ITALY SHOT DEAD by an ASSASSIN Bullet from an Anarchist's Revolver Pierces Humbert's Heart and He Expires Almost Instantly

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

ITALY SHOT DEAD by an ASSASSIN Bullet from an Anarchist's Revolver Pierces Humbert's Heart and He Expires Almost Instantly VOLUME SANSAN FRANCISCOFRANCISCO, -MONDAY, JULY 30. 1900- CALL. LXXXVIII— THE NO. 60. PRICE FIVE CENTS. KING OF ITALY SHOT DEAD BY AN ASSASSIN Bullet From an Anarchist's Revolver Pierces Humbert's Heart and He Expires Almost Instantly. — Italy, July 30. King Humbert has been assassinated. He was shot here last evening by a man named Angelo Bressi and died in MONZA,a few minutes. The King had been attending a distribution of prizes in connection with a gymnastic competition. He had just entered his carriage with his aid-de-camp, amid the cheers of the crowd, when he was struck by three bullets fired from a revolver in quick succession. One pierced the heart of his Majesty, who fell back and expired in a few minutes. The murder took place shortly after 10 o'clock. The assassin was immediately arrested and was with some difficulty saved from the fury of the populace. He gave his name as Angelo Bressi, describing himself as of Prato, in Tuscany, Premier Saracco Summons Italian Nation Bereft by a Cabinet Meeting and the Assassin's Bullet Starts at Once for the of One Who Planned Scene of Assassination. to Benefit the Masses. July SO, a. m.— of pared. with 40 returned on the former 5 The news Special Dispatch to The Call. Iand election), yet they are. at heart loyal to Signor Giuseppe Saracco was en- the assassination of King Humbert the King,and his assissination will raise July 23.-KIng Humbert's | trusted with the task of forming a new did not arrive here until after mid- Cabinet in them as bitter a feeling against the death leaves this country bereft ! night. Slgnor S. Saracco. the Pre- anarchists, responsible of one to many Upon opening Parlii—.r.-i. en Ji'ie 13 ROME. who are no doubt man whom Ital- King expi^ln^; ih^, ROME, last. Humbert rsasons mier, immediately summoned a this, that felt by the Royalist ians looked for national for as salvation. for the appeal made to tha electors, and meeting cf the Cabinet and the Ministers party. The Prime Minister. Senator Sar- "Vogllamo Re Umberto Assa- !said he had confidence that the wisJor-i will start at the earliest possible moment acco, is an ardent Royalist, and he has lute" -was an expression not infrequently j and patriotism of tha n»w Parliament heard In the country, arising out of gen- Iwould furnish him -x\V? th* THE L/\TE FCIING HUMBERT. HUMBERTOF ITLAY'STHEPEOPLEIDOL Courageous, Honest and Upright, He VICTOR EmMANUEL III. The assassination of Klne Humbert clears the way to the throne for Victor Emmanuel Ferdinand Marie Januarius, Prince of Xaples and Duke Ruled the Nation With Kindly Firm= of Savoy, the namesake of his grandfather. Victor Emmanuel II. This Prince was born at Naples, November 11, 1S69. and Vas married at Rome, October 24, 1S9G, to Princess Helene 'of Montenegro. There Is no Issue of thi» QUEEN MARGHERITA. ness and Fostered Its Welfare. marriage. The Princess Margherita. Marie Therese Jeanne of Savoy, daughter of the Ferdinand of Genoa, brother King II, FEW* days after ascending the and an excellent wife and mother, who try's cause. They had early been inspired late Duke of Victor Emmanuel was throne, married April ~, ISd, at Turin to the Prince, who King of Italy on January 10, 1878, King watched with tender care over the edu- by .their father with enthusiasm for eral disgust with the barren discussions means for fulfillinghis important duties. became liberation, out, upon the death of his father. She was then one of the most beautiful Humbert issued a proclamation to cation of her children. Ineducating them Italy's and as lads he had ini- of the frequently wrangling Parliament. Italy, he pointed owed the great women his new subjects, principles military and political progress had during in Europe. The Prince of Naples was the sole issue of the marriagre. in which he told she foUowed the of the house tiated them* into It was only last month that something she made the second them he should be mindful of the of Savoy, which requires its sons to be life. I half of the century to her free institu- A ¦ like order was evolved out of what may grand example his father had set him of robust and courageous. Ancestry wor- In 1E39. while still but a boy, Humbert tions, but it was necessary to do much devotion to Italy, love of progress and ship is a family characteristic of thejsa- was beside his father on those battlefields be described as political chaos. more before she attained the high posi- The Premier left for