hobbes. If the present doctrine of “the long peoples and nations to the degree, that each matured war” were to persist, the entirety of this planet would adult has an active sense of participation in the building now soon be plunged into the worst dark age known to of the future of humanity as a whole, a world in which any history. each nation proudly carries out its mission in the division The idea of perpetually inevitable conflict, made noto- of labor of the world as a whole. rious by the mathematics pupil, Hobbes, of empiricist If some force threatens such a peaceful, constructive Paolo Sarpi’s lackey Galileo, is a natural product of the order, that force must be efficiently repelled, but con- empiricist misconception of the nature of man and society. structive peace among a community of sovereign nations, If and when we consider the matter differently, it should and avoidance of war, must become the basis for relations be evident that warfare is a temporary, not a permanent among states. characteristic of planetary society. This is no utopian sort Since the U.S. republic has still the capability of of optimism; the premises are scientific and solid. assuming a unifying role, not easily replaced, of leader- The aims of a republic, as I have indicated some lead- ship among nations, the reform of our political-party sys- ing features of that here, are directly contrary to the idea tem should be mustered around the effort to bring about of perpetual states of either ongoing, or imminent war- those specific forms of economic cooperation to bring the fare among states. The only justified function of warfare world out of the mess the U.S. and its parties have con- in modern times, is to defend with the utmost efficiency tributed so much to creating during the recent thirty- the existence of the republic and communities of princi- five-odd years, in particular. ple among republics, from the resurgence of those more This does not mean utopian follies such as those asso- brutish forms of government, such as the Roman ciated with President Woodrow Wilson. It should signify Empire and feudalism, which preceded the emergence the mustering of those changes needed to bring the world of the modern sovereign nation-state republic. The out of the condition represented by the presently ongoing object of strategic policy, must be to secure the planet for terminal phase of economic collapse caused by the pre- a community of respectively sovereign nation-state sent monetary-financial system. The hotly contested steps republics. toward returning to a “fair trade”-oriented producer In fact, the only great danger of major warfare on this society, from the follies of a “free trade”-oriented con- planet today, comes from the influence of those utopians sumer society, now provide the pivot on which to mobi- who have devoted much of the Twentieth century to lize the discussion of the broader issues immediately bringing an anti-republican form of world government before us.

14 Seduced from Victory How the ‘Lost Corpse’ Subverts the American Intellectual Tradition by Stanley Ezrol

Men at sometime are masters of their fates. The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars, But in ourselves, that we are underlings. —Cassius to Brutus, from Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar

Equestrian statue of Ku Klux Klan founder Nathan Bedford Forrest, Nashville, Tennessee. Forrest is the leading knight-errant in the fantasy life of today’s “Lost Cause” revivalists. Jack Kershaw website

______A lengthier version of this article, from which the current material has been edited and excerpted, appeared in the Aug. 3, 2001 issue of Executive Intelligence Review (Vol. 28, No. 29). Writing at that time, the author began: “Most of us know, or at least suspect, with good reason, that the nearly stillborn Bush II administration’s bungling, yet brutal, attempt at ‘management’ of the . . . strategic calamities of 2001, threatens to open this new century with even worse terror than that of the last, devastating, century of war.” It is with a sense of the terrifying confirmation of this forecast of the consequences of the cultural malady highlighted here, that we again present this antidote. The author’s full text contains a treatment of the history of the American Tory tradition, including the Eighteenth century’s Jonathan Edwards, and the Nineteenth century’s Ralph Waldo Emerson and William James. 15 he historical features of the last thirty-five against the United States and its mission. These years’ “Southern Strategy,” which imposed the partisans number amongst the most celebrated cultural T Presidential “choice” between Al Gore and lights of Twentieth-century America: poets and George W. Bush on the United States, are readily novelists, including Robert Penn Warren and William available,1 and yet it remains for us, in this report, to Faulkner; historians, including Ken Burns and Shelby explain why we allowed matters to come to this state of Foote; political leaders, including Henry Kissinger and affairs. We must discover how we must develop the Zbigniew Brzezinski; and educators, including immunity to any future such pestilence. Just as many Cleanth Brooks and John Crowe Ransom—all of millions of us have been eager to gobble down the whom have been promoted as ostensibly benign, deadly, but imperceptible E. coli bacteria provided, at almost boring, “thinkers.” no extra cost, with our fast-food hamburgers, we have Through the microsopic inspection which we accepted an organized array of opinions regarding conduct in these pages, we will point out the political-economic policy, philosophy, and theology, characteristic features of the oligarchical system of ideas which are what Vladimir I. Vernadsky would call the which our nation was founded to destroy, and the “natural products” of an evil intention,2 an evil peculiar variety of this infection which is our main intention heretofore unknown to almost anyone, in its enemy today. Our intention is, that once this class of essential details. disease has been identified, you will come to understand This report will focus a microscope on a particular how it has poisoned not only much of what you think, variety of what President Franklin Roosevelt but, more important, the way you think. This occurs, identified as the “American Tory” infection, the generally, through the mechanism of unconsciously avowedly “counter-revolutionary,” Ku Klux Klan accepted ideas about how the universe functions. These revivalist, pro-fascist, Confederate loyalists known as are mechanisms which control your opinion in spite of the Nashville Agrarians. You will discover the extent the popular delusion, that you must accept the opinions to which well-known institutions and shapers of you swallow and repeat, because they, like your culture have, in fact, been, or been trained by, totally hamburgers, are made according to your habituated, open, public, stubborn partisans of bloody treachery acquired tastes.

I. The American Republic

OUR REPUBLIC WAS FOUNDED out of the great con- to preserve the idea of a nation from that Venetian-manip- flict between two great principles. The first, the Renais- ulated religious sectarian warfare, which had dominated sance idea of the nation-state3 dedicated to the Common Europe from 1511 on, and was to continue until the 1648 Good, or General Welfare. The second, the anti-Renais- Treaty of Westphalia. The immediate impulse for the sance, medieval, or feudal idea of the empire composed establishment of an independent nation here, came from of feuding warlords, in constant conflict over their prop- the 1688-1714 drive to expel the influence of our own intel- erty titles to land and to those serfs or slaves who work it, lectual forebear, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, from Eng- as well as to financial accounts. land, and to establish England as the British Empire The English colonization of America had been enforcer, modelled on ancient Rome, for the world’s capital launched by friends and followers of the great ecumenical of financier power, Venice. This plunged Europe and its Tudor Renaissance leaders, Thomas More, William Shake- American colonies into a new century of war, culminating in speare, William Gilbert, and Thomas Harriott, who sought the unstable 1815 Congress of Vienna agreement between the British, Hapsburg, and Russian Empires, which has been the ______basis for the bloody conflicts from 1848 to date. 1. “Southern Strategy: Assault on the American Republic,” Executive Out of that conflict, Benjamin Franklin, in direct col- Intelligence Review, Jan. 1, 2001 (Vol. 28, No. 1). 2. See Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr., The Economics of the Noösphere laboration with Göttingen University’s Abraham Käst- (Washington, D.C.: EIR News Service, 2001). ner, the scientific heir of Leibniz and progenitor of Carl 3. See Helga Zepp LaRouche,“Nicolaus of Cusa, Towering Genius of Gauss, and with the circles of Moses Mendelssohn, Gott- the Renaissance,” Fidelio, Summer 2001 (Vol. X, No. 2). hold Lessing, and their allies amongst the champions of

16 Leibniz’s tradition throughout Europe, designed what became the United States, to be the cradle of the greatest advance in civilization in the history of humankind. The ‘Lost Cause’ We start with the ideas that forced England’s Ameri- can colonies to separate forever from the London regime. fter the Civil War, a movement of Romantic The Earl of Shaftesbury’s 1688, so-called “Glorious Revo- Anostalgia for the “Lost Cause” of the Confed- lution,” which placed the Anglo-Dutch House of Orange erate States of America was launched. At the center on the English throne and launched the 25-year cam- of this mythology was the idea that the slave planta- paign to establish the British Empire, included a plan to tion system was run by a race of gallant knights, eliminate the American colonies’ status as self-governing who were so honorable and chivalric, that to toil in commonwealths.4 Shaftesbury’s “idea man” in this bondage to them was actually more pleasant and assault, was his philosopher of law, John Locke, who you natural, than to work for commercial agricultural were probably taught was a mentor of our own Founders. and industrial enterprises, because the plantation But, he wasn’t. He was one of the creators of the British owners cared more for their human property, than disaster, culminating in the coronation of the first George the capitalist exploiters did for their labor. I, that made our revolution necessary. Locke’s theories of The myth was promoted through such books as political economy were promoted, along with degenerate Edward A. Pollard’s The lost cause: A new Southern loon Sir Isaac Newton’s mathematics, to replace the phi- history of the war of the Confederates, published in losophy of our real forefather, G.W. Leibniz.5 1867, and later President T. Woodrow Wilson’s By contrast with Leibniz’s idea of “Happiness” in the multi-volume History of the American People, pub- joy of Creation, Locke’s theory of government, expound- lished in 1902. Other contributions included ed in his Two Treatises of Government, starts with the lie, Thomas Dixon’s novel, The Clansman, on which that there once existed a predator-versus-predator “State Hollywood’s first feature film, The Birth of a of Nature” in which all men are servants and property- Nation, was based. slaves; and, that this is the work of God, “made to last The Agrarians wrote a slew of histories and during His, not one another’s pleasure.” In this state, biographies in service of the Lost Cause. These Locke claimed, any man has the right to forcibly seize include their Agrarian manifesto, I’ll Take My back property taken by another, or kill a murderer, “as a Stand, as well as: Allen Tates’s biographies of Con- lion or tiger,” or even a thief who seizes property by federate General Stonewall Jackson and President force. Anyone whom one has the right to kill, Locke rea- Jefferson Davis; Andrew Nelson Lytle’s Bedford sons further—in accord with the logic of the Roman Forrest and his Critter Company, in homage to to the assassin, Cassius, portrayed in Shakespeare’s Julius Tennessee General who served as the first Imperial Caesar—one has the right to enslave, “For, whenever he Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan; and Robert Penn finds the hardship of his slavery outweigh the value of his Warren’s biography of John Brown, which made life, it is in his power, by resisting the will of his master to the point that the slaves never “worried their kinky draw on himself the death he desires.” heads” about freedom. From the State of Nature, Locke derives his own This Agrarian reverence for the Lost Cause did not “God,”—“Property,” sometimes known as “shareholder end in the 1930’s. As recently as 1981, Pulitzer Prize value.” “Whatsoever, then, he removes out of the state winner Robert Penn Warren wrote Jefferson Davis Gets His Citizenship Back, in homage to the Confed- ______erate arch-traitor, on the occasion of his posthu- 4. For a detailed treatment of this process, see H. Graham Lowry, mous exoneration under President Jimmy Carter. How the Nation Was Won: America’s Untold Story, Volume I, 1630- 1754 (Washington, D.C.: EIR News Service, 1988). —SE 5. Although it has been argued that the founding of the United States involved a political movement without an associated cultural Renaissance, the United States was the cutting edge of the great that Nature hath provided and left it in, he hath mixed Leibnizian revolutions in politics, music, mathematics, and physics of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth centuries. This story remains to his labour with it, and joined to it something that is his be told in full, but see Philip Valenti and Anton Chaitkin, “The own, and thereby makes it his property,” he explained. Anti-Newtonian Roots of the American Revolution,” Executive Of course, John Locke never found anything in a State of Intelligence Review, Dec. 1, 1995 (Vol. 22, No. 48); and two articles Nature, and certainly never produced any “labour,” but, in Fidelio, Summer 1999 (Vol. VIII, No. 2): David Shavin, “Philo- sophical Vignettes from the Life of Moses Mendelssohn,” and if you asked him or his Yahoo followers, both then or Steven P. Meyer, “Moses Mendelssohn and the Bach Tradition.” nowadays, to give back anything they claimed as “Prop-

17 erty,” you’d likely find one of these “wild savage beasts” dence of all human history—that man actually expands Locke advises you to kill if it gets in your way, baring his his understanding of the intentions of the Creator and his fangs in front of you. As you will realize upon consider- creatures—he claims that man is totally incapable “to ing how things that might be claimed as “property” are fashion in his understanding one simple idea, not actually produced, what the Lockeans really believe, is received by his senses from external objects, or by reflec- that anything they say is theirs, is; and that they can kill tion from the operations of his own mind about them.” anyone they want to, to keep it. Locke then rejects the idea of man created in God’s Locke’s fable was used to justify the hideous system of image, saying, “God has given us no innate ideas of him- absolute property rights in African slaves, removed “out self; . . . he has stamped no original characters on our of the State that Nature hath provided” through forcible minds,” and divides the universe into two distinct types, relocation at the cost of millions who died in the kidnap- “cogitative” beings, which are revealed to the senses, and ping raids, the horrid trans-Atlantic shipments, and the “incogitative” beings. Thus, he rejects the obvious: That other aspects of this removal from the State of Nature. our “sense perceptions” are internal to our own minds, Under Shaftesbury’s patronage, Locke helped produce a and may be triggered by “outside” processes, but are, at draft for the Carolina Constitution, which established best, like Plato’s shadows on the wall of a cave, partial this principle of “law,” which has been the most perni- and indirect evidence of those processes. In reality, man cious internal enemy of this republic from that time until can verify his understanding of the “intentions” of the today. Creator, which are in no way revealed through the sens- Our Founding Fathers rejected Locke’s government es, only by demonstrating, through experiment, that he of, by, and for Property, when they struck the word can make the universe obey his wishes. That capacity is “Property” from an early draft of the Declaration of the source of “happiness” which our nation was founded Independence, and replaced it with Leibniz’s “Life, Lib- to un-Locke. erty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.” Our own General The Lockean oligarchical enemy persisted through the Welfare principle, in opposition to Locke’s, recognizes Revolution and the 1789 founding of our republic in vari- the right of all citizens to that which is necessary for the ous forms. These included the gnostic, fake-Christian continued productive life of themselves and their proge- cults of the “Great Awakening,” the Boston-centered ny. Yet, like malaria, Locke’s idea keeps coming back. It Transcendentalist movement of Ralph Waldo Emerson, is his claimed right to human “Property” and the break- and the culture of slavery, which solidified in our South. ing of the alleged “compact” to defend it, which was the The simmering, often bloody conflict against the Ameri- sole cause cited in South Carolina’s 1860 Declaration of can Intellectual Tradition, culminated in the 1861-1865 Secession; and hence, defending the slavery idea of Civil War, in which Abraham Lincoln, the minority can- human worthlessness, and the system of political econo- didate of a minority party—a President who had to sneak my that required it, was ostensibly the sole cause of the into the capital for his inauguration, to avoid assassina- founding of the Confederate States of America and its tion—was able to inspire our nation to its great victory. Civil War against our republic. Those who today praise the Confederate defense of “states’ rights,” should ponder The ‘Lost Cause’: The Dead why it was that the one right denied the states by the Confederate Constitution, was the right to outlaw prop- That Walk and Talk erty in slaves. After the military defeat of the Confederacy, the battle- Like his property theory of government, Locke’s com- front shifted to financial and cultural warfare. The panion fraudulent theory of knowledge, expounded in alliance among New England and New York financial his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, was also an interests and Southern drug-running and slave-trading attack on Leibniz. Along with the whole genus of oli- interests, promoted a pro-Confederate counteroffensive, garchical philosophers, Locke denies that man can come which has been more dangerous than the shooting war to know universal physical principles. All man is capable itself. The central feature of this counter-evolution was of, he claims, are “simple ideas” derived only from “sen- the creation of the Romantic legend of the “Lost Cause,” sation and reflection.” Locke claims that complex ideas as representing, not our deadly enemy, but the authentic are no more than the repetition, comparison, and con- “spirit” of the nation [SEE Box, page 17]. junction of simple ideas, and that, “it is not in the power Within days of the close of the war, Abraham Lincoln of the most exalted wit or enlarged understanding, by was assassinated. Despite this, the program of “internal any quickness or variety of thought, to invent or frame improvements,” notably railroad building and the devel- one new simple idea in the mind.” Locke denies the evi- opment of the Agricultural and Mining Schools, launched

18 Nashville Agrarian Andrew Nelson Lytle’s “Bedford Forrest and His Critter Company” spurred the “Lost Cause” revival. National Archives The 1915 feature film “The Birth of a Nation” was used by KKK enthusiast President Woodrow Wilson (above) to launch both the born-again Klan, and the Hollywood movie industry.

Walter L. Fleming, Dean of Nashville’s Vanderbilt University, produced this insider history of the Klan (left), writing a lengthy introduction. Below: Ku Klux Klan rally in Savannah, Georgia. SNCC by Lincoln and his economic adviser, the world’s greatest The American Tory opposition to these developments economist of that time, Henry C. Carey, continued. As a was fierce. The events of the next thirty-six years, includ- result, by the time of the famous 1876 Chicago World ing the assassination of Republican President James Exposition, the United States was clearly the dominant Garfield in 1881, and ending with the assassination of industrial, and economic force in the world, and had Republican President William McKinley in 1901, deliv- developed the base from which much of the world would ered the White House to a pro-Confederate, Wall Street, be literally electrified in the course of the succeeding half- British Empire fanatic, Theodore Roosevelt. This had its century.6 In the same period, an American current of Clas- effect, much as has the recent period since the assassina- sical musical composition, based on the “Negro” Spiritual, tion of President Kennedy, through the Vietnam War, was fostered here, by the work of such artists as the Fisk and the assassinations of Malcolm X, Martin Luther Jubilee Singers, and the later help of Antonin Dvorˇák.7 King, Jr., Robert Kennedy, and other Civil Rights lead- ers. Then, two generations of war, and the assassination ______of three Presidents in thirty-six years, left many Ameri- 6. See Anton Chaitkin, “The Lincoln Revolution,” Fidelio, Spring cans vulnerable to the idea that not the hard, but joyful 1998 (Vol. VII, No. 1); also, “Leibniz, Gauss Shaped America’s Sci- work of discovery, but rather, the raw, unthinking lust ence Successes,” Executive Intelligence Review, Feb. 9, 1996 (Vol. 23, for wealth and power, was the surest means of progress. No. 7). Theodore Roosevelt’s “Lost Cause” administration 7. See Dennis Speed, “The Classical War Against Multiculturalism: Brahms’ Compositional Method,” Fidelio, Winter 1993 (Vol. II, was, in fact, a coalescence of the shade of the Confederacy No. 4). with the heirs of Ralph Waldo Emerson’s “Transcenden-

19 talist” school. Briefly, “Transcendentalism” attacked the themselves, which developed into a force of vigilantes, or scientific method of Leibniz, and Kästner’s movement, “regulators,” dedicated to terrorizing freed slaves who including Franklin, Gauss, and Bernhard Riemann. didn’t know their place, and any whites who might They asserted that there was no method for discovering defend them. Their costumes, symbols, ranks, and pre- new scientific principles, but that new or changed ideas cepts, were an infantile mimicry of an ancient mystical emanated from mysterious sources—including, quite lit- warrior cult. This wonder of imbecility, with its Grand erally, demons and intoxication, or, simply, “random Dragons, Wizards, Giants, Cyclops, Magi, Monk, Exche- action.” In support of this insanity, they promoted quer, Turk, Scribe, Sentinel, Ensign, Centaurs, Yahoos, Charles Darwin’s “natural selection through survival of and Ghouls who organized themselves to lord it over the the fittest” hoax, as the alleged proof that there was no Realms and Dominions comprising the Invisible Empire, evidence of the principle of cognition in the design of the became a major terrorist force throughout the nation.8 universe. The incongruity between the Klan’s own self-description Emerson’s two star protégés were the life-long friends, and their bloody work, reminds one of Shakespeare’s William James and Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. James Hamlet’s famous quip, “No, no, they do but jest, poison founded the Harvard Psychology Department, as a cen- in jest; no offence i’ the world.” ter for experimentation with mind-altering drugs, out of Founder Albert Pike was the Sovereign Grand Com- which he developed the theory of knowledge he called mander, and intellectual—as well as gastronomical— “pragmatism.” One of his students was Theodore Roo- giant of the Scottish Rite order. He became the principal sevelt. Roosevelt nominated Holmes to the Supreme author of the Scottish Rite “Bible,” Morals and Dogma,9 Court, from which position he did more than any other and is now honored with a bust and crypt in the nether figure of the first half of the Twentieth century to under- regions of the order’s Mother Temple in Washington, mine the authority of our Constitution and replace it D.C., as well as a prominent statue provided for by an with British “common law” notions. Act of the United States Congress, in the capital’s Judicia- Now, focus on the cultural aspects of this post-Civil ry Square. Pike identified Masonry’s roots in the same War campaign for the “Lost Cause.” occult traditions (Rosicrucianism, Zoroastrianism, In Pulaski, Tennessee, in 1866, Confederate Generals Theosophy) as New England Transcendalist Ralph Wal- and Scottish Rite Freemasons Albert Pike and Nathan do Emerson’s Swedenborgianism—the fundamental idea Bedford Forrest, along with other “Templars of Ten- being, that there are no knowable ideas, only mysteries, nessee,” founded the Ku Klux Klan. The Klan’s founders which some people have been given the key to, and oth- and defenders describe it as a secret fraternal organiza- ers haven’t. God likes some, and doesn’t like others, and tion, modelled on ancient cult practices, intended simply that’s all there is to it, and we know who we are, and we as a way for idled former Confederate soldiers to amuse know who you are.

II. The Nashville Agrarians and Twentieth-Century Romanticism

CLASSICAL CULTURE WAS SIMILARLY under attack German “God is Dead” school, epitomized by the mad in Europe in the latter half of the Nineteenth century. philosopher of the irrational will, Friedrich Nietzsche, The Crimean War, the Franco-Prussian War, and the and the lust and rage-driven Mazzinian bomber Richard installation of Louis Napoleon at the head of the French Wagner, was on the rise. In Britain, Emerson’s friend Second Empire, typified the developments leading to the John Ruskin and his pro-Venetian school spawned a bloody “geopolitical” wars of the Twentieth century. The movement in the arts, especially painting, known as the

______8. J.C. Lester and D.L. Wilson, Ku Klux Klan: Its Origin, Growth and of Freemasonry Prepared for the Supreme Council of the Thir- Disbandment, with Introduction and Notes by Walter L. Fleming ty-Third Degree for the Southern Jurisdiction of the United (New York: The Neale Publishing Co., 1905). States, and Published by Its Authority (Charleston, S.C.: 9. Morals and Dogma of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite 1871).

20 pre-Raphaelites, which explicitly called for a return to pre-Renaissance, feudal culture and political organiza- tion. Various cults and secret orders, claiming to be mod- elled on pagan mysticism, were formed, or re-invigorat- Who Were the ed, including Theosophy, Rosicrucianism, and Freema- sonry’s “Order of the Golden Dawn.” Each of these was ‘Nashville Agrarians’? but a re-packaging of the idea of the especially privileged, he overtly fascist, pro-Confederate, pro-slav- whether called “Elect,” “Adepts,” “Ascended Masters,” ery, pro-Ku Klux Klan “Nashville Agrarian” “Magi,” or “Little Green Men.” These cults became the T movement was founded and led by a small group inspiration for a dizzying assortment of schools of litera- of poets and literary critics grouped around The ture, music, dance, philosophy, and psychology. What Fugitive magazine, who, when fascism became “conspiracy theorists” see as secret plots and disguised unfashionable, went on to found the literary move- intentions, is actually much more insidious. Much as ment, known as “The New Criticism,” which has occurred with the succeeding “counterculture” of the last dominated American literary education since the third of the Twentieth century, the Euro-American 1930’s. The idea of “The New Criticism” is, that the “intellectual” elite was largely, and quite openly, mired role of all art is to focus human thinking away from in the extended social relations of this shifting pattern of big ideas and toward those sensual concerns which cult associations. The essential features of “Little Green humans share with the beasts. Men” irrationalism remained as the basis for the whole The leading figures of this movement were: shebang, as individual alliances shifted between various • Robert Penn Warren. Three-time Pulitzer of these “theological” cults and the new political Prize winner; first “Poet Laureate of the United “-isms”—socialism, communism, fascism, Nazism. States”; Hollywood movies were made based on his H.G. Wells, a protégé of Charles Darwin’s boss, novels All the King’s Men and A Band of Angels. Thomas Henry Huxley, blended the ideas of “God”- • John Crowe Ransom. Long-time editor of The caused, “Nature”-caused, “Technology”-caused, and Kenyon Review; mentor of poets Robert Lowell and “Geopolitical”-caused doom, into a unified notion of ulti- Randall Jarrell; poetry adviser to the Library of mate “Godzilla” terror [SEE Box, page 32] for which the Congress. only solution was global tyranny. Wells’ early political • Allen Tate. Editor, The Sewanee Review and success in the United States was his control of the policies Hound and Horn; poetry adviser to the Library of of the Klan cheerleader-made-President, Woodrow Wil- Congress; U.S. representative to the C.I.A. propri- son.10 In fact, Huxley was the patriarch of a British-cen- etary organization, The Congress of Cultural tered grouping, identified as the New Dark Ages Conspira- Freedom. cy,11 which formed an Anglo-American alliance for • Cleanth Brooks. Founding co-editor of doom with the Emerson Kindergarten and the Lost Louisiana State University’s Southern Review; Cul- Cause aficionados here. Leading figures included Wells, tural Attaché, United States Embassy, London. Huxley’s grandchildren, Julian and Aldous, whom Hux- • Andrew Nelson Lytle. Long-time editor of ley hired Wells to train, and Lord Bertrand Russell, the The Sewanee Review. latter the most infamous of the so-called Cambridge The entire American literary establishment is Apostles. dominated by the “New Criticism.” Close direct The quintessential product of this rancid stew was collaborators of the core “Fugitive” group included Aleister Crowley, known to his friends as “The Great Nobel Prize-winning novelists William Faulker Beast,” a leader of Rosicrucian Freemasonry and darling and Ernest Hemingway, as well as Ford Madox of the “Quatuor Coronati” Masonic branch of British Ford, Thomas Wolfe, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Intelligence, whose career encompassed five decades of Gertrude Stein, James Dickey, Ken Burns, Eudora Welty, Albert Erskine, Maxwell Perkins, Malcolm ______Cowley, W. H. Auden, William Butler Yeats, 10. Stuart Rosenblatt, “Southern Strategy 1: Woodrow Wilson and the Democratic Party’s Legacy of Shame,” New Federalist, April Archibald Macleish, Ezra Pound, and T. S. Eliot— 23, 2001 (Vol. XV, No. 9). i.e., the leading lights of Twentieth-century Ameri- 11. Carol White, The New Dark Ages Conspiracy (New York: New can “literature.” Benjamin Franklin House Publishing Co., 1980). Also see, Lyn- —SE don H. LaRouche, Jr., “The Wells of Doom,” Executive Intelli- gence Review, Dec. 19, 1997 (Vol. 24, No. 51).

21 activity in Britain, the European continent, and North faculty began meetings and discussions on philosophy America. and poetry in the home of a Rosicrucian mystic of an The fashionable pornographers of the “Gay Nineties” allegedly Jewish Masonic family, Sidney Mttron Hirsch. through the “Roaring Twenties”—such heroes of today’s Vanderbilt itself had just gone through a tumultuous counterculture as D.H. Lawrence, H.G. Wells, Aldous ten-year process of takeover by Wall Street money, in Huxley, the Virginia novelist James Branch Cabell, and part coordinated by the involvement of then-President the leading promoter of Friedrich Nietzsche, H.L. Theodore Roosevelt, Supreme Court Chief Justice Mencken—were all in Crowley’s orbit. Beyond his William Fuller, and Britain’s financial mogul in America, immediate following, the chic Brits, and the American J. Pierpont Morgan. From then until now, Vanderbilt has forerunners of the “Beat” and “Hippie” eras—who, been one of the leading recipients of Wall Street founda- much like Emerson, preferred the seedy nightlife of Paris tion money—Ford, Rockefeller, Carnegie, the works. and the Caribbean to their home towns in places like The stated purpose of this seizure of Vanderbilt from its Missouri or Idaho—all knew Crowley or his cult. They former Southern Methodist affiliation, was to turn it into all had friends who had visited Crowley’s “Abbey of the Southern center of John Deweyite, “Pragmatic”-style Thelema,” to join in the “sex magic,” the animal sacri- teacher training and culture generally.13 Vanderbilt’s his- fices and blood-drinking, and the opium and heroin use, tories do not explain why this “conversion” to New Eng- which would, eventually, cost Crowley his respectability, land-born Pragmatism should have included the but would build the legacy which his admirers among appointment, in 1917, of Walter L. Fleming, one of the today’s establishment entertainment figures, including nation’s leading KKK partisans, as Dean, but, perhaps, Mick Jagger and Sir Paul McCartney, have emulated. you’re beginning to get the idea. This wider circle included such enshrined cultural icons The Nashville-based core of the Hirsch circle was as Ernest Hemingway; F. Scott Fitzgerald; Edmund Wil- drawn from, and had the financial and other backing of, son of Princeton University and The New Republic; John the leading families and business interests of Nashville, Peale Bishop of Princeton (who went from being a Beat including the Cheek-Nichols family which owned poet in the Twenties to war-time propagandist for Co- Maxwell House Coffee. They were to found a literary ordinator for Inter-American Affairs Nelson Rocke- magazine in 1922, called The Fugitive—hence the appel- feller); William Butler Yeats’s one-time house-boy Ezra lation “Fugitives”—and a political movement in 1930, Pound, who became a propagandist for Mussolini, but to the “Nashville Agrarians.” The early meetings, at which this day remains a darling of both the supposedly patriot- Hirsch reclined on a chaise, propped up by feathery pil- ic neo-Conservatives as well as the doped-up countercul- lows, surrounded by his acolytes, perfected the circle as ture; T.S. Eliot; Gertrude Stein; Sylvia Beach; and Isado- practitioners of Nietzschean or Rosicrucian “Little Green ra Duncan. Men” occultism. This is how Fugitive Donald Davidson Out of this mess, arose the monstrosity which is at the described the Hirsch salon: core of this story, the Nashville Agrarians, the heirs of the [We] fell silent and became listeners when—as always hap- Ku Klux Klan, who came to dominate the nation’s poli- pened—Sidney Hirsch picked out some words—most tics, culture, and theology in the Twentieth century. likely a proper name like Odysseus or Hamlet or Parsifal, It started in 1915, the same year that Hollywood gave or some common word like foot or fugitive—and then, birth to evil twins: the modern movie industry and the turning from dictionary to dictionary in various languages, born-again Ku Klux Klan. The second Klan was proceeded to unroll a chain of veiled meanings that could launched by Hollywood’s first full-length feature motion be understood only through the system of etymologies to picture, D.W. Griffith’s The Birth of a Nation. The film, which he had the key. This, he assured us, was the wisdom now revered as a great “classic,” features then-President of the ages—a palimpsest underlying all great poetry, all Wilson’s praise of the Klan in its opening frames. He pro- great art, all religion, in all eras, in all lands. All true poets moted the film and the Klan by sponsoring showings at possessed this wisdom intuitively, he told us, solemnly, the White House, the Supreme Court, and for the assem- repeatedly. Furthermore he proved it later on, when we began to forsake philosophy for poetry, by pointing out that bled government and diplomatic grandees of our capi- 12 some image that had crept into our verses, no matter what tal. That same year, in Nashville, Tennessee, a seeming- we intended it to mean, revealed exactly the kind of mystic ly random group of Vanderbilt University students and symbolism he had traced from the Ramayana to Homer to ______12. Mark Calney, “D.W. Griffith’s ‘The Birth of a Nation,’ Holly- ______wood, and the KKK,” Executive Intelligence Review, April 2, 1993 13. Stanley Ezrol, “Vanderbilt University and the Night Writers of (Vol. 20, No. 13). the Ku Klux Klan,” New Federalist, Oct. 7, 1996 (Vol. X, No. 39).

22 Sophocles to Dante to Shakespeare to William Blake.14 merchants, Sidney led a Bohemian existence. After a career as a Navy boxer, he worked as a model for a sculp- Most histories of the Fugitives/Agrarians tend to dis- tor named Chase, with whom he roamed the degenerate miss Hirsch’s influence as unimportant, but his training seas. He is said to have posed for August Rodin (who had and early leadership was the basis for everything the a brush with Aleister Crowley) and Gertrude Vanderbilt Fugitives and their disciples were to become. The Fugi- Whitney, and to have met William James’ favorite stu- tives later developed Hirsch’s “Little Green Men” dent, Gertrude Stein, and Lorado Taft (a Chicago sculp- method into the dominant school of English Literature, tor and art historian, with whom life-long homosexual the so-called “New Criticism.” It was Hirsch who, in Stark Young, of whom you’ll learn more, had a flirtation 1922—after a seven-year association interrupted by the as well). In 1913, with support from the Nashville Art war—proposed and pushed through the idea of starting a Association and the Board of Trade, he produced The poetry magazine, and named it The Fugitive. John Crowe Fire Regained, a Dionysian pageant on the subject of Ransom, who went on to become the acknowledged “Lesbian Love”—complete with hundreds of sheep, founder of what might be better dubbed “The New Crit- doves, dancers in diaphanous costume, and the Gover- tercism,” and is otherwise called the leader of the group, nor’s wife, Lucy McMillan, playing the goddess Athena. introduced his 1930 work, God Without Thunder, with an Hirsch’s “kids” became remarkably successful. Of the adoring note to his mentor, “S.M.H.,” and reports that handful at the core of what we now know as the Fugi- Hirsch was the source of a proposal he made in the Amer- tive/Agrarian group, John Crowe Ransom, William Yan- ican Review, in 1933, to build a new capital city in the dell Elliott, Bill Frierson, Robert Penn Warren, and heartland of the country. Cleanth Brooks became Rhodes Scholars; Andrew Nel- Forty years after the salon first met, the Rockefeller son Lytle studied at Oxford; Stark Young was a lifelong Foundation financed a “Fugitives Reunion,” at Vander- intimate of top British cultural warrior Julian Huxley bilt University. The presiding figure at this event was (whose primary foray into United States politics was as a The Fugitive’s “Editor in Absentia,” William Yandell founding faculty member of Rice University in Houston, Elliott, who as head of Harvard University’s Govern- Texas, under the patronage of Captain James Baker, ment Department, would later launch the foreign policy grandfather of George W. Bush’s lead attorney, the third careers of Zbigniew Brzezinski and Henry Kissinger, the of that line), and a leader of British spymaster H.G. mentors of two generations of Democratic and Republi- Wells’ New Republic group. can policy “gurus,” notably including our last Secretary Allen Tate became an intimate of the above-men- of State, Madeleine Albright, and her virtual foster sister, tioned Crowleyite literati, in Greenwich Village, Paris, current National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice. and other Bohemian outposts, who were patronized by At the reunion, Elliott—who had been an intimate of the British establishment, and of Gertrude Stein. In the London’s literary elite, was then serving on Dwight Twenties, Tate frequently published in Wells’ New Eisenhower’s National Security Council, and had spent Republic, The Nation, Saturday Review of Literature, and years, in conjunction with his favorite, Kissinger, hosting the literary pages of many other journals. In the Thirties, world leaders at Harvard’s International Summer Semi- he served as editor of the horsey Hound and Horn. nars—said, “Sidney had this dominating, almost mes- The story behind the British promotion of the Fugi- meric habit of addressing people in the Socratic manner. tives, however, originated prior to their meeting with .. . The insights that he had about the struggle of myths Hirsch, and, really, prior to their births. The Nashville- and systems, and the nature of the struggle of the people centered core of the group, and their out-of-town who became the epic exemplars, was superior in its politi- cousins, were part of a leading clique composed of the cal insight to any figure I’ve known.” second- and third-generation descendants of the “Ten- Eyewitnesses report that in that period, Hirsch’s nessee Templars” who had founded the Ku Klux Klan. home, which Elliott visited, featured occult artifacts, a Ransom was the great-nephew of James R. Crowe, a life-size nude portrait of himself, and a human pelvis leader of Scottish Rite Freemasonry in Tennessee, and hanging from the ceiling, which Hirsch would caress as one of the inner circle of Masons, with Albert Pike and he engaged in conversation. Nathan Bedford Forrest, who had founded the Klan. Although Hirsch’s family were wealthy Nashville Crowe was cited by author Walter Fleming as a key ______source for his “insider” history of the KKK. Ransom’s 14. Thomas Daniel Young, Gentleman in a Dustcoat: A Biography of mother, Ella, had fond memories of evenings spent by the John Crowe Ransom (Baton Rouge, La.: Louisiana State University fireside with the other Crowe women, sewing sheets Press, 1976), p. 92. together for Klan rallies. Stark Young’s father and

23 Cleanth Brooks’ grandfather fought in Bedford Forrest’s office in sixty years. The other three had been gunned “Critter Company” during the Civil War. William Yan- down by assassins. He was succeeded by Wall Street’s dell Elliott’s grandfather was an ostensibly anti-slavery Calvin Coolidge, whose policies were to create what we Republican, who reportedly provoked an incident after know, unjustly, as the “Hoover Depression.” The change the Civil War, resulting in the deaths of eight freedmen. in the Fugitives was prompted when, as some viewed this He, nonetheless, belonged to the same Masonic Lodge in matter, Satan decided to promote what he advertised as a Murfreesboro, Tennessee, as James D. Richardson, who, fight between Jesus and Science, in Dayton, Tennessee— as a Congressman in 1898, caused Federal land in the the celebrated “Scopes Monkey Trial.” It was planned in nation’s capital to be set aside for the monument to Klan Richmond, Virginia, in 1925, in the home of occultist, founder Pike. Young, Lytle, Frank Lawrence Owsley, pornographic novelist James Branch Cabell, at a meeting Ransom, and Elliott all claimed connections to the between his friend, the Baltimore curmudgeon journalist McGehee family—one of the wealthiest and largest H.L. Mencken, known as the leading popularizer in the slave-holding families in the South, which claimed United States of Nietzsche, and the Nietzschean atheist descent from the British Stuart royalty. Robert Penn attorney, Clarence Darrow. A fourth, unseen, presence in Warren’s connection was less royal: his father worked as the room would have been the mutual friend and collabo- a clerk for the McGehee retail chain in Kentucky. rator of Cabell and Mencken, “The Great Beast,” Aleister Thus, to summarize, the Fugitives were, by family Crowley himself. Crowley and Mencken had collaborated and social connections, Anglophile, pro-Confederate, in spreading “pro-German” propaganda in the United “White Sheet” babies, who were given an intensive States prior to America joining the British side in World indoctrination in “Little Green Men” theology by Sidney War I. (Whether their propaganda, painting the Germans Hirsch. Apart from the support given his efforts by as the Nietzschean super-race about to crush the American Nashville’s leading commercial, cultural, and political weaklings, helped turn the tide for Britain or Germany, is institutions, Hirsch himself appears to have been the vil- not the subject of our story here.) Mencken had introduced lage loon. Crowley to Cabell, who, in his medieval “Sorcerers and The Fugitive journal was launched in 1922, sand- Dragons”-type sex fantasy novels, expressed ideas he wiched in time between the installation of Mussolini’s shared with Crowley through the mouth of his fictional Fascist government in Italy, and Adolf Hitler’s rise to hero, Juergen, who often repeated the following slogans: prominence in the Beer Hall Putsch of 1923. The elec- Do that which pleases you. For all men that live have but a torate had replaced the Klan’s Woodrow Wilson with a little while to live and none knows his fate thereafter. So pro-industrial Republican, Warren G. Harding. Under that a man possesses nothing certainly save a brief loan of Harding’s leadership, the Anglophile Klan revival which his body: and yet the body of man is capable of much curi- had led the U.S.A. into World War I was threatened ous pleasure. with being side-lined. At the time, William Yandell Elliott and Bill Frierson were at Oxford doing their and, Rhodes Scholarship studies. Elliott was listed on The I’ll drink anything once. Fugitive masthead as “Editor in Absentia.” He, in fact, promoted the Nashville Fugitives, arranged publication To this day, Crowley’s followers use excerpts of deals, and so on, amongst the British literary elite. At Cabell’s novels as scripts for their black-magic rituals. Oxford, he worked through a late-night drinking and Cabell was, himself, an heir of one of the most respected discussion circle including the mystic poet and estranged Freemasonic families of the “Old South.” His family Lodge brother of Aleister Crowley, William Butler Yeats, relations include the notorious “Randolphs of Roanoke,” and long-time Fugitive intimate, Robert Graves. Graves whose most notorious figure—the drug-addicted John is known today for his adoring history of the Roman Randolph—is, today, a hero of the Buckleyite conserva- Empire, I Claudius, and his promotion of the cult of the tive movement; as well as Air Force General and Deputy White Goddess. Thus, the Fugitives became leading fig- Director of the C.I.A., George Cabell, and the recent ures in the “modernist” literary establishment of the Kissingerian intelligence agents and diplomats, David Twenties, with a definite aroma of what we would recog- and Evangeline Bruce. The Bruces, of course, like the nize today as “Bohemian,” “Beat,” “counterculture,” and McGehees and MacGregors, trace their lineage to Robert definitely “weird.” the Bruce—the forebear of the Stuart line of Scottish and They were to become something different, however. In English royalty. Thus Cabell, himself a “Green Men” 1923, President Harding died mysteriously from food poi- occultist, was a cousin to his sometime collaborators and soning. He was the fourth President to die suddenly in sometime competitors amongst the Fugitives.

24 Rosicrucian mystic Sidney Mttron Hirsch organized the Nashville study group that founded “The Fugitive” literary magazine in 1922. It became the Nashville Agrarian political movement in the 1930’s. Satanist Aleister Crowley promoted drug use and “sex magic.” A favorite of British Intelligence’s Quatuor Coronati Bohemian poet Ezra Pound Freemasonic Lodge, he intersected all the worked for Mussolini during period’s counterculture movements. World War II. Later, he directed a KKK cell while incarcerated in a Federal mental institution. www.arttoday.com www.arttoday.com Novelist Gertrude Stein, The “Scopes Monkey doyenne of the Paris avant Trial” was planned by garde, was the protégé of novelist James Branch Harvard psychologist William Cabell (right), with James, and James’ “Varieties Nietzsche-popularizer of Religious Experience.” H.L. Mencken (above). Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress Library of Congress

What Cabell, Mencken, Darrow, and the unseen al. They were particularly upset at Mencken’s essay about Crowley agreed to, was to launch a court fight, to be the South, “The Sahara of the Bozart,” in which he argued by Darrow and publicized by Mencken, against alleged that Southern whites were genetically inferior to the Tennessee laws banning the teaching of Darwinism. the “mulattoes,” because, he argued, the whites were This was to become the “Scopes Monkey Trial,” in which largely Celtic, whereas the “mulattoes,” were enriched the Satanists of medievalist Cabell’s Richmond parlor, with the Norman (out of which came the Venetian-allied undertook to represent the forces of Huxley’s Darwinism, English Plantagenet Kings) genes of the plantation own- which they called “modern science,” against the Bible- ers. There followed several years of feverish correspon- thumping “Christians” represented by former Secretary dence amongst the Fugitives and their friends, out of of State under Woodrow Wilson, William Jennings which arose a project to re-launch Confederate culture. It Bryan. By doing this, they turned the hermetic division seems that Mencken’s prodding of the White Sheet baby between science and morality championed by empiricist poets had about the same effect as his war-time “defense” philsophers Locke, David Hume, and Immanuel Kant, of Germany. into a popular fighting issue. To the extent you, or anyone you meet today, believes that religion, morality, and aes- Night Writers of the KKK: thetics are matters of irrational taste, while science comes only from cold experience, Cabell’s plot, planned in Rich- I’ll Take My Stand mond and executed in Dayton, deserves at least some of The result of the Fugitives’ fevered response was a series the thanks. of hotly promoted books and articles published by 1931. The Fugitives were offended by the treatment given These included biographies of Confederate President the South by Mencken and others in and around this tri- Jefferson Davis and General Stonewall Jackson by Allen

25 Tate; Andrew Nelson Lytle’s fawning biography of the and, perhaps, one or two others, could be from any “envi- Klan’s First Imperial Wizard: Bedford Forrest and His ronmentalist” tract of the 1970’s or later. Note the “Little Critter Company; and John Crowe Ransom’s call for a Green Men” rejection of the idea that man has “power Godzilla theology takeover of all existing religions in over nature,” which Ransom claims is “something myste- God Without Thunder. The flagship of the Night Writ- rious,” and the strange idea that, as long as they have ers’ fleet was I’ll Take My Stand: The South and the some slave to do it for them, “labor” is good in itself, and, Agrarian Tradition, by Twelve Southerners.15 This liter- therefore, the less efficient the better: ary assault, published, debated and promoted in the All tend to support a Southern way of life against what period of descent into economic depression following may be called the American or prevailing way . . . Agrarian the 1929 stock market crash, and leading into the instal- versus Industrial. lation of the Hitler Nazi regime in Germany and the The capitalization of the applied sciences has now initiation of last century’s second global war, was the become extravagant and uncritical; it has enslaved our articulation of the main outlines of what was to later tri- human energies to a degree now clearly felt to be burden- umph as the Gingrichite Conservative Revolution of the some. 1980’s, culminating in the year 2000 election of George The philosophy of applied science is generally quite sure W. Bush. that the saving of labor is a pure gain. . . . This is to assume As you will see, this involved the open takeover of that labor is an evil, that only the end of labor or the materi- American culture by the Godzilla theology of Rome and al product is a good. kindred Empire cultures, clothed as good ole’ Southern The true Sovietists or Communists . . . are the Industri- alists themselves. They would have the government set up Americanism. You may be shocked, or amused, to learn an economic super-organization, which in turn would that this Southern tribe are the “kissin’ cousins” of the become the government. We therefore look upon the ecology freak counterculture, which organized the Gorey Communist menace as a menace indeed, but not as a Red mess in the Democratic Party to lose to Bush. one; because it is simply according to the blind drift of our Allen Tate coordinated the production of I’ll Take My industrial development to expect in America at last much Stand from Paris, financed by a Guggenheim fellowship the same economic system as that imposed by violence arranged by a curious individual then known as Ford upon Russia in 1917. Madox Ford, in whose apartment he stayed while work- We receive the illusion of having power over nature, ing on his biography of Stonewall Jackson, which he sub- and lose the sense of nature as something mysterious and titled, “The Good Soldier” after one of Ford’s novels. contingent. Thursday afternoons, he called at the salon of William It is strange, of course, that a majority of men anywhere could ever as with one mind become enamored of industri- James’ favorite student, Gertrude Stein, and her “wife,” alism: a system that has so little regard for individual wants. the hashish-baking Alice B. Toklas. Although Stein and There is evidently a kind of thinking that rejoices in setting Toklas became heroes to the Beat and hippie generations, up a social objective which has no relation to the individual. they were no liberated couple. According to Tate, Stein Men are prepared to sacrifice their private dignity and hap- would sit in the front room with the men, including such piness to an abstract social ideal, and without asking dissolute expatriates as Ernest Hemingway, John Peale whether the social ideal produces the welfare of any indi- Bishop, and F. Scott Fitzgerald, to discuss matters literary vidual man whatsoever. But this is absurd. The responsibil- and philosophic, while Toklas served the ladies her ity of men is for their own welfare and that of their neigh- famous hashish-laced brownies in the rear.With this bors; not for the hypothetical welfare of some fabulous 16 provenance, it should be no surprise that I’ll Take My creature called society. Stand was dedicated to the Ku Klux Klan’s authorized historian, Walter L. Fleming. 2. Among the individual essays which follow, John To understand the Agrarian variety of American Tory Crowe Ransom’s “Reconstructed But Unregenerate,” treason: elaborates further the connection between “environmen- talism” and the oligarchy’s “Little Green Men” cult. Note 1. First read from the joint statement of the I’ll Take the slavish admiration for England, and the appeal to My Stand twelve, drafted by White Sheet baby John intellectual sloth which abhors the “infinite series” of Crowe Ransom, which, but for the word, “Southern” progress in favor of the mind-dead siren call of “tradi- tion.” To this dopey, lazy brain, even slavery is preferable ______15 I’ll Take My Stand: The South and the Agrarian Tradition, by ______Twelve Southerners (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1930). 16. Ibid.

