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BSHS Monographs Publishes Work of Lasting Scholarly Value That Might BSHS Monographs publishes work of lasting scholarly value that might not otherwise be made available, and aids the dissemination of innovative projects advancing scholarship or education in the field. 13. Chang, Hasok and Jackson, 06. Morris, PJT, and Russell, CA; Catherine (eds.). 2007. An Smith, JG (ed.). 1988. Archives of Element of Controversy: The Life the British Chemical Industry, of Chlorine in Science, Medicine, 1750‐1914: A Handlist. Technology and War. ISBN 0‐0906450‐06‐3. ISBN: 978‐0‐906450‐01‐7. 05. Rees, Graham. 1984. Francis 12. Thackray, John C. (ed.). 2003. Bacon's Natural Philosophy: A To See the Fellows Fight: Eye New Source. Witness Accounts of Meetings of ISBN 0‐906450‐04‐7. the Geological Society of London 04. Hunter, Michael. 1994. The and Its Club, 1822‐1868. 2003. Royal Society and Its Fellows, ISBN: 0‐906450‐14‐4. 1660‐1700. 2nd edition. 11. Field, JV and James, Frank ISBN 978‐0‐906450‐09‐3. AJL. 1997. Science in Art. 03. Wynne, Brian. 1982. ISBN 0‐906450‐13‐6. Rationality and Ritual: The 10. Lester, Joe and Bowler, Windscale Inquiry and Nuclear Peter. E. Ray Lankester and the Decisions in Britain. Making of Modern British ISBN 0‐906450‐02‐0 Biology. 1995. 02. Outram, Dorinda (ed.). 2009. ISBN 978‐0‐906450‐11‐6. The Letters of Georges Cuvier. 09. Crosland, Maurice. 1994. In reprint of 1980 edition. the Shadow of Lavoisier: ISBN 0‐906450‐05‐5. ISBN 0‐906450‐10‐1. 01. Jordanova, L. and Porter, Roy 08. Shortland, Michael (ed.). (eds.). 1997. Images of the Earth: 1993. Science and Nature. 2nd edition. ISBN 0‐906450‐08‐X. ISBN 0‐906450‐12‐8. 07. Sheets‐Pyenson, Susan. 1992. Index to the Scientific For e‐prints and ordering Correspondence of J. W. Dawson. information, visit the BSHS ISBN 978‐0‐906450‐07‐9. Monographs Website: www.bshs.org.uk/monographs An Element of Controversy BSHS MONOGRAPHS Series editor: Dr John van Wyhe, University of Cambridge The BSHS Monographs series aims to promote the study of the history of science and technology by publishing works of value that might not otherwise become available, it is a non-profit making venture, producing titles to high scholarly standards. Previous titles in the series are: 1. Images of the Earth: Essays in the History of the Environmental Sciences. Edited by L. J. Jordanova and Roy Porter. 1979, reprinted 1981, 2nd revised and enlarged edition, 1997. 293pp, 10 illustrations [ISBN 0-906450-12-8]. 2. The Letters of Georges Cuvier: A Summary Calendar of the Manuscript and Printed Materials preserved in Europe, the United States of America, and Australasia. Edited by Dorinda Outram. 1980. 102pp [ISBN 0-906450-05-5]. 3. Rationality and Ritual: The Windscale Inquiry and Nuclear Decisions in Britain. By Brian Wynne. 1982. 222pp [ISBN 0-906450-02-0]. 4. The Royal Society and Its Fellows, 1660-1700: The Morphology of an Early Scientific Institution. By Michael Hunter. 1982, reprinted 1985, second edition, 1994. 291pp [ISBN 978-0-906450-09-3]. 5. Francis Bacon's Natural Philosophy: A New Source. A Transcription of Manuscript Hardwick 72A with translation and commentary. By Graham Rees assisted by Christopher Upton. 1984. 197pp, 2 illustrations [ISBN 0-906450-04-7]. 6. Archives of the British Chemical Industry, 1750-1914: A Handlist. By Peter J. T. Morris and Colin A. Russell. Edited by John Graham Smith. 1988. 273pp [ISBN 0-0906450-06-3]. 7. Index to the Scientific Correspondence of John William Dawson. By Susan Sheets-Pyenson. 1992. 275pp [ISBN 978-0-906450-07-9]. 8. Science and Nature: Essays in the History of the Environmental Sciences. Edited by Michael Shortland. 1993. 291pp, 11 illustrations [ISBN 0-906450-08-X]. 9. In the Shadow of Lavoisier: The 'Annales de Chimie' and the Establishment of a New Science. By Maurice Crosland. 1994. 354pp, 6 illustrations [ISBN 0-906450-10-1]. 10. E. Ray Lankester and the Making of Modern British Biology. By Joe Lester and Peter Bowler. 1995. 219pp [ISBN 978-0-906450-11-6]. 11. Science in Art: Works in the National Gallery that illustrate the History of Science and Technology. By J. V. Field and Frank A. J. L. James. 1997. 110pp, 60 illustrations [ISBN 0- 906450-13-6]. 12. To See the Fellows Fight: Eye Witness Accounts of Meetings of the Geological Society of London and Its Club, 1822-1868. Edited by John C. Thackray. 2003. 