Monza at at his back in the Parliament about 400 faith inliberal institutions. "Mysole am- voy family, and its children have always which decided the future of Italy. He At the beginning of April,as the result tion she. ought to hold among the most for Momsu upon morning. of Its members. bition." he concluded, "will be to deserve Been nourished the traditions of.its was also sent later on political missions of an obstruction that puts the tactics of civilized nation?. S o'clock this the love of my people." ancestral heroes taught they greatest consequence. It was he new Parliament, King added, "The Italy a peculiar and that of the the Irish members in the House of Com- The the Prince and Princess of Naples are anarchists of are ought to part reorganization to to a The Humbert, endeavor to resemble them to who took in the ' of shade, Italian. Govern- intended devote It3 attention bet- sect. They are far fewer in number than _ And dead, will be mourned ability. family Sicilies, July, 1S62, mons in the the working oa board the Yela, yachting la the Le- sincerely by, the nation that ¦witnessed the the best of their Their the two and saw him terment of the condition of the in France or England, yet their daring motto runs, "Fear and Savoy have never InNaples and Palermo, where the people ment prorogued the Chamber of Deputies, classes: to the protection of manufactur- carrying out of his pledges. passage regula- " " amounts to fanaticism, and when they met." were celebrating with fetes and joy their after first securing the of ers, agriculturalists and immigrants; to King King Italy, Angelo Bress!, the assassin of have marked a man Humbert I, of was born at Early in 1S53. when Humbert was but reconquered liberty. tions which would enable the president to the reduction of the tributary taxes within for death itbehoves Turin 1S44. on the anniversary 11 by Humbert. Is an anarchist. him to watch artfully, for they exercise March 14. years old, he and his brothers and sisters . Shortly before the outbreak of the war enforce order by the simple expedient of the limits agreed upon the bud?et: to . of the day that had given birth to his deprived their guiding with.Austria the Prince of Piedmont went education, and to legal and. administra- great ingenuity to execute designs. father, were of mother's calling the military force Into play. King Humbert was shot at 10:45 o'clock their Victor Emmanuel. His mother was hand. Queen Adelaide was carried off by to Paris to sound the Government as to tive reforms. "King Adelaide, concerning On May 15 the Chamber reassembled, >< and died at 11:30 in the evening. The Humbert was fearless. Although Maria daughter of Archduke an early death. it? sentiments the alliance Hopeful word? were th* »<\ but In view his life had been twice attempted he took Ranieri, then Viceroy of Lombardy and then actually concluded between Italy and and a scene which baffled description was of the character of the opposition and th« murderer cyr:5cally avowed his guilt of Youthful Ambitions. Prussia. Action soon followed upon nego- no particular precautions. He has paid Venice. Thus in the veins .of Italy's the Immediate outcome. At the objection- strength of the Republican and Socialist tiations. elements, the crirr.e. the rrice. King runs some of the hated Austrian While Humbert and his brother Amedeo able word "regulations" the extreme Left observers of Italian politics ex- . blood— the blood of that cruel oppressor prosecuted their literary and On the Battlefield. pressed in the hopes find- •The young»Prlnce is scientific 1S66, arose In a body, some sixty-nine of them, little confidence a negative sort of of Italian soil of whom, happily, all ves- studies they longed for the hour to strike The moment came in ¦when, on one ing fruition. It has been argued that a WILL a man. He is about 30 years old, and from and under the leadership of Signor Pram- STRENGTHEN tige has vanished the fair peninsula. —when they could consecrate their youth- Page. remodeling of the constitution by the con- neither very* bad or very pood. Colorless, The Princess was a very sweet woman ful fire and love of country to their coun- Continued on Third polinl sang with all their might such stituent assembly Is a necessity of tho 'ROYALIST PARTY Ishould call him. Still, this outrage will songs as "Garibaldi's Hymn." "Carmag- situation. The fact that the constituent so shock the people of Italy that it is nole" and "Marseillaise." at the same assembly -would be a new feature might they certain will declare for him en using their desks as big drums and bring some 70 per .it of the electors to time Inadequate per- Editor of L'ltalia Says the masse." Nay. the polls, instead of the their fists as drumsticks.
