Index

absolute monarchy 21 Seven against Thebes 89 absurdist theater 42 The Suppliants 34, 36 Académie française 40 agency 56, 87, 98 acting companies 14 agon: see confl ict action alexandrine 46 introspection 35–6 American Heritage Dictionary 85 off-/on-stage 4 anachronism 115 spectacle 11 anagnorisis: see recognition unity of 37–43 ananke: see fate actors anapaest 44 chorus 5, 34 anger 76–7 Greek 3, 4–5, 7, 34 Anouilh, Jean 64 Adam 59, 87 Antigone 120 adultery 76, 78 Antigone (Sophocles) 36, 74–5, 84, advice, chorus 88, 90 88, 89–90, 97–8, 102 Aeschylus antistrophe (choral lyric) 44 chorus 36 Antonio’s Revenge (Marston) 67 and Euripides 48 Antony and Cleopatra (Shakespeare) heroes 89 40 Knox 88 Antony 92–3, 98 Oresteia 34, 36,COPYRIGHTED 49, 68, 69–70 Cleopatra MATERIAL 88, 92–3, 98, 106 Agamemnon 34, 35, 56, 69, desire 77–8 71, 96 distancing 106 The Eumenides 36, 56, 96 Enobarbus 46 The Libation Bearers 49, 56, 69, imagination 43 70, 96 servants 102 The Persians 34, 108 tragedy/history 110–11, 112 Prometheus Bound 90 appropriateness 88 Index archons (city leaders) 3 conventions of representation 8–9 Arden of Faversham 103 Dionysus 6–8, 64–5 Aristophanes maenads 7–8 The Frogs 48, 102 self-conscious 6 Aristotle Bacon, Francis 66 appropriateness 88 Bacon, Helen 36 characters 102 barbarism 48 chorus 37 Barthes, Roland 21, 46 confl ict 73–4 bathos 32–3 epic/tragedy 41–2 Bazin, André 30 history/tragedy 43 Beckett, Samuel iambic trimeter 43–4 unities of time/place/action 42–3 language for tragedy 48 Waiting for Godot 42–3, 81–3 on Oedipus the King 56–7, 113 Bergman, Ingmar 30 Poetics 38, 48, 52–3, 58, 69, biographical fi lms 63 84, 115 birth/death 83 probability 107, 108 Blackfriars Theatre 1–2, 12 recognition 68–9 blank verse 44–5 reversal 54, 55, 68–9, 85 The Blue Angel 81 time 30 Boethius, Amicius 58 Athens Bonnie and Clyde 94 archons 3 Booth, W. C. 24 Peloponnesian War 6 Bosse, Abraham 18 playwrights 2–3 box sets 24–5, 28 polis 115, 121 Braden, Gordon 77 Theatre of Dionysus 2, 9, 119 Bradley, A. C. 117 d’Aubignac, Abbé Brayne, John 13 La Pratique du théâtre 40 Brecht, Bertolt Auden, W. H. 59, 85 Mother Courage and her Children 51, audience 112–13 Athenian 28 ”A Short Organum for the class 24 Theatre” 111–12 Elizabethan 28–9 Burbage, James 13 English Renaissance 9 imagination 4, 14–15, 16–17 caesurae 45 Racine 24 Camonte, Tony 95 Shakespeare 13, 24 Camus, Albert 120 solitary experience 121–2 cannibalism 77, 91 Webster 39 Castelvetro, Lodovico 38 catastrophe 51, 58, 86 Bacchae (Euripides) causality 56 chorus 7–8 Cave, Terence 69