26 to an American-style life of creativity: ple as—what it undoubtedly is for the most part—a foreign invasion of Southern soil, which is capable of doing more The nearest of the European cultures which we could devastation than was wrought when Sherman marched to examine is that of England; and this is of course the right the sea.18 one in the case. . . . England was actually the model employed by the South. . . . And there is in the South even today an Anglophile sentiment quite anomalous in the 3. “The Irrepressible Conflict” by Frank Lawrence American scene. Owsley—who, in effect, succeeded Fleming in Vander- England differs from America doubtless in several bilt’s chair of Lynchin’ and Cross Burnin’—is a bloody respects, but most notably in the fact that England did assault against the freed slaves, but what’s worse is his her pioneering an indefinite number of centuries ago, did open recognition of his heritage, from Rome to Locke, it well enough, and has been living pretty tranquilly on which leads to the sentiment that it’s better to be a lump her establishment ever since. . . . Their descendants have of manure rotting on “the soil,” than to have to think. He had the good sense to consider that this establishment starts with a justification for the Klan’s terrorism after was good enough for them. They have elected to live . . . in accordance with the tradition which they inherited, the Civil War: and they have consequently enjoyed a leisure, a security, There was no generosity. For ten years the South, already and an intellectual freedom that were never the portion ruined by the loss of nearly $2,000,000,000 invested in of pioneers. slaves, with its lands worthless, its cattle and stock gone, its In most societies man has adapted himself to environ- houses burned, was turned over to the three millions of for- ment with plenty of intelligence to secure easily his material mer slaves, some of whom could still remember the taste of necessities from the graceful bounty of nature. And then, human flesh and the bulk of them hardly three generations ordinarily, he concludes a truce with nature . . . . But the from cannibalism. These half-savage blacks were armed. latter-day societies have been seized—none quite so vio- Their passions were roused against their former masters by lently as our American one—with the strange idea that the savage political leaders like Thaddeus Stevens, who advo- human destiny is not to secure an honorable peace with cated the confiscation of all Southern lands for the benefit nature, but to wage an unrelenting war on nature. of the negroes, and the extermination, if need be, of the This is simply to say that Progress never defines its ulti- Southern white population; and like Charles Sumner, mate objective, but thrusts its victims at once into an infinite whose chief regret had been that his skin was not black. series. Our vast industrial machine . . . is like a Prussianized Not only were the blacks armed; they were upheld and state which is organized strictly for war and can never con- incited by garrisons of Northern soldiers, by Freedman’s 17 sent to peace. Bureau officials, and by Northern ministers of the gospel, and at length they were given the ballot while their former Then, Ransom pronounces his “feed the people to the masters were disarmed and, to a large extent, disfranchised lions” opposition to loving God’s “other children”: [sic]. For ten years ex-slaves, led by carpetbaggers and scalawags, continued the pillages of war, combing the Along with the gospel of Progress goes the gospel of Ser- South for anything left by the invading armies, levying tax- vice. ... es, selling empires of plantations under the auction ham- The feminine form is likewise hallowed among us mer, dragooning the Southern population, and visiting under the name of Service . . . service means the function of upon them the ultimate humiliations. . . . The rising gener- Eve, it means the seducing of laggard men into fresh strug- ations read Northern literature . .. . Northern textbooks gles with nature . . . it busies itself with the heathen Chi- were used in Southern schools; Northern histories, despite nese, with the Roman Catholic Mexican, with the “lower” the frantic protests of local patriotic organizations, were classes in our own society. Its motive is missionary. Its almost universally taught . . . , books that were built around watchwords are such as Protestantism, Individualism, the Northern legend.19 Democracy, and the point of its appeal is a discontent, gen- erally labeled “divine.” The real cause of conflict, Owlsey explains, was Slavery was a feature monstrous enough in theory, but, that more often than not, humane in practice; Industrialism is an insidious spirit, full of false promises and generally fatal the North was commercial and industrial, and the South to establishments. The attitude that needs artificial respira- was agrarian. . . . All else, good and bad, revolved around tion is the attitude of resistance on the part of the natives to this ideal—the old and accepted manner of life for which the salesmen of industrialism. It will be fiercest and most Egypt, Greece, Rome, England, and France had stood. His- effective if industrialism is represented to the Southern peo- ______18. Ibid. 17. Ibid. 19. Ibid.

27 tory and literature, profane and sacred, twined their ten- have been graced with adoring interviews by notables drils about the cottage and the villa, not the factory. Each including Attorney General John Ashcroft, former Sen- word, name, sound, had grown from the soil and had ate Majority Leader Trent Lott, Senator Jesse Helms, behind it sweet memory, stirring adventure, and ofttimes Senator John East, Senator Phil Gramm, and former stark tragedy. . . . Virginia Republican Party Chairman Patrick [I]t was the Romans of the early republic, before land speculators and corn laws had driven men from the soil to McSweeney, re-published this genocidal essay in 1991 as the city slums, who appealed most powerfully to the part of its sixtieth anniversary homage to I’ll Take My South. These Romans were brave, sometimes crude, but Stand. open and without guile—unlike the Greeks. They reeked Two of the essays in I’ll Take My Stand directly of the soil, of the plow and the spade; they had wrestled attacked universal public education, saying that there was with virgin soil and forests. . . . The industrial North no point in providing real education for anyone but a demanded a high tariff . . . . It was an exploitative princi- small elite, and certainly not for Negroes. ple, originated at the expense of the South and for the benefit of the North. . . . The industrial North demanded 4. John Gould Fletcher of Arkansas, who claimed internal improvements—roads, railroads, canals—at that growing up in the former home of Albert Pike national expense to furnish the transportation for its goods inspired him to his career as an imagist poet, a British to Southern and Western markets. . . . The South object- Fabian Socialist, and an ardent booster of Benito Mussoli- ed to internal improvements at national expense because it 21 had less need of transportation. .. . The North favored a ni, and who later founded the Arkansas Folklore Soci- government-controlled bank. . .. ety and drowned himself, presented his case against uni- Slavery had been practically forced upon the country by versal education, and in favor of the Southern, “Private England—over the protest of colonial assemblies. . . . Academy” system, which is the idea behind today’s However, when the Revolution came and the Southern “school vouchers” movement, and many of our “home colonies gained their independence, they did not free the schoolers”: negroes. . . . Negroes had come into the Southern Colonies in such numbers that people feared for the integrity of the [W]hat is the good of sending an unspoiled country boy or white race. For the negroes were cannibals and barbarians, girl to a city high school and still later to a college, if after and therefore dangerous. No white man who had any con- some seven years’ sophisticated flirting with knowledge he tact with slavery was willing to free the slaves and allow or she has to return and unwillingly take up ploughing and them to dwell among the whites. Slaves were a peril, at washing dishes again?. .. least a risk, but free blacks were considered a menace too [A] considerable proportion of our population are great to be hazarded. ... negroes. Although there is no doubt that the negro could, These [economic and social rights] were not the only if he wished, pass easily through the high school and col- interests which the state-rights doctrine was expected to lege mill (such a task does not require any profound protect from an overbearing and unsympathetic national knowledge . . .), yet under the present social and economic government. Perhaps the greatest vested interest was “per- conditions under which he has to live it is simply a waste of sonal liberty,” the old Anglo-Saxon principles expressed in money and effort to send him there. . . . the Magna Carta, bill of rights, habeas corpus act, supported The inferior, whether in life or in education, should exist in the American Revolution, and engrafted finally in every only for the sake of the superior. . . . We can pick out the state constitution. .. . Jefferson had called the “inalienable most promising and enterprising pupils who appear in our rights of man” and Locke and Rousseau had called the high schools annually and set them apart, as actual students “natural rights”—right of life, liberty, property.20 taught by real teachers, to form an intellectual elite. ... We ______Since the Confederate Constitution unequivocally 21. After he wrote in support of Mussolini in The Freeman, the New supported the right to slave ownership, and granted its York Times invited Fletcher to do a feature in praise of the dicta- states no rights to overrule that “personal liberty,” tor. The result was, “The Downfall of Civilization: Mechanical Owsley, and all supporters of the Confederate model of Industrialism and the Progressive Enslavement of Men’s Souls,” by John Gould Fletcher, The New York Times Magazine, Jan. 13, “states rights” and “personal liberty,” place themselves in 1924, p. 6. After what today would be recognized as a radical the peculiar position of asserting that “liberty” requires ecologist rant, he wrote, “And we must also in an attempt to build the right to slave ownership. Unfortunately, this is not a life and living culture up from the foundation of the working dead idea. Southern Partisan magazine, the well-respect- class, realise that at each step it is the money power and the mechanical power that we have to fight. ed organ of Buckleyite Conservativism, whose pages “Certain attempts are being made in this direction—perhaps most notably in Italy—but . . . the modern form of Caesarism . . . is ______but the first step in freeing the human spirit from the hydra-tenta- 20. Ibid. cles of mechanical barbarism.”

28 can also support . . . such institutions for training the negro [T]he old South . . . was a feudal society without a feu- as Tuskegee and the Hampton Institute, which are adapted dal religion. to the capacity of that race and produce far healthier and The South could remain simple-minded because it had happpier specimens of it than all the institutions for “higher no use for the intellectual agility required to define its posi- learning” that we can give them.22 tion. Its position was self-sufficient and self-evident; it was European where the New England position was self-con- scious and colonial. The Southern mind was simple, not 5. Robert Penn Warren, who was to become the most top-heavy with learning it had no need of. . . . famous and “successful” of the Night Writers—first Poet We are very near an answer to our question—How Laureate of the United States, winner of three Pulitzer may the Southerner take hold of his Tradition? The Prizes, author of two Hollywood movies, co-author of the answer is, by violence. For this answer is inevitable. He can- ubiquitous college textbook Understanding Poetry, and so not fall back upon his religion. . . . Reaction is the most rad- forth—wrote “The Briar Patch,” which despite attacking ical of programs; it aims at cutting away the overgrowth equal education for “the negro,” was controversial amongst and getting back to the roots.24 the Agrarians, for being a bit more genteel than Cousin Owsley’s attack on the supposed cannibals: 7. Andrew Nelson Lytle, who went on to be the long- term editor of the Sewanee Review—one of the nation’s [After Reconstruction], [t]he negro was as little equipped to establish himself, as he would have been to live again, with leading literary magazines, published by the Episcopal spear and breech-clout, in the Sudan or Bantu country. The Church’s flagship Southern university, the University of necessities of life had always found their way to his back or the South in Sewanee, Tennessee—as well as a founder skillet without the least thought on his part. . . . He did not of the traditionalist Anglican Society for the Book of know how to make a living. . . . Always in the past he had Common Prayer, contributed “The Hind Tit,” where he, been told when to work and what to do. like Cousin Owsley, says he’d really just rather be a For what is the negro to be educated? stinkin’ goat than a “progressive farmer”: Booker T. Washington realized the immediate need of his race; he realized that the masses of negroes . . . had to Since 1865 an agrarian Union has been changed into an live by the production of their hands, and that little was to industrial empire bent on conquest of the earth’s goods and be gained by only attempting to create a small group of ports to sell them in. This means warfare, a struggle over intellectual aristocrats in the race. markets, leading, in the end, to actual military conflict In the past the Southern negro has always been a crea- between nations . . . men, run mad by their inventions, sup- ture of the small town and farm. That is where he still planting themselves with inanimate objects. . . . chiefly belongs, by temperament and capacity. . . .23 [T]he Republican government and the Russian Soviet Council pursue identical policies toward the farmer . . . 6. Allen Tate’s “Remarks on the Southern Religion” Russian Soviet is the more admirable. It frankly proposes to reflect his agreement with Ransom’s attacks on Chris- make of its farmers a race of helots. . . . tianity, and, something which is often the subject of his .. . [P]rophets do not come from cities. .. . They have letters to friends: his plain old preference for stupidity always come from the wilderness, stinking of goats and running with lice. . . . The progressive-farmer ideal is a over “intellectual agility,” like the fellow with the contradiction in terms. A stalk of cotton grows. It does not “Stars and Bars” on his pick-up, or the teenie-bopper at progress . . . as soon as a farmer begins to keep books, he’ll the mall, who, in the words of the old Tareyton ad, go broke shore as hell. would rather fight than change their minds. Some Industrialism gives an electric refrigerator, bottled milk, years later, he, like his friend, the Missouri-born defec- and dairy butter. Industrialism saves time, but what is to be tor to Britain, T.S. Eliot, became a pro-feudalist Anglo- done with this time? The milkmaid can’t go to the movies. Catholic: . . . In the moderate circumstances of this family . . . she will be exiled to the town to clerk all day. If the income of the [S]ince the Christian myth is a vegetation rite, varying only family can afford it, she remains idle, and therefore miser- in some details from countless other vegetation myths, able. .. . It is true that labor-evicting machines will give a there is no reason to prefer Christ to Adonis. greater crop yield. . . . It means overproduction and its ______twin, price deflation. It [the South, I suppose–SE] is our own, and if we have to spit in the water-bucket to keep it 22. I’ll Take My Stand, op. cit. 25 23. Ibid. There has been a debate, carried out in good faith, regarding our own, we had better do it. Booker T. Washington’s educational policies. Regardless of Washington’s actual intentions, which appear to have been just, it ______is clear that the Agrarians wished to use his name and reputation 24. Ibid. to promote their own views on education. 25. Ibid.

29 8. The manifesto’s conclusion was by the best- 9. The Jungian psychologist, Lyle Lanier, also con- known Agrarian at the time, the homosexual drama tributed an article. Another Fugitive psychiatrist, Mer- critic Stark Young. He was also the Agrarian most rill Moore, did not contribute. I mention this because closely allied with the Wells-Huxley-Lord Bertrand Carl Jung was responsible for building a “Little Green Russell, “New Dark Ages” crowd. He had been a spe- Men” theory of psychology and psychoanalysis. He cial friend of Julian Huxley, since 1912, and was to claimed that an individual’s personality was based on remain so until Huxley’s death. He made it clear in his his heritage—his racial or cultural background—what letters that he was similarly devoted to Huxley’s brother, he publicly called “archetypes” or “the collective uncon- Aldous, the mescaline and LSD fiend, who was, he scious,” and privately referred to as communications wrote, “closer far in sentiment to Julian than anybody from gods and spirits. He claimed that the “Little Green knows.” As such, Young was involved in the circles Men,” told him that everyone’s heritage included including Colonel Edward House and Sidney Mezes, belonging to polygamous matriarchical societies, and who ran Woodrow Wilson’s policies during World War I that everyone had a spiritual responsibility to screw and at the Versailles peace negotiations. Huxley had around as much as possible. He became a regular at the been brought to Houston, Texas before the war by Swiss sex-magic resort at Ascona, also frequented by House’s friend, Captain James Baker, grandfather of many of Crowley’s followers. As such, he was the family George W. Bush’s lawyer, The Third, to found Rice analyst of later C.I.A. director Allen Dulles and the mis- University. Young was a leading figure in the Wells cir- tress and assistant, Mary Bancroft, whom he provided cle operations in the postwar United States, including Dulles, despite his known affection for Nazism. So, The New Republic and the New School for Social there was a special affinity between the Jungian and the Research. He was particularly close to the Communist Agrarian movements. Party financier, Dororthy Elmhirst Straight, who also paid to bring many Frankfurt School and related acade- In the Company of Critters mics to the United States, under New School and other auspices. In “Not in Memoriam, but in Defense,” in case Released in tandem with I’ll Take My Stand was Andrew anyone doubted that when Cousins Lytle, Owsley, and Nelson Lytle’s homage to the Klan’s first Imperial Wiz- Ransom talked about the intrinsic appeal of labor, they ard, Bedford Forrest and His Critter Company.27 “Critter meant watching, not doing, he acknowledged that the Company” was the name given to Forrest’s cavalry outfit, aristocratic slave system was the stuff the Agrarians’ and as Fugitive and “New Critic” Lytle tells the story, the dreams were made of: instincts of the “critters” were far more acute than those of their riders. In 1996, Southern Partisan compared There was a Southern civilization whose course was halted Lytle’s tome to Homer’s epics, and the Southern League with those conventions of 1867 by which the negro suffrage has engaged in at least three fights over the last five years, in the South—not in the North—was planned, and the pil- in Mississippi, Alabama, and Tennessee, to build or pre- laging began. At the outset we must make it clear that in talking of Southern characteristics we are talking largely of serve monuments or schools honoring Lytle’s mass-mur- a certain life in the old South, a life founded on land and dering hero. In Critter Company Lytle presented the the ownership of slaves. myth, now promoted especially by “Carlist” Catholic The aristocratic implied with us a certain long responsi- reactionaries and their “Southern Strategy” friends, that bility for others; a habit of domination; a certain arbitrari- the United States was founded, not as the bastion of the ness; certain ideas of personal honor, with varying degrees Renaissance idea of the nation-state, but, rather of the of ethics, amoure propre, and the fantastic. And it implied anti-Renaissance feudalist revival: the possession of no little leisure. Whether that was a good system or not is debatable. I myself think it . . . better than a The Forrests had been on the move for a good many society of bankers and bankers’ clerks, department-store years. They were a part of that vast restlessness which communities, manufacturers and their henchmen and their had spread over Europe after the breakdown of medieval semi-slaves, and miserable little middle-class cities. . . . life, and which, because it could not be contained entirely Good system or not, from this Southern conception of aris- by the rigid discipline of nationalism, continued by over- tocracy certain ideas arose, about which this book to a fair flowing into the Americas. Here, in the newly occupied extent, has been written.26 continent of North America, the Europeans set about to

______27. Andrew Nelson Lytle, Bedford Forrest and His Critter Company 26. Ibid. (New York: Minton, Balch & Co., 1931).

30 BY I2 SOUTHERNERS I'LL TAKE MY STAND Th. R •.,.I, 0/t". Y'''Jlg S."," AgII;IW MacA;1t1. Ci'fJilh:aJiM

"I'll Take My Stand,"the 1931 maniftsto ofthe Nashville Agrarians, promoted DOWAlob DAYJNON JOHN CItOWaltAlIIlOM JOtDf OOUU> I'I.I:1'(KO ,aAMI: LOWtiUY Confederatefeudalism against industnal Nashville Agrarians John Crowe Ransom (right) a.liEu .wa &.UNa AU. TAn 1.YU K. UtWIU jOft_ lX)NAU) WADC progress. Above: AgrariansStark Young and Robert Penn Warren. Ransom was the oUIDIt'W IUlUON :LY'f'U IlOIUT """ WA"'" KU.""'''(.JtlXO.. JTAltr: OfOl,ntO (left) and John GouldFletcher. leadingfigurein the still-dominant school of American literature, the "New Criticism."

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appease their nostalgia for feudalism. eating fruit."28 As you will see, Gordon may not have realized which Mellons Tate was hailing. Lytle concluded of the Ku Klux Klan, that, "It was the last brilliant example in Western Culture of what feu­ dalism could do." Snuff All True Religions: Apologists for the Agrarians generally give the ,impression that "Agrarianism" somehow involved a God Without Thunder policy of agriculture-based or "family farm" -based Now, we come to John Crowe Ransom's call for the economy, but you should realize that it is pure "Lost destruction of Platonic Christianity, Judaism, Islam, and Cause" Romanticism, having nothing at all to do with all kindred religious currents, in God Without Thunder. successful farming. Andrew Nelson Lytle, the one Our Southern Partisans still reprint and brag about I'll Agrarian who came from a farm family, and lived on Take My Stand and C"itte" Company, but they don't say farms much of his life, was so ignorant of what agricul­ much about God Without Thunder. In it, Ransom explains tural production really involved. that he said that horses, the roots of the American Intellectual Tradition in Plato unlike tractors, don't cost anything to produce or main­ and the Platonic Christians, and demands that this tradi­ tain. Allen Tate's wife Caroline Gordon explained, tion be wiped off the face of the Earth by destroying all "Allen feels toward Nature as I do towards mathemat­ ics-respectful indifference. He walks about the garden hailing each tomato and melon with amazement-and 28. Thomas A. Underwood, Allen Tate: Orphan of the South (Prince­ never sees any connection between planting seeds and ton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000), p. 119.

31 modern religions from within, with Godzilla cults like the Nazis' beloved "Thunder God" fables. Here he open­ ly presents the Anti-Christ lies and myths which are the The Tory Ideology: Godzillas axioms which, unawares, poison the thinking, not only of the Yahoo "fundamentalist," "traditionalist," and "envi­ and Little Green Men ronmentalist" fanatics who are most obviously affected, but of many of your friends and neighbors. he American Tory opposition to the American If you've ever wondered what the study of philosophy T Intellectual Tradition is characterized by the has to do with you, you're about to find out. Ransom's following belief structure: systematic attack on our tradition, starting with Plato's • Godzilla theology.The denial that man is in "ideas," his support for a "Mother Goddess" rather than the image of God or deserving of anything other the Christian Trinity, his hatred of the "Filioque" clause, than death and damnation, and the belief that all over which the Eastern and Western Churches split, and knowledge and authority come from secret sources his fake promotion of Humean kookery as science, are all ("Godzillas" and "Little Green Men"). issues which, with some thought, can be understood by • Opposition to the Renaissance nation-state you. After all, Ransom's work was popularized by the and support for empire, especially the British. Night Writers, and has formed the basis for the "Reli­ Hatred for the actual cultural achievements of gious Right" movement that has now put someone dumb European civilization, and affection for its legacy of enough to please Allen Tate into the White House. If this hideous "feudal" and other oppressions. tribe, which has professionally cultivated utter stupidity • Denial of any connection between Reason and for four generations, can understand the monumental Sentiment, Science and Emotion, Truth and Beau­ ideas in the history of human development well enough ty. This includes the claim that precise, logical, to hate them, surely you can understood them well mathematical determinism, is the only "science," enough to begin to love them. and that the only alternative mode of cognition is Ransom opens God Without Thunder with "A Letter to wild irrationalism. S.M.H.," the very Sidney Mttron Hirsch whom most of • Hatred of real cognitive work. The belief that the Agrarians' boosters would rather you thought the drug-induced or similar states of wild irrational­ Agrarians had, by then, dismissed as a crank. In it, he ism are the source of "creativity," and that belief in says that he writes "to explain to the Western world of the cognitive capabilities of man is an "evil" to be America, as if in simple untechnical monosyllables, the eradicated. function of the myths in human civilization." In his first • Opposition to technological progress, internal section, "The Dynasty of Heaven Changes," he presents improvements, high protectiye tariffs, and free­ ,. the oft-told lie that there is a difference between his pre­ dom. Support for "free trade" and slavery. ferred God, the "God zilla" of the Old Testament, and the -SE cognitive, benevolent, and, therefore, he says, phony "God" of the New Testament, whose "image" man has inherited: ceived as one whose processes likewise aim at human good.29 The doctrine which is now becoming so antiquated with us is that of the stern and inscrutable God of Israel, the God of He expressed the wishful thought that "[t]he Roman the Old Testament.The new doctrine which is replacing it Church" had "held on to its medievalism," and never is the doctrine of an amiable and understandable God. We accepted this "New" God. The "Old Testament God," wanted a God who wouldn't hurt us; who would let us was so frightening, Ransom claimed, "Not even his understand him; who would agree to scrap all the wicked prophet Moses could bear to look upon his face." In sup­ thunderbolts in his armament. And this is just the God that port of this whopper, he quotes Scripture: has developed popularly out of the Christ of the New Tes­ tament: the embodiment mostly of the principle of social And when Jehovah saw that he turned aside to see, God benevolence and of physical welfare.. .. It is the religion called unto him out of the midst of the bush .... And proposed by the scientific party ... . The new religion rep­ Moses hid his face; for he was afraid to look upon God. . resents God as a Great Man with all the uncertainties left out: a Great Man whose ways are scientific and knowable and whose intention is amiable and constant ... he is the 29. John Crowe Ransom, God Without Thunder, An Unorthodox modern scientist glorified and apotheosized. ... And when Defense of Orthodoxy (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., God has once been conceived as a scientist, he is also con- 1930).

32 In making this claim, Ransom, who was the son and The "Man-God Christ" of the Platonic Christians, he grandson of Methodist ministers, and himself a Bible says, is really Satan, Lucifer, or Prometheus. The story of class teacher, ignores the famous account in Deuterono­ the Garden of Eden teaches, he claims: my, where it is reported that God, some decades later, In the victory of science they found the first sin, /pe cause, talked to Moses "face to face, as if to a friend." Thi� is prototype, and essence of all specific and actual human sins. quite an important idea to Philo and other Platonic Therefore in this myth we have the story of the perilous Hebrew theologians, and an important link to Platonic step man had taken towards his later civilization when he Christianity. This idea of a God who appears to Moses, introduced agriculture and ate of flesh ... here lay the ori­ and to most others, in a cloud or a pillar of smoke, but gin of the strife between the animal species, when man later "face to face," is consistent with Paul's description in began to enforce the fact of his superiority by militance and the famous Epistle to the Corinthians. Of course, Ransom aggressIOn. well knew that the Hebrews' Jehovah was not the God of It is evident that Israel since then has followed Lot's and David's example rather than Abraham's. That race seems Thunder. Ransom's God wasn't ours, it was Hitler's: the committed almost beyond all others to cities and industrial­ Roman Jupiter, or the Norse Wotan or Odin. He liked ism, and to the scorn of nature and the pastoral and agrari­ the "Fundamentalists,"30 because, like the cash-loving an life. It does not seem to have been altogether a happy Jerry -Falwell and Pat Robertson; they believed in what choice. was "worth believing in," not what was true: He concludes this section with evidence that he knows My own view is that all first-class religionists are Funda­ his enemy: 'mentalists, and that it is the Fundamentalists, properly .speaking, who constitute the Church .... In effect the Fun­ Christ as the Logos, is the Patron of Science; the Reason damentalist does not any longer distinguish myth and fact. But which governs the universe. ... The Logos is the Platonic why should he, if the myth is worth believing in? Idea, for the Platonists of the Christian era had substituted the one word for the other. Speaking of "the affair of Dayton, Te nnessee," which his master Satan had arranged, Ransom says: In Part Tw o, "The New God's Limits," he directly attacks "Americanism" as the fruit of this "sin," saying, Fundamentalism occupied itself there with defending a "Science as a cult is something of an Americanism." Ran­ myth .... They were confronted with a cruel pair of alter­ som starts with praise of the Nazi forerunners Kant and natives: whether to admit exceptions to a body of doctrines Schopenhauer, to which he counterposes a nasty attack which they had loyally adopted ... ; or to continue holding on that loving student of Benjamin Franklin, Percy to them ... at the cost of public ridicule, and even on pain Prometheus Unbound, of establishing in their own minds a painful contradiction Bysshe Shelley.31 He quotes in between the natural and the supernatural. which Shelley metaphorically identifies Benjamin Franklin as Prometheus: Having established his preference for lies which have Shelley was the prophet of the new God, who anticipated "cash value," over Truth, Ransom proceeds in Chapter the religious attitude of our leaders of today.. .. He under­ Six, "Satan as Science," to turn Christianity upside down took, in his drama, to unbind Prometheus, the spirit of sci­ with the idea that Satan, also known as Lucifer, is the ence, from his rock . .. . same figure as the Greek God Prometheus, who, accord­ ing to Aeschylus, brought the fruits of science and tech­ He then quotes Shelley's unmistakable identification of 'nology (and not merely fire) to man: Prometheus with Franklin:

Prometheus was the Demigod or Man-God whom the The lightning is his slave; heaven's utmost deep Greeks represented as endeavoring to alienate mankind Gives up her stars ... from Zeus the malevolent despot.. .. He is to be under­ And then twists the knife in the memory of Shelley, who stood as offering the blessings of science ... . But Prometheus comes down to us in a rather different role drowned under suspicious circumstances before his thir­ tieth birthday: from that of Lucifer: his reputatio� is better.

31. Here we have an example of the importance of following ideas, not words. Shelley, in his "Defence of Poetry" and elsewhere, 30. Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr.'s "The Bestiality of the Fundies," Fide­ identifies Lucifer and Satan with Prometheus. Nonetheless, it is lia, 2000 IX, Winter (Vol. No.4), provides some depth on the clear that Shelley passionately holds to the idea of man's participa­ question of "Fundamentalism" today. tion in the work of Creation, which Ransom hates.

33 This is the very language of the moderns talking about the Despite Ransom's claim, the fact that no map can precise­ triumphs of their science; but it is terribly juvenile. As a ly portray the Earth's terrain, doesn't mean that it is matter of fact, Shelley was young, and it was not in him to impossible to figure out how to get around.Asking for grow much older. directions in our rural South, however, can sometimes go In concluding his attack on American science, the far toward making you think he's right. Anglophile Ransom does something very strange. So, Ransom goes back to the "Little Green,Men" theo­ Apparently unable to find an American to represent ry, which he had learned so well from Sidney Hirsch: what he chooses to attack as "Americanism," he quotes Each demon stood for the secret, or ineffable, or transcen­ his own collaborator, the British Fabian global Empire dental individuality of some individual and private person. fanatic, Lord Bertrand Russell, making the claim, "Phys­ Socrates had his demon, which presided over his mind and ical science is thus approaching the stage when it will be told him the strange things he must say .... A demon is the complete .... Given the laws governing the motion of embodiment of variety and freedom who resists determina­ electrons and protons, the rest is merely geography ... ." tion ... a demon is a devil. .. . Russell's absurd determinism is the fraudulent basis for all "ecology" -freak attacks on science.Like him, they And, he slanders Plato for his contribution to the idea start, whether they know it or not, or admit it or not, that the universe is produced by intention: with the entirely disproven assumption that no new sci­ The fiction is the representation of this infinite system by a ence is possible.Only were we all so stupid and heartless fabulous being: a Logos, a Word, a Principle, a Law, a as to make that falsehood true, would the world be Cause, a Whole, a Universal, a Platonic Idea--or God him­ doomed by each "last" invention, as they claim. self, construed as the aggregate and energizing unity of all In his Part Three, "Ghosts: Including the Holy," Ran­ the masses. ... The Platonic Idea was a grand specimen of som continues the attack on his fake stand-in for "sci­ the ghost Logos. ence," by borrowing from Ralph Waldo Emerson's know-nothing generalizations on the concept of the He then presents his version of the "Mother Goddess" Tr anscendental."Pure mathematics is at the base of the theology which should be very familiar to students of, or sciences," he asserts, in agreement with his Lord Russell, adherents to, the ecology craze.It is very close, in fact, to but in disagreement with the actual American tradition the views later expressed by Club of Rome fanatic, and of science, and continues, "But there are some defects in one of Al Gore's mentors, Elizabeth Dodson Gray.32 pure mathematics ....Though all things seem numer­ Notice that he seems to divide male and female as the able and measurable, this is not quite true.We must to empiricists did Truth and Beauty.(Ransom, nonetheless, that extent fail to possess the world as a precisely known married a woman.Many of his friends did not.) . system of objects.The defects of mathematical technique God is the Father, the masculine"cosmic, and rational Cre­ come to light when we examine the mathematical infin­ ator. But the material is the Mother, who is feminine, anar­ ites.... The failure of the decimal system to express the chical, and irrational. It is a significant fact, and it has quantity 1/3 stands for all the notorious failures of our proved rather detestable to Occidental theologians with sciences to embody the concrete objects of our sensible their special interest in the Logos aspect, that the Holy experience." Ghost for the Old Testament authors, and for Christ him­ Here, of course, Ransom proves the utter worthless­ self speaking his native Aramaic, was of the feminine gen­ ness of his own railing against science, and that of all der. But this was the right gender for defending the ecologists who join him in this absurdity.In fact, from demonic and irrational aspect of his being. Archimedes, to Cusa, to Leonardo, to Kepler, to Gauss And, he attacks Christianity for rejecting Godzilla: and Riemann, it is mastering this idea of the incommen­ surability of the different classes of the "infinite," which But the New Testament authors very nearly lost the Pneu­ is the starting point of science.Only one lamely stuck in ma, or the Holy Ghost, out of their excessive devotion to the belief, now disproven for 2,500 years, that the uni­ the Logos as personified in Christ. ... verse follows some single mathematic formula, could And that was the very beginning of Occidentalism: the sub­ take this as proof against science.As Riemann so elo­ stitution ofLogos the Demigodfor the Pneuma, the Holy Ghost quently pointed out in his 1854 habilitation paper, made the Tetragram, the God of Israel ... so Christ now rules over famous QY Lyndon LaRouche's frequent citation over the last thirty years, physics is not mathematics, but the study of nature's intentions.Mathematics may be used to con­ 32. Elizabeth Dodson Gray, Why the Green Nigger? Green Paradise struct a map, but not the landscape being mapped. Lost (Wellesley, Mass.: Roundtable Press, 1981).

34 the Occident > instead of God. The Orthodox or Eastern Once more, and with all respect, the word suggests itself: Church, nearest to the source of our religion, which was an abhorrent. For better for worse, a man is a member of his Oriental source, has consistently declined to represent own race, or his own tribe. ... Christ the Logos as coordinate with the Holy Ghost. In I will mention another possibility. Why should not the rejecting the famous Filioque clause of the Western canon, Western world go Roman? ... My Western world;l:loes not this Church has maintained that the Holy Ghost proceeds' want to do anything of the kind. The history of the Western from God the Father (that is, the God of Israel) but not world is a history of political separation from the Roman from God the Son: an admirable doctrine rightly entitled to church, which is now defmitely a rejected polity.. .. the name of Orthodoxy. And next: Why not bid the West go Anglican, or Epis­ Perhaps the most critical moment in our history ... was copal? I am now getting much nearer home.. .. I am an ... the moment when the Roman Church sanctioned the doc­ Anglophile, and I wish my country might be more so. But I trine ofFilioque. In that moment accidentalism emerged as am not so Anglophile as I am American. And I find myself a definitive historical polity which was to glorify the ratio­ sometimes, as I fmd my neighbor more frequently, abhor­ nal principle and deny the irrational principle.. .. Western ring Anglicanism and Episcopacy. empire has developed out of that choice, and Western sci­ ence, and Western business. Therefore, Ransom issues the following call: To be filled with the Holy Ghost, as all the preachers in With whatever religious institution a modern man may be the early chapters of the Acts were supposed to be, was to connected, let him try to turn it back towards orthodoxy. possess magic and to be able to work wonders. . .. Then Let him insist on a virile and concrete God, and accept Saul of Tarsus enters the story, and the book becomes no Principle as a substitute. 1;nainly a chronicle of his doings. Let him restore to God the thunder. Let him resist the usurpation of the Godhead by the soft . Ransom is, of course, right about the Filioque. Man modern version of the Christ, and try to keep the Christ for shares in Creation with God, and, therefore, shares with what he professed to be: the Demigod who came to do hon­ God th� understanding and mastery over nature, which or to the God. Ransom correctly identifies as the object of his hatred, In this, Ransom was in total agreement with the pro­ and it is that idea which his followers are fighting to dri­ gram of Nazi psychoanalyst Carl Jung. This is from ve from all religions, in whatever way they can. In his Jung's 1910 letter to his mentor and rival, Sigmund epilogue, "By Way of a Program," Ransom issues the call Freud, in which he explains how his intentions differ which the fanatic "Religious Right" follows today, from those of his teacher: whether or not they've ever heard of or read Ransom: I think we must give [psychoanalysis] time to infiltrate into They [the priests] have in effect come to this arrangement people from many centers, to revivify among intellectuals a with the naturalists: "If you will leave us the name and hon­ feeling for symbol and myth, ever so gently to transform or of our Gods, we will surrender to you their powers and Christ back into the soothsaying god of the vine, which he see that you are not interfered with in your naturalism and was, and in this way absorb those ecstatic instinctual forces your secularism." ... For Christ is the spirit of the scientific of Christianity for the one purpose of making the cult and and ethical secularism of the West. the sacred myth what they once were-a drunken feast of A new religion being totally impracticable as a thing to joy where man regained the ethos and holiness of an ani­ propose, the only recommendation that it is in my power to mal.That was the beauty and purpose of classical religion.33 make is this one: We had better work within the religious institutions that we have, and do what we can to recover the \ excellences of the ancient faith. The churches must beturned Agrarians on Tour from their false Gods toward their old true Gods---whenev­ er, and however, and so far as this proves to bepracticable. But why should one not dispose of this vexing problem The Night Writer assault of 1930-31 launched a five-year by saying, ever so simply: Let the West go into the Greek campaign of frenzied promotion, during which the commUnIon ... . Agrarians were a central part of the cultural opposition The West will scarcely do what I might ask in this mat­ to Franklin Roosevelt and the agitation for appeasing ter. ... The only local example of a church of this faith Hitler and Mussolini. Roosevelt was engaged in a cam- with which I have any actual acqu'aintance is situated in a Wyoming mining town: I cannot pronounce the names of its members. ... The thought of joining them is, in brief, 33. Quoted in Richard Noll, The Aryan Christ: The Secret Life of Carl abhorrent. Jung (New York: Random House, 1997), p. 65. Noll is quoting Or why not advise the Western world to enter the Syn­ from The Freud/Jung Letters, edited by William McGuire and translated by Ralph Manheim and R.F.C. Hull (London: Hogarth agogue, ... and findthe God of Israel in his greatest purity? Press, 1974), p. 294.

35 paign to revive Lincoln's age of technological progress, ity of the slave system to the industrial, that has more which had been slowed and reversed by the preceding recently graced the pages of the Agrarian Revivalists' sixty-five years of assassinations, shooting war, and cul­ Southern Partisan magazine under the byline of Marxist tural war. His plan to destroy Wall Street's "economic economist Eugene Genovese. Royalists" included the invasion of the old Confederacy "I suspect that if the Old SOJlth had a soul, that soul with such projects as the Tennessee Valley Authority, to consisted in a mature sense of social responsibility," wrote forever destroy the Southern bastion of feudalism. A key Barr. "The plantation master could not afford to let a parallel to Roosevelt on this point, was Louisiana's pro­ thousand dollar slave starve. The factory master can let Lincoln, pro-industrial Senator and Governor, Huey his slave starve. The doctrine of legal equality has been Long, who was subjected to a campaign of vilification the rationalization of a capitalistic society living on a hire which the Agrarians continued for at least fifty years and fire economic basis, a profitable but irresponsible after his 1935 assassination:34 It was against this Roosevelt basis."36 An interesting argument, but did Barr not know revival of the American Tradition, that our American that, in fact, on occasion, plantation masters did kill their To ry plague, with backing from their British and Euro­ slaves? He proposed that the "traditionalists" accept pean cousins, launched the Agrarian counterattack. industrialization, but temper it with the good old planta­ That counterattack against Roosevelt included a series tion owners' paternalism, "For nobody knows better than of highly publicized debates, involving various champi­ the Southern traditionalist that, despite the American ons on either side, led by White Sheet baby Ransom for myth of equality and independence, the strong will the Agrarians and his friend, Stringfellow Barr, for the always rule the weak and should do so with justice and opposition. Barr was a University of Virginia professor mercy." and sometime editor of the University's Virginia Quarterly Lest there be any wishful belief that Barr had some Review (which was and remained an outlet for the sort of American-style industrialization in mind, the Agrarians and their friends), who was to go on to an illus­ same issue of Virginia Quarterly also featured an article by trious career as a side-kick to one of Bertrand Russell's Lord Bertrand Russell, which clarified the issue. top American operatives, the University of Chicago's In "Thirty Years From Now," Lord Russell contrasted Robert M. Hutchins. As such, he helped launch British industry and the British labor movement, to the Hutchins' "Great Books" education program at St. Johns American, in order to illustrate that "industry" can be College in Annapolis, Maryland, and served as long-time just as "traditional," just as racist, and just as mind-dead, President of the Foundation for World Government, and as the Agrarians might have wished, writing: "In Great as a fellow for Hutchins' Center for the Study of Demo­ Britain, it is common to find industrial workers whose cratic Institutions, in Santa Barbara, California. grandfathers and great-grandfathers were also industrial Writing from his Paris base of operations, Allen Tate workers in the same industries and the same localities. had assured his Fugitive collaborator Donald Davidson Think of the Lancashire proverb, 'Three generations that Barr was "solidly on our side,"35 and proposed him from clogs to clogs.' " "Restriction of immigratioFl, I am to be one of I'll Take My Stand's authors. Instead, Barr convinced," he explained, "will be an immense gain to ended up playing Gore Vidal to Ransom's William F. American radicalism. Comparison with the British labor Buckley in this pre-television, staged version of Firing movement strengthens this conviction. The foreign-born Line. population of Great Britain is negligible; the Labor Party The controversy was kicked off by Barr's essay, "Shall derives its strength from men and women whose ances­ Slavery Come South? ," in the October 1930 Virginia tors have lived in the country from time immemorial. If Quarterly. Barr doesn't name the Agrarians, but rather America continues to restrict immigration it seems prob­ criticizes, in a gentlemanly way, those traditionalists who able that within thirty years almost all the foreign ele­ opposed industrialization of the South. Aside from ments except the negroes will have been thoroughly asserting that industrialization was unstoppable, this assimilated."37 essay would have fitted right in with I'll Take My Stand. The next issue of the Virginia Quarterly Review contin­ In fact, Barr repeated the Agrarian claim of the superior- ued to build the tension. Although it featured a f�ll-page ad for I'll Take My Stand on the inside cover, billed as

34. See Brian Lantz, "Huey Long's Challenge to the Establishment," Exec;utive Intelligence Review, Nov. 27,1992 (Vol. 19, No. 47). 36. Stringfellow Barr, "Shall Slavery Come South? ," Virginia Quarter­ 35. The Literary Correspondence o/DonaldDavidson & Allen Tate, edit­ ly Review (Charlottesville, Va.: University of Virginia), Vol. 6, No. ed by John Tyree Fain and Thomas Daniel Young (Athens, Ga.: 4, October 1930, pp. 481-494. University of Georgia Press, 1974), p. 242. 37. Bertrand Russell, "Thirty Years From Now," ibid., pp. 575-585.

36 "The Revolt of the Young South Against Machine Civi­ Finance Minister,the Venetian Count Volpi,paid Stark lization ...available through the Virginia Quarterly Book Young $5,500 plus expenses to do a lecture series,which Service," the issue carried a less than favorable review of he described as "my mission to Italy." Young wrote,after the book,by H.L.Mencken's associate, Gerald W.John­ meeting Mussolini,that he was "very warm',and very son.Johnson was,amongst other things,a New Repuhlic intelligent." His three-part series for The Ne:U Republic, contributor and the author of a children's book,The "Notes on Fascism in Italy To day," countered Mussolini's British Empire, which says that the United States separat­ bad press here.For this,he was inducted into the Order ed from the Empire "for no really good reason."38 John­ of the Crown of Italy,and dubbed "Commander of the son further stirred the pot of controversy,which Menck­ Crown of Italy," which in no way diminished his associa­ en had stocked with his "Sahara of the Bozart," some tion with Julian Huxley, Lord Bertrand Russell,or half-decade earlier,asking, "Are they unaware of pella­ British spymaster H.G.Wells.4! gra and hookworm,two flowers of Southern agrarian­ ism?Have they never been told that the obscenities and Fascist Bedfellows depravities of the most degenerate hold of a cotton-mill town are but pale reflections of t�e lurid obscenities and Over the next several years,the Agrarians collaborated depr�vities of Southern backwoods communities?"39 with an assortment of Fascists,pro-feudal British Roman Again,lest you wonder what sort of modern times the Catholics,and the odd satanist and communist,in efforts University of Virginia's quarterly championed in opposi­ to undermine the Constitutional authority of the United tion to the Night Writers,the same issue carried an arti­ States,and ensure that it would pose no serious threat to cle, "Boundaries of Utopia," by the prophet of the European Fascism and Nazism.It was in this period that drugged society, Lord Russell's colleague Aldous Huxley. H.G.Wells, in his book and movie,Things To Come, pro­ The stage was now set for the genteel Ransom-Barr moted the British strategy for a Thirty Years' War,begin­ exhibition match.It occurred on Nov. 14,1930 at the ning in 1939,to wipe out all industrialization.That Wells University of Virginia,under the sponsorship of the Rich­ strategy required the prevention of effective U.S.partici­ mond Times-Dispatch. The playwright Sherwood Ander­ pation in the war,and this is what the Agrarians attempt­ son,a close friend of Agrarian Stark Young,served as ed to guarantee by building a rearguard offensive here to moderator.In his introduction to the audience filling the weaken Roosevelt's re-industrialization policies,and to 3,500-seat auditorium,he applauded Agrarianism.The organize sympathy for Fascism.The European-Ameri­ following year,Anderson would support Communist can movement which the Agrarians led,was dedicated to Presidential candidate William Z. Foster against Roo­ Ransom's Godzilla-theocracy conquest of the planet. sevelt. Seated on the podium were the Governor of Vir­ This Agrarian-led alliance was the intellectual pro­ ginia,the President of the University,perennial Socialist genitor and shaper of all of the essential features of Presidential Candidate Norman Thomas,and various lit­ today's "Religious Right." Its main features are: erary figures,including, of course,Aleister Crowley's • An alliance of assorted "Godzilla " cults,operating, as friends,James Branch Cabell and H.L.Mencken. John Crowe Ransom demanded,within otherwise This debate,and the others that followed it,were respectable religious denominations. widely covered media events that turned the Agrarians

into national celebrities.H.L. Mencken continued his • The belief that man's scientific capabilities are an ,promotional sparring with them for many years.T. S. aggression against animals and nature,and that man Eliot initiated his practice,which lasted a number of should stick to those qualities he shares with animals. years,of heaping praise on the Agrarians,with a favor­ • The revival of theories premised upon feudal notions able review of I'll Take My Stand in his British journal, of economics and property rights,theories looking The Criterion. Tate's friend,Edmund Wilson,after visit­ back to the traditions of Rome,Venice, Hapsburg, and ing the Tate non-producing farm,Benfolly, wrote a satir­ like Empires. ical sketch,"T ennessee Agrariaris," for The New Repub­

lic.4o The Italy-America Society, run by Italy's Fascist ex- • Unqualified support for Spain's Franco as,somehow, the re-birth of the beloved Spanish Hapsburg Inquisi­ tion; strong sympathy for Hitler and Mussolini; and 38. Gerald W. Johnson, The British Empire (New York: William Morrow and Co., 1969), p. 16. 39. Gerald W. Johnson, "The South Faces Itself," Virginia Quarterly 41. Stark Young: A Life in the Arts, Letters, 1900-1962, edited by John Review, Vol. 7, No. 1, January 1931, p. 157. Pilkington (Baton Rouge, La.: Louisiana State University Press, 40. Underwood,op. cit.; pp. 169-170. 1975), pp. 352-369.