Recommended publications
  • The Politics of Roman Memory in the Age of Justinian DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the D
    The Politics of Roman Memory in the Age of Justinian DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Marion Woodrow Kruse, III Graduate Program in Greek and Latin The Ohio State University 2015 Dissertation Committee: Anthony Kaldellis, Advisor; Benjamin Acosta-Hughes; Nathan Rosenstein Copyright by Marion Woodrow Kruse, III 2015 ABSTRACT This dissertation explores the use of Roman historical memory from the late fifth century through the middle of the sixth century AD. The collapse of Roman government in the western Roman empire in the late fifth century inspired a crisis of identity and political messaging in the eastern Roman empire of the same period. I argue that the Romans of the eastern empire, in particular those who lived in Constantinople and worked in or around the imperial administration, responded to the challenge posed by the loss of Rome by rewriting the history of the Roman empire. The new historical narratives that arose during this period were initially concerned with Roman identity and fixated on urban space (in particular the cities of Rome and Constantinople) and Roman mythistory. By the sixth century, however, the debate over Roman history had begun to infuse all levels of Roman political discourse and became a major component of the emperor Justinian’s imperial messaging and propaganda, especially in his Novels. The imperial history proposed by the Novels was aggressivley challenged by other writers of the period, creating a clear historical and political conflict over the role and import of Roman history as a model or justification for Roman politics in the sixth century.
    [Show full text]
  • Torino City Story
    Torino City Story CASEreport 106: May 2016 Anne Power Contents Figures ............................................................................................................................................................. 3 Boxes ............................................................................................................................................................... 3 About LSE Housing and Communities ........................................................................................................ 4 Foreword and acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. 4 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 5 2. History in brief ........................................................................................................................................ 7 3. The first industrial revolution and the birth of Fiat ................................................................................ 9 4. World War Two ....................................................................................................................................11 Post-war recovery .....................................................................................................................................11 5. Industrial and social strife ....................................................................................................................14
    [Show full text]
  • Solar Tracking System Using Arduino Pratik Pawar, Ashish Yadav, Pritam Makwana, Shubham Patil
    International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 9, Issue 2, February-2018 ISSN 2229-5518 102 Solar Tracking System Using Arduino Pratik Pawar, Ashish Yadav, Pritam Makwana, Shubham patil Abstract— In this paper, a solar tracking system using Arduino is designed and built. This system collects free energy from the sun and stores it in the battery and then converts this energy to the respective alternating current. Its makes the energy usable in normal homes as an independent power source. This system is designed to react to its environment in the shortest amount of time. Any errors at software and hardware will be controlled or eliminated. Our system is tested for its real-time responsiveness, reliability, stability and safety. Our system is designed to be resistant to weather, temperature and some minor mechanical stresses. keywords— Solar Panel, Arduino, Dual Axis Motor, Power Supply, Stepper Motor, Display. —————————— —————————— I. INTRODUCTION reportedly also exceeding 24%. A single solar module can Solar energy is an unlimited source of energy which if produce only a limited amount of power; most installations harnessed properly will get the mankind devoid of using the contain multiple modules. A photovoltaic system typically conventional sources of energy he has been long using. This includes an array of photovoltaic modules, an inverter, project has been designed keeping this in view to make the a battery pack for storage, interconnection wiring, and harnessing of solar energy more efficient. optionally a solar tracking mechanism. The most common application of solar panels is solar water II. BLOCK DIAGRAM heating systems. IV. TECHNICAL USED Arduino is an open source computer hardware and software company, project, and user community that designs and microcontroller kits for building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control objects in the physical world.
