Lighting with Artificial Light 1

Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht

Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht Contents

Introduction 1 From nature‘s light ... to artificial lighting 2 / 3 The physics of light 4 / 5 The physiology of light 6 / 7

The language of lighting technology 8 / 9 Quality features in lighting 10 Lighting level - maintained illuminance and luminance 11 Glare limitation - direct glare 12 Glare limitation - reflected glare 13 Harmonious distribution of brightness 14 Direction of light and modelling 15 Light colour 16 Colour rendering 17

Light generation by thermal radiators and discharge lamps 18 / 19 Overview of lamps 20 / 21

Luminaires - General requirements and lighting characteristics 22 / 23 Luminaires - Electrical characteristics, ballasts 24 / 25 Luminaires - Operating devices, regulation, control, BUS systems 26 / 27 Review of luminaires 28 / 29

Lighting planning 30 / 31 Lighting costs 32 Measuring lighting systems 33 Lighting and the environment 34

Literature, acknowledgements for photographs. order cards 35 Imprint 36 Information from Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht 37

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Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht Light has always held a special fascination – in art and architecture too. Brightness and shadow, colour and contrast shape the mood and atmosphere of a room or space. They even help define fleeting moments.

ooklet 1 of the Information on Lighting Applications series published by Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht is Bintended for all those who want to delve into the topic of light and lighting or wish to familiarize themselves with the basics of lighting technology. The present edition (published July 2004) is a revised version of the May 2000 edition taking account of all current standards.

It also forms the introduction to a series of publications designed to provide useful information on lighting applications for all those involved in planning or decision-making in the field of lighting.

One of the objectives of the series is to promote awareness of a medium which we generally take for granted and use without a second thought.

It is only when we get involved in “making” light, in creating artificial lighting systems, that things get more difficult, more technical.

Effective lighting solutions naturally call for expertise on the part of the lighting designer. But a certain amount of basic knowledge is also required by the client, if only to facilitate discussion on “good lighting” with the experts.

This publication and the other booklets in the series are designed to convey the key knowledge and information about light, lamps and luminaires needed to meet those requirements.

Light is not viewed in these booklets as simply a physical phenomenon; it is considered in all its implications for human life. As the radiation that makes visual contact possible, light 03 plays a primarily physiological role in our lives by influencing our visual performance; it also has a psychological impact, however, helping to define our sense of wellbeing.

Furthermore, light has a chronobiological effect on the human organism. We know today that the retina of the eye has a special receptor which regulates such things as the sleep hormone melatonin. Light thus helps set and synchronize our “biological clock”, the circadian rhythm that regulates active and passive phases of biological activity according to the time of day and year.

So the booklets published by Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht not only set out to provide information about the physics of light; they also look at the physiological and psychological impact of “good lighting” and provide ideas and advice on the correct way to harness light for different applications – from street lighting to lighting for industry, schools and offices, to lighting for the home.

Illustrations: 01 “Café Terrace at Night” (1888), Vincent Van Gogh (1853 - 1890), Rijksmuseum Kröller-Müller, Otterlo, Netherlands 02 “The Artist‘s Sister with a Candle” (1847), Adolf Menzel (1815 – 1905), Neue Pinakothek, Munich, Germany 03 “The Sleepwalker” (1927), René Magritte (1898 – 1967), privately owned 04 Installation, Maurizio Nanucci (1992)

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Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht From nature’s light ... to artificial lighting

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ight is life. The relation- ñ The light of the sun, vene- ñ The light of the moon and so for most of the time we ship between light and rated in ancient cultures as stars has only 1/500,000th of live in “chronobiological dark- a god, determines the pulse the intensity of sunlight. But Llife cannot be stated of life and the constant yet the sensitivity of our eyes still ness”. The consequences more simply than that. subtly changing alternation of enables us to see. are troubled sleep, lack day and night. of energy, irritability, even Most of the information we severe depression. receive about our surround- Insufficient light or darkness Lighting level and light colour, ings is provided by our eyes. gives rise to a sense of modelling and switches As we said above, light is life. We live in a visual world. The insecurity. We lack informa- from light to dark impact on Good lighting is important for eye is the most important tion, we lose vital bearings. momentary sensations and seeing the world around us. sense organ in the human Artificial lighting during the determine the rhythm of our What we want to see needs body, handling around 80% hours of darkness makes us lives. to be illuminated. of all incoming information. feel safe. Good lighting also affects the Without light, that would In sunlight, for instance, illu- way we feel, however, and be impossible – light is the So light not only enables us to minance is about 100,000 thus helps shape our quality medium that makes visual see; it also affects our mood lux. In the shade of a tree it is of life. perception possible. and sense of wellbeing. around 10,000 lux, while on a moonlit night it is 0.2 lux, and even less by starlight.

People nowadays spend most of the day indoors – in illuminances between 50 and 500 lux. Light sets the rhythm of our biological clock but it needs to be relatively intense to have an effect on the circadian system (> 1000 lux),

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round 300,000 years ñ Advances in the develop- ñ For the majority of people started on electric arc lamps ago, man began to ment of electric discharge today, life without artificial – fuelling research which lamps, combined with modern lighting would be unimagi- Ause fire as a source of luminaires, has led to high- nable. acquired practical signifi- warmth and light. The glowing performance lighting systems. cance in 1866 when Werner flame enabled people to live Siemens succeeded in gener- in caves where the rays of the ating electricity economically sun never penetrated. with the help of the dynamo. But the real dawn of the age The magnificent drawings in of electric light came in 1879, the Altamira cave – artworks with Thomas A. Edison‘s “re- dating back some 15,000 invention” and technological years – can only have been application of the incan- executed in artificial light. The descent lamp invented 25 light of campfires, of kindling years earlier by the German torches and oil and tallow clock-maker Johann Heinrich lamps radically changed the Goebel. way prehistoric man lived. With each new light source – But light was not only used from campfire and kindling to in enclosed spaces. It was candle and electric light bulb also harnessed for applica- – “luminaires” were devel- tions outdoors. Around 260 oped to house and harness BC, the Pharos of Alexandria 11 the new “lamps”. In recent was built, and evidence from decades, lamp and luminaire 378 AD suggests there were development has been par- “lights in the streets” of the ticularly dynamic, drawing ancient city of Antioch. on the latest technologies, new optical systems and new Ornamental and functional materials while at the same holders for the precious light- time maximising economic giving flame appear at a very efficiency and minimising early stage in the historical environmental impact. record. But the liquid-fuel lamps used for thousands of years underwent no really major improvement until Aimé Argand‘s invention of the central burner in 1783.

That same year, a process developed by Dutchman Jan Pieter Minckelaers enabled ï For more than 2,000 years, gas to be extracted from artificial lighting has illumi- coal for streetlamps. Almost nated the night and provided simultaneously, experiments security and bearings for human beings. 12 2 3

Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht The physics of light

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an has always been ñ Within the wide range of ñ With the aid of a prism, fascinated by light electromagnetic radiation, „white sunlight can be split visible light constitutes only up into its spectral colours. Mand has constantly a narrow band. striven to unravel its myster- ies. History has produced various theories that today strike us as comical but than 5 billion years from the In a further experiment, Max Planck expressed the were seriously propounded most distant spiral nebulae. Newton directed the coloured quantum theory in the for- in their time. For example, rays onto a second prism, mula: since no connection could be Different theories of light from which white light once discerned between a flame enable us to describe again appeared. This was and the object it rendered observed regularities and the proof that white sunlight Ε = h • ν visible, it was at one time sup- effects. is the sum of all the colours posed that “visual rays” were of the spectrum. The energy E of an energy projected by the eyes and The corpuscular or particle quantum (of radiation) is reflected back by the object. theory of light, according to In 1822, Augustin Fresnel proportional to its frequency Of course, if this theory were which units of energy (quanta) succeeded in determining v, multiplied by a constant h true, we would be able to see are propagated at the speed the wavelength of light and (Planck‘s quantum of action). in the dark... of light in a straight line from showing that each spectral the light source, was pro- colour has a specific wave- In 1675, by observing the posed by Isaac Newton. The length. His statement that innermost of the four large wave theory of light, which “light brought to light creates moons of Jupiter discovered suggests that light moves in darkness” sums up his reali- by Galileo, O. Römer was a similar way to sound, was zation that light rays of the able to estimate the speed of put forward by Christiaan same wavelength cancel light at 2.3 x 108 m/s. Huygens. For more than a each other out when brought hundred years, scientists together in corresponding A more precise measure- could not agree which theory phase positions. ment was obtained using an was correct. Today, both con- experimental array devised cepts are used to explain the by Léon Foucault: 2.98 x 108. properties of light: light is the The speed of light in empty visible part of electromagnetic space and in air is generally radiation, which is made up of rounded up to 3 x 108 m/s or oscillating quanta of energy. 300,000 km/s. It was Newton again who dis- This means that light takes covered that white light con- ï Both the particle and the wave around 1.3 seconds to travel tains colours. When a narrow theory of light are from the Moon to the Earth beam of light is directed onto used to provide a 1 succinct descrip- and about 8 /3 minutes to a glass prism and the emerg- reach the Earth from the Sun. ing rays are projected onto a tion of the effects of light and how Light takes 4.3 years to reach white surface, the coloured these conform to our planet from the fixed star spectrum of light becomes natural laws. Alpha in Centaurus, about visible. 2,500,000 years from the Andromeda nebula and more 15 4 5

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he Earth‘s atmosphere ñ The prism combines the ñ When the artificial light from allows visible, ultraviolet spectral colours to form white a fluorescent lamp is split up, light. Sunlight is the combi- the individual spectral colours Tand infrared radiation to nation of all the colours of its are seen to be rendered to pass through in such a way spectrum. a greater or lesser extent, that organic life is possible. depending on the type of Wavelengths are measured lamp. in nanometres (nm) =10-9 m = sunlight exhibits a continuous 1 nm and is not visible to the 10-7 cm. One nanometre is a sequence. eye. Only where it encoun- ten-millionth of a centimetre. Coloured objects only appear ters an object is the radiation coloured if their colours are absorbed and transformed Light is the relatively narrow present in the spectrum of into heat. Without this heat band of electromagnetic the light source. This is the radiation from the sun, the radiation to which the eye is case, for example, with the Earth would be a frozen sensitive. The light spectrum sun, incandescent lamps planet. Today, thanks to solar extends from 380 nm (violet) and fluorescent lamps with technology, IR radiation has to 780 nm (red). very good colour rendering become important both tech- properties. nologically and ecologically as Each wavelength has a Above and below the visible an alternative energy source. distinct colour appearance, band of the radiation spec- and from short-wave violet trum lie the infrared (IR) and through blue, green, green- ultraviolet (UV) ranges. For life on Earth, the right yellow, orange up to long- The IR range encompasses amount of radiation in the UV wave red, the spectrum of wavelengths from 780 nm to range is important. This radiation is classed according to its biological impact as follows: 19 • UV-A (315 to 380 nm), suntan, solaria; • UV-B (280 to 315 nm), ery- thema (reddening of the skin), sunburn; • UV-C (100 • to 280 nm), cell destruction, bactericidal lamps.