37 the related drive toward a "new world order" featur­ Fitzgerald, T.S. Eliot, Gertrude Stein, and, of course, ing such qualities recognized today as "globalization" Allen Tate. He also had contacts with, and introduced control over trade relations, internal national political Tate to, a strange group of anti-Renaissance Catholics, practices of all nations reviving the most brutally arbi­ known as the "Distributists," who are the heroes of trary concoctions of the Roman imperial tradition as today's Catholic enemies of John Paul II, including "world rule of law," and so on. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia; this group's plan was to reorganize th{! economy under medieval craft Allen Tate took the lead in forging these odd alliances, guilds. The two notable figures of the Distributionists with the help of William Yandell Elliott's drinking were Hilaire Belloc and G.K. Chesterton, who became friends, and Ford Madox Ford. Ford was introduced to Agrarian collaborators. Tate by Tate's on-and-off-again first wife, Ford's secre­ In 1924, an international group of financiers, led by tary, Caroline Gordon, during Ford's mid-1920's New Crowley's one-time host and Yeats's patron John Quinn of York stay. New York, appointed Ford to run their Paris-based, Eng­ Although little known today, Ford was at that time a lish-language journal, transatlantic review. In this period, major figure in British literature, as a poet and novelist, Ford's friends included Nina Hamnet of Crowley's Silver but, more importantly, as a promoter of others' work. A Star (A:A) Lodge, who provided housing for himself and brief sense of his background should help develop a good his various mistresses. Others were Mary Butts and Cecil flavor for the sort of disease-breeding intellectual swamp Maitland, who interned at Crowley's "Abbey of Thele­ in which the Agrarian monster thrived. rna" in Sicily; and the author of the stories on which the Ford was an odd fish: a multiply divorced Catholic, at play and movie Cabaret were based, Christopher Isher­ home amongst all varieties of oligarchical disease. He wood, who would later become the "spouse" of both began as Ford Madox Hueffer, in the same species of W.H. Auden and Stephen Spender, the Hollywood pal of occultism, that stinking gap between Victorian Britain and Aldous Huxley and "gay rights" pioneer.42 Nietzschean Germany, as did Aleister Crowley and Sid­ In the mid-Thirties, the AgrarianiDistributist collabo­ ney Mttron Hirsch. (He later changed his name to Ford ration centered on an openly pro-Fascist journal, Ameri­ Madox Ford.) His father, Francis, had edited two maga­ can Review, co-edited by Allen Tate and Seward Collins, zines in Germany: The New Quarterly, devoted to promot­ a Princeton heir, one-time left-wing "secular humanist" ing Schopenhauer, and Musical World, which promoted associate of Paul Elmer Moore and that drug-pushing Richard Wagner. He got into some trouble in Germany in sex-psychologist Havelock Ellis, who turned Fascist in connection with Wagner, and so moved to London, where association with the Distributists. he toiled the rest of his life as music critic for the Times. The period culminated in 1936 with the coordinated There he married the daughter of pre-Raphaelite painter publication of both the Agrarians' second joint manifesto, Ford Madox Brown, who was himself the nephew of pre­ Who Owns America? A New Declaration of Independence, 43 Raphaelite Dante Gabriel Rossetti. So, young Ford Huef­ which included essays by the Night Writers, as well as by fer's life was dominated by the pro-medieval "products" of Belloc and other Distributists, and William Yandell the Transcendalist collaborator John Ruskin. Elliott's The Need for Constitutional Reform. The latter Ford became a fixture in Bloomsbury literary circles was summarized and promoted in Who Owns America? and the British Fabian Society. This circle included Ezra by David Davidson. Who Owns America? was co.:edited Pound, the one-time house boy to Crowley's estranged by Allen Tate and Herbert Agar. Agar, who began his lodge brother, William Butler Yeats, who is now famous collaboration with the Agrarians' fascist American Review as a propagandist for Mussolini and darling of the based on Tate's invitation to join in making "a Conserva­ BeatlHippie set; William James' brother, novelist Henry; tive Revolution,,,44 had won a Pulitzer Prize in 1933, and H.G. Wells, whom Ford supported in his attempt to take went on, during World War II, to found Freedom over the Fabian Society; James Joyce, the one-time House, and serve in the Office of War Information pro­ dependent of Jungian cultist Edith Rockefeller paganda unit. Freedom House remains to this day, a McCormick; and Crowley's disciple, pornographic novel­ major "quango" (quasi-autonomous non-government ist D.H. Lawrence, whom Ford "discovered." Ford's executive role in these latter circles was institu­ " tionalized, in 1908, with the editorship of the English 42. Max Saunders, Ford Madox Ford, A Dual Life (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1996). Review. Irl the Twenties, he became a sort of patron, tour 43. Who Owns America? A New Declaration of Independence, edited by guide, and host to the whole American emigre set in Allen Tate and Herbert Agar (New York: Houghton Mifflin, London and Paris, including Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott 1936).

38 British Fabian Ford Madox Ford (center) coordinated between emigre American literati and pro-Fascist Distributists. Here he meets with Ezra Pound (left), New York The 1936 Agrarian manifesto, financierJohn "Who Owns America?," Quinn (standing), signalled the Agrarian alliance and novelist James with the Distributists. Joyce (right). Above: The maniftstoreviewed in the New York Times.

Britishanti-Renaissance Agrarian/ Catholics Hilaire Belloc Distn"butist heroes: (left) and G.K. Spain's Francisco Chesterton (right) led the Franco (right); Distributist movement, Benito Mussolini the basisof today's and AdolfHitler "Religious Right." (below).

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organization) organ of British Empire "Project Democ­ that keeps popping up in different ways-is that America racy" policy in the United States and around the world. was never intended to be a nation, but, rather, a loose fed­ Although Tate and Collins had, prior to 1933, engaged eration of independent states, and that the "heresy," intro­ in a rather sterile public war of wits, they joined forces in duced by the Whig and Republican Parties, and consoli­ the American Review in response to Roosevelt's launching dated by Lincoln's Civil War victory, was to turn the ' of the New Deal. One of the "ideas" that cemented the United States into a nation with high tariffs and industrial relationship, was Collins' recommendation to Tate, that progress, which "smashed the Jeffersonian state." he read The American Heresy by Distributist Christopher Most histories of the Agrarians attempt to explain Hollis.45 The idea of the book, similar to Cousin Lytle's their open embrace of Fascism as a result of ignorance of "nostalgia for feudalism" theory of America-a theory the ideology which was using them. This, however, just

44. Underwood, op. cit., p. 201. As Helga Zepp LaRouche has the Agrarian and Distributist movements, and their succes­ pointed out, based largely on Armin Mohler's "insider" sors to the present day. See Helga Zepp LaRouche, "Today's report [Armin Mohler, Die Konserva tive Revolution in 'Conservative Revolution' and the Ideology of the Nazis: The Deutschland, 1918-1932 (Darmstadt: 1972)), the Nazi and Case of Martin Heidegger," Fidelia, Spring 1995 (Vol. IV, Fascist parties of the 1930's were fish riding a much broader No. 1). tide of "Conservative Revolution," characterized by the very 45. Christopher Hollis, The American Heresy (New York: Minton, mind-set we have been describing here in conjunction with Balch & Co., 1930).

39 isn't so. In Tate's correspondence negotiating the alliance Most Agrarian historians lie that the Night Writers with Collins, he pledged the Agrarians to "full support" broke with Collins after he made headlines nationally for European reactionary movements, foreseeing that, with a scandalous interview given to journalist Grace "Great reactionary changes will mark the next half-cen­ Lumpkin. In fact, it was Agar alone who stopped pub­ tury." The deal was sealed during a weekend retreat at lishing in the American Review as a result, and even he Cornsilk, the Lytle family farm in Alabama, during wrote to Tate of Collins, "I think he means well, has lots which Collins talked mostly of his association with the of good ideas, and is at heart a sweet fellow." Tate and the Distributists, including his appreciation for Belloc's anti­ others kvetched about the bad publicity, but they kept Semitic book, The Jews. Writing of the meeting to Nel­ publishing in the magazine until it closed at the end of son Rockefeller's future publicist, John Peale Bishop, 1937, and they continued cordial relations with Collins. Tate said, "Collins has worked himself into a great froth According to the catalogue of Yale's collection of Collins' over the Jews. Let us not discourage him." In the preface papers, Cleanth Brooks kept in touch through at least to the 1937 edition of that book, prepared during the 1939, and John Crowe Ransom through 1945. Here are period of his collaboration with the Agrarians, Belloc excerpts from the Lumpkin interview: praised the Nazi government, writing, "There is no Lumpkin: Are you [a fascist]? doubt that the Nazi attack [on the Jews] was sincere. Collins: Yes, I am a fascist. I admire Hitler and Mussolini Now there are two criticisms to be made of this attitude very much. I do not agree with everything they do, but . . . [of the Nazis]. The first is that the attack made upon the Lumpkin: Do you agree with Hitler's persecution of the Jews in Germany is neither thorough nor final. The sec­ Jews? ond is that you will not achieve a victory until you have Collins: It is not persecution. The Jews make trouble. some moral consecration for it. A murder may have some Lumpkin: . . . You wish to do away with all progress? lasting political result if you can ensure the continuance Collins: Yes. of its effect by the continued prosperity of the murderer, Lumpkin: And do you wish to have a king and nobles, and there is a grave and glaring injustice in the Nazi poli­ counts, dukes, etc., in America? cy against the Jews.,,46 This injustice, Belloc explained, Collins: Yes, exactly! Lumpkin: You wish to live as people did then? was merely that the Nazis had broken the German Lock­ Collins: Yes, do away with the automobile and go back to ean "contract" to permit the Jews full citizenship. The the horse. remedy he proposed was a new "contract" which would Lumpkin: You wish to do without conveniences? "legalize" the removal of all citizenship rights from Jews, Collins: Yes. not only in Germany, but in all non-Jewish nations. Lumpkin: Without bathtubs? In its first issue, Collins described the American Review Collins: I never use a bathtub. as a forum for "Revolutionary Conservatives," and Lumpkin: You don't bathe? promised a "sympathetic exposition" of "fascist econom­ Collins: I use a shower. I could rig up a shower.48 ics." Tate told Collins, "It is the only magazine I've ever In addition to re-statements of the old Agrarian read every word of which I was able to agree with." Tate themes, Who Owns America? embraced Fascist Italy and himself wrote in the Review, "I belong to the white race, Nazi Germany as allies who must be appeased. The Dis­ therefore I intend to support white rule. Lynching is a tributist whom Belloc identified as Spanish fascist Fran­ symptom of weak, inefficient rule; but you can't destroy cisco Franco's leading publicist, Douglas Jerrold, wrote: lynching by fiat or social agitation; lynching will disap­ pear when the white race is satisfied that its supremacy The claims, made or implied, ofJapan, Italy, Germany, and will not be questioned in social crises." Collins, in an arti­ Poland, to overseas possessions or economic privileges rep­ cle titled, "The Revival of Monarchy," welcomed Hitler resent only the first proposals for readjustment which the world will have to adopt. ... as a "monarchical" anti-Communist. He called Mussoli­ Italy in particular is already on the way to freeing her­ ni, "the most constructive statesman of our age.,,47 self from dependence on foreign coal and one of the main aims behind her Abyssinian venture is to free herself from

46. Hilaire Belloc, The Jews (New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 3rd her dependence on American and Egyptian cotton.49 ed., 1937; 1st ed., 1922), pp. xl-xli. 47. This account of the Collins! Agrarian collaboration on the Ameri­ . This collaboration paved the way for the short-lived can Review is drawn from Underwood, op. cit., pp. 202-210. I am "Ailiance of Agrarian and Distributist Groups," which grateful 0 Underwood for illuminating this story, which is other­ wise largely obscured in the Agrarian histories, and for citing some of the contents of American Review, which is not readily 48. Underwood,op. cit., pp. 240-244. available in otherwise well-stocked libraries. 49. Who Owns America?, op. cit., pp. 201-202.

40 was revived after the war as Buckleyite Conservativism. all the great interests with which it comes into normal con­ William Yandell Elliott's book, The Need for Consti­ tact. . .. A General Economic Advisory Council should be tutional Reform, written at the point when an urgent formed from among selected members of these advisers and those of the Federal Reserve System.5l mobilization to defeat British Empire-spawned Fas­ cism was required, rather continued Elliott's own life's Of course, by "amateur," Elliott means "elected," and project, as well as the intent of his 1932 book, The New "great interests" are what in Elliott's beloved Britain are British Empire: the destruction of the United States and called "nobility." He went on to play a major role in the its re-absorption into the British Empire. This, of re-inventing of the Executive branch of the United States course, is the project notoriously continued to this day government after the war. In a continuation of the Cleve­ by Elliott's "Tweedle-dum and Tweedle-dee" proteges, land through Wilson Administration "Civil Service" Henry Kissinger and Zbigniew Brzezinski.5o In place reforms, Elliott and his collaborators have established a of our Constitutional government, Elliott proposed host of extra-Constitutional "councils"-National Securi­ that the United States be broken down into ten or ty, Economic Advisory, Economic Security, Domestic twelve regional blocs, and governed, as is Britain, by a Policy, etc.-which function, just as Elliott proposed, to "permanent civil service," rather than by elected offi­ bring our "nobility" and their lackeys into the govern­ cials. He wrote: ment, without benefit of election. This process is illustrat­ ed by the service of Elliott's protege, Kissinger, as, essen­ A Treasury and a Department of State without permanent tially, the unelected Permanent Secretary of the Nixon­ . civil service secretaries are incredible survivals of the days Ford Administration. As such, he played a major role in . when amateur administration was possible. An adequate replacing Nixon with Ford without election, through bureaucracy is essential to the functioning of any modern first, hiring the staff that required "plumbing," and then state. At the head of the whole civil service there should be an officer like the British Permanent Secretary for the urging Nixon to create the rogue "Plumbers' unit" to Treasury, or some other suitable official, probably with us deal with them. At the termination of Kissinger's reign, the Director of the Budget. All appointments and promo­ the new President, Jimmy Carter, appointed Kissinger's tions should be cleared through him. To each department alter ego, Zbigniew Brzezinski, as National Security should be added an advisory committee representative of Adviser.

III. The Postwar 'Critter' Takeover of American Culture

MOST HISTORIANS OF THE AGRARIANS claim that Back" for The New Yorker, on the occasion of the U.S. after 1936, the group returned to "littachah" and Congress's and Jimmy Carter's posthumous "exonera­ dropped their "Agrarian" concerns, but this is a blatant tion" of the traitor. In it, he maintained the old Agrarian lie. Each of the core members we deal with here, message of 1931: Davis' courageous, statesman-like resis­ Democrats and Republicans, Pulitzer Prize winners, tance against the tyrant Lincoln. In 1981, they staged a , those who remained in Tennessee and those who re­ highly publicized fiftieth anniversary celebration for I'll located to Yale or Harvard, participated in Agrarian Ta ke My Stand at Vanderbilt. In 1985, they publicly cele­ organizing against the Constitution of the United States, brated the assassination of Huey Long with help from through Agrarian events and publications, until their Louisiana State University, which Long had built, and deaths. Each of the Agrarians then living, collaborated the Public Broadcasting System. Agrarian disciples con­ with the Buckley-supported, openly pro-Ku Klux Klan tinue to publish Southern Partisan, Southern Patriot, Mod­ ' and anti-American Southern Partisan magazine, which ern Age, Chronicles, and books like Charles Adams' The launched a re-birth of the movement in 1979. In 1980, Case for Southern Secession, with support from Cabinet the supposedly most "liberal" of them, Robert Penn members and Senators. Warren, wrote "Jefferson Davis Gets His Citizenship After the American Review period, the Agrarians con-

50. Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr., "Tweedle-Dum Goofs Again," and 51. William Yandell Elliott, The Need for Constitutional Reform: A Stanley Ezrol, "William Yandell Elliott," Executive Intelligence Program for National Security (Whittlesey House, New York: Review, Dec. 5,1997 (Vol. 24, No. 49). McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1935), pp. 202-203.

41 tinued to operate in two related directions, which char- Penn Warren and Brooks’s joint effort, Understanding acterize their activity up to today. First, they vigorously Poetry, became the leading “Poetry 101” textbook used in organized for a new global empire under the control of America’s universities. Brooks finished out his career at Britain, in collaboration with the Wells/Russell British- the elite Yale University, as, amongst other things, the American-Canadian foreign policy, intelligence, propa- leading interpreter of novelist William Faulkner’s ganda, and psychological warfare services, official and drunken ramblings. He also was appointed for a term as unofficial. Second, they took over a commanding posi- U.S. Cultural Attaché, under James Branch Cabell’s tion in the English-language literary establishment, and cousins, the Bruces, in our London embassy. a powerful position in historical—especially American Penn Warren also taught, for a time, at the prestigious History—studies. It is notably typical of this intellectual Yale Drama School, which continues to serve as one of and moral corruption, that Allen Tate’s derivative and Hollywood’s main training centers, having produced partially plagiarized biographies had already won the such “stars” as Jodie Foster, Meryl Streep, and Glenn praise of noted historians Allan Nevins and Henry Close. He won three Pulitzer Prizes, had two Hollywood Steele Commager.52 Through both prongs of this offen- movies made from his novels (most notoriously, his sive, the Agrarians achieved total, direct, intellectual attack on the murdered Huey Long, All the King’s Men, mastery of the postwar Conservative movement in the which won three Oscars53), and was named the first United States—as typified by the Buckley interests and “Poet Laureate of the United States.” In 1981, Democrat- the later Religious Right, and their global anti-industri- ic Gov. John Y. Brown of Kentucky arranged to fly War- alism has been integrated into the so-called “left-liberal” ren in his personal jet to the I’ll Take My Stand fiftieth establishment constellation of forces and issues. anniversary celebrations in Nashville. As we shall now see, the intention of the Fugitives’ The Critters’ influence was also spread by protégés “littererah work,” the “New Crittercism,” was precisely who may not have fully embraced the Agrarian cause. the same as the Godzilla and Little Green Men theology PBS superstar Ken Burns’ fame, for instance, stems of I’ll Take My Stand and God Without Thunder. largely from his Civil War series. But it was Robert Penn Warren who, delighted with Burns’ work on a The New Critters’ Invisible Empire film celebration of the assassination of Huey Long,54 suggested that he collaborate with Agrarian historian In 1935, Commander of the Crown of Italy Stark Shelby Foote on a like-spirited treatment of the Civil Young’s movie, So Red the Rose, about his family’s loss of War. Although, at first glance, the PBS series may their plantations and slaves, premiered simultaneously in appear to be informative and “balanced,” think about it. each of the eleven former Confederate state capitals, and Does it actually present the truth about the Civil War, was introduced by a national radio broadcast from the “testing,” as Lincoln said, “whether this nation, or any Governor of Virginia attending the Richmond screening. nation, so conceived and so dedicated can long endure?” Cleanth Brooks and Robert Penn Warren were named Or is this truth buried under interminable soap-opera co-editors of the Southern Review, based at Louisiana spinning of the personal stories of people whose life’s State University in the state’s capital, Baton Rouge. Ford meaning is, thereby, cheapened by Burns? In the film, Madox Ford attended the celebrations releasing the first Foote declared his mystic reverence for the sword of issue, and psychedelic superstar Aldous Huxley con- Nathan Bedford Forrest, and in Memphis, Foote pub- tributed an article. licly opposed a campaign initiated by Lyndon LaRouche After the Southern Review was closed during the war, to remove Ku Klux Klan founder Albert Pike’s statue the Critter influence spread like a metastasized cancer. from Federal land in Washington, D.C.

______52. Underwood, op. cit., p. 149. who had been Brooks’s roommate at Tulane University, and 53. Huey Long was killed by the Louisiana social set Warren and mother of the Carter State Department spokesman and current Brooks had joined at the University. He was shot by Dr. Carl PBS talking head) and others interviewed on that film, the entire Austin Weiss, the son of Brooks family physician, Dr. Carl Baton Rouge and Louisiana upper crust had been openly clamor- Adam Weiss. Three weeks earlier, the assassin had treated ing for Long’s assassination. She reports that when the shooting Cleanth Brooks’s foster brother in Brooks’s home. Fifty years lat- was announced, she started shouting, “Where’s Hoddin’? er, Robert Penn Warren commissioned current PBS superstar Where’s Hoddin’?” because she, like each of her friends, thought Ken Burns to produce a film celebrating the assassination, as part that her husband might have been the shooter. The aging Warren of the Agrarians’ entertainment for Southern Review’s jubilee creaked out, venemously, that Long was a “Mussolini,” apparent- anniversary party. ly hoping that no one remembered how fond he and his friends According to statements by Mrs. Hodding Carter II (she was had been of Il Duce at the time. the wife of the later Pulitzer Prize-winning newspaper editor, 54. See footnote 53.

42 Library of Congress Library of Congress North Carolina Archive and History National Archives Virtually all the icons of Twentieth-century American literature Novelist William Faulkner (left) was “discovered” by Fugitive were in the orbit of the Agrarians. Above: Novelists Ernest Stark Young. Faulkner, Thomas Wolfe (right), and other Southern Hemingway (left) and F. Scott Fitzgerald (right). writers formed a bloc in the Modern Language Association.

British poet W.H. Auden. Connected to British Intelligence circles, Auden joined Cleanth Brooks and Andrew Nelson Lytle in Episcopal Church projects. Library of Congress

Archibald Macleish, wartime Librarian of Congress. With Auden, Allen Tate, and others, he orchestrated the first Bollingen Poetry Prize Kentucky Department of Travel Development award to Mussolini- Robert Penn Warren (left) became the first Poet Laureate of the

Library of Congress supporter Ezra Pound. United States. Kentucky Gov. John Y. Brown is at right.

The assistant at Southern Review, Albert Erskine, endowed for him at Kenyon College in Ohio by the Mel- became a leading book editor, whose authors included lon-family-allied Carnegie Foundation. His going-away Stark Young’s “discovery,” Nobel Prize-winning novelist party in Nashville was sponsored jointly by Virginia Quar- William Faulkner.55 Another of Warren’s students, noted terly Review, Southern Review, Sewanee Review, Saturday “bluesiologist” William R. Ferris of the University of Review of Literature, and Poetry, emceed by Ford Madox Mississippi’s Center for the Study of Southern Culture, Ford, and attended by much of the nation’s literati. Those was named director of the National Endowment for the who didn’t attend, like T.S. Eliot, sent greetings and best Humanities by President Clinton in 1997. One of David- wishes. At Kenyon, Ransom established the Kenyon son’s and Brooks’s students, Melvin E. Bradford, of Review and the Kenyon School of English summer ses- whom you will learn more soon, had been rejected for sion, which, along with his publishing, established him as the same post during the Reagan Administration. For a the leading figure of “The New Criticism.” His “honors” time, Agrarian collaborator Dixon Wecter held the cov- included the Bollingen Prize in poetry, about which we eted and influential—due to the massive publishing will have more to say, and a term as Poetry Consultant to industry surrounding it—post of keeper of the secret the Library of Congress. Two students, who were to Mark Twain papers. become well-known poets in their own right, Randall Jar- Ransom left Vanderbilt University in 1937, for a chair rell of Nashville, and Robert Lowell of the Boston Low- ______ells (nicknamed Caligula or Caliban after his manners and grooming), accompanied Ransom to Kenyon. Lowell 55. Stanley Ezrol, “William Faulkner: The ‘Great American Novel- ist,’ with Pure British Aroma,” Executive Intelligence Review, Nov. had been treated by Fugitive psychiatrist Merrill Moore, 14, 1997 (Vol. 24, No. 46). then at Harvard, who consulted with Ford Madox Ford,

43 and convinced the family to accept consignment to the In the Fifties, Tate and Cairns, who were both then Fugitives as a course of treatment. regulars at Ezra Pound’s literary salon at St. Elizabeth’s, Tate and Lytle each served terms as editor of the Epis- served on the board of Confluence, a culture magazine copal Church’s prestigious Sewanee Review. The tradition- edited by Dr. Henry Kissinger at Harvard, under the alist Episcopal Society for the Book of Common Prayer patronage of William Yandell Elliott. In addition to was founded at Lytle’s Monteagle, Tennessee farm, by a entertaining his literary friends with goodies like cham- committee including not only Lytle, but Brooks and pagne and caviar provided by Cairns, Pound was, at the Brooks’s friend, the alcoholic homosexual poet W.H. time, the leader of a Ku Klux Klan “cell,” whose leaflets Auden. Tate became, at least amongst the literati, one of he wrote and whose activity he directed.56 Cairns’ other the best-known poets and critics in America. His friend accomplishments include editing the Bollingen edition of T.S. Eliot praised him as the best poet working in Ameri- the complete dialogues of Plato. ca. He had a variety of academic assignments, most The Night Writers and their Southern colleagues, notably at the University of Minnesota, and Godzilla’s including William Faulkner, Tennessee Williams, own Princeton University, where he converted to Catholi- Thomas Wolfe, Eudora Welty, Katherine Anne Porter, cism under the sponsorship of medievalist Jacques Mari- Ellen Glasgow, and James Dickey, came to form an tain, another of Robert M. Hutchins’ friends. The Prince- important bloc in the professional association for English ton appointment had been arranged by his life-long teachers, the Modern Language Association (M.L.A.), and friend, and friend of the other Night Writers, Scribner’s haunt, to this day, its Southern caucus, the South Atlantic famed book editor, Maxwell Perkins. He had been close Modern Language Association (S.A.M.L.A.). From 1975 to The New Republic’s legendary literary editor, Edmund through 1977, second-generation Agrarian M.E. Bradford Wilson, and his successor Malcolm Cowley, a Stalinist, was the President of S.A.M.L.A. The Winter 2001 issue of who later edited the popular Viking “Portable” paperback S.A.M.L.A.’s South Atlantic Review, includes articles on “classic” series. Hart Crane, the mystic, homosexual poet, Robert Penn Warren, Christopher Isherwood, and W.H. financially supported by financier Otto Kahn, was anoth- Auden. The M.L.A. has been in the forefront of setting er close friend. Tate was also a regular panelist in the New York Times style-book type standards, based on Jere- 1940’s on the CBS Radio program, “Invitation to Learn- my Bentham’s “uniform and simple” diktat for publishing ing,” along with the Mellon financial agent and friend of in the United States. Stark Young, Huntington Cairns, Stringfellow Barr, and Recently, both a graduate of the Tennessee school sys- another life-long friend, the poet, editor, playwright, and tem and an official of the Tennessee Historical Society critic Mark Van Doren. Van Doren was to be, among oth- have complained to the author that the state’s Civil War er things, the teacher of Beat poets Jack Kerouac and history curricula, libraries, museums, and so forth are still Allen Ginsberg, as well as the more “mainstream” critic dominated by the Agrarians’ “damned cult of Nathan and educator, Lionel Trilling. Bedford Forrest.” After the war, Tate arranged for the Bollingen Foun- dation—an institution established by financier Paul Mel- What Is ‘The New Crittercism’? lon specifically to promote the work of psychiatrist Carl Jung in the United States—to offer an annual poetry Thus, the Night Writers’ “New Crittercism” came to prize in conjunction with the Library of Congress. The dominate American literary training, as well as the out- Foundation, incidentally, was named after the Swiss look of our broadcast and film industry.You should not be town in which Jung had built his “Tower” getaway from surprised to learn that the intention of the Night Writers’ his wife, in which he carried on his adulterous affairs. school is to use literature and art to destroy human cogni- The prize was first presented in 1949 to Ezra Pound, tive thinking and replace it with “appetite,” which, Ran- then resident at St. Elizabeth’s Psychiatric Hospital in som explained, is what we humans share with animals. Washington, D.C., for the Pisan Cantos he had written To do this, they observed in their “art” the strict divi- while in United States Army custody, awaiting trial for sion between Truth and Beauty specified by the British treason. This travesty was organized by Tate, his friend Empiricists and Immanuel Kant. On the one hand, they Archibald Macleish, the war-time Librarian of Con- maintained the view that literature and other art, like gress, the other Agrarians, and their friends like Auden. their fake science, was based on a collection of meaning- As a result of the controversy surrounding this first less rules, rather than on the intention to inspire real award, the Library of Congress withdrew official sup- ______port, but Bollingen continued the prize, eventually 56. E. Fuller Torrey, “Crazy Like a Fox,” The Washingtonian, Janu- bestowing it on a number of the Night Writers. ary 1993, pp. 55-58.

44 thinking. This was totally logical, as follows: As we saw in his vile dig at Shelley, Ransom hated They were able to determine what the rules of good poets who weren’t animals like him. His most famous literature were, because these were the rules observed by critical essay, “Shakespeare at Sonnets,” was so puerile the good writers. They first, of course, had to determine that even Penn Warren and Brooks hesitated before pub- who the good writers were, by observing which writers lishing it in the Southern Review. To just present the fla- followed the good rules. vor of this down-home Rhodes Scholar’s tantrum against In discussing these rules, they used terms like “literary one of the greatest human minds ever produced, I quote merit” and “handsome diction.” It’s never clear what his attack on Shakespeare’s Sonnet CVII (Not mine own those things mean, except that they must have nothing fears, nor the prophetic soul / Of the wide world dream- whatsoever to do with the actual meaning, moral sense, ing on things to come): historical truthfulness, or anything else about a literary The world-soul is a technical concept, I suppose, in the work. They also accepted Jeremy Bentham’s injunction sense that it was of use to Paracelsus and to other that language must be uniform and simple. They hated theosophists. It indicates a very fine image for some meta- puns and real metaphor—anything that forced creative physical poet who will handle it technically: for Donne or thought from the reader. They also hated passion, with a another university poet. It is not fit for amateurs. The ques- passion. Thus, the Critters who had mobilized after Ezra tion is whether Shakespeare’s theological touch here is not Pound’s indictment for treason, to prove that he was amateurish; elsewhere it sometimes is, as in Hamlet’s insane and could not be tried, then rallied to have him famous soliloquy beginning, “To be or not to be.” honored with the first Bollingen Prize in poetry. Tate Also, from “Shakespeare at Sonnets,” is an example of defended the Pisan Cantos authored by the poet he insisted the kind of mindless literary rule the Critters insisted on, was nuts, saying they weren’t “about anything. But they when it suited them. First, Ransom specifies the rule: are distinguished verse.” In his collection of essays, The World’s Body, Ransom explains how poetry is to be used as If the English sonnet exhibits the rhyme-scheme ABAB a weapon against science, in favor of “our animal life”: CDCD EFEF GG, it imposes upon the poet the following requirement: that he write three co-ordinate quatrains and We have elected to know the world through science, but sci- then a couplet which will relate to the series collectively. ence is only the cognitive department of our animal life, and by it we know the world only as a scheme of abstract conve- Then, upon concluding that Shakespeare breaks the niences. What we cannot know constitutionally as scientists rule, rather than throw it out, the damned Critter, who, is the world which is made up of whole and indefeasible despite all of his titles, never wrote a poem anyone would objects, and this is the world which poetry recovers for us.57 ever read except to make a grade, called Shakespeare a “careless workman”! The “aesthetic moment” appears as a curious moment of Following the empiricists, Ransom refuses to allow an suspension, idea which is independent of a direct sensory image. For between the Platonism in us, which is militant, always sci- instance, he takes this fragment from Shakespeare’s Son- encing and devouring, and a starved inhibited aspiration net LXXIII: toward innocence which, if it could only be free, would like to respect and know the object as it might of its own accord That time of year thou mayst in me behold reveal itself. When yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hang Science gratifies a rational practical impulse and exhibits the Upon those boughs which shake against the cold, minimum of perception. Art gratifies a perceptual impulse and Bare ruin’d choirs, where late the sweet birds sang. exhibits the minimum of reason.58 Ransom understands the idea evoked by Shakespeare, In a 1926 letter to Tate, Ransom bluntly expressed his but hates him for stretching the brain with a complex preference for the minds of “beasts”: metaphor, writing, “[H]e will not quite risk the power of a single figure but compounds the figures.” Biologically man is peculiar in that he must record and use his successive experiences; the beasts are not under this So much for what the Critters say about their method. necessity; with them the experience is an end in itself, and In their own literary work, the method of the Night takes care of itself.59 Writers is to drown you in sensation. Their books are full of smells, sounds, and images. Even when they seem to ______deal with the workings of the mind, it is not cognition 57. John Crowe Ransom, The World’s Body (New York: Charles they deal with, but, rather, the experience of a parade of Scribner’s Sons, 1938), pp. x-xi. internal sensations. Donald Davidson’s complaint to Tate, 58. Quoted in Young, op. cit., p. 312. 59. Ibid., p. 175. about Tate’s most famous poem, “The Ode to the Con- 45 federate Dead,” made the case in part with his question, Lazard Frères, Washington Post family. He was particu- “But Allen, where are the dead?” Television and Holly- larly close to Theodor Adorno, who is famous for pio- wood-type cinema use the same method. The idea is to neering work, leading to postwar “popular” music, in the turn you into an impotent spectator of the world, but, use of sound to destroy mental functioning. He became more importantly, of your own mind. Although our W.H. Auden’s “father-in-law” in 1935, when his daugh- movies, like our nation’s most recent Presidential elec- ter Erika married Auden for immigration purposes. His tion-campaign, are filled with lust and gore, they do, as son Klaus had an affair with Christopher Isherwood, and the Critters insist they must, lack passion. In fact, this his brother Heinrich wrote the novel on which The Blue indifference to violence, perversion, and degradation, Angel was based. seems to be the intention of these productions. • Van Wyck Brooks, a top New England literary fig- ure, among other things a biographer of Mark Twain. The One World Confederacy • Christian Gauss, longtime literature professor and Dean of Princeton, who taught Edmund Wilson and F. As the “litterarah” careers of the Critters took off in the Scott Fitzgerald, and recruited Tate to teach there. late Thirties, the world war, which the Agrarians had • Alvin Johnson, a leader with Agrarian Stark Young done so much to promote, approached. Elliott and other of Wells’ New Republic/New School for Social Research collaborators became increasingly involved in the Wells- crowd. Russell-Huxley efforts to guarantee that the war would • Lewis Mumford, a follower of the Distributists and wreck industrial civilization, and leave nothing but a one of the founders of Twentieth-century looney envi- global feudalism run by the British. As the foreign and ronmentalism. domestic atrocities of the Fascists accelerated, the Night The City of Man is a naked call for crushing all nations Writers’ attempts to promote open sympathy for the cause under the foot of one Godzilla Empire. This is what is became increasingly difficult. Once Hitler’s invasion of now known as “globalization,” as pursued by “Project Poland plunged all of Europe into war, they directed their Democracy” and its confederates. Herbert Agar’s Free- efforts to sabotaging the American war effort from with- dom House and Elisabeth Mann Borgese’s Club of Rome in, while claiming to support it. Their own correspon- and United Nations, are now in the forefront of this drive dence during the war is lacking in any passion for the fate to establish a world authority to destroy sovereign nations. of their nation or any other, but focusses, rather, on their The Agrarians’ collaborator Julian Huxley was also a top literary careers, with some mention of how they might U.N. official—the first director of the United Nations take advantage of the war for advancement. Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization In 1940, key Agrarians and their friends joined with (UNESCO).60 The City of Man was only one of many “left”-leaning One World Government types, in support documents following the general plan of Wells’ Open of Wells’ “Open Conspiracy” to use the war to create the Conspiracy, but since you now know many of the partici- “New British Empire.” University of Chicago president, pants, and know their role in collaboration with Hitler Bertrand Russell operative, and decades-long editor of and Mussolini in support of a return to feudalism, I use Encyclopaedia Britanica, Robert Maynard Hutchins, orga- that evidence here to demonstrate what the intention of nized a call published as The City of Man: A Declaration of “globalization” was and is. World Democracy, by a group loosely called the “Commit- One myth which is destroyed by taking these histori- tee on Europe.” Its Executive Committee included cal facts into account, is the idea that “Big Government” William Yandell Elliott and co-editor of Who Owns Amer- is an enemy of individual freedom. These apostles of ica? Herbert Agar. Among the other members were: absolute global dictatorship, who intend to control every • Frank Aydelotte, President of Swarthmore College, aspect of life—family, church, education, technology, longtime Secretary of the Rhodes Trust, and associate of economy—are using that myth to destroy the strength of longtime Washington Post editor Felix Morley. nations. They insist that they are doing so, because, as • G.A. Borgese, Italian “anti-Fascist” refugee brought they tell you—apparently trusting that you’re too stupid to the University of Chicago by Hutchins, and the son-in- to get the point, or too frightened to do anything about law of Thomas Mann, husband of Elisabeth Mann Borgese, who became a leader in both the United ______Nations and the Club of Rome “Limits to Growth” cult. 60. This does not mean that the United Nations always was, or even All three were friends of Katharine Meyer Graham, late now is, an instrument of the British Empire. Franklin Roosevelt intended that it would serve a useful purpose as a permanent chairman and publisher of the Washington Post. international forum, and it has, often, been a useful venue for the • Thomas Mann, the German refugee novelist, whose Non-Aligned nations and other anti-colonial forces. But the American career was sponsored by Agnes Meyer of the British always intended it to be an arm of their Global Empire.

46 www.arttoday.com Fabian spymaster H.G. Wells. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress Russell operative and University of Chicago president Robert M. Hutchins. His 1940 “City of Man” declaration echoed Wells’ In the 1940’s, key Agrarians joined with “Open Society.” Below: “City of Man” “left”-leaning One Worldists in support of author Thomas Mann (right) with brother H.G. Wells’ “Open Conspiracy” to create Heinrich. a New British Empire. Above: Scene from Wells’ film “Things To Come.” Below: United Nations official Julian Huxley. UNESCO/Claude Bablin Lord Bertrand Russell. With Wells, he led the drive for One World Government. UNESCO/Claude Bablin DMH, Berlin it—a properly constituted community of nations, of the interval of preparation as short as possible, until the day people, by the people, for the people, is the one thing that comes when the heresy of nationalism is conquered and the protects you from them. Here’s what they say: absurd architecture of the present world is finally disman- tled. Then, above the teeming, manifold life of free com- England, where modern man first rose to his dignity, still munities rising from the natural conditions of each one’s holds out in tragic valor—a bastion in flames. But not even soil and work, there will be a Universal Parliament, repre- her survival in heroic self-defense would be adequate, with- senting people, not states—a fundamental body of law pre- out outside help, to the task of reshaping a world; and the vailing throughout the planet in all those matters that alternative of defeat has been ominously intimated by her involve interregional interests; an elected president, the Premier himself—“until,” he said, “in God’s good time, the President of Mankind—no crowned emperor, no heredi- New World, with all its power and might, sets forth to the tary king—embodying for a limited term the common liberation and rescue of the Old.” authority and the common law; and a federal force ready to To this expiation by tyranny, now already an accom- strike at anarchy and felony. plished fact over a large expanse of the world, we oppose the ancient dream of man, which we deem imperishable. In If that sounds almost good to you, the Committee now an era of Apocalypse we call for a Millennium. Universal proceeds to set the hook: peace can be founded only on the unity of man under one But the fundamental principle is that the democratic con- law and one government. . . . Therefore the City of Man cept of freedom can never include the freedom to destroy must be much more than a League of Nations or a coales- democracy and freedom. . . . cence of continents. It must be the Nation of Man embod- This is—in an interpretation suited to the modernist or ied in the Universal State, the State of States. post-modernist mind—the spirit which Christ called the Holy But it remains for all men of good will to make the Ghost. In its ultimate sacredness He set a limit to all tolerance

47 and charity. “Wherefore I say unto you, all manner of sin and The primary groups of family, educational association, blasphemy shall be forgiven unto men: but the blasphemy neighborhood, and church—each of them with its specific against the Holy Ghost shall not be forgiven unto men.” . . . attributes and all of them with their combined contribu- This common creed already exists; towards its luminous tions to the general purpose—must be restored in new center all higher minds already point. . . . It teaches that a forms with new life. This is tantamount to stating that a divine intention governs the universe—be it called God or constitutional reform of democracy cannot be founded but Deity or the Holy Ghost or the Absolute or Logos or even on the spirit of a new religion . . . [regarding] the relations Evolution. The direction of this intention is from matter to between the community as a whole and the separate life and from life to spirit, from chaos to order, from blind churches. [We require] definite tenets embodying the uni- strife and random impulse to conscience and moral law, versal religion of Democracy, which shall underlie each from darkness to light. and all of them. For virtually all of them have meddled in It teaches that in the universe we know the human the anarchy of the nations and bowed to the powers that be. species is the spearhead of the divine intention. . . . It teach- . . . Therefore the hour has struck when we must know es that man’s growth or progress or evolution is not back- what limits are set by the religion of freedom, which is ward, toward the savagery of the superman or the gleam of democracy, to the freedom of worship, and of what God the beast of prey, but forward, toward the radiance of the we talk when we repeat, from the Gettysburg Address, that angel. It teaches that if the divine intention is to be fulfilled, “this nation,” and with this nation the world, “must have a the pursuit of the good, under the inspiration of faith, hope, new birth of freedom under God.” and charity, must imply resistance to evil, with battle when The pruning of this tree of freedom [!–SE] will not necessary. . . . make it less fruitful. The organization of learning, with col- The factory, in whose self-contained despotism Fascism leges and universities at the top of its structure, has built found an early blueprint of world-wide regimentation, must and builds the preparatory ground where democratic aris- be no longer the penitentiary of the outcast, the Bastille of tocracies are trained for leadership. But no aristocracy or the proletariat. . . . The youth of the nations, enlisted for a leadership can subsist without a firm footing in inflexible limited term, should learn in federal factories, in public principles and unshakable values. A reorientation of educa- works, on communal farms, the skill of production in tion and a supervision of its aims should be undertaken patience rather than the craft of destruction in terror. from this angle. Wilson’s “program of the world’s peace” cannot be They close with an appeal to “Americanism,” but the enforced . . . with judges but no sheriffs. . . . Therefore, that Committee’s “Americanism” is no more American than program, the only possible program as we see it . . . is a uni- is Bertrand Russell’s “science” which Ransom had tried versal law first promulgated to all humanity, entrusted to to pass as such. Is it anything but yoking America to pull the good will of those groups and communities that are the Empire’s chariot of doom?: progressively disposed to adopt it, then enforced on the rebels, finally to become the common peace and freedom of There must be a New Testament of Americanism, which all the peoples of the earth.61 will voice the commandments that have arisen from this age of denial and ruin, from America’s desertion of the League of Nations to the cataclysm of 1940. So, you see, this Wellsian crew dropped the openly Union was proposed by the British Government to “pro-Confederate” flavor of Agrarianism, but retained France, later than at the eleventh hour. But the offer, futile the hatred of nation-states, of cognition, of science, of in the death-agony of republican France, remains a mere industrialism, of real religion and of public education, ideal milestone on the slow path of man toward the con- and the love of the British Empire, of Godzilla religion, sciousness that the era of the nations is over and that unity of environmentalism, and of “aristocracies” which, other- will be achieved in the spirit of Evil if the spirit of Good is wise, characterize the type. They fly the flag, “Democra- not good enough. . . . cy,” over their hideous plan for “inflexible,” “unshakable” Here—more precious than all the gold in Kentucky— the treasure of English culture is guarded, as Hellenism control of all “principles” and all “values.” When they was preserved in Rome; and along with it the treasure and speak of “peace,” you should think of H.G. Wells’ “Gas essence of all human cultures. . . . For here, and almost of Peace,” which was used in Things To Come, to obliter- nowhere else, is man granted the right and duty of being ate all opposition to his New Empire. Christian and human. ______Ask yourself what they mean when they say later, 61. Herbert Agar, Frank Aydelotte, G.A. Borgese, Hermann Broch, Van Wyck Brooks, Ada L. Comstock, William Yandell Elliott, “know what limits are set,” or “pruning the tree of free- Dorothy Canfield Fisher, Christian Gauss, Oscar Jaszi, Alvin dom.” Their heirs claim to revere family, community, Johnson, Hans Kohn, Thomas Mann, Lewis Mumford, William education, and church, but do they intend that any insti- Allan Neilson, Reinhold Niebuhr, Gaetano Salvemini, The City of tution shall escape enslavement to their global theocracy?: Man: A Declaration of World Democracy (New York: Viking Press; Toronto: The Macmillan Co., 1941).