    [Show full text]
  • Unification of Italy 1792 to 1925 French Revolutionary Wars to Mussolini
    UNIFICATION OF ITALY 1792 TO 1925 FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY WARS TO MUSSOLINI ERA SUMMARY – UNIFICATION OF ITALY Divided Italy—From the Age of Charlemagne to the 19th century, Italy was divided into northern, central and, southern kingdoms. Northern Italy was composed of independent duchies and city-states that were part of the Holy Roman Empire; the Papal States of central Italy were ruled by the Pope; and southern Italy had been ruled as an independent Kingdom since the Norman conquest of 1059. The language, culture, and government of each region developed independently so the idea of a united Italy did not gain popularity until the 19th century, after the Napoleonic Wars wreaked havoc on the traditional order. Italian Unification, also known as "Risorgimento", refers to the period between 1848 and 1870 during which all the kingdoms on the Italian Peninsula were united under a single ruler. The most well-known character associated with the unification of Italy is Garibaldi, an Italian hero who fought dozens of battles for Italy and overthrew the kingdom of Sicily with a small band of patriots, but this romantic story obscures a much more complicated history. The real masterminds of Italian unity were not revolutionaries, but a group of ministers from the kingdom of Sardinia who managed to bring about an Italian political union governed by ITALY BEFORE UNIFICATION, 1792 B.C. themselves. Military expeditions played an important role in the creation of a United Italy, but so did secret societies, bribery, back-room agreements, foreign alliances, and financial opportunism. Italy and the French Revolution—The real story of the Unification of Italy began with the French conquest of Italy during the French Revolutionary Wars.
    [Show full text]
  • Barbarians Invade Rome! Questions
    But the power of Rome was weakening. By the late 400s, Rome was Name no longer the mighty power that it had once been. In 476, the Hun leader, Odoacer, seized power in the western half of the Roman Empire and declared himself king of Italy. Barbarians Invade Rome! The eastern half of the Roman Empire tried to take power back in the west by sending troops, under the leadership of King Theodoric By Sharon Fabian of the Ostrogoths, to fight Odoacer. The Ostrogoths killed Odoacer, and Theodoric became the new leader of Italy. The Roman Empire, at its height, extended across much of Europe, but even then there were other groups of people who were The Roman Empire in the east continued, but Roman rule in the not part of the Roman Empire living in Europe too. Many of these west had come to an end. Europe entered into an era of uncertainty. groups, called tribes, lived in the far north. Others lived in various Rulers changed frequently, as one leader attacked and defeated parts of Europe not occupied by the Roman Empire. another. Invasions, attacks, and feuds were commonplace. It was the beginning of the Middle Ages. The barbarian tribes, as many of them were known, didn't like the idea of settling down and farming. They preferred a roaming, Today, when we hear of Huns, we picture wild-eyed, long-haired, warlike lifestyle. Due to climate changes and other factors, many of screaming invaders. the tribes began to migrate closer to the Roman Empire and sometimes even settle within the borders of the empire.
    [Show full text]
  • Ivrea and the Moraine Amphitheatre Visitami CONTENTS
    VisitAMI VisitAMIIvrea and the Moraine Amphitheatre VisitAMI CONTENTS 1. Moraine Amphitheatre of Ivrea - AMI 7 Great care and attention have been put into preparing this guide to ensure its reliability and the accuracy of the information. However, Turismo Torino e Provincia would urge you to always check on timetables, prices, 2. Ivrea 8 addresses and accessibility of the sites, products and services mentioned. 3. MaAM 14 4. Things to see at AMI 18 5. Via Francigena Morenico-Canavesana 40 6. Nature in AMI 42 7. Flavours and fragrances 50 8. Events 52 Project: City of Ivrea. Creativity and design: Turismo Torino e Provincia. Thanks for their help: Ines Bisi, Brunella Bovo, Giuliano Canavese, Alessandro Chiesi, Cristiana Ferraro, Gabriella Gianotti, Laura Lancerotto, Mariangela Michieletto, Sara Rizzi, Francesca Tapparo, Norma Torrisi, Fabrizio Zanotti. Sent to press: 2016. This guide is the outcome of the work begun in 2013, VisitAMIcommissioned by the City of Ivrea, in which institutes and associations worked jointly as part of the ongoing project for promoting the Moraine Amphitheatre of Ivrea-AMI (Anfiteatro Morenico di Ivrea). The AMI is described page after page, making the guide a useful way for visitors to discover the many artistic resources and all the natural scenery made even more attractive when combined with the many outdoor activities available. And then there are details about the extensive offer of wine and food and the many events that, during the year, are able to offer a unique, delightful experience. AMI is all this and much more, whose hidden nooks and marvels can be discovered by tourists in the many routes proposed.