132 Index censorship 14 Cocteau, Jean Chandler, Raymond 72 Antigone 120 Chapelain, Jean 20, 40 La Machine infernale 120 character fl aws 55–6, 85–7 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 65, 116 characters Comédiens du Roi 17 nameless 102 comedy 107 plot 84–5 commedia, Spain 78 see also heroes; women in tragedy common man 101–2, 104–5 Chaucer, Geoffrey communality 122 The Canterbury Tales 58 confl ict (agon) children, killing of 76, 77 desire 54–5, 73–81 Chinatown 73 ethical 74–5 choice 87, 100 family/state 75–6 choragus (sponsor) 3 heroes 84 choral odes 3, 5, 34–5, 36 see also tension chorus conventions of representation actors 5, 34 8–9 advice 88, 90 Coppola, Francis Ford Aeschylus 36 Godfather trilogy 68 anapaest 44 Corneille, Pierre composition of 3, 4–5 Le Cid 40, 78–9, 99 cross-dressing 7 Cinna 40, 99 English Renaissance tragedy 37 heroes 93 episodes 34, 35 Horace 40 Euripides 7–8, 37 Polyeucte 40 parodos 34 theaters 17–18 realism 37 women 99 Sophocles 36–7 Cox, Jeffrey 103–4 tension 35–7 Crawford, Joan 100, 101 Christianity 59, 85 Creon 74, 75, 89–90, 97–8, Cinthio, Giambattista Giraldi 102 Orbecche 91 cruelty 11 Citizen Kane 63–4 see also violence City Dionysia 2–3 civic obedience 89 daimon 54, 58, 88 class Daniel, Samuel audience 24 The Tragedy of Cleopatra 110 heroes 85 Davis, Bette 100–1 verse/prose 45–6 De Grazia, Margreta 13, 116 Cleopatra 88, 92–3, 98, 106 death/birth 83 Clytemnestra 34–5, 58, 88, decorum 62, 84–5, 93 96, 97 democracy 115

133 Index desire inside/outside stages 12 confl ict 54–5, 73–81, 91 knowledge/belief 2 fi lm 80–1 meter 46 French neoclassical tragedy 78–9 musicians 11 overreaching 91 on-stage action 4 Renaissance 77–8 origins 12–13 Romantic tragedy 79–80 passion 78 women 98–9 revenge 66–8 destiny, double 101 stage effects 11 see also fate tragedy/history 109 detective genre 72–3 unities of time/place/action 38–9 deus ex machina 3 English theater Dietrich, Marlene 81 domestic tragedy 103 Dionysus indoors/open-air 1–2 The Bacchae 6–8, 64–5, 90, 97 neoclassical tragedy 39 Greek tragedy 34 overreaching hero 91–2, 93 see also Theatre of Dionysus revenge tragedies 66–7 disaster fi lms 63 see also specifi c playwrights distancing 106 enjambment 46–7 dithyramb 34 episodes (dialogue scenes) 34, 35 divine agency 56 epode (summary) 44 dochmiac 44 essentialist readings 113–14 domestic tragedy 103 ethos/daimon 54, 88 duty/love 79 Euripides and Aeschylus 48 Eagleton, Terry 53 agon 74 eisodoi (ramps) 3–4 The Bacchae 6, 12, 14, 15, 37, ekkyklema (wheeled platform) 3 64–5, 90, 97 Eliot, T. S. chorus 7–8, 37 The Family Reunion 37 everyday life tragedy 102 on Hamlet 116–17 Hecuba 87 Murder in the Cathedral 37, 47, Heracleidae 95 87, 88 Heracles 76–7 Elizabethan theater 28–9, 119 Hippolytus 64, 79, 102 end-stopped line 45 Ion 37 English Renaissance tragedy Iphigenia in Aulis 87, 97 audience 9 Iphigenia in Tauris 69 blank verse 44–5 Medea 76, 88, 96, 97 chorus 37 The Trojan Women 97 heroes 93 Eve 59 illusion 9–17 existentialism 119, 120 imagination 4, 14–15, 16–17 exodos (fi nal scene) 34