244pp [ISBN: 0-906450- 14-4]. An Element of Controversy The Life of Chlorine in Science, Medicine, Technology and War Edited by Hasok Chang and Catherine Jackson from research by undergraduate students at University College London British Society for the History of Science 2007 © 2007 Hasok Chang and Catherine Jackson and the British Society for the History of Science ISBN 978-0-906450-01-7 Cover design by Joe Cain. Front cover illustration: Blueprint for a chlorine chamber for the cure of respiratory diseases. Reproduced by permission of Edward G. Miner Library, Rocherster, New York. Back cover illustration: Chlorine gas, courtesy of the Department of Chemistry, University College London. Photo by Gretchen Siglar. Contents Acknowledgements vii INTRODUCTION Hasok Chang and Catherine Jackson 1 PART A: CHLORINE AND THE THEORY OF MATTER 1. The Discovery of Chlorine: A Window on the Chemical Revolution Ruth Ashbee 15 2. The Elementary Nature of Chlorine Tamsin Gray, Rosemary Coates and Mårten Åkesson 41 3. Chlorine and Prout’s Hypothesis Jonathan Nendick, Dominic Scrancher and Olivier Usher 73 4. Looking into the Core of the Sun Christian Guy, Emma Goddard, Emily Milner, Lisa Murch and Andrew B. Clegg 105 PART B: LIFE, DEATH AND DESTRUCTION BY CHLORINE 5. Obstacles in the Establishment of Chlorine Bleaching Manchi Chung, Saber Farooqi, Jacob Soper and Olympia Brown 153 6. Chlorine Disinfection and Theories of Disease Anna Lewcock, Fiona Scott-Kerr and Elinor Mathieson 179 7. Chlorine as the First Major Chemical Weapon Frederick Cowell, Xuan Goh, James Cambrook and David Bulley 220 vi 8. Ethics, Public Relations, and the Origins of the Geneva Protocol Abbi Hobbs, Catherine Jefferson, Nicholas Coppeard and Chris Pitt 255 9. The Rise and Fall of “Chlorine Chambers” Against Cold and Flu David Nader and Spasoje Marčinko 296 10. War and the Scientific Community Sam Raphael, George Kalpadakis and Daisy O’Reilly-Weinstock 324 11. The Noisy Reception of Silent Spring Kimm Groshong 360 EPILOGUE Turning an Undergraduate Class into a Professional Research Community Hasok Chang 383 Index 395 vii Acknowledgements Putting this book together has been a unique and exciting challenge, which would not have been possible without help from a number of dif- ferent people and institutions. We have received very valuable support and input from many on the design and running of the special course in which the students carried out their research presented in the book. Colleagues in the Department of Science and Technology Studies, particularly Joe Cain and Brian Balmer, gave their help readily at every stage. Jon Turney was the head of depart- ment who allowed a daring pedagogical experiment to take place, and Steve Miller as his successor gave the project the fullest support. As with anything that happens in the department, Beck Hurst and Helen Wickham gave their help throughout, often in ways that are invisible to casual ob- servers. While the course was running, we received vital encouragement and advice from the external examiners, first David Knight and then Steven French. Graeme Gooday’s encouragement and advice helped us keep going in a similar way, although he did not have a formal role. Various people and offices at University College London gave essential intellectual, financial and moral support. We would like to thank Toni Griffiths, who leapt to our support with a secondment grant from the Educational and Professional Development (EPD) section, which allowed the employment of Catherine Jackson as teaching assistant on the course in its final year. The EPD grant also brought Stephen Rowland and Jason Davies, and all of their invaluable advice, to the project. Later, a con- tinuation grant from the Executive Sub-Committee on Innovations in Teaching, Learning and Assessment (ESCILTA), chaired by Peter Mobbs, enabled Dr. Jackson to stay on the project as the co-editor of the present volume. The Graduate School provided a research grant which sponsored David Nader’s visit to Rochester, New York, to study the Vedder papers (chapter 9). Thanks to Nicholas Tyndale, the project attracted a great deal of attention within the college; we also thank Yvonne O’Hara for the feature article she wrote on the project. And the top-level support from Michael Worton and Roland Rosner reassured us throughout the process that UCL saw value in our efforts. Stephen Rowland has been instrumental in publicizing this project to the community of educationists, putting us in touch with a number of people and sponsoring a methodological article to be published. This led to our acquaintance with Alan Jenkins, who boosted our confidence with his seal of approval, and put us in touch with further people. We would viii also like to thank Brigitte Picot, Angela Brew, Hilary Spencer, Martin Gough, and Paul Walker for their interest and advice. Various other experts responded with great kindness to enquiries from the student authors and the editors, providing essential information and advice. Among them, we especially thank Peter Galison, Dominic Jenkins, Giles Nicklin, Trevor Pinch, Gary Royle, Edmund Russell, Anna Simmons, and Georgette Taylor. Audiences at the following places gave very helpful input: the con- ference “Teaching and Learning at UCL: The Way Forward” (31 March 2004), the UK Higher Education Academy’s conference “Bringing Re- search and Teaching Together” (24 November 2006, London), and a seminar at the Steno Institute, University of Aarhus (26 February 2007).
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