Despite the positive effects of ultraviolet radiation – e.g. UV-B for vitamin D synthe- 20 sis – too much can cause damage. The ozone layer of ñ Compared with its appea- the atmosphere protects us rance in daylight, a red rose looks unnatural under the from harmful UV radiation, monochromatic yellow light particularly from UV-C. If of a low-pressure sodium this layer becomes depleted vapour lamp. This is because (ozone gap), it can have the spectrum of such light contains no red, blue or green, negative consequences for so those colours are not life on Earth. rendered. 18 4 5

Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht The physiology of light

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he optical components ñ The eye is a sensory organ ñ Curve of relative spectral to higher or lower levels of of the eye can be com- with extraordinary capa- sensitivity for day vision luminance is termed adapta- pared to a photographic bilities. Just a few highly (cones) V(λ) and night vision tion. T sensitive „components“ com- (rods) V‘(λ). camera. plement each other to form a remarkable visual instrument: The adaptive capacity of the The image-producing optics eye extends over a luminance consist of the cornea, the a cornea The 7 million or so cones are ratio of 1:10 billion. The b lens lens and the intervening c pupil the more sensitive receptors pupils control the luminous aqueous humour. Alteration d iris for colour. These take over flux entering the eyes within of the focal length needed e suspensory ligaments/ at higher levels of luminance a range of only 1:16, while for accurate focusing on ciliary muscles to provide day vision. Their the “parallel switching” of the f vitreous humour objects at varying distances g sclera maximum spectral sensitivity ganglion cells enables the is effected by an adjustment h retina lies in the yellow-green range eye to adjust to the far wider of the curvature of the refrac- i blind spot at 555 nm. There are three range. The state of adaptation tive surfaces of the lens. With k optic nerve types of cone, each with a dif- affects visual performance at age, this accommodative l fovea ferent spectral sensitivity (red, any moment, so that the capacity decreases, due to a green, blue), which combine higher the level of lighting, hardening of the lens tissue. to the optical axis of the eye to create an impression of the more visual perform- there is a small depression, colour. This is the basis of ance will be improved and With its variable central the fovea, in which the visual colour vision. visual errors minimized. The opening – the pupil – the iris cells for day and colour vision adaptive process and hence in front of the lens functions are concentrated. This is the The ability of the eye to adjust adaptation time depend on as an adjustable diaphragm region of maximum visual the luminance at the begin- and can regulate the incident acuity. ning and end of any change luminous flux within a range in brightness. of 1:16. At the same time, it Depending on the level of improves the depth of field. brightness (luminance), two Dark adaptation takes longer The inner eye is filled with a types of visual cell – cones than light adaptation. The eye clear, transparent mass, the and rods – are involved in the needs about 30 minutes to vitreous humour. visual process. adjust to darkness outdoors at night after the higher light- The retina on the inner wall The 120 million rods are ing level of a workroom. Only of the eye is the “projection highly sensitive to brightness a few seconds are required, screen”. It is lined with some but relatively insensitive to however, for adaptation to 130 million visual cells. Close colour. They are therefore brighter conditions. most active at low luminance Sensitivity to shapes and levels (night vision); their visual acuity are prerequisites maximum spectral sensitivity for identification of details. lies in the blue-green region Visual acuity depends not at 507 nm. only on the state of adapta- 23 tion but also on the resolving power of the retina and the ñ Schematic structure of the retina: quality of the optical image. 1 ganglion cells 2 bipolar cells Two points can just be per- 3 rods ceived as separate when 4 cones 6 7

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their images on the retina are õ Adaptation of the eye: ñ Where two points 0.3 mm such that the image of each On coming out of a bright room apart are identified from a dis- and entering a dark one, we at tance of 2 m, visual acuity is 2. point lies on its own cone first see „nothing“ – only after If we need to be 1 m from the with another “unstimulated” a certain period of time do visual object to make out the cone between them. objects start to appear out of two points, visual acuity is 1. Inadequate visual acuity can the darkness. be due to eye defects, such as short- or long-sighted- ness, insufficient contrast, insufficient illuminance.

Four minimum require- indistinct at twilight and are colour contrast and a lumi- become blurred when spin- ments need to be met to no longer perceptible in dark- nance contrast. ning at higher velocities. The permit perception and ness. challenge for lighting technol- identification: 3. Objects need to be of a ogy is to create good visual 2. For an object to be iden- minimum size. conditions by drawing on our 1. A minimum luminance tified, there needs to be a knowledge of the physiologi- is necessary to enable difference between its bright- 4. Perception requires a cal and optical properties of objects to be seen (adapta- ness and the brightness of minimum time. A bullet, for the eye – e.g. by achieving tion luminance). Objects that the immediate surroundings instance, moves much too high luminance and an even can be identified in detail (minimum contrast). Usu- fast. Wheels turning slowly distribution of luminance easily during the day become ally this is simultaneously a can be made out in detail but within the visual field.

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Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht The language of lighting technology

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Luminous flux Φ Luminous intensity I is the rate at which light is is the amount of luminous emitted by a lamp. It is meas- flux radiating in a particular ured in lumens (lm). Ratings Φ direction. It is measured in Ι are found in lamp manufactur- candelas (cd). ers‘ lists. The way the luminous inten- The luminous flux of a 100 W sity of reflector lamps and incandescent lamp is around luminaires is distributed is 1380 lm, that of a 20 W com- indicated by curves on a pact fluorescent lamp with graph. These are known as built-in electronic ballast intensity distribution curves around 1200 lm. (IDCs). To permit comparison between different luminaires, IDCs usually show 1000 lm (= 1 klm) curves. 33 This is indicated in the IDC 35 by the reference cd/klm. The form of presentation is normally a polar diagram, although xy graphs are often found for floodlights.

Luminous efficacy η Glare avoid direct glare in street level to create the same is the luminous flux of a lamp is annoying. It can be caused lighting as this affects road impression of brightness. in relation to its power con- directly by luminaires or indi- safety. sumption. Luminous efficacy rectly by reflective surfaces. In street lighting, the three- is expressed in lumens per Glare depends on the lumi- Where VDU workplaces are dimensional distribution of watt (lm/W). nance and size of the light present, special precau- the reflected light caused by For example, an incandes- source, its position in relation tions must be taken to avoid directional reflectance (e.g. cent lamp produces approx. to the observer and the bright- reflected glare. of a worn road surface) is an 14 lm/W, a 20 W compact ness of the surroundings and important planning factor. fluorescent lamp with built-in background. Glare should Reflectance ρ EB approx. 60 lm/W. be minimized by taking care indicates the percentage of over luminaire arrangement luminous flux reflected by and shielding, and taking a surface. It is an important

Light output ratio ηLB account of reflectance when factor for calculating interior is the ratio of the radiant lumi- choosing colours and surface lighting. nous flux of a luminaire to structures for walls, ceiling the luminous flux of the fitted and floor. Glare cannot be Dark surfaces call for high lamp. It is measured in con- avoided altogether. illuminance, lighter surfaces trolled operating conditions. It is especially important to require a lower illuminance 8 9

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Luminance L Illuminance E indicates the brightness of is measured in lux (lx) on hori- an illuminated or luminous zontal and vertical planes. surface as perceived by the L Illuminance indicates the Ε human eye. It is measured in amount of luminous flux from units of luminous intensity per a light source falling on a unit area (cd/m²). For lamps, given surface. the “handier” unit of measurement cd/cm² is used.

Luminance describes the physiological effect of light on the eye; in exterior lighting it is an important value for planning.

With fully diffuse reflecting 37 39 surfaces – of the kind often found in interiors – luminance in cd/m² can be calculated ρ • Ε from the illuminance E in lux L = and the reflectance ρ: π

Maintained illuminance Em Uniformity of lamps, luminaires and room subject to special soiling. and luminance Lm of illuminance or luminance surfaces. For “sports facility lighting”, depend on the visual task to is another quality feature. DIN EN 12193 stipulates a be performed. Illuminance It is expressed as the ratio Under the harmonized Euro- maintenance factor of 0.8. values for interior lighting of minimum to mean illumi- pean standards, designer Maintained value and main- are set out in the harmonized nance (g1 = Emin / E) or, in and operator need to agree tenance factor define the European standard DIN EN street lighting, as the ratio of and record maintenance fac- value required on installation: 12464-1. Illuminance and minimum to mean luminance tors defining the illuminance maintained value = value on luminance values for street (U0 = Lmin / L ). and luminance required on installation x maintenance lighting are stipulated in DIN In certain applications, the installation to ensure the factor. EN 13201-2. ratio of minimum to maximum values which need to be Sports facility lighting is cov- illuminance g2 = Emin / Emax maintained. ered by another harmonized is important. European standard, DIN EN Where this is not possible, 12193. Maintained values a maintenance factor of are the values below which Maintenance factor 0.67 is recommended for average values on a speci- With increasing length of serv- interiors subject to normal fied surface are not allowed ice, illuminance decreases as ageing and soiling; this may to fall. a result of ageing and soiling drop as low as 0.5 for rooms 8 9

Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht Quality features in lighting

ust as the nature of occu- • lighting level – brightness, • direction of light and Depending on the use and pational and recreational appearance of a room, these Jactivities differs – e.g. • glare limitation –vision • modelling – identification “quality features” can be given reading a book, assembling undisturbed by either direct of three-dimensional form different weightings. The miniature electronic compo- or indirect glare, and surface textures. emphasis may be on: nents, executing technical drawings, running colour • harmonious distribution • visual performance, which checks in a printing works, of brightness – an even is affected by lighting level etc. – so too do the require- balance of luminance, and glare limitation, ments presented by visual tasks. And those require- • light colour – the colour • visual comfort, which is ments define the quality cri- appearance of lamps, and in affected by colour rendering teria a lighting system needs combination with and harmonious brightness to meet. distribution, • colour rendering – correct Careful planning and execu- recognition and differentiation • visual ambience, which is tion are prerequisites for of colours and room ambi- affected by light colour, direc- good quality artificial lighting. ence, tion of light and modelling This is what specific “quality . features” determine:

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Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht Lighting level – Maintained illuminance and luminance

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ighting level is influenced ñ Reflectance ρ of walls, ñ In street lighting, luminance Luminance by illuminance and the floor, ceiling and working is the key quantity: road users Determining luminance L plane recommended in DIN perceive the light reflected by Lreflective properties of EN 12464-1. the road surface as lumi- (measured in cd/m²) entails the surfaces illuminated. It nance. more complex planning and is a defining factor of visual measurement. performance. For street lighting, luminance Some examples of reflect- this, a new system needs to factors that will later impact is an essential criterion for ance: be designed for higher illumi- on illuminance, so where a assessing the quality of a • white walls up to 85% nance (value on installation). maintenance interval of three lighting system. What motor- • light-coloured wood panel- The reduction is taken into years is defined, the mainte- ists see is the light reflected ling up to 50% consideration by a maintenance factor required is 0.67 in their direction from the • red bricks up to 25%. nance factor: maintained for clean rooms and as low perceived road surface (the The lower the reflectance illuminance = maintenance as 0.5 for rooms subject to material-dependent and and the more difficult the factor x illuminance on instal- special soiling (e.g. smoking directional luminance). visual task, the higher the lation. rooms). Since the reflectance of road illuminance needs to be. The surface on which the surfaces is standardized and Maintenance factor illuminance is realised is a single observation point has Maintained illuminance The maintenance factor normally taken as the evalu- been defined as standard, Maintained illuminance is depends on the maintenance ation plane. Recommended luminance is the variable nor- the value below which the characteristics of lamps and heights: 0.75 m above floor mally used for planning street average illuminance on the luminaire, the degree of expo- level for office workplaces, lighting. assessment plane is not sure to dust and soiling in the max. 0.1 m in circulation allowed to fall. room or surroundings as well areas. The maintained illu- The illumination of a street With increasing length of ser- as on the maintenance pro- minances required for indoor depends on the luminous flux vice, illuminance is reduced gramme and maintenance workplaces are defined in DIN of the lamps, the intensity owing to ageing and soiling schedule. In most cases, not EN 12464-1 for different types distribution of the luminaires, of lamps, luminaires and room enough is known at the light- of interior, task or activity. the geometry of the lighting surfaces. To compensate for ing planning stage about the Examples: system and the reflectance of circulation areas 100 lx the road surface. office 500 lx The quality features of street operating cavity 100,000 lx lighting are listed in DIN EN 13201-2. For sports lighting, reference planes (at floor/ground level) Recommended values: and illuminance requirements local service street 7.5 lx are set out for different types main thoroughfare 1.5 cd/m² of sport in the harmonized car park 15 lx European standard DIN EN 12193. Illuminance is the variable used for planning interior lighting because it is easy to measure and fairly straightfor- ward to compute.