134 Index experience, communality 122 Frye, Roland Mushat 117 Ezzelino III 91, 108–9 The Furies 69, 77, 96

Fagles, Robert 52, 69, 70 gangster fi lms 68, 94–5 family/state confl ict 75–6 Garnier, Robert fate 54, 59, 72 Tragedy of Antony 110 Faustus, Johannes 59–60, 92 gender fi lm agency 98 desire 80–1 destiny 76 overreacher hero 94–5 heroes 85, 88 popular culture 121–2 identity 76 revenge plots 68 Germany reversal of fortune 63 domestic tragedy 103 time 30 heroes 85 tragedy 28–31 neoclassicism 41 see also gangster fi lms Romantic critics 85 fi lm noir 72–3, 100–1 Girard, René 86–7 Fjelde, Rolf 27–8 Giraudoux, H. Jean Ford, John Amphitryon 120 ’Tis Pity She’s a Whore 78, 92 Électra 120 form/art 53 The Trojan War Will Not Take Place fortune, tragedy of 55–64 120 Fortune, wheel of 58, 61 Globe Theatre see also reversal of fate outdoor theater 12, 13 freedom 54 reconstructed 17 French neoclassical tragedy Shakespearean tragedy 9, 14–15, desire 78–9 106 heroes 93 Godeau, Pierre 20 iambic hexameter 46 Godfather trilogy 68 painted scenery 20 Goldhill, Simon 115 representation 22–3 Goodkin, Richard 20 space 22–3 Gottsched, Johann Christoph 41 stage design 19–20 Gould, John 115 theaters 2, 17–18 Greek tragedy vraisemblance 20, 21, 23, 28, 40 anachronism 115 French Romanticism 41 audience 28 Freud, Sigmund causality 56 on Hamlet 116 heroes 85 Oedipus complex 113–14 illusion 8 Freudian thought 120 legalistic language 74 frons scaena 20 masks 5–6 Frye, Northrop 54 meter 43–4

135 Index

Greek tragedy (cont’d) hero cult 89 offstage action 4 heroes open air 1–2 Aeschylus 89 popular culture 119 Antigone 75 prologue 34 class 85 public performance 95 confl ict 84 reason/passion 76 criminality 80 religious/civic 3, 115 detective genre 72–3 stage machinery 3–4 English Renaissance tragedy 93 structure 33–5 French neoclassical tragedy 93 women 88 gender 85, 88 see also actors; chorus German critics 85 Greenblatt, Stephen 117 Herculean 89 Greene, Robert 45 Hugo 99–100 groundlings 9 Marlowe 91–2 guilt 56, 68, 87 overreaching 88–95, 105 sacrifi ce 87–8 hamartia (mistake) 55, 61, 85–7 Seneca 90–1 Hamlet 67, 71–2, 84 suicide 101 Hamlet (Shakespeare) tragedy 84 fi lm version 29 truth 72–3 genre 109 hexameters 44 Hamlet 11, 33, 45–6, 67, Heywood, Thomas 71–2, 84 A Woman Killed with Kindness interpretation of 116–18 103 poetry/prose 45–6 history silence 51 myth 9 theaters 12 poetry 107–8 unities 40 tragedy 43, 60–1, 106–18 Hammett, Dashiel honor/love 99 The Maltese Falcon 72 Hôtel de Bourgogne 17–18, 23 Hardy, Thomas 70 Mémoire de Mahelot 20 Hauptmann, Gerhardt Howarth, WIlliam 93 The Weavers 104 hubris 63, 88 Hawks, Howard 95 Hughes, Thomas Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich The Misfortunes of Arthur 44 Lectures on Fine Art 74–5 Hugo, Victor 68 Henry VII 109 Cromwell 41, 47, 111 Henslowe, Philip 11 Hernani 41, 93–4, 99 Heraclitus 54 heroines 99–100 Herculean hero 89 Lucretia Borgia 99–100 Herington, John 36, 48 Ruy Blas 80, 99, 100