48 World War II, thanks to the fallen Roosevelt and his and Junior, there, and all of the Buckley brothers and sis- generals, ended decades short of H.G. Wells’ hoped-for ters. The initial Buckley family contact was through thirty years, and failed to entirely wipe out nations. William F.’s younger brother, F. Reid, who was to live Nonetheless, the Committee and their collaborators much of his life in Spain as a Carlist sympathizer, and pressed ahead with their crusade. G.A. Borgese and Dr. Willmoore Kendall, who had taught with Brooks at Richard P. McKeon of Hutchins’ University of Chicago, L.S.U. and then moved to Yale at the same time as founded the “Committee to Frame a World Constitution” Brooks, and whose career included psychological warfare in 1946. Other members in 1947 were Mortimer J. Adler, assignments for the military and the C.I.A., for which he who had moved from Hutchins’ side to Harvard; Wilburg called on Brooks and Penn Warren as consultants. G. Katz, University of Chicago Law School; James M. This association merged Buckley family oil-money, Landis, Harvard Law; Charles H. McIlwain, Harvard and intelligence community, apostate Communist, and anti- Union Theological Seminary; Beardsley Ruml, Chairman Renaissance Catholic contacts, most notably the so-called of the New York Federal Reserve Board; Albert Leon “Carlist” partisans of the Spanish Bourbon monarchy Guerard, Stanford University; Erich Kahler, New School and the allied Hapsburg imperial revivalists, with the for Social Research; Stringfellow Barr, then President of Nashville Agrarians, to produce what we now know as St. John’s; and Harold A. Innis, University of Toronto. As the Gingrichites, the Religious Right, and so forth. we mentioned before, Barr was to serve later as President The first major job Buckley recruited these and of the Foundation for World Government, and as a fellow others of the Agrarian tribe to, was support for the at Hutchins’ Center for the Study of Democratic Institu- “McCarthyite” witch-hunts of the early Fifties. This tions. Elisabeth Mann Borgese went on to her U.N. and “pruning of the tree of freedom,” along with the Club of Rome career, and Thomas Mann went to Holly- hedonism of the Huxley-inspired Beat and later hip- wood, where he relived old days and ways with Christo- pie movements, and the shocks of the Kennedy and pher Isherwood, Aldous Huxley, and others of our cast other assassinations and the Vietnam War, softened resident there, where they were occasionally joined by Americans to retreat, in the aftermath of the Sixties, Robert Penn Warren and other relevant visitors. from the high point of Roosevelt’s war leadership, into Thus, the whole “liberal,” “World Federalist” phe- the anti-cognitive sloth of the “rock-sex-drug, back- nomenon, including the not necessarily “liberal” global- to-nature” counterculture and the “Southern Strate- ization, is a slight variation on the theme, “pro-Confeder- gy.” Buckley’s first major organization, the Intercolle- ate Agrarianism.” giate Society of Individualists, now known as the Intercollegiate Studies Institute, was founded for that Cleanth Brooks and the purpose in 1953, and he hired Agrarians to be its “idea” men. To this day, its publications and programs Confederate Yankee are dominated by the Night Writers, and from this After World War II, the Critters, beyond their strictly base they have become the key “intellectual” leaders of “litterarah” work, got involved in three related and over- postwar American Conservativism. lapping sorts of political activity. As we’ve indicated, the The leader of this next Agrarian generation was purest strain of the Agrarian/Distributist infection pro- Richard M. Weaver of Weaverville, North Carolina, a duced the epidemic of the postwar “Conservative Revolu- son of “dirt poor” North Carolina gentry. He was a tion.” Another strain was the “World Federalist” and socialist, of some sort, at the University of Kentucky, globalizing current just described. The third was the when I’ll Take My Stand was published. He was so taken closely related involvement of, especially, Elliott’s Agrari- with it that he enrolled in a fellowship program under an protégés, in the “Eastern Establishment” reorganiza- John Crowe Ransom at Vanderbilt. After Vanderbilt, he tion of U.S. government strategic and international policy. got his doctorate from Louisiana State University with First, examine the spread of the virus in its pure form. Brooks and Penn Warren. His thesis was later published Cleanth Brooks left Louisiana State University for New as The Southern Tradition at Bay. Since his ideas stray little Haven, Connecticut’s Yale University. That is where from those of the elder Night Writers, I provide only this Brooks, a life-long Democrat, who supported William quote, which demonstrates agreement with Master Ran- Jefferson Clinton’s 1992 Presidential campaign, made the som’s and Carl Jung’s Godzilla counter-revolution contacts which were to shape the Conservative move- against religion: ment of the past half-century as a revival, expansion, and [T]he Southerner wanted the older religiousness of continuation of the Agrarian/Distributist/Fascist alliance dreams and drunkenness—something akin to the rit- of the Thirties. He met William F. Buckley, both Senior uals of the Medieval Church, and to the Eleusinian

49 mysteries of the ancients. and others, largely associated with the Intercollegiate Studies Institute, founded the Southern Partisan, which From Vanderbilt, he went on to lecture at Hutchins’ functions, to this day, as a rallying point for the revival of University of Chicago, where he published Ideas Have Con- the Confederacy and the legacy of the Nashville Agrari- sequences. This book impressed an East Lansing, Michigan ans. As we said, alongside the glowing interviews given bookstore owner, who described himself later as a “Conser- by “respectable” conservatives, including current Attor- vative Bohemian,” named Russell Kirk. Kirk, the scion of a ney General John Ashcroft, and “moderate” Night Writ- Mecosta, Michigan spiritualist family, invited Weaver to ers like Cleanth Brooks, it has praised Lytle’s Critter speak in East Lansing, which began a life-long association Company as literature on a par with Homer, and reprint- between the two. These two, along with Kendall, and some ed Frank Lawrence Owsley’s blood-curdling defense of others, quickly took over the “intellectual” work for Buck- slavery and lynching from I’ll Take My Stand. Other fig- ley’s operations, and related “Conservative” institutions. ures associated with this journal of treason include: Later, second-generation Agrarian Melvin E. Bradford was • Sam Francis of the Heritage Foundation and Inter- moved into top-level positions in the same apparat. In the collegiate Studies Institute. Former aide to Senator John Sixties, Kendall, Bradford, and an ardent monarchist and East (also a friend of Southern Partisan) of North Carolina. Carlist, Frederick D. Wilhelmsen, were all together at the • Murray Rothbard of the Ludwig von Mises Insti- University of Dallas. The University had been founded by tute, the Mont Pelerin Society, and the National Taxpay- Buckley’s crowd in 1956, as a center for Godzilla Catholi- ers Union. cism, which worked closely with the “Protestant” Funda- • Llewellyn Rockwell of the Ludwig von Mises Insti- mentalist center, the Dallas Theological Seminary. Wil- tute. helmsen told me that it, and its Cistercian Abbey, have • Patrick J. Buchanan, columnist, TV personality, served as part of the Buckley apparat, and also a home and sometime Presidential candidate. away from home for the Archduke and would-be Holy • Eugene Genovese, Marxist academic who supports Roman Emperor Otto von Hapsburg, who, despite his the idea that slavery is better than capitalism. missing crown, does control immense wealth and power. In • Charles Adams of the National Taxpayers Union, 1968, Buckley’s Intercollegiate Studies Institute sponsored a author of The Case for Southern Secession, a recent, dumb- “Southern Literary Festival” there, which featured a ed-down entry of the American Heresy genre. reunion of the remaining Agrarians, including Ransom, The Mont Pelerin Society is the most powerful pro- whose God Without Thunder program was the same as the moter in the world today of the Free Market voodoo-eco- University’s mission. Today, the University of Dallas’ web- nomics cult of greed of the “Southern Strategy,” which site, which seems to offer courses of study such as “how to you now recognize as John Locke’s government of, by, be a Hapsburg vassal,” “reviving the Crusades,” and and for Property, having produced, amongst other things, “crushing the nation,” declares, on its “Rome Campus” the notorious University of Chicago dingbat, Milton page, above a homoerotic photograph of an obelisk and Friedman. It is closely associated with the memory of two cupolas, “We are all of us still, in a sense, as T.S. Eliot founder Friedrich von Hayek, whose famous work, The has said, citizens of the Roman Empire.”62 Road to Serfdom, was published by Hutchins’ University Kirk founded the Intercollegiate Studies Institute’s of Chicago. The Ludwig von Mises Institute, named for journal, Modern Age, and Weaver, Kendall, Bradford, and von Hayek’s “Austrian School” disciple, and the National Wilhelmsen also contributed to it. Kendall and Kirk had Taxpayers Union, better renamed the “Tax Dodgers,” are leading positions at Buckley’s flagship National Review, closely related. Somehow their Lockean slogans, “privati- and the others contributed to it. Kirk also held positions zation,” “deregulation,” and “shareholder value,” have with the Heritage Foundation, and was the founding become so powerful that, even in the face of massive, president of the Rockford Institute and founding editor of genocidal failure, as in the California energy price-goug- its journal, Chronicles. Heritage, of course, is one of the ing and Katharine Graham’s shutdown of D.C. General most powerful Conservative “think-tanks” in the nation, Hospital, opponents of these “property first” policies dare deserving of much greater notoriety than what it earned not attack the whole murderous idea, but meekly speak of by hosting the “orientation” of Newt Gingrich’s famous “problems” with deregulation here or privatization there, Headless Hordes of the Congressional class of ’94. and the need to avoid these “problems” while proceeding In 1979, Kirk, Bradford, Wilhelmsen, Andrew Nelson full-steam ahead with the program. Lytle, F. Reid Buckley, Kirk’s protégé Thomas Fleming, Thomas Fleming has now left Southern Partisan to ______succeed Kirk as both President of the Rockford Institute 62. See the University of Dallas website at www.udallas. and editor of Chronicles. He is also on the board of the edu/rome/Romapage.html. Southern League and edits its journal, Southern Patriot.

50 William F. Buckley, Jr., and his brother-in- law L. Brent Bozell, authored this 1958 defense of McCarthyism.

“Southern Patriot” editor Thomas Fleming also heads the Rockford Institute and edits its journal “Chronicles” (below).

“Southern Partisan,” founded in 1979, has become the favorite venue of Southern Strategy politicians, including Attorney General John Ashcroft and Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress Senators Trent Lott, Jesse Helms, John East, and Phil Gramm. Agrarian Cleanth Brooks (left) introduced his colleagues to the William F. Buckley family, to found the post-war Conservative movement that spawned the Gingrichites and the “Religious Right.” Seated, left to right: Brooks, Southern author Eudora Welty, John Crowe Ransom; standing, right: poet Richard Blackmur.

The Southern League is agitating for a new Confederacy, collaborators, Nazi sympathizers G.K. Chesterton and the maintenance of the “Stars and Bars,” and the con- Hilaire Belloc. Not surprisingly Buckley’s Carlist, some- struction of Nathan Bedford Forrest and other pro-Con- time C.I.A. brother-in-law, L. Brent Bozell, is also federate monuments throughout the South. Under Flem- involved in that one. ing, both the League and Rockford have forged alliances One of the leading book publishers for this movement with “indigenous” and “separatist” enemies of nations is Henry Regnery. Regnery Publishing was founded at around the world.63 the close of World War II, under the patronage of Robert Frederick Wilhelmsen was one of the founders of M. Hutchins by Henry Regnery and former Washington another Godzilla Catholic institution, Christendom Col- Post editor Felix Morley. lege, in Front Royal, Virginia, which has served as a These recent generations of dumbed-down Night Washington, D.C.-area bastion for Distributist-type ene- Writers have few new “ideas,” but I’ll briefly mention mies of Pope John Paul II and his concerns. Its student one of Bradford’s contributions to Modern Age, “On lounge is named “Chester-Belloc” after the Agrarians’ Remembering Who We Are.”64 Bradford wasn’t just whistling “Dixie,” but had an elaborate philosophical ______argument against nations like ours, and in favor of 63. See Mark Burdman, “Her Majesty’s Separatists Meet: Lord Byron empires like Rome. It was published at about the time Foundation Brings Its ‘Greater Serbia’ Cause to the U.S.”; President Reagan nominated him to head the National Edward Spannaus, “Confederate Fleming Pushes Breakup of U.S.”; and Umberto Pascali, “Lord Byronists Foment ‘Clash of ______Civilizations’ to Protect the Empire,” Executive Intelligence 64. M.E. Bradford, “On Remembering Who We Are: A Political Review, Feb. 28, 1997 (Vol. 24, No. 10). Credo,” Modern Age, Spring 1982, pp. 144-152.

51 Endowment for the Humanities. In it, he attacks the U.S. Constitution, because it is a creation of “principles The Agrarians Run Our derived from a definition of men . . . as vessels of reason,” and makes a case for what he calls “natural” republics. Foreign Policy, Too The examples of “natural” republics he cites are Rome and the Serenissima Republic of Venice, for a thousand he Nashville Agrarians came to dominate years the loan-shark capital of the world. That is the TAmerican foreign policy with the same bestial Venice infamous for the secret execution orders of the thinking that underlies their “New Crittercism.” Council of Ten, the Bravo’s stiletto, and the corpses Most notable in this tragedy is the role of silently slid into the ooze of its Romantic sewage-stinking William Yandell Elliott, the Fugitive poet who canals, whose government Verdi identified in the opera I was the leading figure in Harvard University’s Due Foscari, with the slogan, silencio, myster. His list government department from 1925 through his includes the United Brotherhood of The Netherlands, retirement in 1963. His prize pupil was later and the Nazis’ beloved Thule. These republics he praised National Security Adviser, Secretary of State, and for being composed of “men and women who are of one eminence grise of Republican Party policy, Dr. heritage, one blood, and one religion,” who tolerate out- Henry A. Kissinger, who dedicated his 1957 book, siders as subjects, not citizens, just as Belloc had proposed A World Restored, to “Professor William Y. Elliott, “Christian” nations should treat Jews. to whom I owe more, both intellectually and So, the Gingrichite Conservative Revolution was humanly, than I can ever repay.” Other Elliott nothing but the continuation—with little change, protégés and associates include Jimmy Carter’s because that’s the way they likes it—of the ideas of the National Security Adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski, old, bestial, Nazi-sympathizing Agrarian/Distributist and his friend, the popularizer of the “Clash of alliance. Civilizations,” Samuel P. Huntington; John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson’s National Security Controlling National Security Adviser McGeorge Bundy; Kennedy and John- son’s Secretary of State Dean Rusk; Johnson’s While those Critters who continued to openly identify National Security Adviser Walt Rostow; Ronald with their gurus served the Empire faction from the Reagan’s National Security Adviser Richard leadership of the forces of “Conservative Revolution,” Allen; and historian and Kennedy adviser Arthur William Yandell Elliott’s protégés and others operated to M. Schlesinger, Jr. the same effect from within what is sometimes called the Elliott himself was a leading figure in the Coun- “Eastern Liberal Establishment,” while nonetheless cil on Foreign Relations and a host of openly coup- maintaining relations with their White Sheeted com- ist think-tanks and policy pressure groups. He rades. For the more than half-century since the end of gave a series of seminars at United States War Col- World War II, the main issue confronting us was leges, between about 1957 and 1967, in collabora- whether Franklin Roosevelt’s plan to replace “Economic tion with the Foreign Policy Research Institute, Royalism” and “Eighteenth-century” British Empire which led Arkansas’ Senator William Fulbright to methods, with an American-led community of equal, warn the Secretary of Defense of right-wing anti- sovereign nation-states, would succeed. The Critters government activity within the military. Unpub- were determined that it should fail. lished transcripts of these seminars, housed at the William Yandell Elliott’s role in creating Dr. Henry Hoover Institution’s William Yandell Elliott Kissinger and Zbigniew Brzezinski at Harvard Universi- archives, reveal that Elliott attempted to recruit ty, today’s premier training institution of America’s American uniformed officers into a cult he called Establishment elite, is only the leading example of this. “The Roundtable for the Republic,” based on the Kissinger was Elliott’s leading protégé, assistant, and “Arthurian Legend,” by telling them our govern- right-hand man from 1946 until Elliott left Harvard in ment had gotten “tender.” The cult’s mission was 1963. His duties included assisting Elliott in preparing to destroy our Constitution and reorganize the Harvard’s standard textbook, Western Political Heritage. United States as a section of a “New British This became the main “source” book for training each Empire.” Harvard freshman in Sidney Hirsch’s “Epic Examplars” —SE view of history. Following dozens of excerpts selected out of twenty-five centuries of philosophy and political sci-

52 ence, the text concludes with a somewhat moderated call by, apparently, the greatest of them all, William Yandell Elliott, for a global Godzilla Empire. The dimension Nuclear War Strategy and added to this call, after the war, by the whole Wells-Rus- sell crew, including Elliott, was that the danger of nuclear Kooky Poetry: The Same war made global control of industry (which these Yahoos Mumbo-Jumbo always wanted anyway) an urgent necessity. Kissinger’s work with the Rockefeller Foundation, ost histories of the Fugitives insist that neither “Caliban” Lowell’s cousin, Harvard’s McGeorge Bundy, Mtheir literary achievements, nor the govern- John J. McCloy, and others in establishing the “Mutually ment policy career of William Yandell Elliott, were Assured Destruction” doctrine and its corollaries, is fairly connected to the pro-Fascist “Agrarian” movement, well known, as is his work, for Elliott, on the Harvard which is portrayed as a temporary aberration, aban- Summer School International Seminars, which brought doned by most of the Fugitives by 1937, and never him into contact with leading figures from around the embraced by Elliott. However, not only were all world. What is less widely known, is that throughout this phases of the movement informed by the same period, Kissinger was trying to fit in as a good ole’ Critter. kooky cultism taught by Nashville’s Sidney Mttron In the early Fifties, Elliott arranged for Kissinger to Hirsch, but this was well known, and discussed in edit a “culture” magazine, Confluence, which published depth, amongst Elliott’s Harvard and other Estab- the works of the Night Writers and their circle. His co- lishment colleagues. editors, Allen Tate and Huntington Cairns, were both Most notable is the transcript of a closed “liter- then regulars at Fascist propagandist Ezra Pound’s salon ary” session of Harvard’s “William Yandell Elliott at St. Elizabeth’s political asylum for the “addled dis- Conference on the Marriage of Political Philosophy creetly put away.” As director of the Summer Seminars, and Practice in Public Affairs” which celebrated Sir Henry worked with Critter Andrew Nelson Lytle, Elliott’s retirement. Although Harvard’s rules pro- who chaired its Humanities division in 1954, and again hibit release of its files on this event until the year with Tate during the Summer of 1959. I have not discov- 2013, it is available in Box 1 of the Hoover Institu- ered whether Kissinger, who served in that period as tion Elliott Archives. The conference was Elliott’s aide-de-camp, accompanied his mentor to the addressed by notables including Dr. Henry Rockefeller-funded “Fugitives Reunion at Vanderbilt,” Kissinger and then National Security Adviser in 1956, but in tape-recorded remarks to that gathering, McGeorge Bundy, as well as by Agrarians Allen Elliott said he brought the Fugitives to Harvard on a Tate, John Crowe Ransom, and Andrew Nelson number of occasions for poetry events. Presumably the Lytle. editor of Confluence would have been involved. Elliott prefaced his remarks by referring to Just as Elliott acknowledged his spiritual debt to his “these long evening discussions when we used to master, Sidney Hirsch, Dr. (now, “Sir”) Henry Kissinger, talk about the role of myths and symbols” with dedicated his 1957 book, A World Restored, to “Professor “Johnny” [Crowe Ransom], Allen Tate, Robert William Y. Elliott, to whom I owe more, both intellectual- Penn Warren, Andrew Lytle, and the other Fugi- ly and humanly, than I can ever repay.” Kissinger’s debt to tives, forty years earlier. “Allen,” he said, “has the Empire’s Night Writers was, otherwise, acknowl- always thought of the literary arts as affording a edged in his infamous May 10, 1982 speech to the Royal foundation for political philosophy.” Elliot said that Institute of International Affairs at Chatham House, he and the other surviving Fugitives ought to pro- where, as part of the organizing for “Project Democracy,” duce Epic poetry in the tradition of the “Arthurian he declared his loyalty to the Empire, and his treachery legend” and the Niebelungenlied, to provide new against the American Intellectual Tradition, as follows: myths as the philosophical basis for his “Round Tables for the Republic” cult, which, kooky as it Many American leaders condemned Churchill as needless- ly obsessed with power politics, too rigidly anti-Soviet, too sounds, has been the basis for the policies of at least colonialist . . . , and too little interested in building the fun- five National Security Advisers and two Secretaries damentally new international order towards which Ameri- of State over the last forty years, and which has can idealism has always tended. The dispute was resolved now brought us to the brink of global religious according to American preferences—in my view, to the warfare. detriment of postwar security. —SE Fortunately, Britain had a decisive influence over

53 America’s rapid awakening to maturity in the years follow- in intelligence, and had met with the forerunner of the ing. C.I.A., the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). Among his In my White House incarnation then, I kept the British war-time friends was Librarian of Congress Archibald Foreign Office better informed and more closely engaged 65 Macleish, whose duties, reportedly, involved various than I did the American State Department. “information” assignments beyond mere librarian duty. The following year, Night Writer Robert Penn War- Prior to his appointment as Librarian, Macleish had been ren was one of three Rhodes Scholars specially honored a close friend and travelling companion of wartime Fas- at Oxford’s eightieth anniversary celebration of the cist agent Ezra Pound, and had collaborated with Pound, Scholarships. Queen Elizabeth II made a point of engag- later C.I.A. top official James Jesus Angleton, and later ing him in private discussion, bypassing other notables in National Security Adviser McGeorge Bundy, in produc- attendance, including then-Governor of Arkansas ing a Yale literary magazine, Furioso. Afterwards, he was William J. Clinton. an Assistant Secretary of State, who cooperated with Night Writer soul-mate Julian Huxley in setting up UNESCO, and also participated in various intelligence- Making Us the Enemy linked cultural activities. Macleish was involved, for One most pernicious effect of the Night Writer disease, is instance, in John Train’s Paris Review in the 1950’s.66 that “Americanism,” as they and we understand it—a Although we don’t know whether or not Tate ever passion for strong nation-states dedicated to the Com- officially joined the OSS, we do know that he met a mon Good, through fostering man’s role in the image of young woman, Eleanor Phelps Clark, who was employed God—has been made into the “enemy image” for the there, first at the French, and later at the Italian desk. United States intelligence and foreign policy establish- Tate introduced Clark to Robert Penn Warren, and they ments. Seeking out and destroying this “enemy” is the married some years later. Although Clark’s official duties mission of “Project Democracy,” established in 1982 to at OSS were behind desks, immediately before the war fund a network of “quango’s,” including arms of both the she had been a leader in Leon Trotsky’s Fourth Interna- Democratic and Republican Parties, the trade-union tional, serving on Trotsky’s staff in Mexico at the time of movement, and the Chamber of Commerce, with the his assassination. Penn Warren himself had visited Italy openly declared intention of interfering in politics in twice in the years immediately before the war. The rea- ways the official C.I.A. was then prohibited from doing. sons given for these visits do not explain why he remained The replacement of elected popular leaders in a dozen or there dangerously past the October 1939 Nazi invasion of more “developing” nations with Elliott-style internation- Poland. But in 1964, Penn Warren wrote an apparently al “permanent” bureaucrats, under the banner of global autobiographical novel, Flood, about a Nashville and Ivy “Democracy,” is this outfit’s stock-in-trade. League writer hired by an “ex-OSS” man.67 Although there is probably more that we don’t know In 1952, Tate and Stark Young’s discovery,William about it than what we do, the Critters, both “liberal” and Faulkner, then a Nobel Prize-winning drunk, went on “conservative,” have been incorporated into these intelli- an international tour for an acknowledged C.I.A. “pro- gence operations, moving through a network of cultural prietary,” the Congress for Cultural Freedom. Robert and political front groups. Penn Warren had been invited to accompany them, but For example, during the war, Allen Tate wrote to did not. The Congress had been founded at a major con- Andrew Nelson Lytle, stating that he wanted to get a job ference in Berlin in 1950, under the sponsorship of ______65. Henry A. Kissinger, “Reflections on a Partnership: British and organization. In 1983, Elliott’s protégé Henry Kissinger and Cen- American Attitudes to Postwar Foreign Policy, Address in Com- ter for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) director David memoration of the Bicentenary of the Office of Foreign Secre- Abshire, arranged for President Reagan’s Foreign Intelligence tary,” May 10, 1982, Royal Institute of International Affairs Advisery Board (PFIAB), to officially declare Lyndon LaRouche (Chatham House), London. Text provided by Dr. Kissinger’s a foreign security threat, which “legitimized” his illegal prosecu- office at CSIS. tion and imprisonment under Reagan’s Executive Order 12333. 66. Train was from a top Wall Street family, the brother of the The support for Kissinger’s demand came from notable sources, Republican Club of Rome kook Russell Train, but he set up Paris including Washington Post publisher Katharine Meyer Graham’s Review as a sort of successor to Ford Madox Ford’s transatlantic attorney, Edward Bennett Williams, and Freedom House. All of review, to promote the works of Aldous Huxley and other coun- the principal Justice Department and related operations against terculture heroes from Paris. LaRouche and his associates, from that time to the present, have Thirty years later, John Train was to host a series of “salons” been the fruit of that January 1983 action, at the instigation of which brought together news media types with state and Federal Edward Bennett Williams, on behalf of Kissinger. prosecutors, the Anti-Defamation League, and others, with the 67. Joseph Blotner, Robert Penn Warren, A Biography (New York: intention to railroad Lyndon LaRouche to prison and destroy his Random House, 1997), passim.

54 EIRNS/Stuart Lewis Swiss-image.ch/Photo by Remy Steinegger EIRNS/Philip Ulanowsky Among Agrarian William Yandell Elliott’s protégés at Harvard were Henry A. Kissinger (above, with William F. Buckley, Jr.), Zbigniew Brzenzinski (left), and Samuel P. Huntington (top, right). EIRNS/Stuart Lewis Brzezinski became EIRNS/Stuart Lewis National Security Adviser Above: Atlanta’s Conservative to “Southern Strategy” Revolutionary Newt Gingrich (left), President Jimmy Carter and the Harvard- and Vanderbilt- (top, far right). trained Mother Earth cultist Al Gore EIRNS/Stuart Lewis Huntington authored the (right). Both Gingrich and Gore were “Clash of Civilizations” outgrowths of H.G. Wells’ thesis, and the utopian “futurology” movement. Right: military tract “The Gore’s Limits-to-Growth ecology Soldier and The State.” tract, “Earth in the Balance.”

Katharine Graham’s friend at the C.I.A., Frank Wisner, It is, amongst other things, the largest single recipient of and Pragmatist John Dewey’s “reformed” Bukharinite money from “Project Democracy,” which was established Communist protégé, Sidney Hook. Its stated purpose in 1982, pursuant to Ronald Reagan’s pledge to the was to attract people in “the arts” away from Commu- British Parliament the previous year, to replace activities nism, toward whatever it was. like the Congress for Cultural Freedom, which the C.I.A. The honorary sponsors of the Berlin conference was no longer permitted to fund.69 The later Agrarian- included Dewey, Bertrand Russell, and Allen Tate’s allied operation, Christendom College, was established sponsor in the Catholic Church, Jacques Maritain. The on land purchased from Brown’s “George Meany Cen- participants included Buckley associate James Burnham, ter” in Front Royal, Virginia, and featured C.I.A. person- Night Writer colleague Tennessee Williams, and later nel, including William F. Buckley’s brother-in-law Brent long-term head of the AFL-CIO’s International Divi- Bozell and former Deputy Director Vernon Walters. sion, Irving Brown.68 Brown’s “International Division” In 1962, the forces of what was to become known as remains, to this day, one of the major “quango” spy fronts. the “Southern Strategy,” initiated several institutions to ______formulate policy, and shape the ideas behind policy mak- 68. Allen Tate and Donald Davidson, The Literary Correspondence of ing. These included two closely related, largely Catholic Donald Davidson and Allen Tate (Athens, Ga.: University of Geor- and Southern think-tanks in Washington, D.C., the Cen- gia Press, 1974), pp. 363-364. Michael Warner, “Origins of the Congress of Cultural Freedom, 1949-50,” in C.I.A.: Studies in ______Intelligence, Vol. 38, No. 5 (a version sanitized for the public is 69. Executive Intelligence Review Special Report, “Project Democracy: available from the C.I.A.’s World Wide Web Page, The ‘Parallel Government’ Behind the Iran-Contra Affair,” April www.odci.gov). 1987.

55 ter for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) and the kelp (seaweed), instead of getting the same protein con- American Enterprise Institute. After their respective tent from one pound of meat. periods of government disservice, both of Elliott’s pro- tégés, Jimmy Carter’s National Security Adviser, Zbig- A New Birth of Freedom niew Brzezinski, and the Nixon-Ford National Security Adviser, Secretary of State, and, in effect, Prime Minister, So, here we are. Our news and entertainment media, edu- Henry A. Kissinger, joined CSIS, with which they cational institutions, and the political factions they pro- remain associated to this day. It was under the auspices of mote, including our foreign policy and intelligence estab- CSIS and the “Military Reform Caucus” of the Congress, lishments, almost universally accept some package of vari- that Atlanta’s Conservative Revolutionary, Newt Gin- eties of the Agrarian program—hatred of cognition and grich, and the Harvard- and Vanderbilt-trained Mother science, hatred of sovereign nation-states dedicated to the Earth cultist, sometime Congressman and Senator from General Welfare, embrace of globalism, the suppression Grand Ole’ Nashville, later Vice President of the United of science and technology, and other manifestations of States, Al Gore, joined with various Democrats and human cognition, in favor of animal-like existence, and Republicans, including the first Bush’s National Security pleasure in drugged or kindred states of wild irrational- Adviser Brent Scowcroft, to formulate the post-Cold ism. By tolerating, and in many cases embracing, this, our War imperial military policy later implemented in Pana- citizens have permitted the Year 2000 “Project Democracy”- ma, Iraq, Bosnia, and elsewhere. style Gorey mess and Black Sheet coup to install the current, Gingrich and Gore collaborated in two of the nuttiest intellectually challenged occupant of the White House. operations around. Both of them were outgrowths of the It may take some more thinking, some re-reading, Wellsian “futurology” movement, and both are deeply some reflection on your own experiences, maybe even tied to the Club of Rome “Limits to Growth” cult of Elis- some checking on your own into the history I’ve reported abeth Mann Borgese and others. These were the Con- here, but, you now have the vaccine. All human beings gressional Clearinghouse on the Future, and the World have been endowed with the capacity for real creativity. Futures Society. These institutions were crawling with What you now know is that some people, fortunately a “Little Green Men”—New Age spiritualism, psychedelic rather small, biologically and intellectually in-bred, multi- drug promotion, “human potential” fads, and Pentagon- generational clique of degenerates, don’t like that. Fur- related Rand Corporation-type prediction and analysis thermore, you know that they have, to a large extent, operations. They claimed, essentially, to have invented controlled the various ways in which we are taught to the future. Of course, in one sense, they did believe they think, largely by controlling the fundamental, uncon- had invented the future; but, they overlooked the name scious beliefs, which are the basis for our judgments. To of the institutions which had invented them. What came do this, they permit certain things to be published, out was not their invention, and it was not, and never released as movies, taught in schools, etc., and others not will be, the future. to be. They can get awfully nasty—lynchings, assassina- What they did, in concert with the curious Alvin Tof- tions, frame-ups, firings, slanders, and so on, with those fler, was to take the Night Writers’ dream and our night- who don’t know their place. But that’s not much of a mare, that creative thought was forever banned, and threat anymore, because the Wall Street, Harvard, Yale, make that the fundamental assumption about the future. Princeton, Vanderbilt, and Sewanee Critters have no Having done that, they created computerized algorithms plan now, in any case, but the global “pruning of the tree and so on, which proved, based on the programmed-in of freedom” and that will cost not only freedom, but most assumption that no new idea would ever occur, that the of our lives. future was a disaster, and that the only hope we have is to You may protest, “Nobody tells me how to think,” and kill everyone. Of course they didn’t, necessarily, in all cas- that is partly true. For the most part, nobody does. They es, say “kill everyone”; they, more often, speak of “limits.” don’t have to. Most of us, unfortunately, most of the time, Limit growth, limit consumption of energy, water, food. just think the way they want us to, as if it were “natchal.” Limit production of everything. They even claimed, Now you have been told, and should know, that it is not sometimes, that some people would be permitted to live. natural. So why not bury the Lost Corpse for good, and President Jimmy Carter’s energy adviser, Dennis have fun figuring out how to revitalize this planet, build- Hayes, for instance, produced a pamphlet, using their ing on that American Intellectual Tradition, which Hen- Systems Analysis methods, to prove that people could cut ry Kissinger stated, in London, on May 10, 1982, that he energy consumption in half without reducing their living has attempted to destroy, but which has been the source standards, through measures like eating fifty pounds of of all of our republic’s true victories, to date?

56 Through his history plays, Shakespeare brilliantly succeeded in bringing to life—and passing to future generations—the most profound moral lessons of statecraft and citizenship, as they arose in the universal history of Plantagenet England

William Shakespeare and Sir Thomas More: The Conscience Of Kings by Paul Gallagher

hen Henry VII finally ended the “war of each against all” of the English feudal barons, and created an English nation whose monarchy was based on middle-class allies and the common welfare, he did so by end- Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress W ing the dismal, 400-year dynastic rule of the Plantagenet kings. Their dynasty named for a yellow flower of that Normandy which they had invaded from Scandinavia in the Eleventh century, these Norman (Norseman) kings and their barons could never decide whether they were kings of Normandy, dukes of Aquitaine, princes of Anjou and of Sicily, kings of England or of France, tyrants of Ireland, or crusading knights of Jerusalem. They were “crusader kings”: all their Plantagenet and Anjou branches were the playthings of the maritime empire of Venice, controller of the Crusades, and Venice’s “each against all,” divide- and-rule domination of Europe before the Renaissance. Ruling England was never as important to these kings as invading, crusading, and devastating elsewhere, and this was the only way they knew, momentarily, to unite the feuding and vengeful oligarchs around them. William Shakespeare (right), In this unfitness to rule for the general good, the Plantagenets were as bad a scourge Sir Thomas More (left). on the peoples subjected to them, as those earlier Merovingian kings whom Charle-

57 magne overcame to create the Holy Roman Empire, and to which was “the meat that Shakespeare fed on” for his launch the Carolingian Renaissance with the aid of Irish famous tragedy of 1592, The Life and Death of King and English Classical scholars. But worse, under the Plan- Richard III, in which John Morton appears in his histori- tagenets, England lost this, its early-Middle-Ages fame as a cal role as the Bishop of Ely. flame of knowledge and learning for all Europe; it became, This tragedy presented to Shakespeare’s audiences of instead, a backwater almost untouched by the Golden Tudor England, with the most brutal force, the impossibil- Renaissance of the Fifteenth century. ity of going back to the Plantagenet ideal of warrior/invad- er kings, whose only allegiance was to their families’ The Plantagenets and ‘The Anchorians’ ancient wealth, powers, and privileges. It is a justly famous example of what Germany’s great dramatist Friedrich The Plantagenet kings were in the mind’s eye of Sir Schiller called “the theater as a moral institution”—not Thomas More when he wrote these words, spoken by the one for day-to-day moral instruction, but one for impress- traveller Raphael in Utopia, More’s parable of statecraft: ing the moral sense of the citizens with the fundamental principles of statecraft and the common good. . . . the Anchorians, a people that lie on the South-east of Utopia, who long ago engaged in war, in order to add to the dominions of their prince another kingdom, to which Shakespeare’s ‘Friendship’ with More he had some pretentions by an ancient alliance. This they conquered, but found that the trouble of keeping it was To compose this Classical portrait of the English oli- equal to that by which it was gained; . . . they were obliged garchy, Shakespeare chose More’s history, although there to be incessantly at war, either for or against [the conquered were other chronicles of the Wars of the Roses available, kingdom], and consequently, could never disband their which were used by other playwrights dealing with army; that in the meantime they were oppressed with taxes, Richard III—one of the signs that Shakespeare knew their money went out of the kingdom, their blood was spilt More’s mind as a leader of the Renaissance. In 1596, for the glory of their king, without procuring the least Shakespeare collaborated with other playwrights in a Play advantage to the people . . . and their laws fell into con- of St. Thomas More. Its dramatic and political force cen- tempt. . . . To this I would add, that after all those warlike attempts, the vast confusions, and the consumption both of tered on how More, after calming and ending dangerous treasure and of people that must follow them; perhaps on popular disturbances in London in 1525, entered a coura- some misfortune, they might be forced to throw up all at geous confrontation with his king, Henry VIII, demand- last; therefore, it seemed much more eligible that the king ing justice and mercy for the prisoners charged with the should improve his ancient kingdom all he could, and rioting. Although less known than More’s later confronta- make it flourish as much as possible; that he should love his tion with Henry over his erecting the rule of a state people, and be beloved of them; that he should live among Church in England, this scene of 1525 was an examplar of them, govern them gently, and let other kingdoms alone, the “crimes of truth” for which Henry VIII would ulti- since that which had fallen to his share was big enough, if mately execute More in 1534. The Play of St. Thomas More not too big, for him. was banned from performance by the censors of Henry VIII’s daughter, Queen Elizabeth I; however, its idea of This thrust at the Plantagenets is made, in Utopia, the ruling virtue of mercy soon reappeared in Shake- when the philosopher-traveller Raphael is speaking with speare’s great dramatic comedy, Measure for Measure. the narrator More about “ ‘John Morton, Archbishop of Shakespeare may also have known More’s Utopia Canterbury, Cardinal, and Chancellor of England: a man itself. It had been written in 1516, when the 25-year-old . . . that was not less venerable for his wisdom and Henry VIII faced the choice between ruling his “own virtues than for the high character he bore.’ ” Morton ancient kingdom as well as he could,” or reverting to was Chancellor and chief advisor to the same King Hen- invading France again, like a Plantagenet; but it could ry VII who ended the Plantagenet nightmare and made not be published in England until shortly after Shake- “his ancient kingdom” into a nation. Morton lived for speare’s birth. Shakespeare through Thomas More, who had been William Shakespeare’s mind owed much to that of brought up and educated as a ward in Morton’s house- More. Shakespeare employed the Classical drama of hold. More knew in detail from Morton the terrible which he was master, to finally “bury” the corpse of the lessons of the reign of the last Plantagenet king, Richard Plantagenet dynasty a century after Henry VII had III, since Morton had been directly involved in 1484-5 in killed it, by showing the English the cruel folly which bringing that tyranny (and the Wars of the Roses) to an the Plantagenet nobility had been, so that the English end. More wrote out the History of King Richard III, might reject such folly in themselves and in Tudor

58 England’s state and society. Lyndon LaRouche has ob- served that Shakespeare’s histori- cal dramas, featuring his ten plays of the English kings, are to be viewed as a bloc expressing a unified idea of universal history. In the development of these Plan- tagenet tragedies, as Classical dramas, the threat of doom to society lies in the threat that these kings and other leading charac- ters will fail to break free of the force of custom and false axioms of popular belief, which they must change in order that their people survive. LaRouche adds, that this spectacle of tragedy as the fear in the leaders of society of urgently Globe Theatre/John Tramper needed change in the dominant Shakespeare’s “Henry V,” performed at the reconstructed Globe Theatre, London. axioms of thought and custom, is then the method Shakespeare carries through to the “leg- Shakespeare and Marlowe endary” historical tragedies as well, most famously to Hamlet. The Classical drama of a Shakespeare thus William Shakespeare and his contemporary Christo- moves the spectators to see the threat of this grip of folly pher Marlowe stood out, immediately and completely, and custom at a great moment, as if it were threatening from all the other Elizabethan playwrights who used them—it is—and to experience their own powers to the same stories for their plays. First of all, they alone escape it. achieved a masterful beauty in the use of blank verse, the Shakespeare began to compose these dramas of the unrhymed, five-measure poetic line which had been English kings—there may be eleven of them, as an first used in English—“invented”—only during the Edward III is now being attributed to the Bard—essen- 1570’s, in the writing of philosophical poetry. Brought to tially as soon as he became the primary playwright for his the stage, blank verse was a revolution in bringing intel- first theater company (probably the Lord Strange’s Men) ligibility and natural clarity of the characters’ thought- in 1589. He took the Wars of the Roses as virtually his processes to the spectators. Undistracted by rhyming first subject, for a series of at least four dramas, all being couplets or clever “doggerel” lines, the actors could performed by 1592, and sometimes performed as a speak so as to convey the flow of their characters’ ensemble of plays, both at the Tudor court and in the thoughts as if the characters were really thinking them. public theater. This unified group of plays included Hen- Yet, with blank verse, the greatest poetic beauty and ry VI, Parts 1, 2, and 3, and the celebrated Richard III. concentrated expression was also possible—by which The chronicles on which these plays were based, were Shakespeare’s dramatic verse transformed the English used as well by other playwrights of the Elizabethan language. stage, Shakespeare’s predecessors and contemporaries. Only Shakespeare and Marlowe achieved this. Their Often, playwrights like Shakespeare were given already- lines alone can be mistaken for one another’s, but are dis- extant plays, to rewrite for their companies. In other tinguished from all others by their signature beauty and words, much of Shakespeare’s audience, like that of the power. (Marlowe, in fact, wrote a lost play on King ancient Classical Greek tragedians Aeschylus and Sopho- Richard III just before Shakespeare succeeded him as cles, already “knew” the stories of history and of “myth” playwright of a certain company—and it is possible, that from which the playwright was composing. But, did they Richard’s celebrated opening soliloquy, “Now is the Win- know the turning points of that history? That was the ter of our discontent/Made glorious Summer by this son question: the points of crucial decision—to change, or to of York,” was taken from Marlowe.) The blank verse of remain in the safe “sanctity of custom”—which had Shakespeare was chosen 150 years later by Gotthold Less- determined which path that history took. ing, Schiller, and Goethe, as the verse model for the Ger-

59 man national theater, which took Classical drama from the roses, the metaphor of English oligarchical discord the tragic, to the higher level of the “sublime.”1 and vengeful hatred, the scene by which the ensuing civil Thus, the plays of Shakespeare and Marlowe often war was to be remembered. drove other playwrights’ versions of the same plays off But this scene had no “factual” historical basis, howev- the Elizabethan stage, as if by the appearance of a new er; it was Shakespeare’s sovereign invention, key to the and superior species. method of his tragedy. By so placing it, Shakespeare Secondly, their use of these histories as dramatic launched the Wars of the Roses, dramatically, in 1430, in metaphors for the follies which the English citizens of Henry VI’s boyhood, at the point the liberation struggle Tudor times needed to relive to overcome, was also for the French nation had just begun. In historical “fact,” unique. In the hands of Shakespeare in particular, the the battles of the Wars of the Roses began in the later stories from the chronicles were transformed, often by 1450’s, when Henry had been on the throne for decades. the unforgettable changes which he made to the “factual” Shakespeare created a dramatic shift, which made his histories—inventions by which those turning points of audience see the great English barons as permanently in a history were marked and remembered ever since, war of each against all, and all against France, and never although they were Shakespeare’s own creations. Thus, willing to let their king govern his own people. for example, if his first grand dramatic subject was the Shakespeare makes another such dramatic transfor- Wars of the Roses—as scholars of the London theater- mation in the second part of this trilogy, in his use of performance records believe—then the most celebrated “Jack Cade’s rebellion,” which occurred at the time when scene, that in the Temple Garden where those wars were Henry VI’s overthrow by Richard, Duke of York, was named, was, in fact, Shakespeare’s invention. What was approaching (although this Richard did not take the the dramatist’s purpose? throne, which fell several years later to his son Edward). Stuart Rosenblatt has described2 how Shakespeare, show- Discovering ‘What Was Not There’ ing the most penetrating sense of universal history, makes the mighty Duke Richard the behind-the-scenes author In the first play of the the Henry VI trilogy, after the of this rebellion of tradesmen and poor artisans. Richard, opening Act, in which Plantagenet occupying armies in flashing the same intensity in evil scheming for power France begin to feel the resistance led against them by that makes his tyrannical son notorious in Richard III, Joan of Arc, the scene suddenly shifts to London, to the employs Cade to lead a chaotic rebellion, using popular Temple Garden of one of the Inns of Court. There, a discontent among the poor and ignorant as a means of feuding group of great lords of England pluck from the irregular warfare by his aristocratic faction, to weaken the briar bushes the famous roses by which they choose throne of England. These were “Venetian methods” sides and broach civil war: white roses for alliance with which few in Tudor England understood, methods of the Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York; red roses for the sort used repeatedly to disorient Henry VIII or to desta- Earl of Somerset, the “Lancastrian” side of this “quarrel bilize Queen Elizabeth I. And Shakespeare, with genius, that will drink blood.” King Henry VI himself was at depicts Jack Cade and his lieutenants as illiterates who this time (1430) but nine years old, his government hate learning, ready to kill anyone for the crime of mere- directed by a council of barons led by his uncle the ly being educated—fierce emblems of the backwardness Duke of Gloucester. In the next scenes, faced by an of Plantagenet England during the Fifteenth-century intensifying French national uprising led by the Virgin Golden Renaissance of continental Europe. of Orleans, the English barons sail young Henry over to The historical Jack Cade was no illiterate, and modern Paris to be crowned king of France. They do this even histories of the Wars of the Roses period turn up no con- as they are igniting civil rebellion to threaten his throne spiracy or connection between Cade’s Rebellion and in England! Richard of York, who, while the rebellion briefly raged, By this juxtaposition, Shakespeare created the most was about to return from Ireland with an army. But stinging irony—the same feudal barons who would place Shakespeare saw, and made his spectators see, “what was this young Plantagenet on France’s throne by war, will not there” in the chronicles, and what modern scholarly never consent to let him grow to rule them in peace in historians do not see.3 England. From the opening of the play—the funeral of the “hero king” Henry V, full of black foreboding for the History of Ideas future—Shakespeare stuck under the spectators’ skins the disaster of the centuries of Plantagenet rule, and The Life and Death of King Richard III was the fourth and moved them to shudder at the tragic ironies of it. And last of the “Wars of the Roses plays” Shakespeare appar- the key turn of his screw is the Temple Garden scene of ently composed to be performed as a series, beginning

60 1592—perhaps by two combined theater companies, and a small force of French, Welsh, and English soldiers, with unusual financial backing from some who wanted Richard III could muster only 8,000 knights and sol- the truth of those Wars understood by Queen Elizabeth diers from all of England to defend his usurped throne. and her subjects. Richard III is the most famous exemplar Henry ended the Wars of the Roses, and as King Hen- of Shakespeare’s method of creating true, universal ry VII, united and began to rebuild an exhausted and history—fundamentally, the history of ideas in dramatic prostrate nation. form—from the bits and pieces of chronicled “fact” avail- Thomas More became a teacher, and also the con- able to him. science—finally the tragic conscience—to Henry’s This play became the definitive history of how the famous son, Henry VIII; as Pope John Paul II has Wars were finally ended and England united as a nation, recently declared St. Thomas More to be the conscience for centuries after it was composed and first performed. and patron saint of all statesmen and political leaders Shakespeare wrote it in “spiritual partnership” with his [SEE Box]. As we have seen, his Utopia of 1515 was a predecessor Thomas More. By taking More’s history as piece of this work accomplished by More. It was also the basis for Richard III, Shakespeare gave an “eternal” part of a great effort by the English Erasmians who authority to More’s devastating portrait of the revenge- were Henry VIII’s friends, to pull him back from the killing cycles of the English oligarchical families of the brink of that 1516 Hapsburg Empire-allied invasion of Plantagenet era. France (involving his fantastic delusion that he was More also showed how such rule had to destroy Henry V Plantagenet reincarnated!), which began his itself, by insisting on noting the psychological disinte- long downfall from his father’s level of governance and gration of Richard III before the battle of Bosworth, statecraft. which Shakespeare made into an unforgettable Fifth More’s History of King Richard III would have shown Act scene. In the final century of that Plantagenet era, his king everything that he must not be, and must not do, the great families so exhausted themselves in these if he were to “govern well his own ancient kingdom,” blood orgies, that by 1484, half the titled baronies of although it was not to be published in its English version England were empty, because there was no surviving until after both Thomas More and Henry VIII were adult male in the family; the children had become dead. From Shakespeare’s revelation of it in 1592 until wards of the king; the family holdings confiscated by today, Richard III has been perhaps the most-often per- the crown, or added to those of other, temporarily vic- formed of all of the plays of Shakespeare, certainly the tor-families in this war of each against all. When Hen- most famous of all “history plays.” Richard III is the ry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, crossed from France with authoritative idea of that evil quality of the English oli-

Pope John Paul II on St. Thomas More n Nov. 4, 2000, John Paul II declared Thomas And the aim is to attain justice, “which is not con- OMore the Patron Saint of Statesmen and Politi- tent to apportion to each his own, but one which aims cians. The declaration constituted an extraordinary at creating conditions of equal opportunity among citi- challenge to all political leaders in the world today. For, zens, and therefore favouring those who, for reasons of to declare Thomas More their Patron Saint, is to chal- social status or education or health, risk being left lenge them to become like the great humanist, to con- behind or relegated to the lowest places in society, with- ceive and live politics as he did. out possibility of deliverance.” In his address, the Pope said: “Yours can well be “This is the scandal of the affluent society of today’s deemed a true and genuine vocation to politics, which, world, in which the rich grow ever richer, and the poor in practice, means the governance of nations, the for- grow ever poorer, since poverty tends to additional mulation of laws, and the administration of public poverty,” the Pope said. Especially through the process affairs at every level.” The Pope proceeded to examine of globalization, he added, this polarization has become the nature and aims of politics, from a Christian stand- exacerbated. The problem with globalization, is that it point. “Politics is the use of legitimate authority in has divorced economic policy from morality. What order to attain the common good of society. . . . Politi- must be done, is to reassert this morality, “to conform cal activity ought therefore to be carried out in a spirit the laws of the ‘unbridled’ market to the laws of justice of service.” and solidarity.”