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Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht Glare limitation – direct glare

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ñ Assessment of physiological glare by the TI method: lumi- ñ The UGR method takes account of all the luminaires in a nance contrast ∆ L as a function of adaptation luminance L. lighting system which add to the sensation of brightness as Where glare occurs, the luminance contrast needs to be raised well as the brightness of walls and ceilings; it produces a to ∆ L BL for the visual object to be perceptible. UGR index.

irect glare is caused by threshold is raised as a result (Threshold Increment) from The UGR method in indoor excessive luminance of glare. The visual threshold ∆ L0 to ∆ LBL has been lighting D– e.g. from unsuitable is the difference in luminance adopted as a measure of In indoor lighting, psycho- or inappropriately positioned required for an object to be physiological glare and is logical glare is rated by the luminaires or from unshielded just perceptible against its calculated on the basis of the standardized UGR (Uni- general-diffuse lamps. background. following formula: fied Glare Rating) method. This is based on a formula Glare causes discomfort Example: TI ∆ L - ∆ L which takes account of all (psychological glare) and can Where street lighting is glare- = BL 0 . 100 the luminaires in a lighting also lead to a marked reduc- free, the eye adapts to the % ∆ Lo system which contribute to tion in visual performance average luminance of the a sensation of glare. Glare is (physiological glare); it should road L. A visual object on the assessed using UGR tables, therefore be limited. roadway is just perceptible which are based on the UGR where its luminance contrast formula and are available from The TI method in street in relation to its surroundings luminaire manufacturers. lighting is ∆ L0 (threshold value). Every motorist is aware of Where dazzling light sources 2 the dangers of glare in street occur in the visual field, how- UGR = 8 log 0,25 L Ω 2 lighting and its implications ever, diffuse light enters the Lb Σ p for road safety. Effective limi- eye and covers the retina like tation of physiological glare a veil. Although the average is therefore an important luminance of the road remains requirement for good street unchanged, this additional lighting. “veiling luminance” Ls causes the eye to adapt to a higher Shielding against glare The method used to limit glare level L + Ls. An object with a To avoid glare due to bright light sources, lamps should be in street lighting is based on luminance contrast of ∆ζL0 in shielded. The minimum shielding angles set out below need to the physiological effect of relation to its surroundings is be observed for the lamp luminance values stated. glare and demonstrates the then no longer visible. 2 extent to which glare reduces Lamp luminance cd/m Minimum shielding angle α the eye‘s threshold of percep- Where glare occurs, lumi- 20,000 to < 50,000 15° tion. nance contrast needs to be 50,000 to < 500,000 20° raised to ∆ LBL for an object ≥ 500,000 30° In outdoor lighting, physi- to be perceptible. On a road ological glare is assessed by of known average roadway the TI (Threshold Increment) luminance L, the increment method. ∆ LBL - ∆ L0 can be used as 46 a yardstick for the impact The TI value shows in per- of glare. The percentage cent how much the visual rise in threshold values TI

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Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht Glare limitation – reflected glare

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ñ Reflected glare, caused ò Depending on the class of VDU, the mean luminance of lumi- ñ Reflections on monitors are by veiling reflections on the naires which could cast reflections onto the screen needs to particularly annoying. Where surface of the object being be limited to 200 cd/m² or 1000 cd/m² above the critical beam direct luminaires could cast viewed, is disturbing and angle of γ = 65° (at 15° intervals all round the vertical axis). reflections onto screens, their thus makes for poor visual luminance needs to be limited. conditions.

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eflected glare refers assessed using the contrast For luminaires, luminance to the disturbing rendering factor CRF, which limits have been defined (see Rreflections of lamps, can be calculated by special table below). These depend luminaires or bright windows software. For normal office on the anti-glare system of found on reflective or glossy work, a minimum CRF of 0.7 the computer monitor and surfaces such as art paper, is enough; only work involving apply to all emission angles computer monitors or wet high-gloss materials calls for above 65° to the vertical all asphalt roads. a higher factor. around the vertical axis.

Reflected glare can be limited Reflected glare on VDU by the right choice and appro- screens is the most common priate arrangement of lamps cause of complaint. It is effec- and luminaires. tively avoided where monitors VDUs mean luminance of Reflected glare causes the are arranged in such a way luminaires and surfaces same kind of disturbance as that bright surfaces such which reflect on screens direct glare and, above all, as windows, luminaires and Positive display VDUs reduces the contrasts needed light-coloured walls cannot be for trouble-free vision. reflected on screens. Where Negative display VDUs with ≤ 1000 cd/m2 such an arrangement is not high-grade anti-reflective system Reflected glare on shiny possible, the luminance of the Evidence of test certificate required horizontal surfaces (reading surfaces reflected on screens Negative display VDUs with ≤ 200 cd/m2 matter and writing paper) is needs to be reduced. lower-grade anti-reflective system

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Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht Harmonious distribution of brightness

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arked differences in ñ Illuminance in a room says nothing about the harmonious ñ A pedestrian precinct luminance in the field distribution of brightness. This can be established only by should also be lit evenly for determining the luminance of the surfaces (cd/m²) indicated in safety, which need not mean Mof vision impair visual this illustration. that it becomes boring. performance and cause discomfort, so they need to be avoided. This applies as much outdoors, e.g. in sports Where luminance contrasts nishings. Factors which help facilities or street lighting, as it are not sufficiently marked, create a balanced distribution does in interior lighting. a monotonous impression is of luminance in the field of created. This is also found vision include: The luminance of a desktop, unappealing. • room-related or task area for example, should be no lighting less than one third of the On the roads, good even local luminance of the document. luminance distribution is an • use of lighting with an indi- The same ratio is recom- important safety requirement. rect component for better mended between the lumi- It permits timely identification uniformity. nance of the work surface of obstacles and hazards. • a ratio of minimum to mean ò Indoors, harmonious and that of other areas fur- illuminance (E /E) of at distribution of brightness is ther away in the room. The Harmonious distribution of min important for visual comfort. least 0.7 ratio of visual task luminance brightness, e.g. in offices, On roads, safety is improved can be achieved by lighting by good longitudinal unifor- to the luminance of large sur- • adequately high wall, floor mity – which corresponds faces further away should not geared to the colours and and ceiling reflectance. to harmonious brightness exceed 10:1. surface finishes of office fur- distribution.

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Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht Direction of light and modelling

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ithout light we cannot ñ Most people prefer light ñ Light and shadow bring make out objects, to fall predominantly from out the details of this white above and the left, since this marble statue. Wwithout shadow prevents disturbing shadows we see objects only as two- being cast on written work. dimensional images. It takes directional lighting and modelling to permit 3D projection, to the room through a window For certain visual tasks, e.g. give objects depth. from a particular direction. for appraising surface charac- Excessively deep shadow- teristics, marked modelling by A bright room with nothing ing, e.g. in front of a writing directional light is required. but diffuse lighting and no hand, can be offset by artifi- shadows makes a monoto- cial lighting. In fast ball games such as nous impression; the lack of tennis or squash, adequate orientation, poor definition of In offices where desk arrange- modelling is necessary for objects and difficulty in gaug- ments are geared to incident fast identification of the ball, ing distances make us feel daylight, it is advisable to its flight path and the place uncomfortable. control daylight incidence where it will land. by means of window blinds In contrast, point-like light and to use continuous rows sources with extremely direc- of luminaires on separate tional beams produce hard- switching circuits to lighten edged shadows. Such harsh disturbing shadows. shadow renders virtually everything unrecognizable; Where luminaires are it can even cause potentially arranged parallel to the dangerous optical illusions, window wall, the rear row of e.g. where tools are used, luminaires can lighten any machines are operated or dark shadows that might stairs need to be negotiated. occur during the day. As daylight fades, the front row of Direction of light and model- luminaires near the windows ling also help define visual can be partially or fully acti- ambience. A good ratio of vated to make up for the loss diffuse light (e.g. from indi- of natural light. rect lighting components) to 58 directional light (e.g. from direct louver luminaires or ñ To avoid harsh shadows, floodlights are arranged so downlights) makes for agree- that each individual beam eli- able modelling. minates the shadow created by others. Direction of light is generally defined by daylight entering ï Only under directional light from the side can the three- dimensional structure of the wall surface be perceived; in diffuse light it appears 59 60 smooth. 14 15

Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht Light colour

ï The International Commis- sion on Illumination CIE has devised a triangle in which the colours of light sources and body colours can be classi- fied. Depending on brightness, achromatic light (i.e. white, grey or black) is found at x = y = 0.333. All the other colours are located around this point. Along the straight line from the achromatic position to the limiting curve (which represents Light colour dw daylight white the spectral colours of sunlight) lie the colours of the same hue but differing degrees of saturation. Saturation increases towards the limiting curve. The colour triangle contains all real colours. The curve describes the colours of the “black body radiator” for the given temperatures (in Kelvin).