136 Index

Iago 65–6 imagination 14–15 iambic hexameter 46 Lear 15–16, 49–50, 60–2, 98 iambic pentameter 44 reversal of fate 60–2 iambic trimeter 43–4, 45 servants 102 Ibsen, Henrik theaters 12, 14–15 A Doll’s House 25–6, 100 Kiss Me Deadly 72–3 Hedda Gabler 84, 100, 104 knowledge 69, 72 modernity 24, 47 see also recognition stage 2, 24–5, 26–8 Knox, Bernard 57–8, 88–9, 114–15 identity 76 kommos (lamentation) 34, 35 illusion Kyd, Thomas English Renaissance tragedy 9–17 The Spanish Tragedy 66–7 Greek theatre 8 imagination, audience 4, 14–15, language 16–17 everyday 49–50 incest 78, 91, 92 legalistic 74 introspection 35–6 meter 43–4 Italian classical theater 19 tragedy 32–3, 47–8 Lawrenson, Thomas 23 Jacobean tragedy 11 Lear, King 15–16, 49–50, 60–2, 98 James VI and I 16 Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim Jarrett, Cody 95 Miss Sara Sampson 103 Jason 76, 97 Levin, Harry 91–2, 117 jealousy 76 Lillo, George Joan of Arc 88 The London Merchant 62–3, 103 Johnson, Samuel 62 Little Caesar 94 Jones, Inigo 12 Lloyd, Michael 74 Jones, John 85 Loraux, Nicole 101 Jonson, Ben 44–5 Louis XIV 41 Sejanus 39 love justice adulterous 78 decorum 62 denied 77–8 neoclassical tragedy 62 duty 79 revenge 67 forbidden 80–1 tragedy 74 honor 99 incest 78, 92 kairos (crisis) 42 intergenerational 79, 93, 99 Key Largo 94–5 jealousy 76 King Kong 80–1 Romantic tragedy 79–80 King Lear (Shakespeare) Cordelia 15–16, 49, 60–2, 98 McGowan, Margaret 20 history/tragedy 109 maenads 7–8, 97

137 Index

Marlowe, Christopher 13 English literature 39 Edward II 92 Germany 41 The Jew of Malta 67, 92 history 111 overreaching 91–2 love/honor 99 Tamburlaine 44–5, 92 moral justice 62 The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus origins 91 45, 59–60, 92 see also French neoclassical tragedy Marxism 120–1 Newton, Thomas 66 masks 5–6, 9 Nietzsche, Friedrich 47 Matthew, Gospel of 72 The Birth of Tragedy 70–1 mechane (stage machinery) 3 Dionysiac/Apollonian powers Medea 76, 88, 96, 97 70–1 media, suffering 118 Norton, Thomas 44 melodrama 63, 104 Gorboduc 39 Mémoire de Mahelot 20, 22 memory 82–3 Oedipus complex 113–14 metabasis (change in fortune) 55 Oedipus the King (Sophocles) 36, see also reversal of fate 56–8, 69, 70, 71, 89, 107 Mildred Pierce 101 Oedipus 70, 71, 72, 88, 89 Miller, Arthur 85–6 Olivier, Laurence 117 Death of a Salesman 105 O’Neill, Eugene ”Tragedy and the Common Man” Mourning Becomes Electra 68, 101–2 119, 120 Milton, John opera 37 Paradise Lost 87 oracles 57 miracle plays 91 orchestra (dancing place) 3 mistakes 55, 61, 85–7 overreaching hero see also character fl aws antitype 105 moderation 88, 89 English theater 91–2, 93 modernism 24, 42, 47 fi lm 94–5 moira: see fate Greek tragedy 88–9 moral justice 62 Herculean 89–90, 92–3 morality plays 13, 59, 65–6, 91 Romantic tragedy 93–4 Mussato, Albertino Seneca 90–1 Ecerinis 91, 108 mystery plays 13, 19, 91 parodos (entrance song) 34 myth 9 parody 32–3, 77 passion 76–7, 78, 81–2, 90–1 naturalism 23, 104 pathos (suffering) 53 necessity 53–4, 59, 107 patronage 14 neoclassical tragedy Peloponnesian War 6 confl ict 74 Pembroke, Countess of 110