    [Show full text]
  • Published Bp 2Itttgorttp
    Published bp 2Itttgorttp. From ^rucrDap February 2$»> to &atutHaj? March. 3, 1764. Madrid, February 13-, Alexandria, he desired to see the Citadel, which hia ON Emanuel de Sada, who was formerly Sardinian Majesty has rendered a complete Work.at Ambassador at Turin, and latterly Cap­ a great Expence. Upon his Royal FTighness's De- tain General of Valencia, died a few pat tiire, he was saluted with the same Number of Days fince, and Count d'Aranda is ap­ Cannon, and received the same Honours al the Gate pointed Captain General in his Place. as at his Eritrante. At Asti, he met with the fame The following is an Account of the Days of En­ Treatment. At the first Post from Turin, he was tertainment, and Festivals, for the Marriage of the» met by the Master of the Ceremonies, and his Deputy, Infanta Donna Maria Luifa, in February 1764. in Two of his Sardinian Majesty's Coaches, and con­ February 10, Friday, The King and Court return ducted to the Palace prepared for his Reception on. from the Pardo to Madrid, Sunday last at Noon, and soon after complimented on Feb. 11, Saturday, The Imperial-Ambassador Count his safe Arrival, on the Part of the King, the Duke Rosemberg comes to Madrid, and occupies the of Savoy, and the ret! of the Royal Family. House whcreShe is to be defrayed at the King's The Foreign Ministers residing at this Court went Expence. in a Body to -pay their Respects to his Royal High • Feb. 12, Sunday, and Feb. 13, Monday, The Am- ness; after which his Rojal Highness was conducted bassador continues to be served at the King's Ex- to Court by thc Master of the Ceremonies and his .
    [Show full text]
  • Matilda of Canossa Has for Some Time Been A
    This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Journal of Medieval History on 30 September 2015, available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03044181.2015.1089311 0 Reconsidering Donizone’s Vita Mathildis: Boniface of Canossa and Emperor Henry II Robert Houghton* Department of History, Medecroft Building, King Alfred Campus, Sparkford Road, Winchester, SO22 4NR, United Kingdom (Received 6 March 2014; final version received 5 November 2014) Boniface of Canossa is a figure of great importance to the political and military history of eleventh-century Italy. Modern historiography has almost universally argued that Boniface gained his power through a close relationship and alliance with a series of German emperors. Most accounts see Boniface’s fall and eventual murder in 1052 as a direct consequence of the breakdown of this relationship. This analysis is flawed, however, as it rests predominantly on the evidence of a single source: the Vita Mathildis by Donizone of Canossa. This document was produced more than half a century after the death of Boniface by an author who held complex political goals, but these have not been fully considered in the discussion of Boniface. Through the examination of the charter sources, this article argues that Donizone misrepresented Boniface’s actions and that there is considerable evidence that Boniface was not a consistent ally of the German emperors. Keywords: Italy; diplomatic; authority; power; relationship networks; Donizone of Canossa; Boniface of Canossa; Holy Roman Empire 1 Boniface of Canossa (c.985–1052) was one of the most influential figures in northern and central Italy in the early eleventh century, controlling extensive lands and rights in the counties of Mantua, Reggio, Modena, Parma, Bergamo, Brescia, Verona, Ferarra and Bologna, and in the duchy of Tuscany.1 Canossa itself dominated the important pass between Reggio and Tuscany.