Light colour nw neutral white

e experience our sur- lamp with its warm white light, ð Fluorescent lamps have a roundings not just as for example, has a correlated line or band spectrum. The examples here show the spec- Wbrightness and dark- colour temperature of 2800 K, tra of fluorescent lamps in ness, light and shadow, but a neutral white fluorescent each of the three groups dw, also in colour. lamp 4000 K and a daylight nw and ww. fluorescent lamp 6000 K. Light colour ww warm white The light colour of a lamp is For reasons of standardi- ð In contrast, the incan- expressed in terms of colour zation, the light colours of descent lamp at the bottom exhibits a continuous spec- temperature Tc measured in lamps are divided into three trum. degrees Kelvin (K). groups: dw – daylight white, The Kelvin temperature nw – neutral white and ww ò The international colour scale begins at absolute zero – warm white. designation code for lamps (0 Kelvin ≈ -273°C). consists of three numerals. The first numeral indicates Colour temperature is used Light colour of lamps: colour rendering (Ra range), to denote the colour of a light Colour temperature the second and third colour source by comparison with Light colour in Kelvin temperature (in Kelvin). the colour of a standardized warm white < 3300 “black body radiator”. A black body radiator is an neutral white 3300 - 5300 Numeral Ra range Light colour Colour “idealised” solid body, e.g. daylight white > 5300 temperature st nd rd made of platinum, which 1 numeral 2 + 3 numeral in Kelvin absorbs all the light that hits it Lamps with the same light 9 90 - 100 27 2700 K and thus has a reflective radi- colour can emit light of com- 8 80 - 89 30 3000 K ance of zero. pletely different spectral composition and thus with quite 7 70 - 79 40 4000 K When a black body is slowly different colour rendering 6 60 - 69 50 5000 K heated, it passes through properties. It is not possible 5 50 - 59 60 6000 K graduations of colour from to draw conclusions about 4 40 - 49 65 6500 K dark red, red, orange, yellow, colour rendering from light white to light blue. The higher colour. the temperature, the whiter the colour. ð The way we see colours The temperature in K at depends not only on the light which a black body radiator colour and colour rendering is the same colour as the properties of the lamp. Where light source being measured light colour departs from the daylight norm, “stored visual is known as the correlated standards” enable us – within colour temperature of that certain limits – to make sub- light source. An incandescent conscious colour corrections. 62 16 17

Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht Colour rendering

Light and colour create the sation. For coloured materials ñ Electric lamps are classed “atmosphere” of a room and for which no “empirical stand- according to light colour (dw, nw or ww) and colour render- influence our mood and sense ards” exist, however, colour ing index R (from 20 to 100). of wellbeing by their “warmth” perception can vary widely. a or “coldness”. The effect a light source has Guaranteeing correct colour on the appearance of col- perception under artificial light oured objects is described by forms a very important part of its colour rendering proper- the lighting designer‘s brief. ties. These are grouped into The appearance of coloured grades based on the “general objects is affected by the colour rendering index” Ra. interaction between the colour The colour rendering index – i.e. the spectral reflectance indicates how closely the – of the objects we see and colour of an object matches the spectral composition of its appearance under the the light illuminating them. relevant light source.

In everyday life, we come To determine the Ra values across surface colours which of light sources, eight defined can differ in appearance test colours commonly found depending on how they are in the environment are each illuminated but which we illuminated under the refer- recognize for what they are ence light source (Ra = 100) thanks to “stored visual stan- and then under the source dards” that are independent being evaluated. The greater of lighting. the difference in the appearance of the test colours ren- For example, we have a dered, the poorer the colour stored impression of the rendering properties of the colour of human skin in daylight source under examina- light. Where artificial lighting tion. Under a light source lacks a particular spectral with an Ra = 100 rating, all colour or exaggerates certain the colours have the same colours in its spectrum (as is – optimal – appearance as 63 the case with incandescent under the reference light lamps), skin seen under it source. The lower the R ñ Despite identical light colour, different colour rendering a properties lead to variations in colour perception. For instance, may appear a different colour index, the poorer the render- where the spectrum of a lamp contains little red light (right), red but will still look “natural” ing of the surface colours of surface colours are only incompletely rendered. because of empirical compen- the illuminated objects.

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Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht Light generation by thermal radiators and discharge lamps

ï The bulbs of the first incandescent lamps were evacuated, i.e. the tungsten wire of the filament glowed in a vacuum. Tungsten particles volatilizing off the filament settled on the inside of the bulb and made it increasingly dark. The inert gas used to fill bulbs today limits the freedom of movement of the tungsten mol- ecules and thereby reduces the dark- ening effect. • Tungsten • Insert gas

64 65

n general, lamps generate Tungsten halogen lamps Discharge lamps ñ Continuous development light either by thermal radi- A further development of the Discharge lamps generate and modern manufacturing techniques have led to new, Iation or by gas discharge, incandescent bulb is the tung- light by electric discharge extremely compact lamps the radiation of which is either sten halogen lamp, in which through ionized gas or metal such as low-voltage halogen directly visible or is made vis- the bulb is filled with halo- vapour. Depending on the cool-beam specular reflector ible by luminescent material. gen gas. This ensures that type of gas in the discharge lamps. volatizing tungsten atoms are tube, visible light is either 1 Glass Incandescent lamps re-deposited on the coil after emitted directly or UV radia- 2 Cool-beam facet reflector The incandescent lamp is a a “circulating process” and tion is converted into visible 3 High-performance burner thermal radiator which gener- thereby prevents blackening light by luminescent materials 4 Base ates light by resistance heat- of the bulb. on the inside of the tube. ing. It consists of a tungsten filament in a glass bulb which, The main advantages of A distinction is made between Electronic ballasts depending on the model, is tungsten-halogen lamps are low- and high-pressure lamps, Where electronic ballasts either evacuated or filled with increased luminous efficacy depending on the operating (EBs) are used, luminous nitrogen or inert gas (argon). up to around 25 lm/W, a pressure in the tube. efficacy and lamp life are longer service life, e.g. 2000 increased. Lamps also start The inert gas raises the hours, constant luminous flux, To operate, fluorescent lamps instantly and without flickering temperature of the tungsten white light colour and small require a ballast, which serves and provide constant, steady filament and reduces vola- dimensions. mainly to limit the amount of lighting with no stroboscopic tilization. This increases the current flowing through the effects. Defective lamps are luminous efficacy and, by A distinction is made between lamp. To ignite a discharge automatically shut down. hindering the blackening of the tungsten halogen bulbs in lamp, a starter or igniter is the inside of the glass bulb, high-voltage lamps for 230 V required. This supplies volt- Fluorescent lamps and com- counteracts the decline in operation and those for low- age and energy pulses high pact fluorescent lamps oper- luminous flux. voltage operation on 6, 12 enough to ionize the gas ated by appropriate EBs can or 24 V. column (discharge path) and be dimmer-controlled. The luminous efficacy can be thereby ignite the lamp. further improved by doubling Halogen reflector lamps with The service life of discharge the coiling of the resistance a metal or specular glass lamps is generally referred wire. reflector deliver focused to as the economic life. This beams of light with various takes account of the lamps in The mean service life of an beam spreads. a lighting system which are incandescent lamp is defined rendered defective e.g. by a as the length of service In cool-beam reflector lamps broken filament as well as the 2 of 50% of all lamps under /3 of the heat (IR radiation) decrease in luminous flux due normal working conditions. is diverted backwards through to fatigue in the fluorescent For general-service tungsten the infrared-permeable material and deterioration of filament lamps this is 1,000 h. specular surface and thereby the discharge mechanism. removed from the light beam. The system luminous flux thus The service life and the lumi- Museum exhibits, for exam- defined must not fall below a nous flux of an incandescent ple, are thus protected from certain minimum (80% of lamp are influenced by the excessive heat. output on installation). level of the supply voltage.

18 19

Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht ï Fluorescent lamps work with mercury vapour under low pressure. When current flows, electrons are emitted from both tungsten wire elec- trodes. On their way through the discharge tube, they col- lide with the mercury atoms. In this collision, a mercury electron is deflected from its path and orbits at a greater distance from the nucleus. As it springs back into its original orbit, it releases the collision energy in the form of UV radiation, which is then transformed into visible light by the fluorescent coating on the inside of the discharge tube. The light colour and colour rendering of fluorescent bulbs can be varied over a wide range by the chemical composition of the coating.

66 67 68

Fluorescent lamps a long service life. As with ñ High-pressure discharge ñ LEDs are only three to five Three-band fluorescent lamps all other types of fluorescent lamps possess a burner in millimetres high and thus which light is generated by permit totally new luminaire have three or five especially lamp, the amount of luminous electrical discharge in a gas, designs. prominent spectral areas in flux they emit depends on a metal vapour or a mixture the blue, green and red sec- the ambient temperature: at of the two. The metal halide tors, which make for good –20°C, for example, it falls lamp shown above has a transparent ceramic burner, colour rendering properties. below 20% capacity, at +60°C which ensures uniform colour surplus of electrons (n-type below 80%. characteristics throughout semiconductor) and a section The luminescent coating on the life of the lamp. with a deficit of electrons (p- the inside of the lamp tube Three-band fluorescent type semiconductor). When converts the largely invis- lamps with a 16 mm-diameter a direct voltage is applied, ible UV radiation of the gas and shorter tube have even electrons flow across the discharge into visible light. higher luminous efficacy rat- rect or direct lighting in rooms junction between the two The chemical composition ings. These T5 fluorescent with very high ceilings. 7 mm- regions, generating light in of the luminescent material lamps can only be operated diameter fluorescent lamps the process. determines, among other by electronic ballasts (EBS). with 6 W to 13 W ratings are things, the light colour and used in display, furniture and The light thus created has a colour rendering properties Two type series are available: picture lights. narrow-band emission spec- of the lamp. “high luminous efficacy” lamps trum which differs according in 14 W to 35 W power ratings Induction lamps to the semiconductor mate- 26 mm-diameter three-band for maximum economy, and Induction lamps have no elec- rial used. White LEDs can fluorescent lamps have a high “high luminous flux” lamps in trodes. The electron flow here be created by additive colour luminous efficacy rating and 24 W to 80 W ratings for indi- is induced by a magnetic field. mixing or by luminescence Because induction lamps conversion. Their colour have no components which temperatures are between are subject to wear, they 4,000 and 7,000 Kelvin and attain an average service life colour rendering index Ra of 60,000 operating hours. around 70. Induction lamps are available in spherical and – as high- Among the most important performance fluorescent advantages of LEDs are their lamps – flat designs. small dimensions, long life and low failure rates. Also, LEDs they emit no IR or UV radia- In an LED, a solid-state crys- tion. tal is induced to emit light by passing an electric current through it. The type of crys- tals used have two sections or regions: a region with a

ï As burning time increases, the luminous flux of fluorescent lamps diminishes and individual lamps fail. These factors determine the system luminous flux, which must not fall below 80% 69 of the luminous flux on installation. 18 19

Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht Lamps

5 6

13 9 11

12 16 10 14 15

No. Lamp type Power rating Luminous flux Luminous flux Light colour Colour rendering Base (Watts) (lumens) (lumens/Watt) index Linear three-band fluorescent lamps T5; 16 mm dia.1) 1 14 - 35 1250 - 36502) 89 - 104 ww,nw,dw 80 to 89 G5 high luminous efficacy T5; 16 mm dia.1) 2 24 - 80 1850 - 70002) 77 - 88 ww,nw,dw 80 to 89 G5 high luminous flux 3 T8; 26 mm dia. 18 - 58 1350 - 5200 75 - 903) ww,nw,dw 80 to 89 G13 Compact fluorescent lamps 4 2-, 4-, 6-tube lamp 5 - 120 250 - 9000 50 - 75 ww,nw 80 to 89 G23, G24, GX24, 2G7/8 5 2-tube lamp 18 - 80 1200 - 6000 67 - 75 ww,nw,dw 80 to 89 2G11 6 4-tube lamp 18 - 36 1100 - 2800 61 - 78 ww,nw 80 to 89 2G10 2D-lamp 10 - 55 650 - 3900 65 - 71 ww,nw,dw 80 to 89 GR8, GR10, GRY10 Energy-saving lamps 7 Incandescent shape 5 - 23 150 - 1350 30 - 59 ww 80 to 89 E14, E27 8 standard shape 5 - 23 240 - 1500 48 - 65 ww 80 to 89 E14, E27 230 V tungsten halogen lamps 9 with jacket 25 - 250 260 - 4300 10 - 17 ww 90 and higher E14, E27 10 miniature 25 - 75 260 - 1100 10 - 15 ww 90 and higher G9 11 with reflektor 40 - 100 ww 90 and higher E14, E27, GZ10, GU10 12 with base at both ends 60 - 2000 840 - 44000 14 - 22 ww 90 and higher R7s Low voltage 12 V halogen lamps 13 with reflektor 20 - 50 ww 90 and higher GU5,3 14 pin-based lamps 5 - 100 60 - 2300 12 - 23 ww 90 and higher G4, GY6,35 Metal-halide lamps 15 with base at one end 35 - 150 3300 - 14000 85 - 95 ww,nw 80 to 89, 90 and higher G12, G8,5 16 with base at both ends 70 - 400 6500 - 36000 77 - 92 ww,nw 80 to 89, 90 and higher RX7s, Fc2 High-pressure sodium vapour lamps 17 tubular 35 - 1000 1800 - 130000 51 - 130 ww 20 to 39 E27, E40 Low-pressure sodium vapour lamps 18 tubular 18 - 180 1800 - 32000 100 - 178 yellow BY22d Light emitting diodes 19 LED 0,7 - 1,5 18 - 27 13 - 23 20 Light colour: ww = warm white, nw = neutral white, dw = daylight white 1) for EB operation only 2) luminous flux at 35°C 3) luminous efficacy increases to 81 - 100 lm/W with EB operation Good lighting depends on the operate them, a transformer right choice of lamp. Below is needed to reduce the volt- are the most important lamp age to 12 V. With appropriate types and their specifica- transformers, they can be tions. dimmer-controlled. IRC (Infra-Red Coating) lamps consume 30% less power for Three-band fluorescent the same luminous flux. lamps (1, 2, 3) Three-band fluorescent lamps Metal halide lamps (15, 16) offer high luminous efficacy These lamps are noted for 7 coupled with good colour their high luminous efficacy rendering and a long service and excellent colour render- life. Operated by electronic ing properties. Modern metal ballasts (EBs), they achieve halide lamps have a ceramic an even higher luminous effi- burner, which produces light 8 cacy and longer service life. of a constant colour through- 16 mm-diameter T5 lamps out the lamps‘ life. A ballast are designed for EB operation is needed to operate metal only. With appropriate EBs, halide lamps. EB operation all three-band fluorescent makes for a longer lamp luminaires can be dimmer- life and enhanced lighting controlled. comfort.

Compact fluorescent lamps High-pressure sodium (4, 5, 6) vapour lamps (17) Compact fluorescent lamps Very high luminous efficacy 19 have the same characteris- and long lamp life make tics as three-band fluorescent high-pressure sodium vapour lamps. Here too, luminous lamps a highly economical 17 18 efficacy, service life and light- option for outdoor lighting. ing comfort are enhanced They consume only half as by electronic ballasts and much power as high-pres- dimmer control is possible sure mercury vapour lamps. with appropriate EBs. Appropriate ballasts and No. Lamp type Power rating Luminous flux Luminous flux Light colour Colour rendering Base igniters are needed to oper- (Watts) (lumens) (lumens/Watt) index Energy-saving lamps (7, 8) ate high-pressure sodium

Linear three-band fluorescent lamps Energy-saving lamps have a vapour lamps. T5; 16 mm dia.1) 1 14 - 35 1250 - 36502) 89 - 104 ww,nw,dw 80 to 89 G5 built-in ballast and a screw high luminous efficacy base (E14 or E27). They con- Low-pressure sodium T5; 16 mm dia.1) 2 24 - 80 1850 - 70002) 77 - 88 ww,nw,dw 80 to 89 G5 sume as much as 80% less vapour lamps (18) high luminous flux power and have a consider- This type of lamp is noted 3 T8; 26 mm dia. 18 - 58 1350 - 5200 75 - 903) ww,nw,dw 80 to 89 G13 ably longer life than incandes- for having a higher luminous Compact fluorescent lamps cent lamps. efficacy than any other. 4 2-, 4-, 6-tube lamp 5 - 120 250 - 9000 50 - 75 ww,nw 80 to 89 G23, G24, GX24, 2G7/8 Because of its monochro- 5 2-tube lamp 18 - 80 1200 - 6000 67 - 75 ww,nw,dw 80 to 89 2G11 230 V tungsten halogen matic beam, it is particularly 6 4-tube lamp 18 - 36 1100 - 2800 61 - 78 ww,nw 80 to 89 2G10 lamps (9, 10, 11, 12) good at penetrating fog and Tungsten halogen lamps for mist. Low-pressure sodium 2D-lamp 10 - 55 650 - 3900 65 - 71 ww,nw,dw 80 to 89 GR8, GR10, GRY10 line operation produce an vapour lamps are used for Energy-saving lamps agreeable white light with illuminating port and lock 7 Incandescent shape 5 - 23 150 - 1350 30 - 59 ww 80 to 89 E14, E27 good colour rendering prop- control installations and for 8 standard shape 5 - 23 240 - 1500 48 - 65 ww 80 to 89 E14, E27 erties. They have a longer security lighting. 230 V tungsten halogen lamps service life than incandescent 9 with jacket 25 - 250 260 - 4300 10 - 17 ww 90 and higher E14, E27 lamps and achieve higher Light-emitting diodes (19) 10 miniature 25 - 75 260 - 1100 10 - 15 ww 90 and higher G9 luminous efficacy. They are LEDs come in numerous 11 with reflektor 40 - 100 ww 90 and higher E14, E27, GZ10, GU10 fully dimmable and available shapes and colours. They are 12 with base at both ends 60 - 2000 840 - 44000 14 - 22 ww 90 and higher R7s also as reflector lamps. extremely small, have a high Low voltage 12 V halogen lamps resistance to impact and a 13 with reflektor 20 - 50 ww 90 and higher GU5,3 Low-voltage 12 V halogen very long service life and emit 14 pin-based lamps 5 - 100 60 - 2300 12 - 23 ww 90 and higher G4, GY6,35 lamps (13, 14) neither IR nor UV radiation. Low-voltage halogen lamps Given a special fluorescent Metal-halide lamps produce an agreeable white coating, LEDs produce white 15 with base at one end 35 - 150 3300 - 14000 85 - 95 ww,nw 80 to 89, 90 and higher G12, G8,5 light with very good colour light. LEDs are designed for 16 with base at both ends 70 - 400 6500 - 36000 77 - 92 ww,nw 80 to 89, 90 and higher RX7s, Fc2 rendering properties. To d.c. operation. High-pressure sodium vapour lamps 17 tubular 35 - 1000 1800 - 130000 51 - 130 ww 20 to 39 E27, E40 Low-pressure sodium vapour lamps 18 tubular 18 - 180 1800 - 32000 100 - 178 yellow BY22d Light emitting diodes 19 LED 0,7 - 1,5 18 - 27 13 - 23 Light colour: ww = warm white, nw = neutral white, dw = daylight white 1) for EB operation only 2) luminous flux at 35°C 3) luminous efficacy increases to 81 - 100 lm/W with EB operation 21 Luminaires General requirements and lighting characteristics

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Selection of luminaires õö CAD systems are used for Luminaires are selected on the basis of: luminaire development. • application interior or exterior luminaire, • type and number of lamps incandescent lamp, low-pressure or high-pressure discharge lamp, Luminous flux distribution For most outdoor applica - • structural type Total luminous flux ΦL is the tions, luminaires for direct open or closed luminaire, sum of the partial luminous lighting are normally the • type of mounting flux emitted in the lower half preferred option. However, for decorative lighting in recessed, surface-mounted or pendant luminaire, ΦU and upper half ΦO of the • lighting characteristics luminaire. Luminaires are pedestrian precincts, parks s u c h a s l u m i n o u s f l u x d i s t r i b u t i o n , l u m i n o u s i n t e n s i t y d i s t r i - categorized by the amount of etc., luminaires with a small bution, luminance distribution and light output ratio, lower luminous flux they emit indirect lighting component • electrical characteristics, including components required and assigned to groups A to can be usefully employed for lamp operation E as defined in DIN 5040. to highlight trees or building electrical reliability, protection class, radio interference façades. suppression, ballast, igniter/starter, etc., • mechanical characteristics mechanical reliability, degree of protection, fire safety features, impact resistance, material properties, etc., • size, construction and design.

Lighting materials • directional reflection • mixed reflection • diffuse reflection In order to direct, distribute e.g. specular reflectors and e.g. satinized specular lou - e.g. matt specular louvers or filter the luminous flux of louvers of highly polished vers; in contrast to matt mate- or reflectors and louvers lamps, two basic kinds of anodised aluminium; coupled rials, the surface of these with enamelled surfaces; “lighting materials” are used: with precise specular design, optical controllers has a more the luminaire face is clearly • reflective materials these optical controllers make pronounced directional com - visible owing to its higher • translucent light-transmitting for finely defined beams and ponent for “defined” shielding luminance. materials. luminance control. conditions. Reflective materials are used to reflect as much light as possible. They can be subdi - vided into materials for:

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Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht 72 73

Luminous intensity ñ Computer-generated three- Luminance distribution and ñ Computer-calculated distribution dimensional intensity distribu- shielding reflector/louver combinations tion of an exterior luminaire. are used to achieve optimal The three-dimensional distri- To assess the glare pro- luminance distribution with bution of the luminous inten- duced by interior luminaires, effective luminaire shielding. sity of a luminaire is indicated it is necessary to know their by the luminous intensity mean luminance at angles distribution model. It can be Intensity distribution curves critical for glare. shown for various planes in are usually established Mean luminance is the quo- polar diagrams (IDCs). To under standardized luminaire tient of luminous intensity facilitate comparison, the operating conditions using and the effective luminous intensities relate to 1000 lm a computer-controlled rotat- area perceived by observers. of the lamps in the luminaire ing mirror goniophotometer. and are expressed accord- They provide the basis for In street lighting, glare ingly as cd/klm (candelas per planning interior and exterior depends, among other kilolumen). lighting. things, on the size of the luminous area and the light The shape of an IDC shows emitted by the luminaires. whether the luminaire has a Luminous intensity at critical narrow- or wide-angle, beam angles is limited by symmetrical or asymmetrical deflection within the optical beam. control system.

Directionally translucent cal medium into another, it Light output ratio ηLB Although a track-mounted materials changes direction according This is an important quantity general-diffuse luminaire (such as glass and plastics) to the angle of incidence for assessing the energy effi- has a higher light output ratio are also employed for optical and thus undergoes optical ciency of a luminaire and its ηLB than a shielded specu- control by harnessing their control. lighting performance. Light lar luminaire, it also causes capacities for refracting and output ratio ηLB is the ratio of more glare. Specular louver reflecting light. When a beam the luminous flux radiated by luminaires, for instance, of light passes from one opti- a luminaire to the sum of the produce substantially higher luminous fluxes of its lamps, illuminance on the working measured under specific plane. Light output ratio is operating conditions. thus not a reliable yardstick for illuminance on the work- Those conditions define the ing plane. normal operating position of the luminaire and a normal ambient temperature of 25°C.