138 Index peripeteia: see reversal of fate Phèdre 20, 21–2, 41, 46–7, 62, 79, Pirandello, Luigi 42 93, 99 place, unity of 37–43 theaters 17–18 Platt, Thomas 10 women 99 Platter, Thomas 9 rage 89 playhouses 24 realism 23–4, 37, 43 plot 52–3, 84–5 reason 76–7 plotlessness 81–3 rebels 89 plotters recognition (anagnorisis) 54, 68–73 Clytemnestra 96 Red Lion Theatre 13 Iago 65–6 Reiss, Timothy 40 revenge 64–8 religion 13–14 see also overreaching hero Renaissance 77–8 poetry/history 107–8 see also English Renaissance Polanski, Roman 29 tragedy Chinatown 73 representation political tragedy 78, 94 conventions 8–9 Poole, Adrian 50 French neoclassical tragedy 22–3 popular culture 43, 119, rules of 37–8 121–2 revenge 64–6, 91 post-realism 42 The Bacchae 66 Preston, Thomas 91 Bacon 66 Cambyses 11 Clytemnestra 96 probability 54, 107, 108 English Renaissance tragedy 66–8 prologue 34 fi lm 68 proportion 38 justice 67 props 11 Medea 96 proscenium arch 24, 28–9 Oresteia 66 prose/verse 43, 45–6 Othello 66 providence 59, 71–2 Romantic tragedy 68 see also destiny; fate Seneca 66 Prozor, Moritz 104 The Revenge of Bussy D’Ambois Public Enemy 94 (Chapman) 67 public performance 4, 95 The Revenger’s Tragedy (Middleton) 67, 92 Racine, Jean 40–1 reversal of fate (peripeteia) 68–9 Andromaque 41 Aristotle 54, 55, 68–9, 85 audiences 24 catastrophe 58–9 Barthes on 21 character fl aw 55–6, 85–7 Bérénice 41, 99 Christianity 59 Britannicus 41, 93, 99 fi lm 63–4 Iphigénie 20, 41 King Lear 60–2

139 Index reversal of fate (peripeteia) (cont’d) Segal, Charles 8 Knox 57–8 Segni, Bernardo 38 Marlowe 59–60 Seneca, Lucius Annaeus mistake 55, 61, 85–7 chorus 37 rhymed couplet 47 Hercules Furens 77, 90 Richard II 109 heroes 90–1 Richard III 91, 109 Medea 77 Richelieu, Cardinal 40 Oedipus 77 Robortello, Francesco 38 Phaedra 77 Roman republican tragedy Phoenissae 77 108–9 revenge tragedy 66 Roman tragedy 77, 108 Thyestes 77, 90 Romantic critics 85 Troades 77 Romantic tragedy Serlio, Sebastiano 19 French 41 Shakespeare, William love and desire 79–80 audiences 13, 24 overreaching hero 93–4 comedies 78 revenge 68 Coriolanus 92, 93, 102, 109–10 women 99–100 Globe Theatre 9 Rose Theatre 11, 12, 13 Henry V 16–17 Rotimi, Ola Henry VIII 109 The Gods Are Not to Blame 120 heroes 92–3 Royal Theatre of Copenhagen 25 history plays 109 Run Lola Run (Tykwer) 30 Julius Caesar 40, 102, 110 Rymer, Thomas 62 King John 109 Macbeth 12, 29, 88, 92–3, 96–7 Sackville, Thomas 44 A Midsummer Night’s Dream 32–3, Gorboduc 39 47–8, 77 sacrifi ce 87–8 nameless characters 102 Sartre, Jean-Paul Othello 65–6, 97 The Flies 119, 120 rhymed couplet 47 satyr plays 3 Richard II 61, 109 Scaliger, Julius Caesar 38 Richard III 61, 91, 109 scapegoat 86–7 Roman plays 109–10 Scarface 94, 95 Romeo and Juliet 77 scenic decoration 19 Titus Andronicus 67, 96 Schiller, Friedrich 47, 68 tragedies 2, 78 Don Carlos 111 unities of time/place/action 40, Maria Stuart 100, 111 110 The Robbers 84, 94, 100 see also Antony and Cleopatra; Wallenstein 111 Hamlet; King Lear Schlegel, August Wilhelm 36 Shaw, George Bernard 100