61 garchy which had to be overcome at that turning point in them all—which, ironically, gave way through the history, around the year 1485, when the English nation- ascension of Henry Tudor to the creation of a nation state was born with the aid of its Renaissance predecessor, based on citizens rather than barons, and on principles of the France of Louis XI. general welfare rather than unending war. The words of Since the work of the English Enlightenment dilet- Henry (about to be crowned Henry VII, and to make tantes Dr. Samuel Johnson and Horace Walpole in the the defeated tyrant’s niece, Elizabeth of York, his queen) mid-Eighteenth century, there have arisen entire close the drama: schools of history aimed at debunking Shakespeare’s England hath long been mad, and scarr’d herself; and More’s history as an invention. These historians The brother blindly shed the brother’s blood, have clamored that Richard III was no hunchback; may The father rashly slaughtered his own son, not have killed the young princes, sons of his dead The son, compell’d, been butcher to the sire: brother King Edward, in the Tower; had sound reasons All this divided York and Lancaster, for those foul acts he did commit; and was no more or Divided in their dire division— less a tyrant than other kings of the period. Recently, O, now let Richmond and Elizabeth, some in this school have even suggested that More really The true succeeders of each royal house, drew Richard III’s sinister character as a disguised por- By God’s fair ordinance conjoin together! trait of the man who overcame Richard’s tyranny— And let their heirs,—God, if thy will be so,— Henry VII! Enrich the time to come with smooth’d-fac’d peace, But here again, Shakespeare’s view of the “factual With smiling plenty, and fair prosperous days! Abate the edge of traitors, gracious Lord, accuracy” of the details of More’s work is not the point. That would reduce these bloody days again, Shakespeare was seeking not factual details about And make poor England weep in streams of blood! Richard III, but historical truthfulness. No better picture Let them not live to taste this land’s increase will ever come to life, of the vicious, every-family-for- That would with treason wound this fair land’s peace! itself anarchy of a ruling oligarchy, than Richard III’s Act Now civil wounds are stopp’d, peace lives again; I, Scene 3. In this scene—Shakespeare’s own invention— That she may long live here, God say Amen! Richard himself plays little role except as the object of prophecy by an old queen of the Plantagenet-Anjou This is the kind of historical truth bequeathed to dynasties. She prophesies that the evil Richard will be the Shakespeare by Thomas More, the patron saint of states- vehicle of fate, by which all these mutually revenge-seek- men and political leaders, who gave his life for that truth. ing oligarchs destroy themselves. Lyndon LaRouche put it thus in a writing of Oct. 25, This is the great truthfulness of the play. Richard, the 2001, entitled “God Has Blessed Me”: tyrant, does not destroy the great barons and ladies one The impact of More on Shakespeare’s work, including by one, although he appears to do so; they destroy them- Shakespeare’s treatment of the lessons of the history of selves, by tolerating and even welcoming his constant England, from Henry II through the overthrow of the ter- instigation of war and destruction. Their fantasies con- rible Richard III, typifies the genetic quality of the cultural vince them that their families will become more powerful transmission of truthfulness, even at all risk, from one gen- and wealthy thereby. The drama’s tragic figure is the eration to its successors.4 Earl of Buckingham, a great baron initially more power- ful and wealthy than Richard, who has the potential NOTES means to enforce peace, but becomes instead Richard’s 1. For Lyndon LaRouche on the sublime and Classical theater, see chief conspirator in war and usurpation. Too late, Buck- Anita Gallagher, “Nathan the Wise: Timely Attack on the ‘Clash of Civilizations,’ ” Executive Intelligence Review, Nov. 23, 2001 (Vol. ingham realizes what his fantasy has created, and 28, No. 45), p. 71. attempts to raise powers in rebellion against Richard, but 2. Stuart Rosenblatt, “The ‘History Plays’: Using Shakespeare To is defeated and executed. Thomas More was in a position Fight the Jacobin Mobs,” The New Federalist, Oct. 1, 2001 (Vol. XV, to understand this underlying problem very well, because No. 27), p. 9. 3. Shakespeare turned the same kind of spotlight upon a different his own mentor, John Morton, had tried to move Buck- period of history in his Julius Caesar, wherein he took Plutarch’s ingham and other nobles to join forces against Richard and Suetonius’s histories of oligarchical Rome, and created his own nearly a year before Buckingham finally raised his leading dramatic character, the Roman plebian mob—vox populi. doomed revolt. He thereby placed the clue to the tragic “Sphinx’s riddle”: what drove the noble Brutus to cast away his better qualities and destroy So, the failure of any of the leading nobles to break the Roman Republic he wished to save? from the Plantagenet “axioms” of bad rule, doomed 4. Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr., “God Has Blessed Me,” The New Feder- them finally to erect a deadly tyrant who would destroy alist, Nov. 5, 2001 (Vol. XV, No. 32).

62 Henry VII and the Creation Of Shakespeare’s England by Robert Trout

About six hundred years ago, a handful of individuals made a revolution in statecraft, with the creation of the institution of the sovereign nation-state. King Louis XI (r. 1464-85) established the first such nation- state in France. The second was established in England under Henry VII (Tudor), who reigned from 1485 to 1509. These governments were monarchies, not republics. Most Americans think of a republic simply as the political form of self- government, with representatives selected Library of Congress through elections. But the establishment of self-government has always been a paradox. Are the people able to govern themselves? Good government is not simply the creation of good institutions: As Benjamin Franklin is England’s King Henry VII reported to have warned his fellow-citizens (r. 1485-1509). after the Constitutional Convention, they had a republic, only if they “could keep it.” The plays of William Shakespeare were a continuation of the process set in motion by rior to the establishment of the English nation-state under Hen- Henry VII and the circle of Renaissance ry VII, some 95 percent of the population lived in conditions little humanists led by Erasmus of Rotterdam and Pbetter than cattle. Serfs worked the land using agricultural tech- his friend Thomas More, to create a true niques that were little changed from generation to generation, and which republic in England, through the education had actually deteriorated over the preceding two centuries. At the time of of the population in the principles of Henry’s accession in 1485, the population of England was approximately statecraft required for self-government. The 2.25 million people, fewer than it had been two centuries earlier; the effort was not realized in England, however, average life expectancy was little more than thirty years. nor in Europe, but ultimately, in the In the Fifteenth century, prior to the reign of Henry VII, England was founding of the United States of America. dominated by a feudality of approximately sixty powerful families, head-

63 ed by hereditary barons. These lords often controlled the allied noble families turned on each other in fratrici- substantial territory, where they exerted more power dal civil war—the “Wars of Roses.” The English crown than the king’s own bureaucracy or civil service. was contested for by the opposing Houses of Lancaster Below this nobility were the gentry of England, some and York. 6,000-9,000 gentlemen, esquires, and knights, who were The ensuing period of violence did great damage to given land, money, and position in exchange for service, England. As Shakespeare describes is it in his Tragedy of especially military service. The Duke of Buckingham, for King Richard III, every atrocity became the justification example, had no fewer than 2,000 such retainers in 1454.1 for another, leading to a vicious circle of revenge and The English kings, captive of this feudal structure, pos- bloodletting. However, this also greatly weakened the sessed little military power independent of the feudal feudal nobility, reducing the number of feudal lords by lords, who used their private armies for private warfare almost half, and making it possible for Henry VII later to and revolt for their own ends. consolidate the power of the central government. The Plantagenet dynasty, founded by Henry II of the Norman-French House of Anjou, seized the English Shakespeare’s Platonic Dialogues throne in 1154 and ruled England until the accession of Henry Tudor in 1485. The centuries of Plantagenet rule Following the murder of Christopher Marlowe in 1593, were a period defined by early attempts in Europe to cre- William Shakespeare became the leading playwright of ate the nation-state, against opposition by Venice and its England. He launched his career in 1592 with a trilogy of Plantagenet allies. plays on Henry VI which became immensely popular. Through its domination of trade and banking, Venice During his career, Shakespeare wrote plays covering maintained a stranglehold over the economy of Europe. the history of England from King John (1199-1216) to Attempts by rulers such as Frederick II Hohenstaufen in King Henry VIII (1509-1547). These plays centered on a Sicily and King Alfonso X (the Wise) in Spain to estab- series of great crises, resulting from the question of the lish nations, were viewed as a threat to Venetian power. legitimacy of the rulers and the kingly succession. These The Venetians encouraged warfare to block these efforts, were pressing issues at the time, as the nation’s political repeatedly deploying the military power of the Planta- leadership pondered who would succeed Queen Eliza- genets to achieve their ends. beth I. During the Thirteenth century, the usurious practices Shakespeare demonstrated how these crises resulted of the Venetian financiers caused severe economic con- from the failure of the flawed axioms governing the traction, setting off financial disintegration by the 1340’s. behavior of both England’s rulers and her population. He The social collapse and Black Death which followed used the history plays to develop for the audience the killed off more than a third of the European population. recognition that there exists a higher law, than the writ- In 1337, the Plantagenet King Edward II launched a ten law of the land—a higher law, to which the rule of war against France that would last for more than a hun- feudal factions must give way. Shakespeare repeatedly dred years. Rampaging English armies carried out showed that the refusal of nations and rulers to act vicious pillaging, severely depopulating the country. It according to this higher law, brought inescapable conse- was almost a century later, in 1429, that the French peas- quences for even the most powerful. ant girl Joan of Arc presented herself to lead the French Shakespeare portrayed the Plantagenet dynasty as armies. Under her leadership, the French were able to laboring under a curse of illegitimacy, which passed from retake Rheims and crown the French Dauphin as king. generation to generation. The fundamental axiom of the Although the French would later adopt an appeasement Plantagenet reign—rule by a nobility that rejects respon- policy and end the offensive, Joan’s intervention was a sibility for the common good—placed every successive crucial inspiration to the founding of the French nation regime in the inevitably downward trajectory. under Louis XI. But Shakespeare was confronted with another set of The English position in France continued to deterio- axioms to overthrow—those of the population, whom he rate. In 1449-50, a French offensive, using superior can- sought to uplift. How does one generate in the mind of non—the result of French advances in metallurgy—suc- the audience, its identity as citizens of a republic? Each ceeded in blasting the English out of sixty castles. In a member of society must be shaped by a new axiom, the period of one year, English control of France completely higher (natural) law that must form the direction of gov- collapsed. ernment. Then, government is no longer rule by force, After England had suffered this ignominious defeat, but instead, a dialogue between the governing and the

64 governed, over how the nation can best follow the pre- said of him, “Never have I seen a boy of such quickness, cepts of natural law to promote the General Welfare. so capable of learning, at that age.”3 Self-government flows from this principle. Henry cannot have missed the dramatic changes tak- Shakespeare’s plays gave his audiences the chance to ing place around him in France. While England was look over the shoulders of previous rulers, and witness being destroyed by infighting among the feudal lords, how their failures led to tragic consequences, not merely France’s dramatic development under Louis XI, where for themselves, but for the kingdom as a whole. Through the conscious promotion of industry, science, and tech- this process, where the audience was engaged in a dia- nology enabled the nation to double its output in twenty- logue with the history of its own nation, a population that two years, demonstrated the successful nature of the new had little concept of self-government, was brought to cre- institution, the nation-state. ate within its own minds the qualities necessary for self- Henry’s father died before he was born, and, for much government. of his life, he was under the care of his uncle, Jasper In his essay, “A Philosophy for Victory: Can We Tudor, who had been an honored guest at the court of Change the Universe?,” Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr., Louis XI. Jasper Tudor first fled England in 1461, travel- addresses the question of how the playwright accom- ling to Louis XI’s court, where Louis made him a mem- plishes this.2 The Classical stage does not present a lit- ber of his household. Jasper returned to England to aid in eral portrayal of all the events that have occurred. So, the restoration of Henry VI in 1470; when Henry VI was the Chorus in the Prologue to Shakespeare’s Henry V, deposed again in 1471, he again fled England, this time informs us that we must imagine the clashing of taking his nephew Henry with him. armies, where we see only a handful of men. The goal Several contemporary commentaries were written of the playwright must be to create a truthful represen- about Henry Tudor’s character. Polydore Virgil, an Ital- tation of the idea underlying the events. LaRouche states ian who settled in England and wrote a history of the that “the composer must . . . create on stage the idea period, said of him: “His spirit was distinguished, wise which may not correspond exactly, in every detail and prudent; his mind was brave and resolute and nev- introduced, to the actual history, but corresponds, with er, even at moments of greatest danger, deserted him. historical truthfulness, to the essence of the historical He had a most pertinacious memory.Withal he was not reality referenced.” devoid of scholarship. . . . He was gracious and kind By generating such “Platonic ideas” in the minds of and was as attentive to his visitors as he was easy of his audience, Shakespeare engaged them in the intellec- access. His hospitality was splendidly generous; he was tual exercise necessary to qualify them as citizens. It is fond of having foreigners at his court and freely con- the ability of the citizenry to replicate this process of gen- ferred favors on them. .. . He was most fortunate in erating ideas, which makes republican government war, although he was constitutionally more inclined to function, since competent statecraft requires a volun- peace than to war. He cherished justice above all things; tarist approach to changing the axioms governing policy- as a result he vigorously punished violence, manslaugh- making. The development of the concept of free will, or ter and every other kind of wickedness whatsoever.”4 the ability of an individual to intervene to effect an The Milanese ambassador praised Henry’s inherent advance in civilization, arises from developing in the cautiousness, his tendency to deal openly and fairly with individual the ability to generate just such ideas within others, and his willingness to consider all sides of his own mind. important questions. The republican circles around Henry VII’s younger contemporaries, Erasmus of Rotterdam and Thomas Governing ‘After the French Fashion’ More, undertook as their ultimate goal the transforma- tion of the population into a republican citizenry. And In 1485, after Henry Tudor’s forces landed in England Shakespeare’s plays were one of the most powerful tools and defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth on in accomplishing this mass education of the population. August 22, he was crowned King Henry VII. Henry act- ed quickly to consolidate power. He married Elizabeth, Henry VII’s Background daughter of Edward IV of the opposing House of York, for the purpose of ending the wars between the two Little is known about Henry Tudor’s education, either in opposing Houses. England or in France. However, one of his tutors, Neither revenge nor weakness disfigured the first Andreas Scotus, an Oxford teacher, is reported to have months of the reign. The past years of bloodthirsty vio-

65 lence were forgotten. Following the Battle of Bosworth, period of English history were the nobles more conspicu- Henry pardoned virtually all those who had fought ous at court, yet at no period did they have less real pow- against him. An Italian wrote to the Pope in December, er, than during Henry VII’s reign. 1485: “The king shows himself very prudent and John Morton, who played a key role in organizing the clement: all things appear disposed towards peace.”5 conspiracy to bring Henry Tudor to power, was Henry Thus, an uprising in the north collapsed after Henry VII’s most senior advisor throughout his life. Morton had offered pardon to all who laid down their arms. been born in 1420 and had studied at Oxford. He had The Spanish ambassador reported that Henry VII risen to high positions in both the church and govern- showed a desire to “govern England after the French ment under Kings Henry VI and Edward IV, although fashion”6—i.e., the fashion of Louis XI. He rapidly con- he was jailed by Richard III. Being a man of great solidated power in himself, while surrounding himself integrity, intelligence, and vision, Morton would openly with a council of men, drawn largely from the middle disagree with Henry VII, which won the king’s respect, classes, who shared his commitment to establishing a rather than resentment. Indicative of his outlook, was nation-state dedicated to the General Welfare of the Morton’s undertaking, when he was Bishop of Ely, to entire population, rather than rule of the nobility. At no drain the fens between Wisbech and Peterborough; he also constructed a dike and waterway to the sea for barges and small craft. Morton helped educate the young Thomas More, who The Magna Carta lived in Morton’s household. More later said of Morton, Versus the Nation-State “In his face did shine such an amiable reverence as was pleasant to behold, gentle in communication, yet earnest lthough the Magna Carta is claimed to be one and sage. He had great delight many times with rough Aof the first documents that established the tra- speech to his suitors to prove, but without harm, what ditions leading to the founding of republican gov- prompt wit and what bold spirit were in every man. In ernment in the United States, the opposite is the his speech he was fine, eloquent, and pithy. . . . In the law case. The Magna Carta, imposed on the English he had profound knowledge, in wit he was incompara- king in 1215 by feudal barons, was a charter estab- ble, and in memory wonderful excellent.”7 lishing the rights of the nobility, against the efforts Henry was also joined in France by Richard Fox, who of the monarch to rule a unified nation. became another key advisor. Born in approximately 1448, The document contained guarantees that the Fox studied first at Cambridge, and then in Paris, where king will not force the nobles to carry out internal he joined Henry. He came the closest to being the king’s improvements such as constructing bridges. It Foreign Minister, negotiating many key treaties, and was demanded that the king practice free trade, by pro- involved in promoting the Renaissance “New Learning” hibiting the government from imposing tariffs and in England, as we shall see below. controlling trade. Finally, the Magna Carta gave Henry VII rapidly and firmly took up the duties of the the lords the right to set up their members as a monarchy, restoring order and checking waste. He raised court that could over rule decisions of the king. If the crown far above the nobles, and formed an alliance the king did not accede to the decisions of this with the middle class, acting through their representa- court, the lords could carrying out acts of revolt, tives in the House of Commons, who feared the return of violence and pillage, short of murdering the king the days of civil war, and realized that their survival and and his family: “those . . . barons shall, together livelihood was dependent on the king’s protection. Thus, with the community of the whole land, distrain and Henry drew his strength from the loyalty of the common distress us (the King) in all possible ways, namely, classes, not from the feudal nobility. by seizing our castles, lands, possessions, and in any Henry VII introduced a fundamental change in the other way they can, until redress had been obtained conception of law in England. He consciously acted to as they deem fit, saving harmless our own person, replace the arbitrary rule of the nobility, typified by the and the persons of our queen and children;” Magna Carta, for example, with reforms that made Unstated in the Magna Carta, is that the vast everyone legally accountable, regardless of his station. majority of the population had no rights, as these Only months after being crowned, Henry moved feudal lords set themselves as a law unto them- against the lawlessness of the feudal nobility, ordering selves. —RT an oath to be taken in Parliament, by the Lords and members of the House of Commons, on Nov. 19,

66 1485, “for the reform of divers crimes and enormi- Henry VII’s reforms had the effect of transforming ties.” By the terms of the oath, they swore not to the judicial system, from one dominated by the whims “receive aid, or comfort murderers, felons, or outlaws, of the nobility, to one based on a system of law, ground- not to reteine any man by indenture, or other, not to ed in a commitment to the General Welfare. However, give liverie, signe, or token contrary to law, or take, unlike the United States, England has never had a cause to be made, or assent to any maintenance, imbrac- written constitution, not even to this day. There has erie, riotts, or unlawful assemblie, not to hinder the exe- never been an English Solon, or an English Constitu- cution of royal writs, nor lett any known felon to bail or tional Convention, as America’s founders held in mainprise.”8 Philadelphia in 1787. Instead, the English Constitution Henry VII outlawed livery, and the maintenance of consists of a body of statutory law, customs, and judicial private armies. The armed bands who, wearing their feu- interpretations; it is frequently called a customary or dal badges, had overawed the countryside, intimidated unwritten constitution. Consequently, many of the sheriffs, and bullied juries, now had their days num- reforms introduced by Henry were reversed by the bered. Putting an end to the brigandage of the nobility Venetian financial oligarchy, as it gained control over required numerous statutes, since the feudal lords did not England during the following centuries. The role Hen- readily give up the practice of private war. But, by the ry defined for the monarch, as a strong chief executive end of Henry’s reign, the typical English nobleman had of the nation, with the commitment and power to pro- been forced into other occupations than the medieval mote the General Welfare, was destroyed. Instead, the ones of riot and civil war. British monarch became the equivalent of a Venetian Henry created a centralized judicial system, with a doge, or chief executive of the aristocracy. It was only system for appeal of cases. By an Act passed in 1495, with the founding of the United States of America, by machinery by which appeal from the verdict of a jury men who were heirs to the best traditions of England, might be made was established. The effect of these cen- and Europe overall, that a nation was brought into tralizing statues can hardly be exaggerated, as they intro- being whose written Constitution explicitly stated the duced efficient local administration. To accomplish this, commitment to “promote the General Welfare” for the the King enlisted many minor members of the country citizens and their posterity, with institutions designed gentry in his service, who became the props of the Tudor to carry out this task. throne. Henry also created the Court of Requests, a poor man’s court of equity, where the poor could sue without Economic Development for the payment of fees, and were given free legal aid. Statutes were passed to protect the poor from injustice, and to Common Good penalize dishonest juries. Under Henry VII, England experienced a fundamental In November 1487, the Star Chamber Act created the shift from feudalism, to a policy of government-directed Star Chamber as a court of appeals for those who were economic development, based on a conscious design to unable to get justice in courts controlled by the nobles. promote the General Welfare. Henry’s reform of the eco- This Act allowed members of the King’s Council to form nomic system, while not complete, laid the basis for themselves into a court, and hold judicial sessions in the transforming England into a modern nation. He strove Star Chamber. This “Council in Star Chamber” usually to increase the productivity of the population through consisted of seven or eight bishops, along with several government-directed improvements in infrastructure, other councillors. Virtually every one of the three hun- technology, and the living standards and productivity of dred cases heard during Henry’s reign was initiated by the population. private suit, and not by government process. The most The description of Henry’s policies as the “Mercantile frequent complaint addressed to the Council, was that System,” a name given them by later opponents, does not defendants had come riotously, with force of arms, and adequately convey the actual commitment to the evicted the plaintiff from his house or land. The sen- improvement in the conditions of life for the common tences were remarkably humane. (This Court, which man. The Crown drew to itself more and more power. began as a place where the weak could appeal cases that But, this great expansion of central control was almost had been rigged by the nobility, degenerated in less able uniformly beneficent in effect, as it was in intention. hands into a weapon of cruelty, and finally perished in Author Gladys Temperley writes, “We cannot point to a well-earned ignominy. Under Cardinal Wolsey, it single one of Henry’s commercial statutes that was evolved into the “Court of Star Chamber,” which existed designed to forward any selfish interests of the king or until its abolition by the Long Parliament in 1641.) his advisers.”9

67 Henry VII’s economic policies fostered the development of England’s nascent shipbuilding, iron, and cloth industries. Henry commissioned England’s first blast furnace in 1496. Below: Page from William Gilbert’s “De Magnete,” England’s first great scientific treatise, extols the productive value of iron for manufacturing.

Regulation of foreign trade and development of the merchant fleet resulted from the Navigation Act of 1489. The government subsidized construction of merchant ships to bolster the Navy in times of crisis.

Henry placed an export duty on undressed wool to encourage domestic cloth manufacturing. Right: Sixteenth-century weaving and dyeing.

Henry made the centralized government of the state the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V had incomes ten the final arbiter of all economic policy decisions. For times larger, but squandered their money on expensive example, a series of Acts were passed controlling the craft wars. guilds in particular instances. Even more significant was During his reign, Henry VII implemented a series of the step taken in 1504, when the guilds were brought monetary policy measures. A new coinage was issued to under the control of the courts by an Act declaring that ensure a standard currency, and weights and measures no guild regulation could be binding until it had been were standardized. Henry also accumulated a large trea- approved by the Chancellor, the Treasurer, the chief jus- sury, strengthening him against rebellion and invasion, tices of the Kings Bench and Common Pleas, or the since potential opponents knew he did not lack the finan- judges on circuit. cial means to defend himself. By an Act of 1487, Henry The modern conception of a corporation, as a legal outlawed usury: the Act was to restrain the “dampnable individual, whose existence was created and determined bargayns groundyt in usurye, colorde by the name of by the government, was developed during Henry’s reign. newe Chevesaunce, contrarie to the lawe of naturell The issuance of patents for new inventions—a spur to justis, to the comon hurt of this land.”10 technological advance—was begun in this period. The national government also arrogated to itself the Another of Henry’s first acts as king was to separate right to control prices and regulate wages. It is no exag- the expenses of the royal household from the revenues geration to say that by the end of his reign, the influence of the state. The fact that previous kings had made no of Henry VII touched the lives of his subjects at almost such distinction, reflects their outlook: that the king- every point. The idea that the central government had dom was, in effect, their personal property. Henry was the right and the responsibility to regulate economic the first English king in a century to be solvent, some- activity for the purpose of promoting the common good, thing he achieved through careful management, and by had become firmly rooted as the governing principle of limiting wasteful expenses. The kings of France and the nation.

68 Regulating Foreign Trade. Henry mandated state con- Transformation of the Iron Industry. Henry’s army is trol of foreign trade, for the purpose of promoting reported to have had a significant number of cannon at national economic development. Much of his legislation the victorious Battle of Bosworth, an emphasis undoubt- was designed in a protectionist spirit. The development edly learned from the French, who used them against the of both a navy and a merchant marine were central to the English with devastating effectiveness to end the Hun- kingdom’s military and economic security. The merchant dred Years’ War. In 1449-50, the French had conducted fleet would supplement the small royal Navy, as well as sixty successful siege operations in one year, using power- allow England to control its own trade. ful cannon to blast the English out of their French hold- The prior state of affairs, inherited by Henry at his ings. The manufacture of these cannon was made possi- accession, seemed almost hopeless. The merchant fleet, ble by advances in the French iron industry, such that, by like everything else, had decayed, and foreign ships car- the end of the Fifteenth century, French cannon had ried the sea-borne trade of England. In addition, trade acquired a high international reputation, owing to their was severely hindered by the insecurity of the roads and splendid quality, rapidity of firing, and use of cast-iron the sea, as well as by constant warfare. shot, rather than stone balls. One of Henry’s first acts to control the nation’s for- French production of iron cannon was made possible eign trade, was the passage of the Navigation Act in through the development of the blast furnace, which 1489. The Preamble of the Act noted that the fleet was was able to heat iron above its melting point, so that the so decayed, that England would soon lack the power and metal could be poured into molds. (Using previous ability to defend herself.11 This temporary Act forbade methods, iron products were manufactured at tempera- the importation of wine or wood from Guienne or Gas- tures below the melting point, a much less efficient cony, except on English, Irish, or Welsh ships, manned process.) The new blast-furnace method, which by their sailors. It was renewed in 1490, during which increased productivity fifteen-fold and made possible a interval Henry had succeeded in obtaining a share of the much broader range of products, represented a tremen- carrying trade in Italian wine. This law mandated that dous advance in a technology that was key to the expan- no foreign ship could be freighted in an English port, sion of industry overall. while an English ship remained unladen. Although the Henry VII was the first English king to manufacture Navigation Acts may have hindered England’s foreign iron cannon, based on his commissioning the first blast trade at first, by the end of Henry’s reign the English furnaces in England. In so doing, he revolutionized the merchant fleet was flourishing. Customs duties English iron industry, laying the basis for the transforma- increased by 28 percent. tion of the English economy in the following centuries. The first blast furnace was set up by Henry in 1496 on The Cloth Industry. Central to Henry VII’s economic royal land, to manufacture cannon balls as part of prepa- policy was the promotion of English manufactures. rations to defend England from Scottish invasion. Short- Although many of his laws continued those previously ly thereafter, cast-iron cannon were produced. implemented by Edward IV, Henry’s policy was mo- Henry also increased the number of gunners in royal tivated by a clear principle, from which he designed service. They numbered 30 in 1489; by 1497, there were a coherent plan. His efforts met with considerable 49 gunners at the Tower of London alone. Many were success. foreign nationals, many French. These gunners were not The most prominent of these efforts was Henry’s only artillerymen, but also experts in shot and gun found- treatment of the wool trade and the cloth industry. Hen- ing. Although Henry’s cannon were produced to defend ry placed an export duty—in some cases, as high as 70 the nation from foreign invaders, the existence of such a percent—on the export of undressed wool, to encourage stockpile, capable of reducing any feudal castle, served as the development of a native cloth industry. Meanwhile, a powerful deterrent to England’s quarrelsome feudal the duty on exported cloth was never higher than nine nobility. percent of its value. A 1489/90 statute gave English cloth- makers the right to buy wool, before it could be exported. Creation of the Navy. Henry VII created a national A statute of King Edward’s was re-enacted, forbidding Army, centralizing control over the military and ending the export of unrowed and unshorn cloth, whereby “out- the power of the nobility to make war. Central to this landissh nacions with the same dapry arne sette on labour effort was the development of the Navy. and occupacion to their greate enriching, and the kynges When Henry ascended the throne, only four ships true liegemen . . . for lake of such occupacion dailly fall in were owned by the Crown, and pirates roamed the great number to ydelnes and povertie.”12 Channel unchecked. Henry built three large men-o’-war,

69 which became the nucleus of the Navy. The “Harry the country’s most important educational center, where Grace a Dieu,” was a 1,000-ton, four-masted ship, with “there are . . . five or six men who are accurate scholars in about seventy guns and a crew of 700. Many of the guns both tongues [Greek and Latin], such as I think even were manufactured in England. The government also Italy itself does not at present possess.” subsidized the construction of merchant ships, under an After studying in England, most of these scholars agreement that these ships could be hired into the Navy travelled to Italy, to master the new Platonic learning. in time of crisis. Thomas Linacre, for example, was hired by Henry upon The city of Portsmouth was developed as a fortified his return from Italy around 1500, first as a tutor to his naval station, capable of meeting the needs of a perma- elder son Arthur, and then as the King’s personal physi- nent navy. The first drydock in the British Isles was also cian. Linacre later became the first president of the Royal constructed at Portsmouth, which was ready for use by College of Physicians, which was incorporated in 1518. May 1496. William Grocyn travelled to Italy to be educated, and on Central to the long-term success of Henry VII’s pro- his return initiated the teaching of Greek at Oxford. gram, was the increase in the merchant marine encour- One leading royal patron of education was Lady Mar- aged by the Navigation Acts, because the increase in garet Beaufort, the King’s mother. She has been overseas trade demanded the maintenance of a strong described as “more nearly the typical ‘man of the Renais- navy. sance’ than her son,” and even though her “influence and Foreign Policy for Peace. Henry VII took great inter- endowments were . . . religious rather than secular, they est in foreign affairs. In 1497, the Milanese ambassador were outward looking and humanist, never scholastic.”13 reported that Henry was so well informed about events Lady Margaret was the only woman whose advice the in Italy, “that we have told him nothing new.” Even the King ever sought or heeded. courtiers knew so much about Italian affairs, that the Margaret was only fourteen when her son Henry was ambassador fancied himself at Rome. born. She died in 1509, outliving her son by several Only once did Henry fight a war on foreign soil, when months. As a child, she was taught reading, writing, and he sought to contain the ambitions of France’s Charles VII, French. Her tutors remarked on her intelligence. She which presented a threat to England. However, Henry desired to learn Greek and Latin, but her mother refused signed the Treaty of Etaples with Charles in 1492, in to hire a tutor to educate her in the languages that were which he gave up the English claim to the French throne. reserved for men who joined the clergy. As an adult, she Never again did Henry take up arms outside Britain, and completed an English translation of Thomas à Kempis’ his policy was consistently to promote peace among the The Imitation of Christ, which had been begun by other nations of Europe. This was a great benefit to Eng- William Atkinson, as well as translating another reli- land, as the nation could concentrate on its economic gious work. development, while the rulers of France, Spain, and oth- Lady Margaret promoted the education of the entire er nations squandered tremendous resources on wars population. She was a devout Christian, who champi- which often weakened them. oned the preaching of simple but eloquent sermons, which would uplift even the lowliest churchgoer. She promoted the printing of books, and was a leading Launching the English Renaissance patron of the first English printer, William Caxton, and Henry VII surrounded himself with men who promoted his successor. the Renaissance’s “New Learning.” The King himself In 1494, Margaret met John Fisher, a friend and col- was clearly fascinated by the political and cultural life of laborator of Erasmus, who was to be her lifelong confi- the main Italian states, and during his reign, the English dant, counsellor, and companion. Fisher became the court was a more interesting and cosmopolitan place, Bishop of Winchester, and Chancellor of Cambridge than it was to be in the time of his successor. Foreign University. He encouraged Margaret to patronize pro- scholars were likely to receive a warm welcome, and jects that promoted the New Learning. As a result, she Henry was also the leading patron of English writers and supported the founding of two colleges at Cambridge, poets. Jesus College in 1497, and St. John’s College after her Henry’s interest in the arts was widely recognized, and death in 1509, through a grant in her will. St. John’s, a knowledge of the Classics was regarded as an avenue to which opened in 1516, became the leading college at royal favor, encouraging others to master the Renaissance Cambridge for the next thirty years. learning. Erasmus reported in 1505, that London had Another patron of education was Bishop Richard Fox, eclipsed both Oxford and Cambridge, and had become the man who played a key role in Henry VII’s foreign

70 www.arttoday.com Margaret Beaufort, mother of Henry VII, was a patron of the New Learning. www.arttoday.com

Desiderius Erasmus (of Rotterdam) (top right) led the scholars who launched the English Renaissance. In addition to Thomas More, Erasmus’s collaborators included Thomas Linacre (far right), John Colet (right), and William Lily, whose 1557 “Short Introduction to Grammar” (left) was used in schools up to the Nineteenth century. Above: A Tudor schoolroom, 1573. www.arttoday.com Library of Congress policy. In 1517, Fox and Hugh Oldham, Bishop of him to dedicate his life to the promotion of Platonist Exeter, founded Corpus Christi College, whose statutes Classical learning. set out in detail a humanist curriculum. Initially, Fox had Erasmus became the leading humanist thinker of his wished to found a college to educate clergy in the New age, and his name was a household word throughout Learning, but ultimately, the college accepted students educated Europe. He published his first work, the destined for secular employment. Adages, in 1500. Works such as In Praise of Folly and The Although Henry and his circle favored the New Handbook of the Militant Christian become enormously Learning, the universities remained dominated by popular, precisely at the moment when printing was medieval scholasticism. The efforts of Henry and his cir- coming into vogue. His works spread far and wide, and cle were ultimately successful, however, as they opened played an important role in promoting literacy through- the door for a circle of scholars associated with Erasmus out Europe. of Rotterdam to create a revolution in education, which Among Erasmus’s key collaborators in England were led to the great flowering of culture and the English Thomas More (1478-1535) and John Colet (1467-1519). economy during the next hundred years. They were the nucleus of a small group of Classically educated scholars, formed during the reign of Henry The Erasmus Circle VII, who dedicated themselves to creating a Renais- sance that would usher in an age where society would The central figure in the circle that launched the English be governed by reason. Colet was the son of a London Renaissance was Erasmus of Rotterdam.14 Born to poor mercer, who was Lord Mayor in 1486 and 1495. He parents in Holland in 1467, Erasmus was educated by the travelled to Italy, where he became a fervent promoter Brotherhood of the Common Life, a teaching order mod- of Platonism. More was the son of a London lawyer. He elled on à Kempis’ Imitation of Christ, that took in poor, studied Greek and Platonic philosophy at Oxford, and but promising children. Several of his teachers inspired became a key leader of the English Renaissance during

71 the reign of Henry VIII. very controversial, and was only possible because of the These scholars proceeded from the idea that, since support of both Henry VII and later Henry VIII. The man’s nature was to be made in the image of God, he universities continued to be dominated largely by the old could comprehend God’s nature through reason. They scholastic methods, however. Therefore, Erasmus and his rejected the stultifying, Aristotelian logic of the scholas- collaborators set out to recruit a new generation, by intro- tics, whose commentaries dominated theology, and ducing the Platonist method of education. sought instead to reintroduce the writings of the early The circle around Erasmus, More, and Colet began to Church Fathers and the New Testament itself, in which establish schools which became models for the transfor- they recognized an outlook coherent with Platonic phi- mation of the educational system. Around 1510, More set losophy. For example, in his Praise of Folly, Erasmus up a school in his home, where he taught his own and attacked the Schoolmen for completely missing the cen- other children. More’s three daughters were famous tral message of Christianity on faith and charity, as stated examples that girls could become highly educated. by St. Paul in 1 Corinthians 13, that all displays of piety During the last years of the reign of Henry VII, Colet are false, unless they are motivated by charity or agape¯. finalized plans for a school based on Platonist methods of Erasmus satirized the methods of the scholastics, arguing education. In 1510, Henry VIII granted a license to estab- that the most important sections of the Epistles of the lish St. Paul’s School, which became the model for the Apostle Paul failed to meet their standards. Erasmus reorganization of the English grammar schools through- said: “Paul could present faith. But when he said, ‘Faith out the country. is the substance of thing hoped for, the evidence of things Colet asked Erasmus to become the first headmaster not seen,’ he did not define it doctorally. The same apos- of St. Paul’s. When Erasmus declined, Colet selected tle, though he exemplified charity to its utmost, divided William Lily, who had studied at Oxford and in Italy. and defined it with very little logical skill in the First Lily had also travelled to Rhodes to learn Greek. Epistle to the Corinthians, Chapter 13.”15 When Colet asked Erasmus to write a curriculum for Erasmus both promoted and used the method of the new school, Erasmus produced De Ratione Studii (Con- Socratic dialogue in his writings. In his Handbook of the cerning the Aim and Method of Education), which stressed Militant Christian, he demonstrated that the Christian that language should be learned, not as a collection of must look beyond sense certainty, to the realm of Platonic grammatical rules, but as it is spoken. It must be mastered ideas. Through this, man can escape the temptations of by studying the greatest authors in Greek and Latin. the flesh, and rise to the spiritual realm. Erasmus says: Erasmus wrote a series of dialogues and exercises, “Creep not upon the earth, my brother, like an animal. aimed at teaching language. His De Copia and Colloquies, Put on those wings which Plato says are caused to grow or dialogues, were designed to educate students in lan- on the soul by the ardor of love. Rise above the body to guage as it was spoken, rather than as written text. Eras- the spirit, from the visible to the invisible, from the letter mus designed these as Platonic dialogues. Indeed, Colet to the mystical meaning, from the sensible to the intelligi- rejected the teaching of logic, because he recognized ble, from the involved to the simple.”16 would it stultify the mind. Erasmus, Colet, and More championed the use of edu- Lily, Colet, and Erasmus collaborated in drafting a cation to transform citizens into the equivalent of Plato’s grammar textbook. By 1542, this text had been adopted “philosopher king,” and sought to bring such men into as the official Latin Grammar used throughout the governing positions in society. A recurrent theme in schools in England. Its use continued up through the Erasmus’s writings is, that true nobility is based on trans- Eighteenth century, and, in a modified form, in many forming oneself through learning, so that one’s behavior schools even into the Twentieth. is guided by reason, to seek to do the good. This could be St. Paul’s School had many detractors, and in a letter achieved by bringing the Platonic method to children, to Colet, More wrote that some opposed St Paul’s, through schooling in the Classics. because it was serving as a Trojan horse which would Erasmus first travelled to England during the reign of bring forth those who would expose their ignorance. Henry VII, in 1499. At Oxford, he found John Colet lec- The school was defended by Henry VIII’s court circles, turing on the Epistles of Paul. The lectures were well which continued to promote the transformation of edu- attended, as they rejected the scholastics’ Aristotelian cation that had been launched by Henry VII. During method. Colet brought out the coherence of Paul’s Epis- Henry VIII’s reign, numerous schools were established tles with the philosophy of Plato. on the model of St. Paul’s, whose method of instruction The work of Colet and others in bringing this increasingly became the standard for English grammar approach to Oxford and Cambridge Universities was schools in general.

72 The transformation and expansion of the educational Chancellor, Thomas More, whose most famous work, system led to a dramatic increase in literacy. By 1615, fol- Utopia, suggested that the position of king should be an lowing the end of the Tudor dynasty with the death of elective office. Elizabeth I in 1603, the literacy level in England had Utopia is one of the greatest works on constitutional reached around 33 percent, one of the highest rates in the law ever written. More was probably the individual world. This was considerably higher than France, where best qualified to serve as England’s “Solon of Athens,” the literacy rate was only around 20 percent at that but it was not possible for him to play such a role. time.17 Instead, he sought to further the much longer-term The Erasmian educational system, and the emphasis process of creating a citizenry capable of establishing a on education, was brought to America by the Massachu- republic. setts Puritans. Erasmus’s Colloquies was brought by the The period from the Sixteenth century through to English colonists to America, where it was used through- the Treaty of Westphalia which ended the Thirty out the grammar schools of New England. By the time of Years’ War in 1648, was a relative dark age in Europe, the American Revolution, the literacy rate in New Eng- dominated by the attempt of the Venetian oligarchy to land was approximately 90 percent, the highest in the destroy the newly emerging nation-states by pitting world, and a key factor in why the American colonists them against each other in wars of religion. Henry VIII were able to make the Revolution. was a willing pawn in these schemes. Almost from the beginning of his reign, he abandoned his father Henry Thomas More and Henry VIII VII’s policy of peace and economic cooperation. Under the direction of Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, Henry VIII When Henry VII died on April 21, 1509, he left England imagined himself as a master manipulator, who dramatically transformed. He had found it racked by civ- ordered the relations of Europe, and played off one il war; he left it solidly united. Feudalism had been continental nation against another. Cardinal Wolsey replaced by a nation-state on a solid foundation. even used his position as a mediator between Francis I Many people believed that in Henry VIII, England of France and Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, to would find a great king. His father had ensured that he manipulate the two states into a war. England repeat- was well educated in Renaissance learning. The Venetian edly changed sides in alliances, and spent enormous ambassador Ludovico Falieri said of him, “Grand amounts of money fighting wars that in no way served stature, suited to his exalted position, showing the superi- the actual national interest. ority of mind and character . . . . He has been a student Eventually, Henry VIII was induced to break with from his childhood; he knows literature, philosophy, and the Church in Rome, and to align England as a partici- theology; speaks and writes Spanish, French, and Italian, pant in the religious warfare that devastated Europe besides Latin and English.”19 from the time of Martin Luther until the Peace of West- One person whose assessment of Henry VIII was less phalia. The nominal issue was Henry VIII’s desire to positive was Lady Margaret Beaufort. With her son’s divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon, who had failed to death, she had lost her best friend. Her grandson, she produce a male heir. However, Venetian agents at he found quite distant from her, and very different in char- Court, such as Francesco Zorzi, manipulated the issue, acter from his father. to ensure a complete split between Henry VIII and the Unfortunately, Henry VIII proved to be a pawn of Roman Church. Venetian manipulation. Unlike his father, he became involved in continental wars which were completely More’s Commitment to the destructive to England’s interest. He failed to continue the English exploration of the New World, begun by General Welfare John Cabot under the patronage of Henry VII. Many of On Nov. 4, 2000, Pope John Paul II issued an Apostolic Henry VII’s economic initiatives were abandoned. Ulti- Letter proclaiming St. Thomas More as “Patron of mately, Henry VIII became a pawn in the Venetian- Statesmen and Politicians.” John Paul II saw in Thomas manipulated wars of religion. More a model of how leaders must serve the common Ironically, the heir to the legacy of Henry VII was not good. John Paul II described this responsibility in a pub- his son Henry VIII, whose reign was filled with contra- lic address the same day: dictions and ended in tragedy. Rather, the man who best “Politics is the use of legitimate authority in order to carried forward the efforts launched by Henry VII to attain the common good of society: a common good establish a true nation-state, was Henry VIII’s Lord which, as the Second Vatican Council declares, embraces

73 Sir Thomas More (left), Lord Chancellor under King Henry VIII, was proclaimed “Patron Saint of Statesmen and Politicians” by Pope John Paul II in 2000. The leading exponent of Erasmus’s New Learning in England, More was famous for educating his daughters in the Classics. Below: “Study for a Family Portrait of Thomas More,”

www.arttoday.com Hans Holbein the Younger, c. 1527.