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Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht Luminaires Electrical characteristics, ballasts

IP 20 IP 20 IP 40

74 IP 54 IP 54 IP 65 Class of protection Degrees of protection IP Luminaires are divided into The mechanical design of ñ The luminaires are examples of different IP degrees of pro- three classes of protection luminaires must be such that tection and show that the higher degrees of protection require much more sophisticated mechanical solutions. according to the protective they are adequately protected measures taken against elec- against the ingress of foreign tric shock: bodies and moisture. The degree of protection is indi- Degree of 1st numeral 2nd numeral • Class I: Touch-accessible cated by the IP (Ingress Pro- protection foreign body protection water protection metal components are con- tection) numbering system IP 11 foreign bodies > 50 mm drops of water IP 20 foreign bodies > 12 mm unprotected nected to the protective IP 23 foreign bodies > 12 mm spraywater conductor. The protective The first numeral indicates the IP 33 foreign bodies > 2,5 mm spraywater conductor terminal is indi- degree of protection against IP 40 foreign bodies > 1 mm unprotected cated by the symbol foreign bodies, the second IP 44 foreign bodies > 1 mm splashwater numeral protection against IP 50 dust-protected unprotected • Class II: Live components water. IP 54 dust-protected splashwater are provided with additional IP 65 dustproof jetwater protective insulation. Connec- An IP 20 luminaire, for exam- IP 66 dustproof floodwater tion to the protective conduc- ple, is protected against the tor is not allowed. ingress of foreign bodies Electromagnetic compa- ister for Post and Telecom- Symbol > 12 mm, but not against tibility munications on 11 December moisture. A luminaire Electrical equipment and 1991, luminaires licensed for • Class III: Luminaires are designed for use in damp electronic circuits can send use in Germany are required operated on protective extra- interiors, with a degree of pro- out intended or unintended to meet certain standards of low voltages (< 42 V) that tection of IP 65, is protected high-frequency electromag- immunity to interference and present no danger to human against the ingress of dust netic signals, which are either interference suppression. beings. and against jets of water. beamed through the air or The ordinance is based on Symbol fed into cables. Such equip- the Electromagnetic Compat- ment is also susceptible to ibility Act incorporating EC external interference which Directive 89/336/EEC “Elec- can prevent it from operat- tromagnetic Compatibility” ing normally. Growing use of into German law. electronic equipment makes it vital to ensure that this Compliance with the relevant kind of cross-interference is standards is evidenced by the suppressed. Luminaires for EMZ symbol of the VDE test discharge lamps are potential and certification institute. sources of such interference.

Under Ordinance 242/1991 issued by the Federal Min-

ï Luminaires need to be designed for conformity with one of the three electrical classes of protection against electric shock. 75 24 25

Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht Luminaire fire protection Other symbols on symbols luminaires Luminaires for mounting on building parts non-flammable up to 180°C. Impact-resistant to VDE, „Not for tennis“ if openings As F symbol, but suitable > 60mm for use with thermal insulation backing. Protected against explosion Luminaires for mounting in/on furniture where the mounting surface is non- Max. permissible ambient flammable up to 180°C. > Observe mounting temperature, deviating instructiuons from 25°C Luminaires for mounting in/on furniture where the mounting surface is Non-permissible lamps non-flammable up to 95°C in normal operation. > Observe mounting instructiuons Luminaires for locations Min. clearance from exposed to fire hazards. illuminated surface Temperature of horizontal luminaire surfaces max. 90°C in normal operation. Glass surfaces of fluorescent lamps max. 150°C. 76

Fire safety Energy efficiency of lumi- Ballasts When selecting luminaires, naires One thing all discharge lamps In addition to the considerable consideration should be given Most of the electrical energy have in common is their nega- energy savings achieved, to the fire-resistance of the consumed is consumed by tive current/voltage charac- making for short EB pay-back mounting surfaces and the the lamp and its operating teristic: a current supplied at times of only a few years, luminaire surroundings gear. To indicate the energy constant voltage reaches an high-frequency EB operation DIN VDE 0100 Part 559 consumption of the ballast/ intensity that would destroy of fluorescent lamps and a stipulatesstipulates thathatt lluminairesuminaires wwithith lamp system, an energy the lamp. Hence the need growing number of other dis- thethe sysymbolmbol aarere ssuitableuitable foforr classification system has for discharge lamps to be charge lamps by EB has other direct installation on building been introduced at European operated by ballasts. These advantages: materials that remain dimen- level (Directive 2000/55/EC serve to limit the current and, sionally stable and stationary on energy efficiency require- in combination with e.g. start- Advantages of electronic at temperatures up to 180 °C. ments for ballasts for fluores- ers, to ignite the lamps ballasts EB Luminaires without a fire cent lamps). • low ballast losses protection symbol may only Growing energy awareness • higher lamp luminous be directly installed on non- The EEI (Energy Efficiency has prompted major tech- efficacy flammable building materials Index) distinguishes between nological improvements in • optimal transformation of such as concrete. seven classes of ballast: ballasts, especially ballasts wattage into light A1 Dimmable electronic for fluorescent lamps. The • reduced operating costs At locations exposed to fire ballasts (EBs) conventional ballast (CB) has • reduced air-conditioning hazards, however, where A2 Electronic ballasts (EBs) now been superseded by the costs highly flammable materials with reduced losses (inductive) low-loss ballast. • no starter, no p.f. correction such as textile fibres etc. may A3 Electronic ballasts (EBs) (LLB) and the electronic bal- capacitor bebe depositeddeposited onon luminaires,luminaires, B1 Magnetic ballasts with last (EB). • can be run on a.c. or d.c. onlyonly modelsmodels withwith thethe symbolsymbol very low losses (LLBs) current may be installed. Such lumi- B2 Magnetic ballasts with Electronic ballasts convert • constant lamp performance naires are designed so the low losses (LLBs) 230 V/50 Hz line voltage into over wide voltage range temperature of their surfaces C Magnetic ballasts with a high-frequency a.c. voltage • suitable for emergency does not rise above the stipu- moderate losses (CBs) of 25 to 40 kHz, which lowers lighting lated threshold temperature. D Magnetic ballasts with very the power intake of a 58 W • low magnetic induction Luminaires for direct mount- high losses (CBs). lamp to around 50 W while interference ing in or on furnishings, maintaining virtually identical • use in medical examination e.g.e.g. furniture,furniture, mustmust bearbear thethe The sale of Class D ballasts luminous flux. The power rooms oror symbol,symbol, dependingdepending has been prohibited since 21 required by a lamp/EB system • defective lamps automati- on the material of the mount- May 2002; Class C ballasts in our exam ple is reduced to cally shut down (fire protec- ing surface. must be withdrawn from the 55 W, which represents a tion) market by 21 November 2005 23% saving in comparison • approx. 50% longer lamp Impact resistance at the latest. with the CB system. Use life Luminaires for use in sports of efficient, energy-saving • enhanced lighting comfort facilities in which ball games ballasts is encouraged by and quality are played must be impact-re- measures taken by the EU. • dimmer control possible sistant and be marked with Even today, more than 40% (special EB) the symbol indicating suit- of new and refurbished light- ability for sports facility use. ing systems with fluorescent This also applies to luminaire – including compact fluores- accessories and mounting cent – lamps are already fitted components with EBs. 24 25

Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht Luminaires Operating devices, regulation, control, BUS systems

77 78

Transformers ñ Transformers for low-volt- ñ To compensate the induc- Operating low-voltage tung- age lamps turn the 230 V tive reactive power of con- supply voltage into a lamp- ventional (CB) and low-loss sten halogen lamps requires operating voltage of 6, 12 or ballasts (LLB), luminaires with transformers with an output 24 V. On the secondary side fluorescent lamps are fitted voltage of 6 V, 12 V or 24 V. are correspondingly high cur- with a capacitor parallel to the rents requiring a significant line connection (230 V). increase in the cross-section A distinction is made between of the transformer winding P.f. correction capacitors Starters and igniters conventional and annular core and of the lamp connection P f. correction capacitors Starters for fluorescent lamps transformers; the difference is cable. serve to improve the power complete or open the preheat- less a matter of power dissi- factor. They reduce the ing current circuit of a fluores- pation than of size. inductive reactive power of cent lamp and thereby initiate the ballasts (chokes) that the ignition process. A distinc- Additional features provided contributes to the load on tion is made between univer- by electronic transformers the electrical equipment, e.g. sal and fused rapid starters. include automatic shutdown leads, cables, transformers Starters are not required in open circuit, ability to and switches. Power utilities where EBs are used. withstand short circuits, and stipulate that p.f. correction gentle starting for longer capacitors need to be used Metal halide lamps and high- lamp life. in luminaires with discharge pressure sodium vapour lamps. lamps need a starting voltage pulse of the order of P.f. correction capacitors 1 to 5 kV. Igniters with special must bear the symbol F electronic switches are thus (flameproof) or FP (flame- used to ignite high-pressure Advantages of electronic and explosion-proof), display discharge lamps. transformers a test symbol from a recog- • compact size nised testing agency and be For the immediate hot re-igni- • low weight equipped with a discharge tion of extinguished metal • low power dissipation resistor. halide or high-pressure • low internal resistance sodium vapour lamps, ignit- • no noise generation P.f. correction capacitors are ers with voltages consider- • high efficiency not required where EBs are ably higher than 5 kV are • overload and overheating used. required. prevented by power control without lamp deactivation • non-encapsulated, therefore repairable if defective • soft starting - no current peaks on activation • electronic protection against short-circuiting

26 27

Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht 79 80

ñ Dimming thermal radiators: Regulation and control DALI – digital lighting Central management of correlation of wattage and Lighting regulation and control management building installations luminous flux. play a central role in modern DALI (Digital Addressable - Bus systems building service management. Lighting Interface) is an intel- The increasing complexity As well as the energy savings ligent lighting management of building technology and they permit, they are increas- system specifically developed the control and monitoring Low-voltage installation ingly appreciated for the con- to meet the requirements of of all building installation Because of their low operating venience they provide and the modern lighting technology. and service systems, e.g. voltages, low-voltage installa- motivational boost delivered Easy to use, cost-efficient heating, air-conditioning, tions constitute no immediate by dynamic lighting. and designed for use with alarm and security systems, hazard to human beings. It Lighting can be adjusted interface modules permitting lighting, window blind control needs to be borne in mind, according to the amount of integration in building man- etc., require a new approach however, that the stepped- natural light available or the agement systems with EIB to building management that down voltage gives rise to position of the sun (daylight (European Installation Bus) in corporates all the individual very high currents. control or regulation), accord- or LON (Local Operating Net- systems – including lighting (Example: lamp 230 V, 100 ing to whether the room is work) circuitry. – in an intelligent control W: current I = 0.43 A; lamp 12 in use (presence detection) system. V, 100 W: current I = 8.33 A). or according to the lighting DALI controls lighting through atmosphere required (e.g. all DALI components and can Microelectronics and data If cables, contacts, terminals RGB control). address each appliance indi- transmission techniques make or switches are not ade- Dimmer control of GLS or vidually. It can assign each it possible for all the neces- quately dimensioned, these 230 V tungsten halogen EB (= luminaire) equally, for sary system groups to “com- high currents can cause over- lamps presents no problems example, to as many as 16 municate” with each other via load. To avoid fire hazards in with leading phase-angle groups, define 16 lighting a shared bus network. such cases, special installa- control dimmers. production attributes for each tion requirements need to be Low-voltage tungsten halo- individual fitting or dim all EBs Information from sensors (e.g. observed. gen lamps operated on a together in one synchronized photoelectric barriers, infra- conventional or annular-core operation. red receivers, wind gauges, Low-voltage plug-in systems, transformer need a special brightness sensors) is con- with plugs, couplings and dimmer geared to the behav- The members of AG-DALI, veyed by the bus network. cables, have a proven track iour of the transformer in dim- the DALI working group in The appropriate assignment record here. ming operations. the German electrical and of sensors (receivers) and Lamps used in combination electronic manufacturers‘ actuators (switches) permits with electronic transformers association ZVEI, include a wide variety of functions can only be regulated by spe- leading European and US to be programmed for control cial leading or lagging phase- manufacturers of electronic and regulation. angle control dimmers, and ballasts and lighting control attention should be paid to the and regulation systems. manufacturer‘s information. Controllable EBs permit infi- nite flicker-free adjustment of fluorescent lamps down to 1% luminous flux.