    [Show full text]
  • Carolingian Propaganda: Kingship by the Hand of God
    Isak M. C. Sexson Hist. 495 Senior Thesis Thesis Advisor: Martha Rampton April 24, 2000 Carolingian Propaganda: Kingship by the Hand of God Introduction and Thesis Topic: The Carolingians laid the foundation for their successful coup in 751 very carefully, using not only political and religious alliances, but also the written word to ensure a usurpation of Merovingian power. Up until, and even decades after Pippin III’s coup, the Carolingians used a written form of propaganda to solidify their claims to the throne and reinforce their already existent power base. One of the most successful, powerful and prominent features of the Carolingians’ propaganda campaign was their use of God and divine support. By divine support, I mean the Carolingians stressed their rightful place as rulers of Christiandom and were portrayed as both being aided in their actions by God and being virtuous and pious rulers. This strategy of claiming to fulfill Augustine’s vision of a “city of God” politically would eventually force the Carolingians into a tight corner during the troubled times of Louis the Pious. The Word Propaganda and Historiography: The word propaganda is a modern word which did not exist in Carolingian Europe. It carries powerful modern connotations and should not be applied lightly when discussing past documents without keeping its modern usage in mind at all times. As Hummel and Huntress note in their book The Analysis of Propaganda, “‘Propaganda’ is a 1 word of evil connotation . [and] the word has become a synonym for a lie.”1 In order to avoid the ‘evil connotations’ of modern propaganda in this paper I will limit my definition of propaganda to the intentional reproduction, distribution and exaggeration or fabrication of events in order to gain support.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman History the LEGENDARY PERIOD of the KINGS (753
    Roman History THE LEGENDARY PERIOD OF THE KINGS (753 - 510 B.C.) Rome was said to have been founded by Latin colonists from Alba Longa, a nearby city in ancient Latium. The legendary date of the founding was 753 B.C.; it was ascribed to Romulus and Remus, the twin sons of the daughter of the king of Alba Longa. Later legend carried the ancestry of the Romans back to the Trojans and their leader Aeneas, whose son Ascanius, or Iulus, was the founder and first king of Alba Longa. The tales concerning Romulus’s rule, notably the rape of the Sabine women and the war with the Sabines, point to an early infiltration of Sabine peoples or to a union of Latin and Sabine elements at the beginning. The three tribes that appear in the legend of Romulus as the parts of the new commonwealth suggest that Rome arose from the amalgamation of three stocks, thought to be Latin, Sabine, and Etruscan. The seven kings of the regal period begin with Romulus, from 753 to 715 B.C.; Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, from 534 to 510 B.C., the seventh and last king, whose tyrannical rule was overthrown when his son ravished Lucretia, the wife of a kinsman. Tarquinius was banished, and attempts by Etruscan or Latin cities to reinstate him on the throne at Rome were unavailing. Although the names, dates, and events of the regal period are considered as belonging to the realm of fiction and myth rather than to that of factual history, certain facts seem well attested: the existence of an early rule by kings; the growth of the city and its struggles with neighboring peoples; the conquest of Rome by Etruria and the establishment of a dynasty of Etruscan princes, symbolized by the rule of the Tarquins; the overthrow of this alien control; and the abolition of the kingship.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rise of the Dutch Republic, 1555-66
    The Rise of the Dutch Republic, 1555−66 John Lothrop Motley The Rise of the Dutch Republic, 1555−66 Table of Contents The Rise of the Dutch Republic, 1555−66...............................................................................................................1 John Lothrop Motley......................................................................................................................................1 PREFACE......................................................................................................................................................2 HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................................4 Part 1..............................................................................................................................................................4 I......................................................................................................................................................................4 II.....................................................................................................................................................................6 III....................................................................................................................................................................9 IV.................................................................................................................................................................10
    [Show full text]
  • • Final Exam • Thursday, March 17, 10:3O—12:20, Bagley 131 • Early
    • Final exam • Thursday, March 17, 10:3O—12:20, Bagley 131 • Early Final • Saturday, March 12, 1:00-3:00, Smith 304 • Bring Bluebook • Visual ID review posted The Third Rome Matteo Renzi Rome as capital of the Italian nation --1870-1945: Constitutional monarchy --1922-1943/5: Fascist dictatorship (with monarchy) --1946-present: Republic (without monarchy) Victor Emmanuel II (1849-1878) La Questione Romana (The Roman Question) Major issue: temporal power of Papacy Papal position: Temporal power guarantees independence for Pope and Church Italian position: Release from temporal power lets papacy tend to spiritual mission --A capital divided: Italian Rome v. Papal (Black) Rome • Pope Pius IX: 1846-1878 (liberal to conservative) – Neoguelphism: federation of Italian states under Pope – 1848: Pius refuses to support war against Austria --1848-1849 Roman Republic. Mazzini and Garibaldi. --1860-61 Italian Unification Piedmont occupies Papal States except Lazio --September 20, 1870: Italians take Rome after Napoleon III shifts troops to Franco-Prussian War --Pope does not recognize Italian sovereignty and self-declares as prisoner of the Vatican Rome 1870, Italian troops enter city near Porta Pia Quirinal Palace: summer residence of popes becomes the residence of King of Italy Pius IX’s Culture wars --1854 Dogma of Immaculate Conception of Mary --1858 Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara --1864 Syllabus of Errors Papal condemnation of modern relativism: no religious pluralism, freedom of press, separation of church and state Error #80 “It is anathema
    [Show full text]