More’s “Utopia” was a Platonic treatise on statecraft, in which progress and the betterment of the populace were counterposed to perpetual feudal warfare. Above and right: Illustrations from “Utopia,” 1518. www.arttoday.com The Granger Collection

‘the sum of those conditions of social life by which indi- God and neighbor.” viduals, families and groups can achieve complete and In Utopia, More developed the idea that government efficacious fulfillment.’” must promote the General Welfare of all of its citizens. John Paul II says of More in his Apostolic Letter: “In To achieve this goal would require that all the nation’s this context, it is helpful to turn to the example of Saint citizens be schooled to become Platonic “philosopher Thomas More, who distinguished himself by his constant kings.” As More states, “For it is impossible that all fidelity to legitimate authority and institutions precisely should be well, unless all men are good.” in his intention to serve not power but the supreme ideal More wrote Utopia in the form of a dialogue between of justice. His life teaches us that government is above all himself and a fictional character, named Raphael, who an exercise of virtue. Unwavering in this rigorous moral has sailed, both geographically and intellectually, “as stance, this English statesman placed his own public Ulysses and Plato.” More says that Raphael has studied activity at the service of the person, especially if that per- philosophy, “learning Greek, since the Romans left us son was weak or poor; he dealt with social controversies nothing that is valuable except Seneca and Cicero.” with a superb sense of fairness; he was vigorously com- Raphael describes to More the imaginary land of Utopia, mitted to favoring and defending the family; he support- which has achieved a far higher level of civilization than ed the all-round education of the young. His profound that of Europe at the time. detachment from honors and wealth, his serene and joy- In a satire on the current practices of government, ful humility, his balanced knowledge of human nature Raphael argues that a counsellor who advised a king to see and of the vanity of success, his certainty of judgement himself as the guardian of his people, would be rejected by rooted in faith: these all gave him that confident inner the king in favor of other advisers who would tell him that strength that sustained him in adversity and in the face of he should follow only his own interest. Raphael says, “I death. His sanctity shone forth in his martyrdom, but it would urge the king to tend his ancestral kingdom and had been prepared by an entire life of work devoted to improve it as much as he could. He should love his people

74 and be loved by them.” The king’s other counsellors would sized are music, geometry, and astronomy, with the same reject this, however, and give the king contrary advice: approach to these subjects as that of the Greeks. In a bit- “Thus the counsellors agree with the maxims of Cras- ing attack on the scholastics. More says of the Utopians, sus: a king can never have enough money, since he has to “they equal the ancients in almost everything, but they maintain his army; a king can do nothing unjustly even if are far behind our modern logicians. For they have not he wants to; all property belongs to the king, even the yet invented the subtle distinctions and hypotheses which very persons of his subjects; no man has any other prop- have been so cleverly worked out in our trifling schools erty than what the king out of his goodness thinks fit to of logic and taught to the boys here.” leave him; the king should leave him as little as possible, More saw this idea of the General Welfare as com- as if it were to his advantage that his people should have pletely coherent with the teachings of Christ. In Utopia, neither riches not liberty.” he argues that Christianity is coherent with reason. Later Raphael then asks: Suppose I were to advise the king on, in debates over the views of Martin Luther, More and his counsellors that, “both his honor and his safety rejected Luther’s doctrine that denied free will and the consisted more in his people’s wealth than in his own. importance of doing God’s work, as leading mankind to Suppose I should maintain that men choose a king not an immoral life. More, in disputing Luther’s doctrine for his sake, but for theirs, that by his care and efforts stated, “But they fight against faith and deny Christ, they may live comfortably and safely. . . . If I should who, while they extol only grace and faith, deny the value press these views on men strongly inclined to the con- of works, and make men callous to living well.” trary, how deaf they would be to it all!” As John Paul II referenced, More did not see a life ded- In discussing foreign policy, More ridicules the prac- icated to virtue and the service of the General Welfare, as tice of almost all European rulers of the time, of treating a life of grim, humorless determination. More says of the relations among states as a war “of each against all,” in Utopians, “They disagree with the grim and gloom eulo- the phrase coined by its later enthusiast Thomas Hobbes. gist of virtue, who hates pleasure and exhort us to toils The Utopians’ approach, More explains, is superior: and vigils and squalid self-denial, and at the same time They seek alliances based on common interest, and fight commands us to relieve the poverty and lighten the bur- wars only when they have a just reason, seeking to win dens of others in accordance with our humanity. So they them with as little bloodshed as possible. conclude that nature herself prescribes a life of joy (that is, More, by describing a dialogue at the dinner table of of pleasure) as the goal of life. That is what they mean by his former patron John Morton, discusses the foundation saying that virtue is living according to nature.” of justice in a society which is run on the basis of the More asserts that man must fulfill his need for suste- General Welfare. More argues that the moral uplifting of nance, and not live the life of an ascetic. But, beyond this, the population, is the foundation for any effort to control he shows how man can find a higher pleasure than the crime, and that the harsh punishments of the time did sensual, which is the pleasure one derives from living a not deter crime. life coherent with reason. More draws a picture of a Utopian government, as a Not long after the publication of Utopia, More found republic in which most government positions were to be himself permanently engaged in the royal service. At elected; the prince, for example, was to be elected for life. this period of his reign, Henry VIII delighted in sur- For such a government to function, however, would rounding himself with men of note and learning. require leaders who were committed to the common good, Humanist scholars found a cordial welcome from him as well as a population capable of electing such leaders and and from the Queen. John Colet was their chosen advising them in carrying out the functions of govern- preacher; Linacre, the royal physician; Tunstall, the Mas- ment. More tells Raphael: “Your Plato thinks that com- ter of the Rolls. monwealths will only become happy when either philoso- The King was determined to attach so brilliant a phers become kings, or kings become philosophers. No man as More to his Court. “He could not rest, until he wonder we are so far from happiness, when philosophers had dragged More to his Court—dragged is the word,” do not deign to assist kings with their counsels.” wrote Erasmus, “for no one ever tried more strenuously An advanced system of universal education is present- to gain admission to Court, than he did to escape from ed. Commenting on the parasitical nature of the Euro- it.” “He hates despotism and likes equality,” wrote Eras- pean aristocracy, More remarks that in Utopia, since the mus of More. “He is fond of liberty and leisure, though entire population works, and there is no aristocratic class no one is more ready and industrious when duty that consumes without producing, everyone in Utopia requires it. He was much averse from spending his time has leisure time for study. Among the subjects empha- at Court, though one could not wish to serve a kinder or

75 more unexacting prince.”20 ic in English history. Erasmus described how More used his position to protect Elizabeth’s government carried out policies to protect the poor: “You would say that he had been appointed the and develop England’s industries. In some industries, public guardian of all those in need.” He also used his posi- such as coal production, the rate of expansion even tion to promote the educational reforms launched by his cir- exceeded that which occurred during the Industrial Rev- cle. Perhaps the greatest positive accomplishment of the olution of the Nineteenth century. The iron industry, reign of Henry VIII, was the expansion and transformation which had stagnated or even declined through the reign of the educational system. Backed by Henry VIII, More was of Henry VIII, grew four-fold over the next sixty years. able to protect the New Learning against attempts to stifle The shipbuilding industry was expanded through new it. In 1518, More delivered his famous address defending laws, and more rigorous enforcement of old ones. The with all his force the New Learning of the humanists, with government also protected and encouraged industries special reference to the teaching of Erasmus. where England had previously been dependent on More was appointed Chancellor in 1529, after the imports, such as paper-making, glass-making, salt pro- downfall of Cardinal Wolsey. By then, however, Henry duction, copper mining, gunfounding, and the manufac- VIII was completely caught in the Venetian trap. He had ture of gun powder. embarked on a course of setting himself up as the The expansion of literacy launched by the Erasmus- supreme religious authority in England. The Venetian More circle, continued under Elizabeth. By the end of grouping wanted More out of the way, and succeeded in her reign, the literacy level in England had reached getting him executed. More was replaced as Chancellor around 33 percent, one of the highest rates in the world by Thomas Cromwell, who was completely committed at that time. And the English language reached its high- to the Venetian strategy. est level of development during this era, as exemplified by the works of Shakespeare and the King James version Shakespeare and the Reign of Elizabeth I of the Bible. Although records about William Shakespeare’s youth It was under Henry VII’s granddaughter, Queen Eliza- are very limited, enough is known to show that he was a beth I, that the combination of the new institutions of product of the cultural revolution that had been launched the nation-state, and the improvements in education, a half-century earlier by the circle of Erasmus and brought the most dramatic results. In many ways, Thomas More. the reign of Elizabeth, 1558-1603, was the most dynam- Shakespeare was born in April of 1564. He probably

Shakespeare’s Histories: The Lawlessness of Feudal Rule n his history plays of England’s Plantagenet dynasty, time-honored arrangements between king and feudal IShakespeare poses the question of the king’s responsi- lords, seizing lands to finance his wars of foreign con- bilities and personal qualities of leadership, against the quest, and justifying his actions by claiming the divine backdrop of a feudal society whose government is neces- right of kings. His cousin, Bolingbroke, rallies the coun- sarily unlawful and illegitimate, because it rejects the try to reject Richard II’s violations of the feudal order, principle of the common good as the basis for statecraft. and in the end crowns himself King Henry IV. An • The earliest king whom Shakespeare wrote about unjust king has been replaced by one whose claim to the was King John, who reigned from 1199 to 1216. Shake- throne is illegitimate. speare portrays the King as governing not by law, but his • The lack of legitimacy runs like a curse throughout own ability to assert his own power. King John repeated- Shakespeare’s histories of Henry IV, Henry V, Henry VI, ly acts arbitrarily and violently, while justifying his and Richard III. Henry IV revolves around the attempts behavior with speeches about how his legitimacy is of a faction of the nobility, centered around the Percy derived directly from God. John’s ugly behavior so out- family, to overthrow Henry. The revolt fails, because the raged the people, that he brought on his own downfall. opposing lords fall out among themselves over plans to • In Richard II, Shakespeare shows how a nation divide the kingdom into three. This scheme proves their governed by feudal codes, quickly degenerates into rule claim to the English throne to be even more illegitimate by the strongest. Richard II (r. 1377-1399) violates the than that of Henry himself.

76 entered school around age five, and moved on to gram- Plautus. At the age of eleven, he would have graduated mar school at seven. Here, he would have used William to works by Cicero, such as De Officiis and Erasmus’s De Lily’s Short Introduction to Grammar, which was the stan- Copia. Shakespeare’s mastery of the subjects was good dard Latin primer of the day. enough, that he is reported to have worked as a tutor is Shakespeare’s play The Merry Wives of Windsor, contains the house of Alexander Hoghton. a parody on the Lily text, with a young boy—appropriate- Beyond Shakespeare’s use of Thomas More’s History of ly named William—being drilled on Latin grammar: King Richard the Third, in writing his own Life and Death of King Richard III, the clearest evidence of More’s direct Parson Evans: Nominativo, hig, hag, hog; pray you, mark: influence on Shakespeare, and Shakespeare’s greatest genitivo, hujus. Well, what is your accusative case? William: Accusativo, hinc. tribute to More, is contained in the sections that Shake- Parson Evans: I pray you, have your remembrance, child. speare contributed to a play on the life of More. The play, Accusativo, hung, hang, hog. written by Anthony Munday, was rejected by the censors, Mistress Quickly: ‘Hang-hog’ is Latin for bacon, I warrant and Shakespeare re-wrote several sections, trying to you. make it acceptable, so it could be performed. In one Parson Evans: Leave your prabbles, ’oman.—What is the scene, Shakespeare shows More, as sheriff of London, focative case, William? calming a riot against foreign residents on May Day of William: O, —vocotivo, O. 1517. Later, Shakespeare portrays More as reflecting on Parson Evans: Remember, William: focative is caret. his appointment as Chancellor, vowing to reject the cor- Mistress Quickly: And that’s a good root. ruption brought on by honour, high office, and wealth: Evans: ’Oman, forbear. Mistress Page: Peace! It is in heaven that I am thus and thus, Parson Evans: What is your genitive case plural, William? And that which we profanely term our fortunes William: Genitive case? Is the provision of the power above, Parson Evans: Ay. Fitted and shaped just to that strength of nature William: Genitivo: horum, harum, horum. Which we were born withal. Good God, good God, Mistress Quickly: Vengeance of Jenny’s case! fie on her! never That I from such an humble bench of birth name her, child, if she be a whore.21 Should step as ’twere up to my country’s head And give the law out there; ay, in my father’s life In grammar school, Shakespeare would have been To take prerogative and tithe of knees taught Erasmus’s Cato, and the works of Terence and From elder kinsmen, and him bind by my place

• Henry V won a series of spectacular victories against When Edward IV died in 1483, he left the government the French during his short reign, from 1413 to 1422. in the hands of his brother, Richard, who was named Shakespeare’s Henry V centers around the victory at Agin- regent. Richard quickly seized power and crowned court, and ends with Henry V forcing a treaty on the himself King Richard III, murdering his potential French King that names Henry as his heir. But Shake- rivals. Richard’s brutal behavior rapidly alienated the speare portrays the war as, among other things, a thor- nobility and common people, who sought out Henry oughly corrupt undertaking, motivated by a desire for Tudor, then in France, as an alternative. A conspiracy plunder. The play ends with a negotiated peace and mar- was hatched in England, while Henry gathered an army riage, overshadowed by a warning of impending disaster. around himself in France, and returned to victory at the • The premature death of Henry V left the king- Battle of Bosworth. dom in the hands of squabbling factions of the nobility. The transition from Richard III to Henry VII was The three plays that Shakespeare wrote about Henry VI not merely a change of dynasty. While in France, Hen- were his first. The collapse of England’s position in ry assembled the core of his future government, includ- France, and the disintegration of England, is shown, ing the services of a number of learned men, such as with the factions of the English aristocracy squabbling Richard Fox and John Morton, who remained his advis- while the King, Henry VI, is portrayed as a virtual ers for life. Henry VII was a new type of ruler, whose bystander, incapable of directing events. actions were based on a fundamentally different concep- • Edward IV of the House of York triumphed over tion of nation-state government, as opposed to the feu- King Henry VI of the House of Lancaster in 1471. dal brigandage of the Plantagenets. —RT

77 To give the smooth and dexter way to me subversion, was its cultural subversion. In Europe and in That owe it him by nature! Sure these things, England, itself, the culture was gradually subverted with Not physicked by respect, might turn our blood the re-introduction of the ideology of Aristotle in new To much corruption. But More, the more thou hast forms, such as philosophical empiricism. Either of honour, office, wealth and calling, Finally, the flawed nature of the monarchical form of Which might accite thee to embrace and hug them, The more do thou e’en serpents’ natures think them: government was demonstrated, when Elizabeth picked a Fear their gay skins, with thought of their sharp stings, completely unworthy successor, James of Scotland, who And let this be thy maxim: to be great became James I of England. Elizabeth, who had no chil- Is, when the thread of hazard is once spun, dren, chose a successor with no commitment to the Eng- A bottom great wound up, greatly undone.22 lish Renaissance. Under James I, the cultural decay accelerated. James Thus, Shakespeare portrays More as a model for rejected the most important aspect of the Tudor revolu- everyone: motivated by a desire to do God’s work in pro- tion, the creation of a literate, educated population. moting the General Welfare, and knowing that to Indicative of the reactionary direction of the new regime become fixated on his own wealth and power, would was the rise of men like Francis Bacon, who eventually bring about his own undoing. Indeed, Shakespeare’s became Lord Chancellor. Bacon told King James, that works, which have been the most widely circulated liter- the education of the working classes would cause a short- ature in the history of the English language, played a vital age of farmers and artisans, and fill up the kingdom with role in the education of the population to become this sort “indigent, idle and wanton people.” He advised James of citizen. that there were too many grammar schools. But, the world during this period was increasingly Ultimately, there developed in England a group of governed by the axioms created by Venetian manipula- republicans committed to the principles of a nation-state tion. Europe was increasingly split into hostile blocs, dedicated to the General Welfare, which Henry VII had rather than governed by the community of principle established as the basis for the English nation. When they sought by Henry VII, Erasmus, and More. found England, under the Venetian-style ruling class that Beginning with decisions made in the early 1580’s, the had captured it, to be intolerable, they followed the path Venetian financial oligarchy moved its base of operations that John Cabot had taken over a hundred years earlier, into The Netherlands and England. In 1600, the British beyond the grip of that oligarchy, establishing, on the shores East India Company was formed, which grew into one of of North America, a colony that would grow into the first the ugliest instruments of British colonialism. A century true nation-state republic, explicitly dedicated to the princi- later, this Venetian financial oligarchy was firmly in con- ples for which Henry VII had fought. This marked the trol of England. completion of the struggles waged by Henry VII and his However, even deadlier than the oligarchy’s financialscollaborators three centuries earlier. 1. The Oxford History of Britain, ed. by Kenneth O. Morgan (Lon- 13. Antonia MacLean, Humanism and the Rise of Science in Tudor don: The Oxford University Press, 1984), p. 225. England (New York: Heinemann Educational, 1972). 2. Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr., “A Philosophy for Victory: Can We 14. Donald Phau, “Ersamus of Rotterdam: The Educator’s Educa- Change the Universe?,” Executive Intelligence Review, March 1, tor,” Fidelio, Summer 1995 (Vol. IV, No. 2). 2001 (Vol. 28, No. 9); reprinted in Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr., The 15. Desiderius Erasmus, The Praise of Folly, in The Essential Erasmus, Economics of the Noösphere (Washington, D.C.: EIR News Ser- trans. by John Dolan (New York: New American Library, 1964), vice, 2001). p. 144. 3. S.B. Chrimes, Henry VII (Berkeley, Cal.: University of California 16. Quoted in Roland H. Bainton, Erasmus of Christendom (New Press, 1972), p. 16. York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1969), p. 71. 4. Quoted in Chrimes, ibid., pp. 298-299. 17. Kenneth A. Lockridge, Literacy in Colonial New England (New 5. Gladys Temperley, Henry VII (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood York: W.W. Norton, 1974). Press, 1971), p. 51. 18. Ibid., p. 12. 6. Ibid., p. 197. 19. Linda Simon, Of Virtue Rare: Margaret Beaufort, Matriarch of the 7. Quoted in Temperley, ibid., p. 237. House of Tudor (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1982), p. 132. 8. Ibid., p. 49. 20. Enid M.G. Routh, Thomas More and His Friends (London: Oxford 9. Ibid., p. 195. University Press, 1934), p. 89. 10. Ibid., p. 192. 21. Quoted in Anthony Holden, William Shakespeare, The Man 11. R.H. Tawney, Tudor Economic Documents (London: Longmans, Behind the Genius (Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown and Company, Green and Co., 1951). 1999), p. 33. 12. Temperley, op. cit., p. 183. 22. Quoted in Holden, ibid., p. 200.

78 Conference keynotes: Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr. (left), Helga Zepp LaRouche (below).

of this grouping in the Israeli leader- ship. Put together, these elements rep- resent the detonator for a religious war, a Clash of Civilizations, of which the Ariel Sharon-led dictatorship in Israel is the leading edge. LaRouche underlined his own role in averting the danger the Clash of Civ- ilizations poses for the whole world, concluding, “And we, who are not going to live to see it, can think 50 years

EIRNS/Gene Schenk ahead—two generations—and say, ‘At Washington, D.C. Conference ‘Continue the American Revolution!’

ver 900 people, including more viewed the apparatus Othan a dozen state legislators and at that directed the Sept. 11 least 100 students, met in Reston, Va. coup attempt against the over Presidents’ Day weekend, to engage Bush Administration, as

in a dialogue with American statesman he did in his cam- EIRNS/Stuart Lewis and 2004 Democratic Presidential pre- paign’s recent Special candidate Lyndon LaRouche and the Report, “Zbigniew Brzezinski and last, we have within our reach, the pos- leaders of his political movement. September 11th.” He began with the sibility of establishing an order on this LaRouche’s keynote speech put the military grouping that had to be planet, which is fit for the human strategic conjuncture sharply into involved, followed by the fascist poli- beings, and all of the human beings, focus, going back to 1971, when cy-makers, and then the collaborators who live in it.’” Richard Nixon took LaRouche’s keynote was followed by the dollar off gold. an informative and polemical presenta- LaRouche said, I warned then that we were headed toward a disintegration pro- cess that would lead to fascism, if certain changes weren’t made. And, “as of Sept. 11, and look- ing at the events of Sept. 11, and what’s behind them, we are at the edge of fas-

cism—globally, EIRNS/Stuart Lewis right now.” Dr. Simbi Mubako, Ambassador to the U.S.

LaRouche re- EIRNS/Stuart Lewis from Zimbabwe, addresses conference.

79 American Intellectual Tradition: panelists Int’l Webcasts Nancy Spannaus, Graham Lowry. uring the first five months of 2002, DDemocratic Presidential pre-can- didate Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr. such as the water- addressed three seminars in Washing- sheds of the Italian ton, D.C., all of which were webcast. Renaissance and On January 24, LaRouche issued a the American Rev- moral challenge to U.S. and world polit- olution. A dialogue ical leaders, to step forward with him in EIRNS/Stuart Lewis EIRNS/Stuart Lewis of cultures must be a life-or-death battle to save civilization. tion by Simbi Mubako, the Zimbabwean based on the best periods of all cultures, In the face of both a systemic financial Ambassador to the U.S., on the way the she said. breakdown crisis, and a threat of world British and the I.M.F. are trying to The final panel of the conference empire by the fascist gang around for- return his country to colonialism. dealt with the American Intellectual mer Carter National Security Adviser After a brief musical offering by the Tradition as key to economic recovery, Zbigniew Brzezinski and Harvard Schiller Institute chorus, the evening with presentations on the heritage of political scientist and global strategist session took up “Brzezinski’s and Hunt- Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamil- Samuel Huntington—the gang which ington’s Universal Fascism: The Special ton, Abraham Lincoln, and Franklin D. inspired the attempted coup d’état of Case of Sharon’s Israel.” Roosevelt, with particular emphasis on Sept. 11—LaRouche said that the world the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). desperately needs leadership which will Dialogue of Cultures The second day of the conference was keynoted by Helga Zepp LaRouche, LaRouche’s wife and founder of the Schiller Institute. She took up the theme of the alternative to the Clash of Civi- lizations—namely, the dialogue of cul- tures, beginning with the call she herself had put forward last October, along the lines of Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa’s dia- logue, “The Peace of Faith.” Zepp LaRouche demonstrated to the audience, the way in which to uncover the universal principles, from above, that can unite mankind despite

our divergent, and apparently EIRNS/Stuart Lewis conflicting, religions and cul- tures. She took up, in particular, the ancient religions of India and Egypt, and brought out the com- mon themes of man’s relation- ship to God. What you find, she said, is that the concept of imago dei exists in all the major religions, even as certain breakthroughs were made in specific cultures,

Top right: Brzezinski’s Universal Fascism: panelists Jeffrey Steinberg (podium) and Harley Schlanger. Right: Schiller Institute chorus,

under the baton of John Sigerson. EIRNS/Stuart Lewis

80 Hear Strategic Direction from LaRouche

face reality, and act to support the estab- lishment of a community of principle among sovereign nations, in order to restore economic growth. The problem, LaRouche said, is that there is a crisis of leadership in Europe and the Americas. “We have people in this country who could be part of the solution, including seasoned political figures, if they were brought together as a force. But we don’t have them togeth- er at this time, and one of the things I’m trying to do today, is to shame them into moving in that direction. Step forward, and begin to show the kind of leader- ship this country needs for this crisis. Bypass the two parties. Just give some leadership outside the two-party frame-

work, and then come back and reorga- EIRNS videograb nize the party system by showing a lead- Memorial Day webcast viewed at Washington, D.C. seminar. ership which can rally the American people.” Roman Empire, or worse. dominant political faction in Washing- How can people find the courage to Americans and international leaders ton, to the outlook of the traditional fight? For that, LaRouche offered his alike have been alarmed to see the ongo- American military, in which the pur- own role: “I can offer you the credibility ing disintegration of the U.S. Presidency, pose of war is to win the peace. The func- of my success as a forecaster, which is— which has, in fact, led it to support the war tion of war, he said, is to defend the con- I can promise you, I can assure you—is drive of Israel’s Nazi-like butcher, Ariel cept of man made in the image of the unmatched. I can offer you my dedica- Sharon. At the same time, representatives Creator, and to bring the human race tion to what I’ve told you I’m dedicated of the Anglo-American crowd which con- together as a community of sovereign to. I can offer you my knowledge and trols Sharon, are promoting a process of nation-states. commitment to try to attempt to use the expanding warfare in Asia, South Ameri- Unlike animals, man can make dis- influence of the United States, to bring ca, and the rest of the Middle East. coveries of universal scientific princi- about a reorganization of a worthless, LaRouche stressed repeatedly the ples, which are things which cannot be bankrupt monetary system. I can need for action in the true national inter- felt, smelled, or seen. By thinking in promise you the use of my knowledge, est of the United States, a national inter- terms of principles, one has the power and that of others I can rally to me, to est which has not been understood by any to deal with great crises, because one bring about the economic mobilization President since 1964. He also invoked the is aware of his or her power to trans- to restore this nation, and other nations, action of President Dwight Eisenhower form, and improve, the universe and to what they should be. I can promise from 1956, when he intervened sharply mankind. you that I am committed not to an against England, France, and Israel in the LaRouche gave the example of empire, but to what some people call a Suez Crisis. Building the political envi- Jeanne d’Arc, a real historical case of a multi-polar world: a community of prin- ronment, by telling the truth, to permit young peasant girl who took the ciple among perfectly sovereign nation- that kind of decisive action to be taken in responsibility to save her nation, thus states, which I think is the only way this the Middle East, is the crucial task of providing the example which inspired planet can be managed. And I can those who wish to save civilization. the republican tradition of the nation- promise you that I’ll fight now, and I’ll state, which eventually came to fruition fight until I die. I will not quit.” How To Win the Peace in the founding of the United States Then, on May 28, LaRouche presented a itself. Peace, or Perpetual War? Memorial Day address on how to locate Republicans in Europe built the In a speech webcast on May 1, courage in oneself to inspire others to United States, LaRouche emphasized, LaRouche said: Either people follow his the necessary fight. and it would not have happened with- pathway to peace, or face the outbreak Here, LaRouche sharply contrasted out great leaders like France’s Jeanne of “perpetual war,” in the style of the the war-fighting perspective of today’s d’Arc and England’s Thomas More.

81 Arab Oil Conference ‘The Mideast As A Crossroad’ yndon LaRouche was a featured Lspeaker at a June 1-2 conference on “The Role of Oil and Gas in World Poli- tics,” held in Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates. LaRouche’s presentation, “The Middle East as a Strategic Cross- road,” went to the heart of the only strate- gy for breaking out of perpetual war and developing the region. He told the 150 leading Arabs and others present, that fresh water development was more cru- EIRNS/Paolo Vitali cial even than oil to the region’s future; “Iniziativa Italia” forum: Lyndon LaRouche (left), host Danilo Broggi (right). and that new Land-Bridge transportation corridors across Eurasia and into Africa were the key to its development. In its Arabic-language press release, Italy: Economic Development Abu Dhabi’s influential Zayed Centre for Coordination and Follow-Up To Defeat Clash of Civilizations (ZCCF), which hosted LaRouche, announced that “the conference would yndon LaRouche addressed two with their orientation toward advancing be an appropriate opportunity for the Lmeetings at the prestigious Palazzo productive technologies, form the perfect attendance by the major American dei Giureconsulti in the center of Milan, complement to the large-scale infrastruc- Italy on March 21-22. The first, a dinner ture projects that are at the center of organized by a leading regional legislator LaRouche’s proposals for rebuilding the in the Lombardy area, consisted of about world economy, as exemplified in his Brazil:LaRouche 100 representatives of political, business, Eurasian Land-Bridge proposal. and professional circles from the region. Key to the role of the production-ori- n a solemn ceremony June 12, Lyndon The second, a public event organized by ented entrepreneur, said LaRouche, is IH. LaRouche, Jr. was awarded hon- the entrepreneurs’ association “Iniziativa the goal of promoting the common good. orary citizenship of Sao Paulo by the City Italia,” was attended by over 100 busi- Thus, as opposed to those who seek to Council of that city of more than 18 mil- nessmen, press, students, and supporters maximize short-term financial profits, lion people, the third largest in the world. of the LaRouche movement in Italy. small and medium-sized businesses must LaRouche was invited to Brazil to receive LaRouche, whose fight for a new, be oriented toward creating jobs and real this honor by Dr. Havanir Nimtz, the just economic system and global devel- value in the economy. principal representative on the Sao Paulo opment has been well known in Italy for LaRouche was very well received at City Council of the PRONA party, nearly 30 years, also had an official both events, with many of the partici- founded by Dr. Eneas Carneiro, one of meeting March 22 with the Presidency pants thanking him for his courage in Brazil’s preeminent cardiologists and a of the Lombard regional Parliament, waging an international fight for these former Presidential candidate. including a delegation of regional legis- ideas. Danilo Broggi, the president of LaRouche and his wife Helga Zepp lators from both the government and Milan’s Association of Small Enterpris- LaRouche, accompanied by Dr. Eneas, opposition parties. es, introduced LaRouche by saying that visited a plenary session of the City At both events, as well as in several if he had to condense LaRouche’s eco- Council on June 12, and were introduced private meetings, LaRouche emphasized nomic views into a slogan, it would be, to the body by Councilwoman Havanir. the importance of entrepreneurship as a “More production and less finance.” He The Council session was later formally driving force for economic development, also concluded the meeting with a state- suspended, in order to convene the spe- as opposed to the model of the corporate ment that his positive impression of cial session awarding LaRouche his citi- manager, who is oriented toward finance LaRouche had been strengthened, and zenship. After the official proclamation and the marketplace—a model which is that the central message of the meeting was handed to LaRouche, Dr. Havanir now going down the drain along with had been the ability of the economic sys- and Dr. Eneas each spoke about the bankrupt international financial sys- tem, and the building of infrastructure, LaRouche’s work and contributions. tem. Small and medium-sized businesses, to contribute to the common good. If there is to be hope for the world,

82 A Crossroad’ politician and a Presidential candidate in earlier and coming elections, Lyndon LaRouche. . . . The invitation of the American Presidential candidate Lyn- don LaRouche, according to the ZCCF, was extended to him as an appreciation of the positive stances expressed by LaRouche towards the causes of the Arab nation and the just causes in all parts of the world in general.” LaRouche gave the second major pre-

sentation on the opening day of the con- ZCCF ference, which drew energy ministers Lyndon LaRouche addresses conference at Zayed Centre for Coordination and Follow-Up, and other leaders from Mideast nations flanked by U.A.E. Oil Minister Obeid Bin Saif Al-Nasseri (left) and Mohammad Khalifa Al to Abu Dhabi. He concluded by telling Murrar, Executive Director of the Centre (right). them, “Under present conditions of gen- eral bankruptcy of the world’s financial ed, largely, for essential programs of ly by perfectly sovereign nation-states, system, while a large-scale reorganiza- long-term building of basic economic under terms of simple interest for loans tion of bankrupt assets is underway, the infrastructure. This investment in infra- of up to a quarter-century or greater crucial margin of economic recovery will structure will then cause expansion of maturity. Under these conditions, there be the creation of new, low-cost, long- agricultural and industrial development. must be a greatly increased flow of high term credit, which will be initially inject- This investment must be supplied large- Please turn to page 85 Made Honorary Citizen of Sao Paulo

United States the world wants. LaRouche gave three additional pub- lic addresses during his week-long visit to Brazil. His first, on “The Global Sys- temic Crisis and the End of ‘Free Trade,’” was given at a forum spon- sored by the Alumni Association of the Superior War College (ADESG), held in the auditorium of the Latin Ameri- can Parliament in Sao Paulo on June 11. Former Superior War College director Gen. Oswaldo Muniz Oliva, and Cong. Marcos Cintra, who currently heads the Congressional committee which deals with the negotiations for the Free Trade Agreement of the Americas (FTAA),

EIRNS/Steven Meyer offered their comments following City Councilwoman Dr. Havanir Nimtz presents Lyndon LaRouche with honorary LaRouche’s remarks. citizenship of Sao Paulo. At rear: Helga Zepp LaRouche and Dr. Eneas Carneiro (left). On June 13, LaRouche was the fea- tured speaker at a business luncheon the United States has to be brought back Fathers, and that of the Tories, still sponsored by the Sao Paulo Commercial to its senses, Mrs. LaRouche said in brief allied to the British Empire. The deci- Association. The following day, he remarks during the ceremony. There sion to grant honorary citizenship to my keynoted the Fifth “Brazil-Argentina: are two Americas: that which continues husband, she said, sends the most pow- The Moment of Truth” Seminar, orga- the intellectual tradition of its Founding erful possible message about which Please turn to page 85

83 Dialogue of Cultures Institute Hosts German-Iranian Festival wo cities in Germany, Düsseldorf the Silk Road.” She went directly into man-Persian magazine Kaweh, began Tand Wiesbaden, were scenes of the middle of the battlefield, so to speak, his presentation by reciting the opening extraordinary events sponsored by the by taking on Samuel Huntington’s con- verses of Schiller’s “Die Glocke” (“The Schiller Institute and the German-Iran- cept of a coming “Clash of Civilizations,” Bell”) in German. Dr. Assemi praised ian Theatre Forum on April 20 and and his thesis that there cannot be an the dialogue of cultures, and warned April 27, respectively. The theme of both understanding among the different reli- that religion should not be misused. was “Living Dialogue Instead of War of gions. She contrasted this viewpoint to The next speaker, Ahmed Rahimi- Cultures—A Festival of Persian and Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa’s concept of Nawardamouz, also from the German- German Poetry”—a theme that there- unity in manifold, and his dialogue “De Iranian Theatre Forum, was a young fore presented a direct challenge to the Pace Fidei” (“On the Peace of Faith”), in man who stated that, in their essence, all ruling “Clash of Civilizations” culture. which representatives of religions from Persians are poets—they have a very In Duesseldorf, 130 people came to all over the world are led to discover the metaphorical, poetical way of looking at participate in a symposium, a discussion, basis for collaboration and peace, despite things, and thinking. and an evening cultural program. In their doctrinal differences. The final speaker was the Schiller Wiesbaden, the audience ranged from The next speech, by Vida Bahrami of Institute’s Muriel Mirak Weissbach, 80 for the symposium, to 150 for the the German-Iranian Theatre Forum, on who spoke on “World Poetry: Transla- evening program. the Fourteenth-century poet Muham- tion as a Means for Understanding The symposium began with a presen- mad Schams-ad-Din Hafis, was given in Among Peoples.” tation by Helga Zepp LaRouche, Persian, with a very short German The evening program was presented founder of the Schiller Institute, entitled translation. by the “Dichterpflänzchen” (“Budding “Unity in the Manifold: The Culture of Dr. M. Assemi, publisher of the Ger- Poets”), a poetry recitation group spon-

these products are bestial, and that they aim at producing a bestial outcome? We Need an International Protocol The idea of molding soldiers into blind obeyers of orders and eager For the Banning of Violent Videos! killing machines, comes out of the utopian military doctrine of such peo- On May 1, Helga Zepp LaRouche, is a worldwide phenomenon, one which ple as Samuel Huntington, as he set founder of the Schiller Institute and lead represents as grave a threat to human this forth in his book, The Soldier and candidate of the BueSo Party slate in Ger- civilization, as does the outbreak of a the State. It runs directly contrary to the many’s fall elections, issued a call for the new life-threatening epidemic disease. tradition of Lazare Carnot and Scharn- banning of violent video games. Excerpts The ugly reality is, that even if the horst, who developed the concept of the follow. sale of such satanic computer games citizen-soldier, whereby the officer in were banned tomorrow, this would not particular should be of exemplary char- n the wake of the gruesome massacre repair the damage that has already been acter, with an especially refined sense Icommitted by 19-year-old Robert done. We must therefore ask ourselves: of the General Welfare, one who Steinhaeuser, responsible citizens can What has brought a considerable part should be able to think for himself, and only have one reaction: Germany must of our society to the point of tolerating be able to creatively carry out the call upon the United Nations to establish ever more perverse forms of violence in assigned objective. ... a protocol for a worldwide ban on the such “action movies” as “Terminator” Utopian Military Doctrine production and sale of films, computer (Robert Steinhaeuser’s favorite movie), games, and videos glorifying violence. and in such games as “Doom,” If one takes stock of the past three This is necessary, because this “New “Quake,” and so forth? What is wrong decades’ history in the United States, it Violence,” as manifested in the massacre with the axioms in the minds of many becomes quite evident that the respon- in Erfurt, is by no means a “sociological adults in our society, who notice only sibility for this phenomenon of youth accident” or a “freak incident.” Rather, it now (if they notice anything at all) that violence must be placed at the feet of

84 Middle East Continued from page 83 technology to regions and localities of the world in which there is critical lack of sufficient technological inputs. “These measures must be adopted,” LaRouche said, “not as a matter of taste, but as a matter of survival.” The Zayed Centre conference was extensively covered throughout the Arab world. Dubai’s Business Satellite Channel featured clips of LaRouche speaking, and said, “The discussion was dominated by the events of Sept. 11.” Egypt’s Al-Hayat cited at length La- Rouche’s warnings of financial crash and proposals for reorganization of the financial system with long-term credit

EIRNS videograb and trade agreements. Helga Zepp LaRouche addresses Dusseldorf Festival, with panelists Dr. M. Assemi of Kaweh magazine (left) and Birgit Vitt of the Schiller Institute (right).

sored by the Schiller Institute, whose led by Iradj Zohari, which presented Sao Paulo members are from Duesseldorf and excerpts from the fairy tale “Turandot,” Continued from page 83 Wiesbaden, and a small theatre group, after Elias ben Nezami. nized jointly by his associates in the Ibero-American Solidarity Movement (MSIA), and the Ibero-American Inte- gration and Identity Movement those military and elected officials ation with responsible representatives of (MINEII) founded by friends of Argen- who, despite overwhelming evidence the media, are correct and necessary tine Colonel Mohamed Alí Seineldín. presented by medical and psychologi- measures. But these alone will not be The seminar, held at the auditorium of cal experts, and despite the empirical sufficient to block access via the Internet the ADESG in Sao Paulo, opened with experience of a widespread de-sensiti- or across national borders, nor will it a public exchange of ideas between zation among youths, did nothing to succeed in reversing the effect of those LaRouche and Col. Seineldín, the latter halt this process of degeneration. products which are already circulating speaking by telephone from his military Indeed, one cannot help but get the among our young people, and generally prison in Argentina. impression that this process was inten- in the population. Helga Zepp LaRouche opened the tionally encouraged. After all, how Therefore, Germany should pro- second panel of this seminar with a pre- could global military operations be pose that the United Nations establish sentation on the strategic importance of carried out, if it weren’t for a steady an international protocol for the ban- the Eurasian Land-Bridge for the inte- supply of emotionally immature, trig- ning of these violence-glorifying gration of Ibero-America. Dr. Vasco de ger-happy young recruits? videos. Azevedo Neto, former federal Con- And, secondly, we will only be able gressman and Presidential candidate, Spiritual Demoralization to heal the damage that has already followed her, speaking on the necessity This plague of violence-glorifying hor- been done in our country, by returning of completing the Great Waterway, his ror films and computer games has now immediately to an educational policy name for the long-overdue project to spread around the globe. The fact is based on the Christian-humanist link the Orinoco, Amazon, and La Plata likewise inescapable, that this has led image of man, in the tradition of Wil- river basins of South America. to a dangerous state of spiritual desola- helm von Humboldt. That is the only During their visit, Mrs. LaRouche tion and demoralization among a large way we will be able to give our chil- was also invited by the Sao Paulo State percentage of those who consume dren and young people the spiritual Appellate Criminal Court to discuss the these media products. strength to reject these bestial concep- threat of the New Violence, and her A ban on violent videos, and cooper- tions on their own. proposal for international legal action banning the most violent video games [SEE Box, facing page].

85 ‘The beauty of Bach is the freedom he gives us ...’ András Schiff, Pianist

András Schiff gave a piano recital in Hamburg, Germany, on April For me, Bach is a 25, 2001, which aroused such a storm of enthusiasm in the audience very religious man, that, following the artist’s content- in the best sense of rich, as well as extraordinarily tech- the word: a man nically demanding, concert, three encores were called for. Schiff had who considers the deliberately provoked his audience composing of music with the program: Bach’s art of composition ran through the entire as a mission, as a concert like a “red thread.” The duty. principles of Classical composition could be heard clearly, not only from Beethoven and Schumann (of course), Schiff’s proposal; but in the “modern” works by Janácˇek and given that, certainly Bartók (both of whom were composing at none of the partici- the beginning of the last century). And, pants were startled Schiff manifests this self-same courage—to when, after some use deliberate intellectual challenges to sur- hesitation, the Berlin, prise and to educate his audience—even as well as the Vienna beyond the concert hall. Philharmonic musi- For example, his fight against the cians, supported the Manfred Thomas absurdly high “Karajan-tuning,” which he proposal. Yet, even this small consensus was ly, that prompts the question: What broadened with a new battle on the side- not possible, because, unfortunately, the value do you place on Bach’s music? lines of the last Salzburg Festival. Because influential conductor Pierre Boulez buried András Schiff: Of course, “framing” of his invitation, members of the Berlin and the discussion, with nothing resulting at the with Bach was no accident—I wanted to Vienna Philharmonics (both of which end. close the circle. And Bach’s value? orchestras play at an extremely high pitch, On the day after the Hamburg concert, That’s not easy to put into words. Bach’s even above A=445 Hz), as well as opera Ortrun and Hartmut Cramer had an oppor- music is very important for me; it is the singers, and even conductors, discussed tunity to conduct an extensive conversation most important for my life. The entire Schiff’s proposal, “to at least agree on 440 with the pianist. This interview appeared music literature following Bach—all Hz as a least common denominator.” originally in the Third Quarter 2001 issue of music intrigues and interests me, and Immediately, Hildegard Behrens, repre- Ibykus, the German-language sister publi- everything I treasure in music comes senting the interest of singers, argued for cation of Fidelio. from Bach. If a composer has no rela- tionship to Bach, then, it doesn’t really interest me at all. Bach is an entire musi- Fidelio: We were very inspired by your Bach—“Capriccio über die Abreise des cal, yet human, worldview. Here, the concert last evening, and it can serve as a geliebten Bruders” [“Capriccio on the music must be spiritual, not physical. It good starting point for our conversation. Departure of a Beloved Brother”], and can make me happy, and sustain me, but Above all, we noticed, of course—and then covered a very large musical time- it is much more. It is the content of that fits well into a discussion about the span, up to Janácˇek and Bartók, and Bach’s music that intrigues me so. music of Johann Sebastian Bach—that then, interestingly, ended ultimately Above all, Bach’s lack of egotism— you began with an early piece by with Bach again, as an encore. Natural- the incredible devotion and modesty.

86 With Bach, we don’t have the “image of some not. But I play Bach every day. ago. Almost nothing has changed there. genius” that certainly so strongly charac- And that’s bad, because it has petrified a terizes Mozart. But, people must be very Fidelio: So, you do exactly what Pablo bit. Even in Hungary it was so, even clear about Bach’s enormous gift, his Casals did? He played Bach every day, though I had great teachers there, espe- uniqueness. For me, Bach is a very reli- too. cially György Kurtág. gious man, in the best sense of the word: Schiff: Yes, I’ve indirectly learned, or From Kurtág, and my other teachers a man who considers the composing of ascribe that to Casals. To be sure, you Pál Kadosa and Professor Ferenc Rados, music as a mission, as a duty. The quali- have to have an urge for it, too. A spiri- I learned a great deal about Bach, too. I ty that comes forth in his work is truly tual, but above all an intellectual—yes, benefitted as well from the fact that astounding; he writes his compositions even a physical urge. I do it instead of Kadosa and Kurtág were, first of all, day-in and day-out, and yet, they don’t pianistic exercises and scales, which bore composers. My development was shaped seem labored. Bach’s music radiates this me to death. more by composers, than by pianists. purity: purity in the polyphony, as well That’s why I have—even though, as clarity and transparency of the entire Fidelio: Bach thought so too. unfortunately, I’m no composer, for this composition, whereby each voice, each Schiff: Surely. I’m very much against it, I have no talent—an “antenna” to think note is important. In Bach, nothing is when people drum into a young musi- musically as a composer. At least, that’s subordinate. cian’s head, to play études. Most young my goal. This is otherwise an aesthetical prin- musicians exercise incorrectly, and stu- Next to Bach, I have occupied myself ciple in art for me. I’m mainly thinking pidly—and hence, lose a lot of time. very intensively with Bartók, and have here about economy—that one not write Moreover, it’s not efficient when people even studied his recordings as a pianist. I as many notes as possible. In this respect, sit for ten to twelve hours at an instru- know them very well, and esteem them composers such as Liszt and Berlioz fail ment. That must not be, and is lost time. very much. completely: because, first of all, they If you work daily, say, three, four hours, have nothing to do with Bach; and sec- very concentrated and intelligently, then Fidelio: Do you mean, the recordings ond, they lack the modesty, as well as people achieve much more! Never permit that Bartók made as a pianist? the economy and discipline. I could a person to exercise mechanically! Mecha- Schiff: Yes. Indeed, whether Bartók remove half of a gloss by Liszt and the nization of music-making is unworthy of was playing his own music, or playing piece wouldn’t suffer. You can’t remove human beings! When you walk through piano works of Bach, Beethoven, or one note from a Bach fugue! the corridors of music schools, you very Chopin—and thank God these docu- often hear how ments provide it—there is simply a people will play a much more elevated kind of music- passage taken making, than that which “interpreters- Bach’s music is the most important for my from a piano piece only” do. It’s difficult to explain why life. Bach is an entire musical, yet human, mechanically, fifty that is so, but composers “see behind the times in succes- notes”—they recognize the coherence, worldview. The music must be spiritual, sion, rapidly and the structure. not physical. It is the content of Bach’s loudly. It’s fright- To a certain extent, a composition is music that intrigues me so. ful to witness how a primeval forest; one can easily go idiotically people astray. An interpreter is the equivalent practice. of a scout, but they don’t all know the way! Another comparison would be to a Fidelio: You said something very Fidelio: How did you handle that in mountain guide, with whom one makes important at the beginning: That all your development? Did the study of the grand tour of the Himalayas. A great composers arise out of Bach, that Bach’s music play a very great role? composer knows how to get through in you hear him poking out from inside Schiff: Yes, its influence was very great. a case like this; it’s incredible, but the music, since among other things, you In Hungary, I had the good fortune to because of this knowledge, he is able to consciously work out the reference to get a very good education; but concern- realize tremendous freedom. Bach. Even in the Janácˇek and Bartók— ing Bach, studying with George Mal- To perform music like that, would as well as the Beethoven and Schu- colm—which happened entirely fortu- be my chief aim; and that has everything mann—Bach was heard inside the itously—had the greatest influence on to do with Bach. music. me. Because, the art of fostering Schiff: That’s natural, since I’m very Baroque music and style did not gener- Fidelio: Did Béla Bartók hold Bach’s influenced by Bach, and haven’t ally exist in Hungary then. Of course, music in high esteem, too? played, and don’t play, any other com- Bach was part of our study—that’s the Schiff: Above everything else! It’s espe- poser as frequently as Bach. I do it case everywhere; but in almost every cially interesting, because Bartók was, of every day. I play other composers very music school in the world, one is taught, course, a Twentieth-century Classical frequently, too—some also every day, today, just as one was a hundred years master—although it shouldn’t be for-

87 gotten that his roots still lay strongly in freedom he gives us. It never existed certainly always a dream of mine, and the Nineteenth century. He was born after him again. A Bach score is a quasi- now it’s happened. It was a key experi- during the time of the Austro-Hungari- tabula rasa—yet full of spirit. Bach ence for me, illuminating everything. an monarchy, and for a while Liszt was gives nearly no instructions; he specifies For example, it confirmed my belief, his ideal. Among others, he studied with nothing regarding tempo, dynamics, how important the language, or the gen- Liszt’s pupil Thoman, and therefore his phrasing, articulation, accentuation. eral culture is, for music. In preparing, I way of thinking was initially influenced Only the notes are there—but how we couldn’t stop finding interesting things: by Liszt; and also by late Romanticism, get them to ring, there we have endless Quotations in the great choral settings for example Richard Strauss—Bartók possibilities. Although, within a certain from Bach’s instrumental works—for wrote a piano reduction of Zarathustra. framework. example, in the Second Part of the Pas- But then he drew far away from this sion, a “turba” chorus,1 “Sein Blut direction—I believe, because he occu- komme über uns” [“His blood be on pied himself very intensively with Bach. Bach’s music radiates a us”]. I detected this really innocuous He even prepared an entire edition of “Echo” there, from the “French Over- the Well-Tempered Clavier; indeed, a purity in the polyphony, ture,” where it’s called “Echo,” and peo- very interesting one. Although I don’t as well as clarity and ple play it as such: merry and joyful. play it, because Bartók changes the transparency of the But, when one adds the cited text, it order of the pieces ... makes one’s blood boil! Interestingly, entire composition, it’s even in the selfsame key—B minor. Fidelio: . . . Based on what criterion? whereby each voice, each Previously, I had no idea of this Schiff: Based on degree of difficulty. He coherence. And that’s only one example regarded these works literally as “teach- note is important. In of how connected and intertwined ing pieces,” and began with two-part Bach, nothing is Bach’s sacred and secular music are. fugues, and then continued to three- and subordinate. There also exist in the Well-Tempered four-, up to the five-part fugues, which Clavier, Part I, a Prelude in E-flat he put at the end, because they are natu- minor, and a Prelude in B minor, which rally the most difficult in the collection. could be part of the St. Matthew Passion. In addition, he supplied Bach’s score Glenn Gould, for example, whom I By the same token, we find minuets, with dynamic markings, articulation, otherwise much admire, because he is a bourrées, gavottes, gigues, also dance etc., as was the custom in the Nineteenth brilliant interpreter, is very often outside settings, in the Passions and religious century among publishers. That is legiti- this framework, in my opinion, because cantatas; everything goes hand in hand. mate as interpretation of these works; he considers Bach to be abstract materi- That’s why Bach’s music is no abstrac- however, unfortunately, it influences al. In my opinion, Bach is not abstract, tion, but something very concrete. us—especially as it is in print—nega- but an historical figure. He hails from a tively. Of course, this isn’t an issue any certain time and a relatively strictly Fidelio: Furtwängler had a fitting reply more—such editions aren’t used now, defined, geographical region—Ger- to the endless controversy of music his- only the original text; although, as we many, or rather, Thuringia and Sax- torians, over whether people should be know, even there gigantic differences ony—and he is very Protestant. For that permitted to perform Bach only in exist. reason, people can’t say Bach could be churches, or also in the concert halls. independent of religion. That’s non- Furtwängler’s terse reply was: “What’s Fidelio: Still, if you consider the ques- sense. Anyone who doesn’t engage him- that? Wherever Bach is, is church!” tion of differing editions, in light of self with Protestant church music, can’t Schiff: Magnificent! what you previously mentioned—the do much with Bach: with his chorale key word was “guide”—then it’s cer- melodies, the cantatas—indeed, even the Fidelio: So, for that reason, with Bach, tainly interesting to pursue this; whether German language plays a great role for it doesn’t matter, whether one, for one follows every detail, or even imi- Bach. It’s very easy for an English- example, goes to church every Sunday, tates, is a completely different matter. speaker to say, “That has nothing to do because his music is accompanied by an Schiff: It’s very interesting today, to with his music.” It’s a good excuse, since entire worldview. know how such giants as Bartók, these people don’t speak a word of Ger- Schiff: Yes, people say that God is Busoni, or Francis Tovey intensively— man! So, the matter isn’t settled there. everywhere; and so also in Bach’s music or, very intimately—interpreted such a I’ve clearly witnessed this, when I throughout. His music is something gigantic musician as Bach. One would had the good fortune to be able to con- divine. A manifestation of divinity. simply like to know their opinions. duct the St. Matthew Passion. That’s why the study of such editions is Fidelio: When you study such a work important. But each interpreter must Fidelio: Where? as the St. Matthew Passion—for the first decide for himself how he’s going to Schiff: First, in Winterthur, then in time for yourself, as a conductor, since play Bach. The beauty of Bach is the London; three times altogether. It was that is originally not your field—how do