140 Index

Shoreditch Theatre (open-air) suffering 53, 82–3, 87, 118 Bushnell index 13 suicide 101 Sidney, Sir Philip 38–9, 60 Surrey, Earl of 44 Defence of Poesy 108 Swan Theatre 10, 12, 13 silence, power of 50–1 symbolism 26–8 Silk, M. S. 75 Synge, John M. sin 59, 65–6 Riders to the Sea 104 skene 3–4, 7, 9 socioeconomic conditions 104 Tamburlaine 92 Sontag, Susan 29 Tamora 96 Sophocles Taplin, Oliver 4 Antigone 36, 74–5, 88, 89–90, Tate, Nahum 62 97–8, 102 tension chorus 36–7 chorus 35–7 heroes 89 ethos/daimon 54 Knox 88 history 113 Oedipus at Thebes 58 individual/collective good 115–16 Oedipus the King 36, 56–8, 69–71, see also confl ict 70, 71, 89, 107 theaters 1–2, 12, 17–18, 24 Oedipus Tyrannus 89 Theatre of Dionysus 2–9, 119 The Women of Trachis 89, 97 Theatre of Marais 17 Soyinka, Wole Thebes 6, 64–5 Bacchae 120 time space Aristotle 30 Barthes 21 comedy 107 French neoclassical tragedy 22–3 fi lm 30 inner/outer 4 memory 82–3 Spain 78 passion 81–3 stage designers 19–20, 24, 26–7 tragedy 106–7 stage directions 34 unity of 37–43 stage lighting 12 tiring house 11 stage machinery 3–4, 11 Titanic 63, 80 stasimon: see choral odes town guilds 13 state/family confl ict 75–6 Towne, Robert 73 state/religion 13–14 tragedy States, Bert 2, 23–4, 29 as cautionary tale 89 Steiner, George 24, 104, 118–19, common man 101–2 120–1 conventions 33 Stern, J. P. 75 death of 118 stichomythia (dialogue exchange) 35, and epic 41–2 74 everyday life 102 strophe (choral lyric) 44 fi lm 28–31

141 Index tragedy (cont’d) Webster, John history 43, 60–1, 106–18 audience 39 medieval 58–9 The Duchess of Malfi 78, 98–9 necessity 53–4 The White Devil 39, 78 parodied 32–3 Weimann, Robert 113 plot 52–3 Welles, Orson transgression 77 Citizen Kane 63–4 Tykwer, Tom 30 White Heat 95 tyrants 89, 90–1 Whitehall 12 wickedness 86 unities of time/place/action Williams, Raymond 79–80, 105, Aristotle 37–8 119, 120 Beckett 42–3 women in tragedy English Renaissance 38–40, 41–2 Athenian 95 French neoclassical tragedy 40–1, choice 100 42 desire 98–9 Germany 41 double destiny 101 universalist readings 108, 113–14 fi lm noir 100–1 French neoclassical 99 Vernant, Jean-Pierre 44, 74, 89, Greek stereotyping 88 106–7, 115 heroes 88 verse 43, 45–6 Romantic drama 99–100 Vidal-Naquet, Pierre 44, 74, 106–7 as victim 97 violence 11, 68, 91, 94–5 violence 95 Virgil workers 104 Aeneid 44 Vitruvius Pollio, Marcos 19 Yeats, W. B. Von Sternberg, Joseph 81 On Baile’s Strand 47 vraisemblance 20, 21, 23, 28, 40 The Only Jealousy of Emer 47

Waith, Eugene 89 Zeus 90 Warshow, Robert 94 Zola, Émile 23–4, 104

142