26 27

Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht Luminaires

wide variety of luminaires are available to cater to the diverse technical and design requirements of the broad Arange of lighting applications. The examples shown on these two pages are only a small selection. In particular, they do not include luminaires designed for special applications, such as tunnel luminaires, building security luminaires, luminaires for explosive atmospheres, air- conditioning luminaires and clean room luminaires.

More information about luminaire systems and manufacturers is available on the internet at www.licht.de. Recessed louver luminaires

Surface-mounted louver luminaires Direct/indirect pendant luminaire with optical control panels

Recessed wallwashers Spots on power track with asymmetrical beam and swivellable recessed downlights

Medical supply unit, horizontal Floodlights with direct/indirect beam with asymmetrical beam

28 29

Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht Direct/indirect recessed luminaires Downlights with symmetrical beam (left) and asymmetrical beam (right)

Direct/indirect standard office luminaire Direct/indirect standard domestic luminaire with desktop luminaire with tabletop luminaire

Wall luminaires Escape sign luminaire as surface-mounted luminaire (left) for identifying escape route and as recessed luminaire (right)

Bollard luminaire Post-top luminaire (left) Recessed ground luminaire Light stela (right)

28 29

Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht Lighting planning

81 82

Interior lighting ñ Illuminance levels on work- Key ñ Planning software compu- Interior lighting systems need ing plane, floor, ceiling and tes the illuminance at a large walls can be computed and number of points in the room to conform to the relevant displayed as isolux curves by n number of luminaires and produces a graphic dis- standards. lighting planning software. E illuminance required play of the results. A area or partial area of For planning a lighting room system, the following are As well as the technical z number of lamps per Utilance is a function of the needed: aspects of lighting, the econ- luminaire luminous flux distributed by • groundplan and sectional omy of a system must also be Φ luminous flux of a lamp the luminaire, the geometry views of the rooms, with taken into account. ηLB light output ratio of the room and the reflect- room dimensions ηR utilance ance of room surfaces. • details of ceiling construction, Lighting planning by the ηB ηLB · ηR coefficient of • colours and reflectance of lumen method utilization The coefficient of utilization ceilings, walls, floors and This method is described in WF maintenance factor ηB includes the light output furnishings “Projektierung von Beleuch- ratio ηLB and the utilance ηR. • purpose of the room, pro- tungsanlagen nach dem Extensive tables of coeffi- posed visual tasks Wirkungsgradverfahren” cients of utilization ηB are • location of work zones (Planning lighting systems supplied by luminaire manu- • arrangement of furniture by the lumen method), which facturers. and/or machines is published by the Deutsche • operating conditions, e.g. Lichttechnische Gesellschaft temperature, humidity, expo- eV (LiTG) and also includes sure to dust utilance tables for a number of standard luminaires. Appropriate light sources and luminaires should be selected The number of luminaires on the basis of these data. required for any desired illumi- After the number of lamps nance can be calculated using has been calculated for the the following formula: illuminance required, the number and arrangement E · A of luminaires can be deter- n = mined. Lighting, mounting z · Φ · ηB · WF and maintenance factors, and architectural considerations all play an important role in the planning process.

The architect‘s preferences for certain types of luminaire and luminaire arrangements need to be balanced against ð The computer simulation an appreciation of lighting of the illuminated square and adjacent street at night technology and ergonomics. provides a realistic view of the installation in operation – enabling the lighting designer to check his or her work. 83 30 31

Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht 84 85

Planning lighting with com- ñ Planning software enables Street lighting ñ This printout shows the puter software computed results, such as The purpose of street light- luminaires and the impact of the illuminance values on the the lighting on the furnished The lumen method is used evaluation plane, to be viewed ing is to improve road safe ty room. to calculate the number of in the form of a grey-tone during dark ness. It can only lumi naires required for a diagram. do so, however, if it meets given mean illuminance. The key lighting criteria. illuminance calculations at be a clear “image” of the road different points in the room input and the interpretation of This entails satisfying the ahead. are per formed by computer. results. Computer graphics mini mum requirements Special software is available provide a realistic image of needed to enable drivers to Capital expenditure, operat ing for this purpose. the lighting system. make out shapes and move- and maintenance costs need ments at a safe distance and to be low to ensure an eco- Using menu-driven inputs, In addition to furnishing the thus respond appropriately to nomical lighting system. And lighting planning software technical documentation for a the presence of people and the luminaire ar rangement, provides a complete set of lighting project, programs can objects in the traffic area. the types of luminaires and lighting calculations - from also draw up a list of ma terials the lamps used in them need initial rough outline to fully together with a breakdown of The challenge for the lighting to be selected to produce an documented, comprehensive the lu minaires of each type plan ner is to meet the require- optimal solution for the geome- proposal. required in the room, includ- ments laid down in road safe ty try of the road. ing a descriptive text. standards and regulations for Numerous help functions are luminance, longi tudinal and As for the choice of appro- available at the touch of a overall uniformity and glare priate lu minaires, the most key; graphic displays facilitate limitation. The re sult should economical options are luminaires with specular optical systems for high-pressure dis charge lamps.

To calculate the average roadway luminance and uniformity of luminance, it is necessary to know the luminous inten sity distribution of the lumi naires, the luminous flux of the lamps, the geometry of the installation and the reflective properties of the road surfaces. The figures for the last parameter can be taken from standard road sur face tables or obtained by measurement using a road reflectometer.

ï Another photorealistic computer image: here, the impact of lighting on a car park 86 at night. 30 31

Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht

Lighting costs k1 k2 [ • K1 + • K2 K = n1 100 100 Capital costs [ n2

+ n1 [ tB • a • P ] Energy costs

tB R Lamp replacement + n1 (K3 + K4) + System maintenance [ tL n2 ]

87 88

hether new systems ñ Taking account of all the in fluorescent lamps, reduced Key: are being installed individual factors that con- power dissipation in ballasts, K Total annual costs tribute to the total cost of a or old systems refur- improved light output ratios, K1 Cost of one luminaire W lighting system shows that k Service of capital for K (inte- bished, energy consumption increased coefficients of util- 1 1 technological improvements rest and depreciation) in % and cost are important criteria in lamps and luminaires make ization due to more practical for considerable savings. K2 Costs of installation materials for lighting system planning. luminaire system design and and mounting per luminaire Project planning thus needs ning, competent selection of more precise lighting planning k2 Service of capital for K2 (inte- to include an energy-balance lamps, operating devices and methods. rest and depreciation) in % calculation and an economic luminaires, and an optimal R Cleaning costs per luminaire feasibility study. luminaire arrangement are Different lighting systems can and year prerequisites for a lighting be compared by applying the n1 Total number of lamps n2 Number of lamps per Cost comparisons only make system which will save energy cost formula shown above. luminaire and reduce costs sense where the quality, ser- K3 Price of one lamp vice life, serviceability and K4 Cost of replacing one lamp maintenance requirements New innovative techniques P Power consumption of one of luminaires as well as the and computer-aided plan- lamp incl. ballast in kW availability of spare parts and ning can help here. Techno- A Cost of electricity per kWh incl. logical progress has brought pro rata provision costs compliance with lighting qual- (basic charge) ity features are comparable numerous improvements in t Rated service life of lamp in h modern lamps, luminaires L and guaranteed. tB Annual operating hours and lighting techniques, e.g. Appropriate, precise plan- increased luminous efficacy

89 90 32 33

Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht Measuring lighting systems

91 92

n lighting engineering, ñ Horizontal illuminances When preparing photometric ñ For assessing a street-light- measurements are taken are measured on the working procedures, the follow ing ing system, the luminance L plane - generally 0.75 m above of the road surface/roadway Ito the floor - and max. 0.10 m need to be established: is measured with a luminance • check lighting proposals, above the ground on communi- • geometric dimensions of the detector. • check the condition of exist- cation routes, roads or in lighting system, ing lighting systems to deter- park ing areas. • type of system/nature of Vertical illuminances at indoor mine whether mainte nance or and outdoor sports facilities interior and activity, number of measurements refurbishment are required, are measures 1.0 m above the • variables to be measured required. • compare different lighting floor or ground. and location of meas uring Measurements are present ed systems. points, in tables. A graphic repre- • general condition of the sentation of illuminances in Standards and regula tions set In practice, the variable system, e.g. age, date of isolux curves is obtained by out stipulations to ensure that measured most fre quently is last cleaning and last lamp joining up points of equal measure ment and evaluation illuminance. For this, instru- re placement, degree of soiling. illuminance. methods are standardized. ments with a relative spectral Important variables are: sensitivity comparable to that Before measurements are To determine mean illumi- • illuminance E, e.g. as of the human eye V(λ) are taken, lamps should be left on nance E, the individual mea- horizontal illuminance Eh, used. Oblique incident light long enough for the system to s urements are added together as vertical lluminance Ev, as needs to be measured in line reach a steady state and and divided by the number of cy lindrical illuminance Ez or with the cosine law. interference by ex traneous points at which measure- semi-cylindrical illuminance light (e.g. daylight influenc- ments are taken. Ehz. ing interior or vehicle lighting, The uniformity of illuminance • luminance L, e.g. in street shop window or advertising g1 is the quotient of the lowest lighting, tunnel lighting or lighting influ encing outdoor illuminance value ascertained interior lighting, lighting) should be eliminated. Emin and the mean illumi- • reflectance ρ, e.g. of ceil- Interference due to obstacles nance E calculated. ings, walls, floors, in work- or shadows cast by persons Uniformity g2 is the ratio of place interiors and sports taking measurements must Emin to the highest illuminance halls, also be avoided. value ascertained Emax. • the reflective properties of road surfaces, e.g. in street For illuminance measure- A record of each measure- and tunnel lighting, ments, the ground or floor ment should be kept, docu- • line voltage U and/or ambi- area of the installa tion in menting, for example, not just ent tempera ture ta for lighting question should be divided the values themselves but systems with lamps whose into – preferably square also the ambient conditions, luminous flux is dependent on – patches of equal size. To details of lamps, luminaires the ser vice voltage and/or the avoid obtaining only maximum and the geometry of the light- room or ambient temperature. values, e.g. directly under lumi- ing system. naires, the measurement grid thus formed should not reflect Photometer classes in accordance with E DIN 5032-6 the modular dimen sions of the luminaire arrange ment. How- Class Quality Application ever, symmetrical features A high precision photometry of lighting system, room or B medium industrial photometry outdoor space can be use- C low rough photometry fully employed to re duce the 32 33

Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht Lighting and the environment

Recycling flourescent lamps Without With recycling

Spent Spent Recycling to recover flourescent material, lamps lamps mercury and glass

Removal of Removal of Pulverization flouresc. material bulb ends of glass tube and mercury

Removal of 3-band floures- Removal of flourescent cent material mercury material

Treatment of Standard Desorption of flourescent flourescent mercury material material

Mercury

100% < 15% hazardous Flourescent hazardous Glass feed- waste material waste stock

93 94

uch of the progress ñ Recycling fluorescent lamps ñ „Light pollution“ by the Light immissions achieved in lighting reduces the amount of haz- floodlights of a sports stadium Light immissions are the ardous waste to 15% of what lighting system is virtually Mengineering is due to would otherwise be gener- eliminated by modern lighting disturbing effect of exterior new and further developments ated. It also enables valuable systems. lighting systems on adjacent in discharge lamp technology. raw materials to be recovered. residential areas. A distinction One example is the advent of is made between brightening the compact fluorescent lamp. lamps would require a more In Germany, a nationwide and glare. A more economical alternative than 5-fold increase in power collection and recycling to the incandescent lamp, this station output for light gener- system for spent lamps is Brightening is defined as electronically operated light ation. The positive contribu- operated by members of unpleasant increased illumi- source couples greater econ- tion discharge lamps make to the lamp recycling working nation of living areas (meas- omy with enhanced lighting reducing pollution more than group Arbeitsgemeinschaft ured in vertical illuminance Ev comfort. outweighs their environmental Lampenverwertung (AGLV) at the window). impact. in the German Electrical and For general lighting purposes, Electronic Manufacturers‘ Glare is a form of visual dis- the following types of dis- Recycling discharge lamps Association ZVEI. turbance caused by bright charge lamps are used: In contrast to incandescent nearby streetlamps or flood- • fluorescent lamps, including or tungsten halogen lamps, The group‘s mission, and that lights (measured in luminaire compact fluorescent lamps energy-saving lamps, of the discharge lamp manu- luminance perceived by the • high-pressure mercury fluorescent lamps and other facturers and recyclers in it, is observer). vapour lamps discharge lamps contain to provide an environmentally • metal halide lamps environmentally relevant sub- acceptable recycling service The basis on which these • high-pressure sodium stances. At the end of their for spent discharge lamps. measurements are made vapour lamps useful life, they thus become is described in the LiTG • induction lamps hazardous waste and need AG LV lamp recyclers thus publication “Messung und to be assigned to experts for submit to strict certification Beurteilung von Lichtimmis- Comparison of the total disposal: it is illegal to dispose and a regime which ensures sionen” (Measurement and energy consumed in the of them as domestic waste or that the recycling procedures assessment of light immis- manufacture and operation of glass waste. used are both effective and sions). different lamps for a specific environmentally sound. amount of light clearly shows For the disposal of small Modern lighting technology the superiority of modern dis- quantities, users should turn Lamp manufacturers strongly with new lamps and com- charge lamps over incandes- to local waste collection points recommend that spent dis- pact, high-precision plain and cent lamps. Their efficiency or consult waste management charge lamps should be specular reflector systems is also underlined by the fact authorities. For larger quanti- forwarded for disposal to the can be utilized in new installa- that more than 80% of all the ties, it is worth contacting a recycling companies in the tions and in the refurbishment artificial light generated in special lamp recycling com- AGLV. of old installations not only to Germany is produced by dis- pany direct. achieve greater economy but charge lamps - although they For further information, contact also to reduce glare and scat- constitute only 50% of all the AG LV im ZVEI tered light and thus minimize lamps in use. Stresemanallee 19 light immissions. 60596 Frankfurt am Main Here, as on other issues The use of incandescent Germany relating to “lighting and the lamps instead of discharge environment”, it is advisable to consult an expert.

34 35

Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht Literature, acknowledgements for stamp photographs, order cards Postage

Standards

DIN EN 1838 Lighting applications – Emergency lighting DIN EN 12193 Light and lighting - Sports lighting DIN EN 12464-1 Light and lighting - Lighting of work places Part 1: Indoor work places Postcard Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht Postfach 70 12 61 60591 Frankfurt am Main Germany DIN EN 12665 Light and lighting - Basic terms and criteria for specifying lighting requirements DIN EN 13201 Street lighting DIN 5032 Photometry E DIN 5035-3 Artificial lighting - Lighting of health care premises DIN 5035-6 Artificial lighting - Measurement and evaluation DIN 5035-7 Artificial lighting, Part 7: Lighting for interiors with visual display work stations

LiTG - Deutsche Lichttechnische Gesellschaft e.V. Postal Code

Publikation 3.5:1988 „Projektierung von Beleuchtungsanlagen

nach dem Wirkungsgradverfahren“ From Name, Company, Office Department c/o Adress or P.O. Box City 7/04/15/1-IV (Planning lighting systems by the lumen method) Publikation 12.2:1996 „Messung und Beurteilung von Lichtem- missionen künstlicher Lichtquellen“ (Measurement and assessment of light immissions from artificial light sources) Publikation 13:1991 „Kontrastwiedergabefaktor CRF - ein Güte- merkmal der Innenraumbeleuchtung“ (Contrast rendering factor CRF – an interior lighting quality

factor) Qty Publikation 15:1997 „Zur Einwirkung von Außenbeleuchtungs- anlagen auf nachtaktive Insekten“ (Impact of exterior lighting systems on nocturnal insects)

€ € € € € € € € € € € € € €

Publikation 17:1998 „Straßenbeleuchtung und Sicherheit“ 9,- 9,- 9,- 9,- 9,- 9,- 9,- 9,- 9,- 9,- 9,- 9,- 9,- 9,- free of charge (Street lighting and safety)

E E e E e E E E e e E E

Publikation 18:1999 „Verfahren zur Berechnung von horizontalen Beleuchtungsstärkeverteilungen in Innenräumen“ (Methods for calculating horizontal illuminance in interiors)

Publikation 20:2003 „Das UGR-Verfahren zur Bewertung der Direktblendung der künstlichen Beleuchtung in Innenräumen“ (The UGR method of assessing direct glare from artificial lighting (7/03) in interiors) (3/00) Signature/stamp

www.litg.de (9/01)

LiTG, Burggrafenstraße 6, 10787 Berlin (1/03)

(4/00) (2/02)

(4/04)

(4/99) Acknowledgements for photographs

(5/03)

Photos 1, 2, 3: Internationale Lichtrundschau, Date NL - 5600 Eindhoven

Photo 57: K.H. Laux, 50933 Köln (4/02)

All other photographs, 3D visualizations and illustrations: (8/97)

Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht (FGL)

indicate number of booklet(s) required. Prices given include postage. (e = available in English), Lighting with Artficial Light (7/04) Good Lighting for Schools and Educational Establishments Good Lighting for Safety on Roads, Paths and Squares Good Lighting for Offices and Office Buildings Good Lighting for Trade and Industry Good Lighting for Sales and Presentation Good Lighting for Health Care Premises Good Lighting for Sports and Leisure Facilities Prestige Lighting Notbeleuchtung, Sicherheitsbeleuchtung (4/00) Good Lighting for Hotels and Restaurants Lighting Quality with Electronics Ideen für Gutes Licht zum Wohnen (9/99) Urban image lighting Lichtforum

34 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 35 10 11 12 Order Form Please E = available only as pdf-file, download at www.licht.de): Booklet No / Title 14 16 Booklets 13 and 15 are out of print Place Please fill in address on back of postcard

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Impressum Lichtforum Urban image lighting Ideen für Gutes Licht zum Wohnen (9/99) Lighting Quality with Electronics Good Lighting for Hotels and Restaurants Notbeleuchtung, Sicherheitsbeleuchtung (4/00) Prestige Lighting Good Lighting for Sports and Leisure Facilities Good Lighting for Health Care Premises Good Lighting for Sales and Presentation Good Lighting for Trade and Industry Good Lighting for Offices and Office Buildings Good Lighting for Safety on Roads, Paths and Squares Good Lighting for Schools and Educational Establishments Lighting with Artficial Light (7/04)

indicate number of booklet(s) required. Prices given include postage. (e = available in English),

(8/97) This booklet is No. 1 in the series (4/02) Information on Lighting

Applications Date (5/03)

published by Fördergemeinschaft (4/99)

Gutes Licht (FGL) to provide infor- (4/04)

mation on good artificial lighting. (2/02) (4/00)

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(9/01)

The titles and numbers of all the booklets in this series are shown on

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Acknowledgements: The booklets in this series contain references to current DIN standards and VDE stipulations

DIN-Normen: Beuth-Verlag GmbH 10787 Berlin

DIN-VDE-Normen: VDE-Verlag 10625 Berlin

Germany 60591 Frankfurt am Main Postfach 70 12 61 Gutes Licht Fördergemeinschaft Postcard ISBN: 3-926 193-01-8

Nachdruck: With the permission of the publishers. 7/04/15/1-IV Postage stamp 36 37

Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht publications

Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht (FGL) provides infor-

mation on the advantages Lighting with Good Lighting for Schools Good Lighting for Safety Good Lighting for of good lighting and offers a Artificial Light 1 and Educational Establishments 2 on Roads, Paths and Squares 3 Offices and Office Buildings 4 great deal of material on every aspect of artificial lighting and its correct usage. FGL information is impartial and based on current DIN standards and VDE stipulations.

Information on Lighting Applications The booklets 1 to 16 in this series of publications are designed to help anyone involved with lighting - plan- Good Lighting for Good Lighting for Good Lighting for Good Lighting for ners, decision-makers, Trade and Industry 5 Sales and Presentation 6 Health Care Premises 7 Sport and Leisure Facilities 8 investors - to acquire a basic knowledge of the subject. This facilitates cooperation with lighting and electrical special- ists. The lighting information contained in all these booklets is of a general nature.

Lichtforum Lichtforum is a specialist periodical focusing on topical lighting issues and trends. Notbeleuchtung Good Lighting for Lighting Quality It is published at irregular Prestige Lighting 9 Sicherheitsbeleuchtung10 Hotels and Restaurants11 with Electronics12 intervals.

www.licht.de FGL is also on the internet. Its website

www.licht.de

features a Private Portal and a Pro Portal offering tips on correct lighting for a variety of domestic, commercial and industrial “Lighting Applica- Gutes Licht für kommunale Ideen für Gutes Licht Gutes Licht tions”. Bauten und Anlagen13 zum Wohnen14 am Haus und im Garten15 Urban image lighting 16 Explanations of technical terms are also available at the click of a mouse on the buttons “About Light” and “Lighting Technology”. Databases containing a wealth of product data, a product/supplier matrix and the addresses of FGL members provide a direct route to Booklets 13 and 15 manufacturers. are out of print. “Publications” in an online shop and “Links” for further information round off the broad spectrum of the FGL light portal.

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Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht

Information on Lighting Applications Booklet 1

Lighting with Artificial Light