88 you go about it? You’ll probably say, must prepare, and mark my material tions], there are even voices with wrong you’ve worked on it your entire life . . . very precisely: bowing, articulation, notes and incorrect harmony—and Schiff: Actually, yes, but naturally not phrasing, dynamics, accents. I try to those haven’t been rectified. I can’t concretely, because I only studied this make it as precise as possible. understand the conductors, who hold piece over the recent years. I’m no con- rehearsals, and only then, so to speak, ductor—I have not studied conducting, Fidelio: You, yourself, even mark the “see and hear what emerges.” but I have studied music. So, I intensive- bowing of the strings? ly studied the full score, and played it Schiff: Yes, even the bowing of the Fidelio: Coming back to the piano: many times. For this, playing the piano strings. In this I’m helped—unfortunate- What came across in yesterday’s concert, is not a bad thing, because you can play ly, I don’t play a string instrument—in above all, was your incredible ability, the St. Matthew Passion almost entirely on the piano alone—which doesn’t work on a flute. Moreover, you can ana- In the St. Matthew Passion, Bach has genuine lyze the work quite well by playing the full score; but, it’s also very important to comprehension of Judas, he is incredibly human. Then know what one can not do while study- the passage, where the Scribes say: ‘What is it to us?’— it is so incredibly real. It happens every day on the street, when we observe or look away. People kill and get killed; it’s war, but nothing troubles us. That’s why Bach’s music is so important!

that I have often played with with the wide range of composers you excellent string players, and covered, to shade or color dynamically. have learned from them. Where did you learn this? Besides, in this regard, I Schiff: I learned that through my devel- always show my work to my opment and previous musical experi- wife, who is a great violinist. ence, but it is also a necessity. Every If something is entirely musician has a “sound-imagination.” wrong, she warns me. She Some have little of it, some a lot. It’s like plays it for me, and then we the richness of visual color: many people discuss it. Meantime, I rarely are satisfied with black and white, oth- make serious errors; should ers use more color, some a whole palette. they happen sometimes, I I always heard richness of color, but adhere to the corresponding couldn’t realize it, because I was too objections of the first violin- young. ist. The main thing is, that a People talk so much today about conductor must come to the technique: “Such and so pianist has

Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress first rehearsal with a clear great technique.” Mostly, this is misun- Johann Sebastian Bach conception, not only with derstood—the pianist celebrated today respect to the sound of the by music critics as a “fantastic techni- ing on the piano. Much has to be done piece, but also, for example, in regard to cian,” is mostly the one who plays the “away from the piano.” For example, the bowing. fastest and the loudest, and doesn’t hit during a walk in the woods. There a any wrong notes. But, on the contrary, person can develop many thoughts, and Fidelio: Would such careful prepara- great technique signifies, to me, an infi- also analyze and integrate. tion have been entirely self-evident for- nitely alive “sound-imagination” and merly? “-inventiveness”—and then, to realize Fidelio: Beethoven and Brahms set the Schiff: I don’t know. In former times, I this. In this way, the realization of the example for that. believe that conductors did much better, richness of color is achieved. If a pianist Schiff: Yes, that’s how a person can than today. They brought their material hears only two colors, the realization of really reflect, and that’s why I’m most with them—good material. I am aston- those is no great art. To me, in this fond of walking. Many thoughts come ished that nowadays many conductors sense, Alfred Cortot, who played many to me that way. What’s most important come to rehearsal with bad editions— wrong notes, had the greatest technique, to me with conducting is homework. particularly hazardous are those of the because he produced an unbelievable Before I go to an orchestra rehearsal, I Vienna Classical period. In Peters [Edi- richness of color on the piano, millions

89 of colors—like a great painter. That’s beings. The people—how easily the peo- very much from the other art forms, but very important to me. That’s why paint- ple are influenced! It has nothing pri- in the realm of music—if you wish to ing and the other arts, to me, are so marily to do with Jews, Christians, express it religiously—with really great important. Romans, etc. It is about the mass of the music, be it Bach, Mozart, Beethoven, Recently, I was at a Frans Hals people, who, being so easily influenced, Schubert, or Schumann, and so forth, exhibit, and in the notes it was stated, can, indeed, be manipulated. we humans are nearest to God. that he could depict over thirty shades of Besides, how Bach portrays charac- Schiff: Yes, I sense that very much also; black alone. You can see it in his paint- ters like Pilate and Judas, is very impor- but, unfortunately, not all people have ings: there’s a tremendous technique tant. In the St. Matthew Passion, for the antennae for this. The reference to hidden below the surface, of course, but example, Bach has genuine comprehen- “the Almighty” is always there. One moreover, a corresponding conception. sion of Judas, he is incredibly human. So need only discover it. For this, one has to First comes the idea, then the technique. much so, that Bach conveys this compre- educate, or invite a person. Today, And not the reverse! hension of, and pity for, Judas, to the lis- unfortunately, the prevailing opinion is Today, the concept of technique is tener, too. often that Classical music is for the elite; continually misunderstood. What now Then the passage, where the Scribes many, even whole groups of people is often described as technique, is actual- say: “Was gehet uns das an?” [“What is sometimes feel themselves excluded. ly mere mechanics. Mechanics is some- it to us?”]—it is so incredibly real; They are not excluded, but heartily wel- thing motor-like, machine-like. Tech- because, it happens nowadays, every come! Of everything, I find it most nique is much more refined, something day, on the street; when we observe or wrong when nowadays one “dilutes” humans have evolved. look away. It’s an awful mess: “What is Classical music to make it more intelli- it to us?” People kill and get killed; it’s gible, or more popular. Music has to be Fidelio: It’s the concrete expression of a war, but nothing troubles us. That’s performed on the highest level, and you creative idea, which brings forth the why Bach’s music is so important! For hope that people will come and listen; technique. heaven’s sake! Bach is not anti-Semitic. and I believe that it’s not so few people Schiff: Absolutely. No, I oppose such an opinion. who do. Compared to Pop culture, pro- portionally, there are naturally fewer, Fidelio: Back again to the St. Matthew Fidelio: Lessing, in his Nathan the Wise, but it has always been like that. Yet, this Passion. Your thoughts about it make a has portrayed it so beautifully, in the proportion, compared to the time of very strong impression; to which, one “Parable of the Rings,” where he devel- Bach or Mozart, has grown tremen- could add as a sort of footnote: The part ops that the greatness of the three great dously, in my opinion. “Sein Blut komme über uns und unsere monotheistic religions, Christianity, Kinder” [“His blood be on us and our Judaism, and Islam, exists in that they Fidelio: Since you were just now speak- children”], is today often used to justify worship the same God, and stand for the ing of education: Although, in yester- calling Bach an “anti-Semite.” idea that each person is in God’s image; day’s concert, you of course didn’t point Schiff: For God’s sake, of course Bach is also, endowed with reason, and able to the familiar “pedagogue’s forefinger,” not that! Really, I am one-thousand per- think creatively. To that extent, these your pedagogical intention was very cent Jewish! Of course, I know the religions are universal. In the “Parable intelligible. reproaches: I have often had problems of the Rings,” Lessing shows this in a Schiff: Yes, I didn’t “point a forefin- with many of my Jewish friends, who at poetically beautiful way. And it’s also ger,” but I was definitely acting peda- first refused to go to such a Bach con- the creed of the Schiller Institute—man, gogically. I always do that: above all, cert. When, despite this, they have come each man, in the likeness of God. On this because, I think of the young people anyway, they were grateful. I’m of the basis, every culture manifests a reflec- who come to the concert-hall, and we opinion that there is not a trace of anti- tion of it. In fact, no culture could have must show concern for the upcoming Semitism in Bach. developed, if the form of image of man generation. It is very worrying that at Although, all the active participants which predominates, didn’t reflect this the concerts—however much I love and in this piece—even more so in the creative gift—this likeness of mankind value old people—the average age is Gospel of John, as in the entire New to God. On that account, no culture can very old, and this is the case worldwide. Testament— were after all Jews. I say: “We are the sole culture.” Instead, That’s the tendency. Although, with this believe Jews must learn that there exists one must seek after what is primary: older audience, I find that a concert another worldview than theirs. Reality What joins all cultures to one another? must be much more than mere enter- isn’t “it’s the world against us,” but It is, so to speak, the highest common tainment. rather, the fact that there are human principle! Often, concerts are superficial, and beings who get along with one another, Schiff: Absolutely! the audience leaves the hall without and do not act against one another. This thoughts and new ideas. A concert is an is a question of fellow human beings, Fidelio: Exactly this interests us in important undertaking for me. In the and thus of relations among human music. You are right, one is able to learn first place, I have to devise a program

90 that speaks for itself. As pianists, we “Capriccio” of Bach. Otherwise, he I believe such a program fulfills its have many, endless possibilities, of wouldn’t have composed the “Les aim, namely, that the intelligent, sensi- course—violinists and ’cellists, for Adieux” like this. For example, the ble listener, should leave the hall filled instance, or even wind-players, have far bugle-call—the coherence with Bach’s with new ideas. That would be my fewer choices. But the solo repertoire for “Aria del postiglione” and subsequent wish. piano has enormous treasures, which fugue on the postilion bugle-call, is evi- need to be cultivated; especially the great dent. And, many of these sorts of con- Fidelio: Entirely in the sense of Schiller, Bach works. One can perform a won- nections exist in this sonata. Incidentally, who, in his “Theater as a Moral Institu- derful cycle: The Well-Tempered Clavier, in this connection, I intentionally play tion,” demanded that the onlooker leave the Partitas, “English” and “French one of the lesser-known Beethoven the theater, or the concert-hall, a better Suites,” the “Italian Concerto,” the sonatas. What I particularly value in the person than he had entered. “Chromatic Fantasy and Fugue,” as well Opus 27, No. 1, is the uniqueness of its Schiff: Excellent! Schiller can say this, as the “Goldberg Variations.” Those are form. This sonata is a “Sonata quasi una but I can’t! And yet, one hopes that at nearly all the important piano works by Fantasia”; entirely thorough-composed. some time, one will also achieve this. It Bach. One can then continue with And, because the form of this sonata is must be so, for we are living in a terrible Mozart sonatas, as well as Beethoven unique—“quasi una Fantasia”—it fits world, in regard to the education level and Schubert sonatas, with Schumann, well with the Schumann “Fantasie,” of the general population. and so on. which again is nothing else but a camou- But, with regard to content, you can flaged sonata. Fidelio: Since you have presented the also make a mixed program coherent. From the history of the origin of this relationship between Bach, Beethoven, Like yesterday, where each piece was Schumann “Fantasie,” we know, in the and Schumann so beautifully, how did allied with the others. To begin with, first place, that it was thought of as a you, in this connection, come up with referencing the common Bach source. I “memorial” to Beethoven. Of course, it the pieces of both Janácˇek and Bartók? consciously placed this very unfamiliar is also a love poem, generally, the first Schiff: First, because, I wished to show Bach piece at the beginning, his love poem in piano music. At the time how music itself always develops fur- “Capriccio über die Abreise des Robert Schumann wrote the “Fantasie,” ther. One could proceed chronologically, geliebten Bruders”; perhaps, around he was separated from Clara. The “Fan- even beyond this—in the above-men- here, it’s not so unfamiliar, but I played tasie” is a “crying out,” in an apparently tioned program, “Les Adieux,” I also that program two days ago in Warsaw, hopeless period; but it’s also a memorial played pieces of the underrated contem- and practically no one had ever heard to Beethoven—Schumann quotes porary composer Kurtág. Kurtág wrote this “Capriccio.” They were all aston- Beethoven’s “An die ferne Geliebte” at small miniatures for piano; completely ished, and I said: “Indeed, there are such the end of the “Fantasie.” wonderful, small poetical pieces. One Bach pieces, too”—not merely the was named “Les Adieux in—Janácˇek’s “Chromatic Fantasy and Fugue,” or the Fidelio: That was definitely heard. Manier [Style],” and, content-wise, it fit “Italian Concerto.” This is a quite Schiff: And, only because I discov- so fantastically in the “Les Adieux” pro- younger Bach; you can see a young man ered—quite by chance—a few years gram, that I included it. hiding within it. Incidentally, it also is ago, the original, Schumann-composed As to the program of yesterday’s con- one of the first examples of “program ending of the “Fantasie.” At the sugges- cert: Janácˇek and Bartók are composers music.” tion of the musicologist Charles Rosen, I who were born in the Nineteenth centu- went to the Library of Budapest, where ry, but were masters of the Twentieth— Fidelio: Even Bach’s words are charm- there is an old transcription of the Schu- their compositions date from the Twen- ing in themselves, where, among other mann “Fantasie,” which has an entirely tieth century. Of all Twentieth-century things, he says: “Cajoling of friends, to different concluding section, than is composers, these two are the closest to hinder him from the journey” ... played customarily. This transcription, me, by far. That is, I have enormous dif- Schiff: .. .Yes, “cajoling,” and “various with remarks by Robert Schumann, has, ficulties with the “Second Vienna calamities” that could happen to him, or in the meantime, been published by School”; difficulties I can’t resolve—or “general lament of friends.” . . . Natu- Henle as the original text; but, people will not resolve. Also, when I said before rally, Bach’s model was Kuhnaus’s Bib- played the Schumann “Fantasie” with that all great music derives from Bach, lical History in Six Sonatas2; he learned the conventional ending for practically so too has the music of Schönberg much that from him. one hundred years. The original, Schu- to do with Bach. However, something I recently played this “Capriccio” in a mann-composed ending, quotes the about it irritates my nervous system. program that bore the title “Les theme from Beethoven’s “An die ferne Actually, there are pieces of Schönberg Adieux.” Naturally, in the concert, I also Geliebte.” So, therefore, here too a circle which sound indescribably hideous, for played the “Les Adieux” sonata by closes itself, like Bach’s Goldberg Varia- example, his last piano piece, Opus 33, Beethoven. I am entirely certain that tions, where the first and third sets end or the “Horn Quintet”—nothing exists Beethoven was acquainted with this alike. in the world that irritates me more.

91 And, then, this equalization of the twelve tones; I can’t think that way, it is against my nature.

Fidelio: It’s against nature in general. Schiff: Yes, I agree; even if one actually wishes to avoid such remarks ex cathe- dra. However, with few exceptions, apart from—and those concern Alban Berg, who sometimes didn’t break so radically with the Classical tradition, like Schönberg or Weber, for exam- ple—what the “Second Vienna School” produced, is not real music. In contrast to Schönberg, Berg, and Weber, an entirely different line is rep- resented by Janácˇek and Bartók; not decadent, but extremely sound. The roots of their music rest in language and folklore—both have cultivated the trea-

sure of folklore and their own language. Vera Markus Both are of completely differ- ent natures, but yet they are related. Their music grabs I have not studied conducting, but I me, it is so direct. Janácˇek has have studied music. To intensively Bartók’s education was Clas- no inhibitions, overall; he’s sical. Janácˇek was otherwise simply not ashamed. It’s so study the full score, playing the piano is self-taught; a savage, a wild unbelievably honest, and he not a bad thing, because you can play the lunatic. In spite of this, these opens his heart and his soul. miniatures are unconsciously His few pieces for piano are St. Matthew Passion almost entirely on very Schumannesque. In my really worth gold: the sonata the piano alone—which doesn’t work on opinion, Schumann detected in two movements 1.X.1905, a flute. It’s also very important to know something very self-con- and the “Im Nebel” piece tained in piano music: the played yesterday. That’s what one can not do while studying on poetry, also the form. He almost all. I just recorded the piano—for example, during a walk didn’t write strong sonata- them on CD; I play these forms or song-forms, but pieces again and again, since, in the woods. There, a person can rather—like Papillons or in the first place, they are develop many thoughts, and also analyze Carneval, to name some unknown—even still today— and integrate. pieces—miniatures; and also, because this music chameleon pieces, with a lot radiates so much force and of character, but which warmth. also belonged to this important opposi- whisk by in twenty seconds. They actu- Moreover, I was stimulated by the tion movement in Europe, which wasn’t ally whisk past. That’s Schumann’s paradox, that in the program there are directed against German culture, but the invention. Janácˇek must have either three completely great German masters, protagonists wished to fulfill themselves, known that conception, or have been Bach, Beethoven, and Schumann. to show that they had their own cultural influenced unconsciously by it. Janácˇek, of course, had nothing against way, too. I find that very valuable. With Bartók, everything is much German culture, but was a great oppo- clearer: what stems from Bach, and what nent of the then-ruling monarchy, Fidelio: These artists had their own cul- from Beethoven; these two masters, in which dominated and captured all Ger- tural direction, which, nevertheless, cor- particular, shaped him. The polyphony, man music for itself. In those days, this responds to a constant, universal princi- also the voice-leading, and the musical region of Europe was practically all ple. structures, come very directly from Bach, German. Understandably, an opposition Schiff: Right! And Bartók went a simi- especially Bartók’s piano sonata; just as arose against it—in Russia, and also in lar way, according to which I find that the piano concertos and his string quar- Czechia, i.e., Smetana and Dvorˇák. I Bartók consciously and unconsciously, tets were influenced by Beethoven. Inci- would count Chopin in it too. Janácˇek was more traditional than Janácˇek. dentally, he said that explicitly, too.

92 gramming done last interview a few years ago, we had Before I go to an orchestra rehearsal, I today? The particu- spoken about being forced to accept this lar program orga- politics of culture “from the top.” It’s as must prepare, and mark my material nizers assume that if a cultural war were being led against very prescisely: bowing, articulation, they know what the the reason of the population. Entirely public needs to hear. controlled, with a great deal of money phrasing, dynamics, accents. I try to Yet, we, also, belong and sway, the population is indoctrinat- make it as precise as possible. to the public—and ed and manipulated. Precisely in order have never been that the educational capability you and asked. These pro- we value so in the Classics—refinement, In regard to the bowing, I always gram organizers aesthetical sentiment, spiritual and intel- show my work to my wife, who is a decide autocratical- lectual sentiment—should be sup- ly, that they will not pressed as much as possible! Classical great violinist. If something is have any cultural music is truly the best medium through entirely wrong, she warns me. She programs; at least, which to directly foster mental-spiritual plays it for me, and then we discuss it. not at normally development, especially in children. broadcast hours—if This is destroyed through rock music or it’s a cultural pro- drugs, for instance. Totally consciously gram, then it’s on producing a cultural sphere which only after midnight. impedes and even strangles productive Otherwise, we’re human life. If you were young today, given only the complete filth put on tele- and without a strong will, or being nur- vision; eighty channels, and hardly any- tured through family home life or thing but muck. Why? Because those appropriate relationships—you’d have responsible know exactly what they are practically no chance to develop your- doing. self, or to grow up from adolescence This conscious degrading of the cul- fully normal. ture is distinctly observable. One feels it Schiff: So it is. The influences in school even in so-called “little things.” For today, and rock music—rock music is a instance, here in Hamburg, too. Yester- terrible drug—as well as the continuous day, as I entered the concert-hall, I saw a “spraying out” of music, are negative. poster with my program—but com- Today, you cannot go anywhere, not a pletely confusing, the pieces in the restaurant, nor a railroad car, where wrong sequence. And I had given so you will not be “sprayed” with insipid much thought to that program, and music. gave it to the organizers, one, even two We are in complete agreement, but years beforehand. And, in spite of this, we constitute a tiny minority. But, of these mistakes! course, I don’t like large crowds.

Fidelio: The trick is clear: The organiz- Fidelio: Mr. Schiff, hearty thanks for Violinist Yuuko Shiokawa, wife of ers think nobody will come if Bartók this thought-provoking discussion. András Schiff. and Janácˇek are printed on the poster, —translated from the German even when it’s András Schiff himself by Cloret Ferguson In short, all this was the conception who is playing. of yesterday’s concert. Schiff: But, isn’t that unbelievable? 1. “turba [L., crowd]. In oratorios, Passions, Janácˇek died in 1928, that Bartók piece etc., a choral movement representing Jews Fidelio: In every instance, it was very dates from 1926—and one speaks of or heathens.” Harvard Concise Dictionary of Music (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard convincing. The reaction of the public “modern” music in 2001? That is actual- University Press, 1978). showed it, indeed. ly miserable! Besides, the assumption is 2. Johann Kuhnaus was organist at the Schiff: Yes, the audience was very grate- wrong, for listeners are fascinated with Thomaskirche in Leipzig from 1684; ful, and open. And in return, I like to this music. music director of Thomaskirche and show the listeners that I have confidence Nikolaikirche, and cantor of Thomas in them. You can’t take people to be stu- Fidelio: What you have just touched Schule from 1701, the position in which pid. I find that today, our cultural activi- upon, especially about the kind of pro- J.S. Bach succeeded him. The New Bach Reader, ed. by Hans T. David and Arthur ty functions completely wrongly, and gramming on television, is very signifi- Mendel; rev. by Christoph Wolfe (New that is very bad. How is television pro- cant. You are right—and already in our York: W.W. Norton, 1998).

93 A Yearning for the Classical

‘Looking is never enough. Professor Rowland, a physi- Intelligence is mandatory.’ cist at Johns Hopkins Uni- —Thomas Eakins versity, that he was pleased he had “got an understand- n 1880, the Philadelphia artist ing” of his invention, by IThomas Eakins (1844-1916) painted a drawing an extremely Crucifixion, the only religious subject he refined perspective study of ever painted. It is a shocking work: The it. “The directness and sim- face of Christ is in deep shadow. A plicity of that engine has bright light falls on His right side. Blood affected me, and I shall be a trickles from the wounds in his hands better mechanic and a better and feet. He is naked, but for a loin- artist.” cloth. There is only a bare white sky Eakins is nothing if not contrary. Everything he did ‘Thomas Eakins: American Realist’ was a deliberate affront to The Metropolitan Museum the prevailing artistic and cultural currents of the day. of Art, New York He studied in Paris, but June 18–Sept. 15, 2002 rejected the wave of Roman- ticism that overtook the arts behind him, and a rocky landscape sug- in the second half of the gested below. None of the grieving fig- Nineteenth century, with the ures, often found in Renaissance ver- Modernists. He was ridi- sions of the scene, are there to offer culed for upholding the human comfort. The painting’s harsh- principles of Classical ness is startling. But something else Greece and of the Italian seems to be awry, something missing. Renaissance: He demanded What is it? that students paint from life, Eakins, departing from more famil- introducing the nude figure iar renderings of the Crucifixion, has into his classes at the Penn- chosen to portray the precise moment sylvania Academy of Art; he

when Christ is suspended between life Philadelphia Museum of Art. Gift of Mrs. Thomas Eakins and Miss Mary Adeline Williams, 1929 went back to the rigorous and death, as he “gives up the ghost.” “The Crucifixion,” 1880. study of linear perspective, How do we know this? There is no first developed in the wound in his right side, the side illumi- quality of ambiguity, of paradox, that Renaissance, to render more realistic his nated by the bright light coming from defines Eakins as a great artist. The famous rowing pictures. He spent somewhere beyond the painting. The people he paints are serious, thoughtful, months working out the compositions Roman soldier pierced Christ’s side intelligent; they create music, science, for his water colors, doing oil sketches as with his sword after he had expired. So, ideas. From the “Baby at Play,” to the studies for them—a complete reversal of this is the moment just before the sol- “ ’Cello Player,” to the “Portrait of Pro- the usual method. dier struck—that is, the moment fessor Henry A. Rowland,” the inven- His portrait of his brother-in-law Christ’s soul left his body. tor of the spectroscopy machine, each Louis N. Kenton, a young working- individual is rendered as a cognitive class fellow, becomes “The Thinker” A Painter of Paradox human being. In fact, Eakins himself [SEE front cover, this issue], a typically Eakins is not an easy painter to love. chose most of the subjects for his por- Eakins-like surprise—that among all Many of his works are difficult to traits, rather than the more usual cus- his highly accomplished friends and access, while others draw you in imme- tom of accepting commissions. Those acquaintances, he would chose to paint diately. Many have a melancholy he chose were people who interested a worker as a thinker. His “Gross Clin- aspect. Yet, each of Eakins’ major him because of their work as musicians, ic”—a scientific study, presenting a sur- works, like the “Crucifixion,” is com- scientists, physicians, and so forth. For gical procedure (which, among other pletely original and truthful; each has a example, he wrote about the portrait of things, celebrates the infant science of

94 anaesthesiology), in the tradition of only the second public high school in commitment to educate citizens from Rembrandt’s “Anatomy Lesson of Dr. America after Boston Latin, established all social classes, the school published a Tulp”—was scorned by the 1876 200 years earlier!—set out to educate list of the occupations of the parents of Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition young men, regardless of the social the students. The roster included Committee, which rejected it as standing or financial means of their masons, cordwainers, grocers, widows, “unsightly,” and relegated it to the U.S. families, provided they passed the teachers, carpenters, clerks, and occa- Army Hospital. Ironically, this painting entrance examination. The curriculum sionally, professionals. The year is now viewed by many as his greatest was founded on both the Classics and on Thomas Eakins entered the school, it masterpiece. (Later, at the World’s modern science. Bache and his co- included carpenters, printers, black- Columbian Exposition held in Chicago thinkers believed that such an education smiths, music teachers, stonecutters, in 1893, ten of Eakins’ paintings, would prepare the student to become a and four physicians. including the controversial “Gross Clin- productive citizen, qualified to succeed This was the intellectual milieu in ic” and “Agnew Clinic,” were featured in any future occupation, and the stu- which Eakins was schooled. Some of his in the Art Gallery, together with those dent body, not surprisingly, came large- earliest perspective drawings, done in of other leading American painters, ly from the middle and working classes. mechanical drawing classes at Central such as Winslow Homer and George High, are included in a small compan- Innes.) Classical Curriculum ion exhibit at the Pennsylvania Acade- Eakins attended Central High, and in my of Fine Arts, where Eakins studied, Philadelphia’s Franklin Networks his four years there, he studied Greek and later taught classes. The arts pro- Thomas Eakins was fortunate to be and Latin, French, and English; Classi- gram at Central High School required born in Philadelphia in the 1840’s, where the legacy of Benjamin Franklin, who had died only fifty years before, was a still-powerful influence, especially through the work of Franklin’s famous great-grandson, the scientist Alexander Dallas Bache (1806- 67), a West Point graduate who headed the U.S. Coastal Survey from 1843 to 1861, and served as the principal scien- tific adviser to President Abraham Lin- coln during the Civil War. Through Bache’s leadership at the Franklin Institute for Scientific and Technologi- cal Research in Philadelphia, the city became a beacon for the scientific net- works of the nation, including those of Thomas Edison in New Jersey. One of the leading centers for dis- seminating the ideas of the Renaissance National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. John Hay Whitney Collection genius Franklin, and of the American “Baby at Play,” 1876. Revolution, was Philadelphia’s Central High School, where Bache, who served cal and modern history; literature, proficiency in mechanical drawing for as its principal for a number of years, mathematics, writing (script) and draw- graduation, exemplifying the idea that introduced a curriculum based on the ing; moral philosophy; and the natural art and science are one, a key concept of Classical education reforms of the out- sciences—botany and natural history the Renaissance and Classical periods. standing German educator Wilhelm (biology), physics, and chemistry. (Think of Leonardo’s scientific draw- von Humboldt. Bache had spent some The stated objective of such an edu- ings, for example.) time in Germany, where he met the cation was to come to know the great After high school, Eakins worked great scientist Carl Gauss, and studied works of Western civilization, such that with his father, a successful writing the Classical curriculum of the Ger- the tradition would become their own, teacher, and enrolled in drawing classes man secondary schools, which was to use or question; to make their own at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine based on Humboldt’s education observations, and form their own con- Arts. Soon after, he also enrolled in reforms. clusions. In other words, to learn to anatomy instruction at Jefferson Med- Modelled on the Boston Latin think for themselves, based on sound ical College, the beginning of a lifelong School, and on a similar institution in principles. pursuit of perfection in rendering the Edinburgh, Scotland, Central High— Every few years, to illustrate its human form.

95 This background The greatest praise was decisive in shaping a pianist could receive, Eakins’ outlook as an according to Johns, artist. “was to say that he made his instrument Eakins in Europe sing.” In fact, Felix In 1866, five years after Mendelssohn, whose high-school graduation, works were often per- Eakins went to Paris to formed in America at study painting. He was that time, called many extremely fortunate of his piano composi- that his father fully sup- tions “Songs Without ported him in his deci- Words,” while concert sion to become an artist, violinists and ’cellists and provided him with were praised for the the necessary financial “singing” tone of their support. In fact, the playing. Other instru- income he derived from mentalists, as well, his father’s investments worked to achieve this gave Eakins, through- singing tone of the out his life, the kind of human voice. independence that Eakins’ knowledge allowed him to decide of music was ground- what and how he ed in his family life. would paint, rather Like those of many than being dependent mid-Nineteenth-cen- on commissions from tury American fami- patrons. lies, the Eakins parlor Eakins studied in boasted a piano, which Paris with the popular provided the social painter Jean-Léon center of the home. Gérôme; he also trav- Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Families sacrificed not “The Gross Clinic,” 1875. elled briefly through- only to buy an instru- out Europe, including ment, but to provide to Italy, where he visited Genoa, there was one subject he returned to lessons, especially for their daughters, Naples, Rome, and Florence; and also again and again: music. like Thomas’s three sisters, Frances, to Germany and Belgium. He would According to Elizabeth Johns Margaret, and Caroline. Although the have seen some of the greatest works of (Thomas Eakins: The Heroism of Modern leading professional pianists of the time the Italian and Northern Renaissances; Life, Princeton University Press, 1983), were men, women provided music in he later travelled to Madrid and “Eakins’ attention to the parlor and the home, and were often portrayed at Seville, where he was profoundly concert singer had virtually a national the keyboard, a compliment to the cul- influence by the work of the great bias. In America, the voice, earnestly tural attainments of the family. Spanish painter Diego Velasquez. cultivated, was seen as the most democ- Because Eakins was profoundly ratic, the most modern of ‘instru- interested in exploring the relationship Love of Music ments.’ ” After 1850, more Americans of cognition to physical motion and There is no substitute for seeing an studied the voice than any other musical activity—the problem addressed in the exhibit of this kind, since looking at instrument. great works of Classical Greek sculp- reproductions is like viewing the shad- There were various reasons for this, ture—portraits of music-makers were a ows on the wall of the cave in Plato’s including economic ones. While every- natural subject for him. One of his earli- Republic. Yet, here, we must content one has a voice, a piano required a siz- est paintings is of his sister Frances at ourselves with selecting a small number able investment. Even smaller instru- the piano (1870) at about age 16. She of works which illuminate some aspect ments could be expensive; a violin, for bends slightly forward toward the of the artist’s work, such that the reader example, might cost as much as a key- music; her concentration is intense, even will be inspired to get out and see the board. Moreover, you could bring your nervous, as she struggles to get the fin- works for him- or herself. Surveying the voice anywhere, without special equip- gering right. The intensity is played off majority of Eakins’ work reveals that ment or expense. against her youthful appearance, which

96 is enhanced by the girlish white dress artist: Elizabeth does not look at the soloist, whom she accompanies, and fol- she wears. score, but rather into her own mind, lows musically. (According to one Two years earlier, when Eakins was where she has memorized the music. author, Eakins’ observation of the still in Paris, Frances had written to him Finally, Eakins has painted the dark pianist’s turn of the head, establishing about her frustration over the develop- shadow which Elizabeth’s head casts on her connection to the singer, is reminis- ment of her piano technique. Eakins the musical score, as a metaphor for the cent of a drawing by Adolf von Menzel advised her not to worry so much about musician’s mastery over the process of of Clara Schumann accompanying the technical exercises, except as they helped music-making. violinist Joseph Joachim.) The third fig- her to play specific musical passages. He ure is the ’cellist C.F. Stolte, who con- even drew her a graph to show that, The ‘Sublime’ centrates intently on the score in front while perfection in every detail was In “Singing a Pathetic Song” (1881) [SEE of him. humanly impossible, she should aim for inside back cover, this issue], Eakins While the figure of the singer is ren- a higher level of mastery of the music. succeeds in elevating a popular musical dered in high relief—the highlights and Two years later, Eakins would paint genre to the level of the Sublime, shadows of the fabric of her dress, and Frances again, and the improvement she through the refined expression of the its details, reinforce her central role— had made, perhaps as a result of her soloist, and through the dialogue he cre- the two musicians are almost submerged brother’s encouragement, is evident in ates among the three musicians. The in the background; they exist only to the second portrait, where Frances singer, Margaret Harrison (one of support the singer. Eakins has employed appears relaxed, and the master of the Eakins’ art students), stands slightly off- the method of chiaroscuro, the play instrument. center in the large composition, and between light and shadow, to express Similarly, “Elizabeth at the Piano” turns in a three-quarter pose, facing an the poetic idea of the painting. (1875) [SEE inside back cover, this issue] unseen audience, whose space we, the Ten years later, Eakins executed one is one of Eakins’ most poetic early viewers, share. A soft light illuminates of his most engaging music-portraits, paintings, another in his series of family the right side of her face, and falls on a The Concert Singer (1890-92), of the portraits, this time of Elizabeth Crow- lavender-blue dress, a subtle color, Philadelphia contralto Weda Cook. The ell, his sister-in-law. The painting cap- which exists somewhere between the accurate rendering of the Classical bel tures the precise moment at which the warm and cool ranges, adding a quality canto singing technique is a testament to pianist is poised between two actions: of ambiguity. The pianist—also Eakins’ Eakins’ deep knowledge of the art, and She leans forward ever so slightly, her student, later wife, Susan Macdowell— of his attention to those details which fingers hovering above the keyboard, as turns her head slightly toward the make a picture come alive, which make she is about to begin the next phrase in the piece. Although her face is in deep shadow, a light from behind, which illuminates her right cheek, is reflected off the page of music back toward her face, reveal- ing a state of total con- centration. A tension is created by the counter- point between her motion at the keyboard, and the stability of the powerful triangular shape created between the small red flower in her hair, the bright light on the sheet music, and the bright white of the keyboard below her raised fingers. The entire composition is

organized to emphasize University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania the power of the creative “The Agnew Clinic,” 1889.

97 it “true.” It is reliably reported that for the Twentieth century. In fact, the ter known as the Twentieth century. In each sitting, Eakins would have Miss tragedy of America’s failure to live up the arts as well, the Renaissance (repub- Cook sing a section of Mendelssohn’s to its promise following the assassina- lican) idea—given expression in oratorio, Elijah, which begins “O rest in tion of Abraham Lincoln and the eco- Eakins’ portrait of “The Thinker,” for the Lord.” (Perhaps to reinforce the idea nomic and moral revolution he example—was buried under waves of of the music, or maybe as a little joke, wrought, is the tragedy of Thomas Modernist schticks: Impressionism, the artist carved the opening bars of this Eakins, and those like him who strove Pointillism, Cubism, etc. In opposition song into the frame.) Miss Cook’s mouth to bring a Classical renaissance to this to Eakins’ observation that “intelli- is perfectly formed to sing in the bel nation. The element of melancholy gence is mandatory” in art—an obser- canto style, and her chin is slightly which seems to infuse many of his sub- vation made in opposition to the raised, so that her voice will project out jects, may reflect Eakins’ awareness that Impressionists’ emphasis on mere sur- into the room; one can almost see her the way had been lost. face appearance—the Modernists pro- throat quiver with the vibrato of her By the beginning of the Twentieth moted an aesthetic based on “looking” vocal chords. century, the republican forces whose as everything, in which thinking is The “’Cello Player” (1896) is a por- American intellectual tradition Eakins replaced by feeling. trait of Rudolf Hennig [SEE inside back upheld, were overtaken by the ascen- As if in answer to the question, why cover, this issue]. By the late Nine- dency of the Tory faction, culminating America failed to produce a cultural teenth century, the ’cello had come into in the 1901 assassination of President renaissance to complement our world- its own as a solo instrument, and Hen- William McKinley, and the subsequent historical political revolution, Lyndon La- nig was born into a family active in the Tory Presidencies of Theodore Roo- Rouche recently wrote the following: influential German school of virtuoso sevelt and Woodrow Wilson. These “As art references an history-related ’cello playing. After training in the late events—all of which took place within process in mankind, so the lessons of art 1850’s and early 1860’s, Hennig emi- Eakins’ lifetime—ushered in the disas- which is truthful, respecting its own his- grated to Philadelphia. For torical setting, are the basis more than thirty years, he for the best quality of state- was a leader in the musical craft. As a corollary, art life of the city: as a teacher, which is not historically ensemble performer, orches- truthful, will inform a bad tra member, as well as practice in statecraft, and soloist. In Eakins’ portrait, suffering for the nation and man and instrument have its people. Thus, the issue of become one, and both are truthfulness in art is posed; subsumed by the music. The art which self-consciously act of concentration by the accepts that moral require- musician is reinforced by the ment, is rightly termed Clas- strong light which falls on sical.”1 the right side of his face, There is no better epi- where the vein in his fore- taph for Thomas Eakins. head stands out to empha- —Bonnie James size the intensity of absorp- tion in the music. Hennig 1. Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr., sits on the edge of his chair “Brzezinski and September and draws his bow across 11th,” Executive Intelligence Review, Jan. 11, 2002 (Vol. 29, the D string, which visibly No. 1). vibrates, so that you can almost hear the rich sound “Thomas Eakins: American of the ’cello. Realist” appeared at the Eakins would return Philadelphia Museum of Art many times to the subject of Oct. 4, 2001-Jan. 6, 2002. It is music; clearly for him, it was currently showing at the the highest expression of the Musée d’Orsay in Paris, Feb. 5- intellectual life he esteemed May 12, 2002; and will return so highly, and perhaps rep- to the U.S., at The Metropoli- resented that link to Classi- tan Museum of Art in New cal art which began to slip York City, June 18-Sept. 15, Philadelphia Museum of Art. Gift of Mrs. Thomas Eakins and Miss Mary Adeline Williams, 1929 away in the opening years of “The Concert Singer,” 1890-92. 2002.

98 ‘Seize the High Ground of Independent Power’ Lyndon LaRouche replies to a question concerning ‘justice vs. revenge’

On May 10, 2002, Lyndon LaRouche responded to the following question con- cerning “justice vs. revenge,” which had been e-mailed to his 2004 Presidential campaign website, larouchein2004.com. *** Question: This is a question that others may be asking themselves: Why should we, the have-nots, spend five minutes working to save a system that has done nothing but exploit us for our entire lives? If we bring a Roosevelt-style reform to the U.S.A. and the world, then all bets are off, and then we save the status quo, and go back to our slave- ocracy? Sometimes you must take the victories where you can get them, for Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress example with reparations, as opposed to “Lincoln’s elimination of the British puppet known as the Confederacy from the territory the big pie-in-the-sky of justice for all, of the United States, made a revolution which accomplished nothing not implicitly once the white man at the top saves his prescribed by the highest authority within our Constitution, its Preamble.” own bacon. Above: President Lincoln delivers the Gettysburg Address. Isn’t the battle that is winnable, preferable to the unwinnable—even if therefore, we will be betrayed.” would be a strengthening of the invisible, the principle isn’t 100 percent correct? The good news, is that you wrote to but powerful shackles of one’s own me; which means you have not given up embrace of slavery. On the subject of Reply: Your message is brief, but hope that perhaps a solution might be “reparations”: The enemy often uses sim- extremely pregnant. Many issues, and found, somewhere. If that was your ilar bait to hook fish. “Take a sweet taste sub-issues, are each and all peeking out intention, you were right. of my bait,” as the prostitutes used to say, from among the cracks in your formula- On the first mistake: Pessimism is the and, as it was said in the days before tions. The issue you pose is an important inevitable effect of the second assump- antibiotics, “One hour with Venus and a one, although multi-facetted. Therefore tion, that there is only one power at work lifetime with Mercury.” One free dinner, I takes pains to make clear both the in the overall actuality; your pessimistic and they own you for life. issues posed, and the nature of their reaction is to the sense of being trapped solutions. in the second assumption; what traps you Slavery in the Americas From the start, there are three dis- in the pessimism of the second assump- There is a crucial lesson to be learned tinct, but intertwined, categorical mis- tion, is writing off the possibility of other from exposing the fraudulent nature of takes in your argument. First, you systems operating in the situation. Then, today’s commonplace academic argu- express the pessimism of “since we are the resulting pessimism so induced, traps ment on the subject of the view of slav- continually betrayed, we will always be you into reacting to the second assump- ery among the authors of the U.S. Dec- betrayed.” This is not a good way to tion. Except, you have not absolutely laration of Independence, of the Consti- march to battle. Second, you are simply excluded the possibility of a way out of tution, and, later, the often fraudulent reacting against certain actualities in a that trap, which is the good news. gossip to the effect that Abraham Lin- linear way, as if there were only one sys- Take the case of the commitment to coln was not morally an opponent of tem operating behind them. Third, you seeking “reparations,” which is asking to slavery.* are drawing back from seeing the path- be “bought off,” instead of securing a sys- way to victory, which closes the cycle tem of freedom and justice. If “repara- ______with the reenforced pessimism of saying, tions” were made as a concession, which * On this, see the review of Lincoln’s Virtues, “You see; we were always betrayed; is immensely to be doubted, the result An Ethical Biography, p. 103, this issue.–Ed.

99 The actuality of these cases provides slaves, as a business concession awarded did not comprehend its meaning for an important lesson in the realities of to the Spanish monarchy, which eagerly practice. winning the cause of freedom. This accepted the arrangement. Slavery was not merely a legal form example exposes more clearly the prob- Come the middle of the Eighteenth of property under the British monarchy. lem of method expressed in your mes- century. Slavery existed in the American The spread of the pro-“slavery-as-prop- sage. colonies, and had a strong base of politi- erty” ideology of English philosophical Look at the history of slavery in cal support in two of these colonies, liberal John Locke, during the 1688- Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-century South Carolina and Georgia. In Vir- 1689 transition of the English throne to U.S. North America as a paradigm for ginia, there was a strong impulse on all the East India Company tyranny of the general problem we face still inside leading American patriots, to use victory William of Orange, produced a wave of the U.S.A. today. The traffic of cap- in the struggle for independence, as the moral decadence in the North Ameri- tured African slaves into the Americas occasion for a generalized manumission can colonies. Under the galloping deca- was the successive and combined prac- of slaves. This division is reflected in dence of the new, British monarchy, tice of the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, Constitutional provisions fought out beginning 1714, Britain of the famous and English/British monarchies. At the during 1787-1789. liberal “Age of Walpole” was swept by close of the Eighteenth century, the What was the Constitutional prob- waves of moral degeneracy, from the British East India Company decided lem, prior to approximately 1820? How top down. Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s that the slave-traffic was less profitable does this compare with the kindred Travels, are allegorical portraits of the than the opium trade, so they effectively problem faced by President Abraham decadence of Britain then. Hogarth’s sub-contracted the slave-trade to Por- Lincoln during 1861-1863? How did the drawings depict that Liberalism, vari- tuguese and Spanish traders, with 1877 compromise lead to the introduc- ously in action, or stupefied into a state French participation from the tion of “Jim Crow” by means of later of inaction. Cotton Mather depicts the Caribbean side. From about the 1820’s, two Presidencies, of Democratic candi- spill-over of this into English-speaking there was a vast expansion of slavery in date Grover Cleveland, and to the North America. the U.S.A., with an accompanying revival of the Ku Klux Klan by sitting For comparison, see slavery and reopening of the scope of the slave-trade U.S. President Woodrow Wilson? This related practices in the Ibero-American under the Democratic Party of Andrew is a crucial lesson in the principles of colonies of Spain and Brazil. In Mexico, Jackson, Martin van Buren, Polk, real-life history, a lesson which is rarely for example, Spanish authorities created Pierce, and Buchanan. During this peri- understood even among academic spe- vast estates, virtual empires, reducing od, the British pretended to be anti- cialists today. It is a lesson which all of much of the large indigenous Mexican slave-trade, while the British monarchy the opponents, and most among the population to serfdom. simply sub-contracted the British-pro- leading successors of the Rev. Martin Thus, at every point in the history of tected transport of captured African Luther King, either never learned, or the Americas, the precondition for free- ing the serfs and slaves of the Americas, was a revolutionary break with the so- called “mother country,” expelling reac- tionary dogmas, such as Locke’s “Life, Liberty, and Property,” from the status of laws embedded in recognized proper- ty-right (i.e., “shareholder value”). This meant that the possibility of freeing serfs and slaves, required, in every case, a “revolutionary” overthrow of the exist- ing legal system of government. This must be done, either by the govern- ment’s institution of a constitutional reform of the standards for definition of law, or an overturn of the government which refused to make such constitu- tional reforms. To accomplish the result, a reform,

Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress such as generalized manumission, were “The untimely death of Franklin Roosevelt, enabled Roosevelt foes organized not a true solution. There must be the around the Churchill gang to begin reversing the New Deal from almost force of law. This meant, that the slaves the moment the news of Roosevelt’s death reached Washington.” in English-speaking North America Above: President Roosevelt presents “The Four Freedoms.” would never be free, unless either the

100 British monarchy nullified retroactively the existence of a property-right in slaves, or the Spanish monarchy, for example, nullified those claims to property-right which defined the economic and related conditions of a serfdom-like system. What kind of a system of law were required to accomplish this? What kind of government did that imply? Sovereignty As a System of Law Despite the accomplishments of the Classical Greece of Pythagoras, Thales, Solon, and Plato, there is no credible evidence of the existence of anything like a modern nation-state existing prior to the Fifteenth-century Renaissance.

All known earlier forms of society had Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress been premised on the assumption of ‘The retirement of Eisenhower and assassination of two Kennedys and Martin Luther King, either preying upon those to be hunted brought the Civil Rights movement’s progress to a halt, and cleared the way for the down as beast-like human cattle, or Nixon and Carter administrations.’ Above: President John F. Kennedy, with exploited as herded human cattle. his brother Attorney General Robert Kennedy. Despite the commitment to the principle of the general welfare (called “agape¯” in Contrast that Preamble with the pro- the lesson to be learned, is that orga- Greek) by Plato and his current in racist, Lockean Preamble of the Confed- nizing the struggle primarily around a ancient Classical society, and despite the erate Constitution, to see the point more populist-style of collection of so-called insistence on agape¯ as the higher princi- clearly. Also, Lincoln’s use of the defeat “issues,” is a course of action which, ple of law in 1 Corinthians 13 and other of the Confederacy as the basis for kick- left to itself, ensures the easy defeat of Apostolic texts, no nation based on a ing the French military forces support- the entire cause. What will prove to be commitment to promote the general ing the fascist dictator of Mexico, Maxi- decisive, is the commitment and capac- welfare of all of the people and their milian, out of the Hemisphere, eliminat- ity of leaders to implant a comprehen- posterity existed prior to Fifteenth-cen- ed two Anglo-French-Spanish-support- sion of the central issues of political tury developments to this effect. There ed fascist gangs, the quasi-Napoleonic power which subsume the other issues. is no possibility of a secure form of jus- Confederacy and Maximilian’s essential- To do good, in spite of a system which tice for any people, in any society, unless ly Carlist regime, from the territory of opposes such actions, one must seize that principle is the highest authority, North America. the high ground of independent power reigning over all other law. Unfortunately, Lincoln’s assassina- to overcome the opposition. What Therefore, to accomplish any good tion by a network of British agents and change in the composition of power for all of the people, there must first be their accomplices, directed from Lon- must be effected, to accomplish the an empowered, sovereign nation-state don and Habsburg Rome, enabled the kind of just result required, even in republic which is efficiently committed New York gang of Lincoln’s financier face of an existing stubborn opposition to act according to that principle of the adversaries to undermine and begin to to that result? general welfare, both in matters within reverse his successful revolution. So, the Unfortunately, if the nature of that the nation, and in relations with other untimely death of Franklin Roosevelt, task is not clear, not controlling in the nations. With the circles of Benjamin enabled Roosevelt foes organized mind of the would-be leader, and of the Franklin, the creation of the sovereign around the “Churchill gang,” to begin movement, the result will be a well- United States created an instrument reversing “the New Deal” from almost meaning disaster. with the characteristics and potential the moment the news of Roosevelt’s I think I understand these matters as authority needed to, as it is said, “do the death reached Washington. Similarly, well as, or better than any other political job required.” Similarly, Lincoln’s elim- the retirement of Eisenhower and assas- leader alive today. My most important ination of the British puppet known as sination of two Kennedys and Martin remaining chore, therefore, is to impart the Confederacy from the territory of Luther King, brought the Civil Rights a feeling for that kind of knowledge to the United States, made a revolution movement’s progress to a halt, and those who may be able to contribute to which accomplished nothing not implic- cleared the way for the Nixon and forming a broad-based effort in support itly prescribed by the highest authority Carter administrations. of that intention. within our Constitution, its Preamble. Against that historical backdrop, —Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr.

101 The Public Wishes To Be Lied To

he beauty of this polemical political none was possible. It was the fact that Tstudy is, as the poet said, its great he lied to the people, in effect, by truth. In the ill-fated 2000 U.S. Presi- promising a recovery.” It was those lies, dential election, candidate LaRouche including massively doctored govern- alone stood out honorably, by insisting ment economic statistics even in that that the glorious “New Economy” was day, which Roosevelt had to destroy, in not booming, but doomed to bust, and order to achieve a two-fold objective: to that, immediately. His associates pub- win the Presidency, and to prepare the lished a Special Report that April, The American people for the Depression- New Economy Is Doomed. That truth- recovery program he would imple- telling by candidate LaRouche, frozen ment. His appeal to the “forgotten out of the debates and called outlandish man” was typical of the means he used even by those who for every good reason to puncture the surface illusion—even should have supported him, was proven three full years after 1929’s “Black for all to see even while the Supreme Monday”—that the public expected Court was still in the act of appointing “recovery just around the corner.” Economics: George W. Bush President. This new Depression, and Breakdown The End of a Delusion campaign report proves truthfully— Washington, D.C., LaRouche in again, many will say outlandishly—that To break through such “habituated 2004, April 2002 the United States economy is now in folly” of national thinking and prac- 136 pages, paperback depression, and that the worst enemy of tice—accompanied by shameless statisti- any real recovery, is the desire of the cal and econometric frauds and shams War I. But today’s depression collapse is American public to be lied to about it now again becoming notorious, which striking physical economies all over the for a while longer. made the 1990’s a “boom” and Spring world, most particularly that of the In this sense, Economics: The End of a 2002 a “recovery”—is the purpose of this United States, which are already rotted Delusion, which consists of a number of report. It follows up the spectacular out by 35 years of “post-industrial” take- economic studies and Appendices on LaRouche-commissioned special study down. Not only has industry rusted policy, tackles the same problem of two months earlier, Zbigniew Brzezin- away and agriculture shrunk, but “a set Franklin Delano Roosevelt—one of its ski and September 11th—still being wide- of utopian illusions . . . have become the major subjects—took on in his 1932 ly discussed and circulated in print and axiomatic, even hysterical standard for Presidential campaign. We quote electronic form all over the world— setting economic and related policy.” LaRouche: “Herbert Hoover was which named the names and actions of “As Shakespeare wrote,” LaRouche ruined, not by the Depression . . . . The those most responsible for that habituat- says, “the fault is not in our stars, but in Depression and stock market crash of ed folly over the past 50 years. ourselves. The fault lies in the wrong- ’29 hit shortly after he became President. Lyndon LaRouche, in the report’s headed, chiefly post-1964 choice of the It was Coolidge and Andrew Mellon, title feature, introduces a crucial com- policies which have become . . . the who actually, objectively, took the blame parison of the qualitative differences prevalent, accepted habits of belief and for the Depression itself. What ruined between the Great Depression of the practice.” Hoover, was the fact that he pretended 1930’s, and the current economic pros- there was going to be a recovery, when tration. He shows with great force that The ‘Triple Curve’ we face not only an economic depres- Backing up the candidate’s presentation sion, but worse, a general breakdown is a new and unusual study of measures crisis of the underlying physical econo- of the United States economy since 1996, By error, publication information my. the year following LaRouche’s first pub- for the two LaRouche in 2004 spe- From October 1929 onward, the pre- lication of his Triple Curve “Collapse cial reports reviewed in our last ceding decade’s wild debt speculation Function” for the economy. That Triple issue listed prices for these items. crashed the financial system down on Curve, developed by LaRouche as a Materials issued by the campaign top of an advanced and sturdy underly- heuristic, shows monetary- and finan- committee are not for sale, al- ing economy—one which had grown cial-aggregate measures of a national though contributions to the cam- beyond measure from the Civil War to economy—for simplicity’s sake, broad paign are welcome. 1900, and then gone through an in- money supply, and all public and private depth industrial mobilization for World debt—rising in accelerated fashion,

102 while measures of the real economy sup- nomic analysts Marcia Merry Baker and Thus, EIR economist Richard Freeman porting that debt and money issuance, John Hoefle, applied actual U.S. eco- contributes to the report, an extraordi- decline slowly and then more sharply; nomic data from 1996-2001 to this nary 55-page review of “Why Roo- the trajectory of an economic break- heuristic, and found that LaRouche had sevelt’s Explosive 1933-45 Recovery down collapse. LaRouche emphasized been precisely right. This lies behind the Worked.” Freeman’s study takes F.D.R. that a collapse was at hand in such an Presidential candidate’s steely insistence, out of the false frame of “Keynesian eco- economic geometry, when the mone- during the 1999-2000 campaign, that nomics,” and locates him firmly, tary-supply curve started to grow so what was acclaimed by all others as the through family, education, principles, rapidly that it outstripped the growth of “New Economy boom” of the 1990’s— and actions, in Alexander Hamilton’s debt—to sustain which, the money sup- that “permanent prosperity”—would American System of political econo- ply was being increased! Weimar Ger- collapse during the year 2000. my—the principles Lyndon LaRouche many’s hyperinflationary breakdown of represents today. 1923 was a previous such occurrence. In Definitive Study of New Deal If Americans can overcome their des- 1999’s early stages of the Presidential Despite the qualitative difference of this perate desire to be lied to about the eco- campaign, LaRouche emphasized that economic breakdown, LaRouche assures nomic collapse by political leaders and this point was being reached in the that Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s “Gen- media in time, this report is ready to tell United States. eral Welfare” principles of a regulated them what to do. The econometric study, by EIR eco- national economy, will work again. —Paul Gallagher Defending Lincoln—And Discovering Him

hose who slander Abraham Lin- reminded them that only five years ear- Tcoln these days—apologists for the lier, no one would have thought to say old slaveholders and the new “share- what Douglas and his ilk now holders”—have been patiently, thor- preached—that only whites were meant oughly debunked and dismantled by by the “all men are created equal” of William Lee Miller’s new book. America’s Declaration of Independence. Miller explores Lincoln’s life and Miller uses no rare texts, only sources work prior to his Presidency, to demon- available to all researchers. Thus, by strate his consistent fight against racial- contrast with his work, those who now ism. With good dry humor and an call Lincoln a racist, or tear words out of unobtrusive informal style, Miller shows context to claim he didn’t oppose slav- Lincoln’s very calculating steps to get ery, are proven to be utterly disrespect- the power he needed to advance society ful of truth. for all Americans. Lincoln’s True Identity Lincoln’s Virtues, Lincoln’s Virtues is a companion to An Ethical Biography Miller’s excellent Arguing About Slavery: But, although he deeply admires Lin- by William Lee Miller John Quincy Adams and the Great Battle coln, in an important sense Miller does New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 2002 in the United States Congress. Here we see not understand Lincoln’s identity. 515 pages, hardcover, $30.00 Lincoln exploding into action against This flaw appears jarringly: Miller the threat that slavery would spread and rebukes Lincoln for initiatives whose covers and invents the means to change destroy the nation, rather than die as an purpose and importance he simply does and improve his own labor. Cognition, institution confined to the Old South. not recognize. and resulting progress, mark mankind Miller shows Lincoln’s constant focus on From 1858 into 1860, Lincoln gave dif- as a unique species. slavery’s moral wrong; and his many- ferent versions of an address on “Discov- Miller’s contempt for this speech is a years-long hunting, perhaps even politi- eries and Inventions.” Miller scorns that serious blunder. It contains the core of cal “stalking,” of Illinois Senator speech, calling it a failure, and boring. Lincoln’s ideas on the race issue. In it, Stephen Douglas, whose Kansas- It was Lincoln’s own favorite speech, Lincoln shows scientifically man’s ele- Nebraska Act opened the gates to the on the score of repetition. He showed vated and dignified species-nature, and universal spread of slavery. the essential difference between man thus the nature of all men, equally. Douglas used race-baiting as his and all other living creatures: that while More deeply, this is Lincoln’s person- main debating weapon, while Lincoln beavers and ants work hard and effec- al identification with a very specific turn educated audiences to see their own tively, their labor is always the same as of mind—the humanist republican, a racist attitudes as a recent historical that of their grandparents. But man, Western tradition originating with Pla- degradation of popular opinion. Lincoln through creative problem-solving, dis- to’s Athens.

103 The Fifteenth-century Golden give power to the people of the country. suddenly and mysteriously, after only Renaissance, reviving Plato, gave the Lincoln’s Renaissance passion for one month in office. Vice President John world the revolutionary idea of the improvement is his national mission. Tyler. a nominal Whig from Virginia, modern nation-state republic. This succeeded to the Presidency, betrayed Renaissance invention was finally real- Economic Development the Whig program, and vetoed the ized in a durable form in the American Miller vaguely defines the “ideological national bank. Tyler’s political sponsors Revolution; and Abraham Lincoln, reasons” for Lincoln’s politics: “his agree- would more and more openly attempt to reviving the American Founders’ ideals, ing with the Whig program of economic destroy the United States in the years to saw himself a colleague of these human- development; his sharing in the aspiring, come. ist fighters across the ages. improving, intellectualizing, even moral- Hints of this appear in the Miller izing element in Whig culture; and his Imperial Betrayal biography, but the author never pulls vibrating in tune with Whig nationalism Later, as a Congressman, Lincoln them together to get at the core of Lin- and devotion to the Union.” demanded evidence from President coln’s moral philosophy. But how do these elements make a James K. Polk that Mexico had really coherent philosophy? And who are its invaded the U.S. to start the Mexican Moral Philosophy opponents, the enemies of economic War; he embarrassed the lying President. For example, Mary Lincoln is quoted, development, improvement, intellect, Biographer Miller condemns Lincoln’s that while her husband was not a morality, nationalism, and the Union? 1848 Spot Resolutions, aimed at Polk, as “technical Christian,” “he was a reli- All American politics were defined by a nasty, personal, and unnecessary attack gious man always,” and he had a “kind the strategic-level fight between humanist against the dignity of the President. But of poetry in his nature.” Miller says nationalists such as Alexander Hamilton, there is rather direct evidence that Lin- Lincoln “liked and memorized and Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, and coln knew what Miller has not really recited poems of Robert Burns that Lincoln, versus soulless, British Empire- attempted to understand. Miller quotes puncture the pretensions of religious aligned, anti-nationalist operatives such as from Lincoln’s Autobiographical sketch folk.” He uses these tidbits defending Aaron Burr, Martin van Buren, and (written 1860), on the issue of the Mexi- Lincoln from Fundamentalists’ August Belmont. There is no reference in can War: “[T]he act of sending an charges of irreligion; but Lincoln’s the Miller biography to the nationalist armed force among the Mexicans, was Christianity is a universe above those conceptions of Henry Clay, Lincoln’s unnecessary, inasmuch as Mexico was in gnostic hypocrites. mentor, and no mention of Mathew no way molesting, or menacing the U.S. Or, Miller quotes from the Discover- Carey or his son Henry C. Carey, whose or the people thereof; and that it was ies speech, on the invention of printing: economic writings defined Lincoln’s pro- unconstitutional, because the power of most “men . . . were utterly unconscious, gram throughout his career. levying war is vested in Congress, and that their conditions, or their minds So, Miller has no conception of what not in the President.” were capable of improvement. They not Lincoln meant in the speech of Dec. 26, Miller stops there, omitting the sen- only looked upon the educated few as 1839, attacking Democratic President tence ending the quoted paragraph (where superior beings; but they supposed van Buren and his faction as a “volcano Lincoln is speaking of himself in the themselves to be naturally incapable of of corruption,” who had destroyed the third person): “He thought the principal rising to equality. To immancipate [sic] Bank of the United States in order to motive for the act, was to divert public the mind from this false and under esti- turn over the nation’s credit and bank- attention from the surrender of ‘Fifty- mate of itself, is the great task which ing powers to private swindlers. He said four, Forty, or Fight’ to Great Britain, printing came into the world to per- the nation’s liberties were at stake, and on the Oregon boundary question.” form.” he would be willing to die rather than to This refers to the swindle by Polk— Miller says Lincoln himself must surrender to this corruption. whose election, Lincoln’s Whig Party have “been, when a boy, a supreme Miller dismisses Lincoln’s fire, in the charged, was financed by British free- example of his point that by much read- matter of the Bank, as “melodramatic,” traders: Polk gave the British Empire ing of printed books, by joining in a “morbid,” “disproportionate” and control of the Pacific Northwest above conversation across the years and across “goofy.” But Lincoln knew what was at what is now Washington State, in the ocean with minds of distinction, he stake, and it is what is still at stake exchange for British backing for the could acquire confidence in his own today. Rule by private bankers and slaveowner-led U.S.A. to invade our powers. . . . [T]hat would be a key to all slaveowners would perpetuate the neighbor republic to the south. his accomplishments.” crushing colonial backwardness of the Lincoln’s passion, and his blunt But unstated is Lincoln’s commit- plantation system, and sink the nation. speaking on imperial betrayal of Ameri- ment to use the power of the nation, and Van Buren was voted out in a land- ca’s mission, shows us the heart of his its self-government, to create educa- slide in 1840, and Lincoln’s Whig Party politics, and the heritage which we must tion—and high living standards, which prepared to implement a new National today reclaim. are necessary to stimulate the minds and Bank. But the new Whig President died —Anton Chaitkin

104 The Higher Standard of Truthfulness

ohn Esposito’s Unholy War, written in integrity of the Muslim ummah Jresponse to the terrorist attacks of [worldwide Muslim community Sept. 11, 2001, is a good and useful book, –DC].” And some say that it also and also a bad one. The reader is there- includes resistance against oppression fore well advised to eat the banana and anywhere, the “defense of the oppressed dispose of the peel properly; one purpose of the earth.” of this review is to help distinguish Because Islam is an entire worldview between the two. ordained by God, shari‘a (Islamic law) Esposito, a prolific and influential “stipulates that it is a Muslim’s duty to scholar of the modern Muslim world, is wage war not only against those who University Professor of Religion and attack Muslim territory, but also against International Affairs at Washington, polytheists, apostates, and People of the D.C.’s Georgetown University, and the Book (Jews, Christians, and other faiths) founding director of the Institute of who refuse Muslim rule.” That is, they Muslim-Christian Understanding in are not required to convert, but to live Unholy War: Terror in the Georgetown’s Walsh School of Foreign peacefully in their faith communities Name of Islam Service. under Muslim rule. by John L. Esposito Unholy War addresses such questions Jihad New York, Oxford University about Islam and the Muslim world as, Lesser Modified Press, 2002 “Why do they hate us? Why is Islam But, this stipulation of shari‘a has been 208 pages, hardcover, $25.00 more militant than other religions? modified or reinterpreted by some, in What does the Quran have to say about important ways. One school of law, Caliphate.” Not to worry. It would help jihad or holy war? Does the Quran con- excepted from such war those lands as follow-up, though, to read The Mak- done this kind of violence and terror- which have concluded a truce with a ers of Contemporary Islam, and Esposito’s ism? Is there a clash of civilizations Muslim government. The world’s general introduction to Islam, Islam, The between the West and the Muslim largest Muslim country, Indonesia, Straight Path. world?” adopted principles of national life in the Esposito’s exposition of Islam is the 1950’s, called “Pancasila,” according to Policy of Perpetual War good and useful banana. Islam, like which, belief in one God or supreme In Unholy War, Muslims practicing ter- Christianity, is a house with many principle—and not Islam—is funda- rorism are condemned: “There can be rooms. Esposito’s presentation of this mental. And Abdurrahman Wahid, no excuse for terrorism in the name of rich complexity is admirably specific recently President of Indonesia and Islam.” But not only them. In the Unit- and well documented for such a short leader of the largest Muslim organiza- ed States, “the actions of the Attorney book. Take, for example, the doctrine of tion in Indonesia today, Nahdatul General and proposed Congressional jihad, that is, struggle (in the path of Ulama, has strenuously opposed the anti-terrorism legislation, as well as the God). introduction of Islam into politics, or the detention of individuals for indefinite implementation of shari‘a. periods without trial or access to evi- Jihad, for Example Wahid, like some other modern dence, raise deep concerns about the There is the greater jihad, which is “the Muslim leaders, including Sudan’s erosion of civil liberties. . . . The issue more difficult and more important Hasan al-Turabi, believes that islam goes to the core of what the United struggle against one’s ego, selfishness, (submission—to God) must reach its States is and stands for . . . and what we greed, and evil,” and the lesser, the out- manifestation in governance organically, might become.” ward struggle of resistance against through a process of development from The higher issue that is not ungodliness in the world. Muslims have within the individual and within the addressed, however, is the existence of a interpreted the lesser jihad variously in culture. (I have departed just a little policy to induce a 100-year “Clash of different historical contexts, and differ- from demonstrating what is packed into Civilizations,” which the oligarchical ent verses of the Koran have different Unholy War, by drawing material on families have put on the agenda to keep contexts. There are the “sword verses,” Pancasila and al-Turabi from Esposito themselves in power, given the onrush- and then there is sura 2:256: “There is no and John Voll’s Makers of Contemporary ing collapse of their financial system. compulsion in religion.” Islam, 2001.) This is the higher issue behind the ter- Some modern Shi’ite scholars say Because Unholy War is so packed, the rorists and the actions of Attorney Gen- that the lesser jihad is “the defense of reader may get the feeling that “if it is eral Ashcroft. But this question is Espos- one’s life, faith, property, and the Tuesday, this must be the Baghdad ito’s banana peel (although, of course, he

105 is opposed to such a clash). Brzezinski, who praised Hunting- texts. It is wrong to cover for them by What is amiss, is Esposito’s treat- ton’s Clash of Civilizations, oversaw the referring simply to a “growing propensi- ment of the Inevitable Clash thesis, as operation that trained and armed a ty among senior government officials, simply the mistaken viewpoint of a global Afghansi network of itinerant political commentators, and the media colleague, Samuel P. Huntington. fighters and terrorists who were encour- to see a new ‘evil empire’ replacing the But, Huntington cannot be under- aged to act in the name of Islam and to communist threat.” stood from his published words alone, hate the West. They were used to pro- When we are faced with a handful nor can he be taken in isolation. voke the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, of policymakers who insist on policies Bernard Lewis of Princeton (who first and then to push the Soviets out. It doesn’t that will surely set civilization itself on promoted the Inevitable Clash to the matter much what Brzezinski says fire, a high standard of truthfulness is American public), Huntington, and about how it “just happened.” By their required to push them aside. Does acad- Zbigniew Brzezinski work together fruits ye shall know them. emic collegiality stand in the way? Is to promote the Clash, despite the It is wrong—untrue—to cover for Dr. Radovan Karadzic my esteemed sprinkling of words they use to cover Brzezinski and his friends, by treating colleague? themselves. them singly as the authors of mistaken —David Cherry Mozart’s Age of Republican Enterprise

n the decade after the American Revo- And, what changes occurred in the Ilution, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart ‘sequel’ [The Magic Flute], when Mozart was probably the most crucial individual assumed full control?” in attempting to create a similar transfor- Now, the Boston Baroque team mation in Europe. In the autumn of brings us the world premiere recording 1791, Europe, and in particular, France of The Beneficent Dervish, created and and Austria, had their last, best chance to performed (March 1791) by the same wrench historical developments away Schikaneder group, but with the exclu- from what we today know as the rage- sion of Mozart. Coming so nicely, half- driven, oligarchy-controlled French Rev- way between The Philosopher’s Stone olution, a mockery of the American Rev- (September 1790), where Mozart com- olution.1 Mozart’s powerful and beautiful posed in collaboration with the other presentation in his opera, The Magic four, and The Magic Flute (September Flute, of the “republican” proof—that 1791), where Mozart composed alone, The Beneficent Dervish every man or woman whose heart could The Beneficent Dervish prompts a new, by Mozart’s Circle feel love, also had the capacity to develop third question: “How well does this and the mind, and to self-govern—was cap- team of Mozart’s collaborators do with- The Impresario turing and uplifting the general popula- out him?” by W.A. Mozart tion of Vienna. His collaborators in this Simply put, they do amazingly well. Boston Baroque, Martin project, Emanuel Schikaneder’s theater It is a delightful experience to hear this Pearlman, Director troupe, have been the subject of ongoing work. However, while my earlier com- Telarc CD, 2002, $17.98 investigation by researcher David Buch. parison of The Philosopher’s Stone to The The team of David Buch, the Boston Magic Flute put into relief the superior, both a happy group, and a group that Baroque ensemble, and Director Martin scientific quality of Mozart’s so-called fully needed Mozart’s intervention. So, Pearlman, has once again done all “magic,” the comparison of The Benefi- today’s listeners, lovers of Mozart’s friends and lovers of Mozart a service. cent Dervish to The Philosopher’s Stone Magic Flute, can now hear two different Earlier, in 1999, this team recorded the allows the listener to hear Schikaneder’s “trial runs” of the Mozart/Schikaneder world premiere of The Philosopher’s group play, as it were, while the teacher team, setting into relief Mozart’s pro- Stone, composed in 1790 by the musical is out of the room. Without Mozart, found transformation of somewhat sim- leaders of Schikaneder’s troupe, which, they do veer more into the world of ilar material. as David Buch was able to prove, magic for the story-line, leaving the included Mozart. In reviewing the work important transformations of the text, Schikaneder’s Troupe at that time,2 this author posed two and of the music, for another time. But In reviewing The Philosopher’s Stone, I major questions: “Why would Mozart they are literate, occasionally a little provided an extensive history of the col- work with a team of five composers? inspired, and they do have fun. This is laboration of Mozart and Schikaneder in

106 their republican mission, during and just after the American Revolution, of uplift- ing the cultural level—and the capacity for sustained joy and optimism—of the general population in Austria and Ger- many. This included the key role of the translations of Shakespeare into German by Christoph Martin Wieland. Increas- ingly, from the mid-1770’s on, Schikaneder’s theater troupes performed plays of Shakespeare, Lessing, Goethe, and Schiller. And between 1789 and 1791 in Vienna, Schikaneder had four of Wieland’s fairy tales worked into operas for his Theater an der Wien—the three already mentioned, plus Oberon. Later, in 1791, Mozart himself evidently agreed to set Shakespeare’s Tempest to music, although he did not live long enough to

begin work on it. The Granger Collection David Buch has discovered that The Beneficent Dervish was performed before Scene from “The Magic Flute” (left to right): Tamino, Pamina, Papageno. The Magic Flute, and can be usefully heard with that in mind. Previously, it Benedikt Schack, always has a comical much fuller life. had been thought (e.g., according to sidekick, Lubano/Mandolino/Papageno, The character of The Beneficent Schikaneder expert Kurt Honolka) that played by Emanuel Schikaneder, with Dervish opera is established early on, in Dervish was first performed in Septem- his sweetheart/wife, Lubanara/Man- the hilarious duet of the peasant couple, ber 1793. However, as Pearlman’s help- dolina/Papagena. The prince, of course, Mandolino and Mandolina. She has ful accompanying notes summarize, seeks to win his princess, Nadine/Zeno- caught him with a straying eye, and pro- David Buch has located evidence for a mide/Pamina (the part that Mozart most ceeds to beat him (“Pritsch! Pratsch!”). pre-Magic Flute dating. His three most thoroughly transformed). Another of And when he tries to escape (“Watch pertinent pieces of evidence are: the composers, Franz Xaver Gerl, sang out! I’ll jump in the water and drown • A March 1791 diary entry, by the the bass role, Eutifronte/Dervish/Zaras- myself”), she jumps into the water after prolix Karl Zinzendorf, regarding his tro (another role that underwent serious him—to use the rudder to keep hitting visit to Schikaneder’s theater to see the development). him. As he promises to reform, she has opera; Perhaps the most striking connec- him repeat after her, “Dearest, only, best • A 1791 book in the Austrian tion of The Beneficent Dervish to The of wives!”—although he still needs National Library, including some of the Magic Flute, is the aria of the dervish at more of the “Pritsch! Pratsch!” Finally, vocal texts; and the opening of Act III, “So bald der with his repeating “I’d like to live with • Newspaper ads, offering for sale Mann.” It is, for this reviewer, the you alone!,” forgiveness is effected. arrangements from The Beneficent most substantial part of this light- Within a mere two-minute period, the Dervish, beginning in April 1791. weight opera, and it foreshadows brawl, with believable percussive effects, So, Buch, having properly re-situated Zarastro in The Magic Flute, when he has turned into a tender conclusion: this opera, has justified hearing this sings to Pamina his warm and calming “Seldom are man and wife as close as we lighter work as a special window into aria, “In diesen heilgen Hallen.” The two, we live like children and are one the world of the Magic Flute troupe, not dervish, in this opera about the cold soul and body!” The games men and more than six months removed. calculations of women’s hearts and the women play are succinctly and ludi- consequent dangers to gullible men, crously portrayed. The Dervish gives loving, fatherly advice to the The scene was designed for The Beneficent Dervish also preserves many Prince: “Therefore before you love her, Schikaneder’s comic specialty. (I might of the same character roles as The Philoso- test her! Both the woman and the add, that, after hearing Kevin Deas’ pher’s Stone and The Magic Flute. The workings of her heart.” This feature, singing in Schikaneder’s original roles Prince Nadir/Sofrano/Tamino role (listed the investigation of the inner workings of Lubano and Mandolino, I am per- in the chronological order of the operas in of the heart, is seized upon by Mozart suaded that his is actually Schikaned- which they appear), originally played by in The Magic Flute, where it takes on a er’s voice! He seems both quite com-

107 fortable, and convincing, in Schikaned- ductory, instrumental music from the banal (though surely not quite as insipid er’s role.) opera, and upon the vocal material. as what we’ve achieved in our own The paradoxical plight of male- Then, in a coda section, he combines time). female relations doesn’t get resolved at a material from both parts together, con- In the wake of the victory at York- higher level in this opera, however. We trapuntally. This is the sort of mind that town, when America turned the world hear a women’s chorus (“Enslaving men addresses the higher forces at work, upside-down on the British oligarchy, is what we enjoy!”), followed by a lovely behind the “magical” moments of our brawls and controversies in Europe aria by Princess Zenomide, the object of lives. swirled around Mozart’s revolutionary Prince Sofrano’s love. She begins “Sofra- It was also at this time (March 7, transformation of the Abduction libret- no, had you felt my pain since our last 1791) that Schikaneder asked Mozart to to. Mozart dramatically altered the bitter parting . . . ,” then she questions compose The Magic Flute. Further, the story-line by replacing the importance his commitment, claiming that “If you very next day, Mozart entered into his of blood-line descent, with the grace of feel nothing more for me, so be it, I shall music catalogue a new work, “Per ques- agapic charity—and this, the most gladly die for you.” There is seemingly ta bella mano,” a concert aria (K. 612) “Christian” action in the opera, was nothing insincere in the words or the for the bass, Gerl, who sang the role of carried out by the feared Turkish musical setting. Any man in the audi- the dervish. The aria is notable for the pasha!4 ence would want to believe the maiden. string bass, written for Friedrich Pis- Threats, palace intrigues, and However, when they next meet, she is chlberger, who played in Schikaneder’s arrests put an end, by 1783, to the Ger- singing to Sofrano an entrancing ballad- theater orchestra.3 Given the involve- man-language national theater project story, only to distract him and steal his ment of Mozart with the theater troupe, of Joseph II. So, for Joseph to arrange wealth from him! not only in the previous fall with The an elaborate, costly party on Feb. 7, One would think the Prince might Philosopher’s Stone, but during the 1786, with a German operetta by learn a lesson from this. But not this March presentation of The Beneficent Mozart to be performed directly prince, and not in this comedy. Earlier, Dervish, I can’t but think that the com- against an Italian operetta, one might in the opening of the opera, the Prince posers benefitted from Mozart’s benefi- assume that there was, very likely, was certainly good-hearted enough to cence throughout. something on the Emperor’s mind. take in, and care for, the dervish, who During these same winter months of Evidently, Joseph himself had pro- had appeared at the Prince’s door as an early 1791, Mozart, the third Court posed to Johann Gottlieb Stephanie, ill beggar. Sofrano explains that it was Composer, was being under-utilized by Mozart’s librettist from the Abduction, simply his duty as a human being. But the Austrian Court. Emperor Leopold II that he compose the story-line for The Sofrano, after his duty is done, is shown had not yet settled on Mozart for the Impresario, taking as his subject, the to be mainly excited by money and love, major commission of La Clemenza de problem of the egos of sopranos in a singing: “Truly I can’t contain myself. Tito. He was being paid to write dance German-language opera company. Money and love smile upon me.” In this music, minuets. On a receipt for pay- Meanwhile, Joseph also proposed to opera, it will take the beneficence of a ment for some of these minuets, Mozart Salieri that he compose something in guardian angel, some liberal doses of wrote: “Too much for what I did, not Italian, dealing with the difficulties magic, and, of course, some peasant enough for what I could do.” Which between the demands of a librettist, cleverness, to deal with the evil hearts of brings us to the other offering on this and of a composer.5 Joseph arranged women. CD. for the two troupes to present their offerings to his dinner party, using two Mozart, March 1791 The Impresario different stages, set at different ends of Mozart might have made his thoughts Mozart had done revolutionary work the hall. The elaborate party was in known to Schikaneder at the time. At for Joseph II’s Austria, back in 1781/2, honor of Joseph’s sister, the Arch- the same time that this happy farce was when he had first come to Vienna. His duchess Marie Christine, and her con- playing on stage (March 1791), Mozart Abduction from the Seraglio was the sin- sort, Duke Albert, who was Joseph’s popularized Schikaneder’s troupe by gularly successful operatic work for Governor-General for the Austrian composing a set of eight variations upon Emperor Joseph II’s German-language Netherlands. “Ein Weib ist das herrlichste Ding!” (“A national theater project. Joseph II had Stephanie engaged his two lead wife is a wonderful thing!”) This was a discussed and planned with the drama- singers from The Abduction, Valentin selection from an earlier production of tist Gotthold Lessing, to launch such a Adamberger and Caterina Cavalieri. the troupe, created by Benedikt Schack project, as vital to uplifting his popula- Further, Mozart’s sister-in-law, Aloysia and Franz Xaver Gerl. But, instead of tion, uplifting the language they spoke, Weber, was engaged as the soprano to simply spinning out eight variations to and the thoughts capable of being duel with Cavalieri. Stephanie set the ornament the sung theme, Mozart fash- expressed in the language. Outside of farce in Salzburg, probably reflecting ions something special. He creates varia- this project, the German-language Mozart’s satiric attitude about the back- tions, separately, upon both the intro- entertainment in Vienna was fairly wardness enjoyed by the ruler of his

108 private dinner party, Count Zinzendorf, nothing if not snooty, thought The Impresario was very mediocre. However, what Emperor Joseph II intended by the affair, and what he thought of the result, is not known. What is known, is that he was in the middle of the most intense brawl of his life. The Figaro Project As of February 1786, Joseph II had been the sole ruler of the Austro-Hungarian Empire for just over five years. In brief, his reforms had attempted to break the Empire from its feudalism, and to develop its manpower. He freed the serfs; granted religious toleration to Protestants and to Jews; encouraged sci-

The Granger Collection ence, mining, metallurgy, and agricul- Finale of the ecumenical “Abduction from the Seraglio.” ture; allowed a freedom for public debate and for publishing; and estab- hometown, Archbishop Colloredo. seems to come not from the period lished public hospitals, public works, Stephanie has a comic actor named instruments, nor from the unvibrated and a broader public education. The Buff tell an impresario, one Herr Frank, fingering, but from the top, from a con- entrenched Austro-Hungarian nobility to hire cheap actors and singers, so he ceptual level, which then carries resisted the development of their newly can spend his money on bribing the crit- through in the voices and instruments. freed population, no less than did the ics: “Leave your good taste at home . . . . The singers’ voices convey the text and embittered Confederate landowners The world wants to be deceived.” Much the interplay of the roles, leaving one after Lincoln’s victories. They ridiculed fun is had with the dueling sopranos, as almost hearing the visual images of Joseph’s attempts to enrich the public they have trouble fitting their egos in actors on stage. The whole affair is mind by such means as his German with the larger purpose of the theatrical quite good fun. Finally, Mozart seems National Theater. After Mozart’s close presentation. Stephanie has the voice of to have composed the music to be its collaboration with Joseph in 1781/2 with reason try to calm the sopranos, arguing own character in the operetta, which The Abduction, the massive political that “Harmony’s the greatest virtue I more than once brings the egos back to counter-attack kept Joseph away from can recommend to us.” He brings back reason, and Pearlman’s orchestra prop- his best collaborators during 1783 and his non-singing comic actor, Buff, to erly recreates this role. 1784. deliver his joke at the expense of all the Nonetheless, the work is a curious So, in 1785, when Joseph agreed to singers, upon which joke Stephanie matter, which somehow seems quite a have Mozart compose Figaro, it was a seems to have hung his whole story. distance from the issues Mozart was major breakthrough, and Mozart fighting out with Joseph II at that pre- focussed his creativity, and his recent Pearlman’s Performance cise time. Mozart’s music for The Impre- musical-scientific discoveries,6 upon Now, in a polemical work such as this, sario is marvelously better than the story making operatic and political history. ridiculing the egos of singers, it is cer- deserves, and seems to reflect, more The conditions under which the tainly not good form to have the singers than anything else, the transcendent Emperor proceeded, were that the simply display their voices in perfor- work he was then engaged in, the opera Figaro play by Beaumarchais only be mance! Perhaps, only in such a semi- The Marriage of Figaro. allowed on stage in Italian as opera. literate age as ours, could such a mis- When the Stephanie/Mozart Impre- (The head of the Secret Police, Count take occur, but occur they often do. sario and the Salieri work were per- Anton Pergen, had banned the play in Fortunately, this is not the case in this formed a few days later for the public, German, in February 1785, when performance, as Pearlman’s troupe two different Vienna papers praised the Schikaneder had proposed performing seems happy to get into the spirit of the former. One singled out Mozart’s music it. Pergen’s defenders claim that he did work. as “containing some special beauties . . . ,” this at the bequest of the Emperor; the Further, the recording is said to be while another thought the German behind-the-scenes brawl within the the first one on period instruments, work “infinitely superior” to the Italian Court, however, can only be surmised.) and, for what it is worth, it is quite one, adding, “that is surely not the result Minimally, the Emperor very much clean. But the authenticity, fortunately, of national pride.” Meanwhile, at the wanted Figaro, as an Italian opera, to be

109 aimed at his reactionary nobility. head to usury. (Joseph’s brother-in-law, upward [maximizing the pain] and then Just as the Count Almaviva in Figaro King Louis XVI of France, was in a displayed on a gibbet.”7 Vienna was has agreed on paper to renounce the feu- similar situation. Neither country suc- transfixed by the spectacle, and it would dal droit du seigneur (the nobility’s bestial ceeded in following the lead of their appear that nothing was so hotly debat- “right of the first night” to every newly- friends in America, Benjamin Franklin, ed that spring, as the execution. Joseph II wed on the property), but still spends George Washington, and Alexander seemed to be increasingly unable to most of the opera trying to re-assert that Hamilton, who would deal with the control the “Pergen” faction, as they right de facto, so also the ridiculousness 1785/6 crises, by organizing the Federal would succeed in getting their colonial of the Austrian nobility was to be put on powers of the Constitutional Conven- war, and massively increased police stage, having agreed to the Emperor’s tion of 1787.) powers. reforms on paper, but doing everything The “Bruderschaften”—the equiva- Joseph had benefitted greatly from to re-impose feudal slavery, de facto. lent of the “Savings & Loans” for the his joint operation with Mozart on The Their hearts were not reconciled to lov- burgeoning middle class—were largely Abduction back in 1782, winning several ing and developing their fellow man. wiped out in Austria. Ignaz Born, the years to push ahead on his reforms. He The story of Mozart’s transformation of “Benjamin Franklin” of Vienna, who seems not to have reaped the marvelous opera in fashioning a comedy of such later was the model for Mozart’s Zaras- benefits of Mozart’s ever-so-much-more- intense joy and agape¯, remains for tro, was pushed out of control of the powerful Figaro in 1786. Looking back another time. city’s Masonic lodges, leaving them to upon that curious February party, with lesser minds. Also, there are indications Mozart’s Impresario, one hears a fascinat- The Curious Impresario that Mozart knew that spring, that the ing mix: beautiful, dramatic music upon Mozart composed The Impresario Venetian agent Casanova was involved a modestly funny libretto, drawn from a between Jan. 18 and Feb. 3, 1786, in the in an attempt to compromise Joseph II theme chosen by an Emperor, which midst of his work on Figaro—which in a sexual entrapment. And, finally, seems most poignantly, too little, too late. had begun seriously in the fall of 1785, Count Pergen, the man who had Mozart’s previously cited 1791 com- and which was debuted on May 1, 1786. ordered the ban on Figaro as a drama, ment—that he was being paid by the Mozart had an agenda for the Emperor was given increased police powers, Court for his ballets, “too much for what that was larger than the compositional undermining the republican law efforts I did, not enough for what I could do”— themes the Emperor had suggested to of Mozart’s friend Sonnenfels. has its 1786 corollary: He did more than Stephanie and Salieri for the February Between the time the Emperor heard anyone had ever done, but was paid too contest. Mozart’s The Impresario may the two works, The Impresario and little attention, too late. well be a curious work, as it is the prod- Figaro, one gory event situates the —David M. Shavin uct of a curious situation. While Joseph II unravelling of the situation. Joseph at least had on his mind the republican- either gave in to, or agreed with, the re- 1. Pierre Beaudry, “Why France Did Not vs.-oligarchic themes that were wrapped imposition of the death penalty, which Have an American Revolution,” Executive up in the controversy over German-vs.- he himself had ended back in 1776. On Intelligence Review, Jan. 18, 2002 (Vol. 29, No. 2). Italian music, it remains unclear what March 10, 1786, one month after the 2. David Shavin, “A Mozartian Warm-Up he intended for this elaborate dinner. It Impresario party, 30,000 spectators for The Magic Flute,” review of The would appear that Stephanie did not turned out in Vienna for the execution Philosopher’s Stone, or The Enchanted Isle, plan anything so revolutionary as the of a nobleman, one Franz Zaglauer von Fidelio, Spring 2000 (Vol. IX, No. 1). intervention that Mozart was planning Zahlheim, who had robbed and mur- 3. H.C. Robbins Landon, 1791: Mozart’s Last for the spring; and that Mozart was con- dered an older woman whom he had Year (New York: Schirmer Books, 1988), tent to shower his Figaro-like music courted. p. 36. 4. See David Shavin, “Mozart and the Amer- upon the lesser vehicle, and wait another The order, under the Emperor’s sig- ican Revolutionary Upsurge,” Fidelio, ten weeks or so for his major interven- nature, was that “in accordance with the Winter 1992 (Vol. I, No. 4). tion in the Court. regulations of the ‘Nemesis Therre- 5. Robert W. Gutman, Mozart (New York: However, the events of that winter siana,’ the death penalty described there- Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1999), p. 652. and spring indicate that the feudal oli- in shall be administered without mercy 6. See Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr., “Mozart’s garchy was getting the upper hand on to the delinquent . . . [G]lowing hot pin- 1782-1786 Revolution in Music,” Fidelio, Winter 1992 (Vol. I, No. 4). Joseph. By the beginning of 1786, the cers shall be applied to the left and right 7. Volkmar Braunbehrens, Mozart in Vienna, financial situation in Austria was turn- sides of his chest . . . [H]is body shall be 1781-1791 (New York: Grove Widenfeld, ing ugly, as the Court was in over its broken on the wheel from the feet 1990), p. 273.

Picture Credits, back cover montage (clockwise from top right): Woodrow Wilson, National Archives; KKK rally, SNCC; Mussolini and Hitler, National Archives; Hilaire Belloc, www.arttoday.com; John Crowe Ransom and Robert Penn Warren, Kenyon College website; Al Gore, EIRNS/Stuart Lewis; Newt Gingrich, EIRNS/Stuart Lewis; Zbigniew Brzezinski, EIRNS/Stuart Lewis; Henry Kissinger and William F. Buckley, EIRNS/Philip Ulanowsky; Bertrand Russell, UNESCO/Claude Bablin; H.G. Wells, www.arttoday.com. 110 Only the sovereign cognitive (creative) powers of the individual human mind, can discover and employ universal physical principles. It is the discovery and transmission of such discoveries over successive generations, which lifts the human species to those higher levels of power in and over the universe. This benefit occurs through the transmission of such individual acts of discovery, from preceding generations, to the present and future of society.

—LYNDON H. LAROUCHE,JR. March 5, 2002 Acts of discovery.

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The Schiller Institute has been fighting since 1984 to bring of key individuals, like you, to create a new Renaissance. about a new Golden Renaissance out of the depths of the JOIN THE SCHILLER INSTITUTE TODAY AND BE current Dark Age. Giants like Cardinal Nicolaus of Cusa, PART OF THIS GREAT EFFORT. Your membership Leonardo da Vinci, and France’s King Louis XI strove will help finance the Institute’s work in bringing Classical against evil to give the world the new birth of freedom and culture to America and combatting the evil of the creativity that we know as the Golden Renaissance of Conservative Revolution. Help make a new Golden Fifteenth-Century Europe. Today, too, it will take the work Renaissance a reality today!

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homas Eakins was fortunate to be born in TPhiladelphia in the 1840’s, where the legacy of Benjamin Franklin was a still- powerful influence, especially through the work of Franklin’s famous great-grandson, the scientist Alexander Dallas Bache, who served as the principal scientific adviser to President Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War. One of the leading centers for disseminating the ideas of Franklin and the American Revolution was Philadelphia’s Central High

‘Singing a Pathetic Song,’ 1881.

The Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.

natural subject for him. “Elizabeth at the Piano” is one of Eakins’ most poetic early paintings. The work captures

Andover, Massachusetts the precise moment at which the pianist is poised , between two actions: She leans forward ever so slightly, her fingers hovering above the keyboard, as she is about to begin the next ‘The ’Cello Player,’ 1896. phrase in the piece. The composi- tion further emphasizes the power of the creative artist, as Elizabeth does not look at the score, but rather into her own mind, where she has memorized the music. In “Singing a Pathetic Song,” Addison Gallery of American Art, Phillips Academy Eakins succeeds in elevating a ‘Elizabeth at the Piano,’ 1875. popular genre to the level of the sublime, through the refined School, attended by Eakins, where Bache, who expression of the soloist, and served as its principal for a number of years, through the dialogue he creates introduced a curriculum based on the Classical among the three musicians. The education reforms of the outstanding German singer turns in a three-quarter pose, educator Wilhelm von Humboldt. facing an unseen audience, whose Because Eakins was profoundly interested in space we share. The pianist turns exploring the relationship of human cognition to her head slightly toward the soloist, physical motion and activity—the problem whom she follows musically; while addressed in the great works of Classical Greek the ’cellist concentrates intently on sculpture—portraits of music-makers were a the score before him.

Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, Philadelphia. Joseph E. Temple Fund Restore theAmerican Intellectual Tradition!

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• In 'How "Democracy" Became Diseased,' Lyndon LaRouche demonstrates the dependence of the post-Renaissance nation-state, upon each individual's moral responsibility to seek truth for the betterment of mankind. This has been the core of the American Intellectual Tradition, from its roots in Tudor England, through the influence of G.W. Leibniz on Benjamin Franklin and the Founding Fathers, up to the Presidencies of Abraham Lincoln and Franklin D. Roosevelt.

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'The beauty of Bach is the freedom he gives us' Intervie.w with pianist Andras Schiff

For Bach, composing music was 'a mission, a duty.' Pianist Andras Schiff contrasts the spiritual content of Bach's music-and even the works of Twentieth­ century composers Bela Bartok and Leos Janacek­ to the cultural depravity of today's manipulated entertainment society.