Introduction

Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 INTRODUCTION 'Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)' is the process of evaluating likely environmental impacts, both positive and negative, of a new or expansion project by taking into account natural, social and economic aspects. It also comprises of suggesting possible mitigation measures, for the negative impacts, before implementation of the project. The main objectives of an EIA report are - • To describe a pre-project baseline condition with respect to Environmental Indicators. • To identify possible sources of pollution and their environmental impacts including identifying risks associated with setting up of a new / expansion project and suggesting appropriate mitigation measures for alleviating adverse impacts to the extent possible. • To suggest environmental / risk management plans for implementing the mitigation measures. India is the largest producer of sugarcane and sugar, still sugar factories in India are facing problems. Sugar factories cannot survive in healthy condition on a single product i.e. sugar. Thus, it is essential to develop sugar factory into an affiliated complex so as to utilize the valuable by-products more profitably.Bio-mass is the most promising alternative fuel. Agro- waste and agro industrial products have today been recognized as ‘modern’ bio-mass material which can be converted directly into useful forms of energy. Bio-mass has the crucial advantage of being environment friendly. Bagasse is a captive bio-mass. In India, there are large numbers of sugar mills of varying crushing capacity ranging from a critical period because of over-production, low sugar price, low international market, etc., can enhance revenue by co-generation. So co-generation would benefit both the nation and the industry. It is estimated that Indian sugar industry can export 3600 MW power by adopting bagasse based co-generation units. In the co-generation sugar mills, power generation and consumption per ton cane is about 108 and 36 units. So power revenue of co-generation sugar mills is around Rs. 210 per ton of cane.Molasses is a very important by-product of the sugar industry. The profits earned by conversion of molasses into alcohol are much higher than that of sale of molasses alone. Moreover, there is a good demand for alcohol in the country as production and consumption of alcohol in India are quite balanced. Also, there is a good export potential out of the country for the alcohol. With a due consideration to all the above facts, the management of Shree Chhatrapati Shahu Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana Ltd. (SCSSSKL), Kagal, Tal.: Kagal, Dist.: Kolhapur has decided to go for an expansion of its existing sugar factory, co-gen plant and distillery projects.

1.2 THE PROJECT & PROPONENTS The project site of SCSSSKL is located on survey no. 144/1/B, 144/2, 148-151, 153-157, 159-161, 164-172, 186, 244/B, 247/2/3, 61/32. Tal.: Kagal, Dist.: Kolhapur, Maharashtra. The expansion of SCSSSKL sugar factory would be undertaken from7,000 TCD to 10,000 TCD (increase by 3,000 TCD) co-gen plant from 28 MW to 38 MW (increase by 10 MW) and distillery from 60 KLPD to 90 KLPD (increase by 30 KLPD). This report is made in the overall context of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification No. S. O. 1533 (E) dated 14.09.2006 and amendments thereto issued by the

1 Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC); New Delhi. SCSSSKL Industry comes under Project types namely 5 (j), 1(d) & 5(g) i.e. Sugar Factory, Thermal Power (Co-gen) Plant and Distillery respectively. As per the schedule, Sugar Factory & Co-gen Plant are categorized as 'B' and the Distillery as 'A'. But as expansion of Sugar Factory, Co-gen plant and distillery shall take place in an integrated project complex, entire complex activities would be appraised as Category ‘A’. Present EIA report has been prepared by incorporating required information and details required as per the Terms of Reference (ToRs) issued by MoEFCC vide letter No.J-11011/225/2015-IA II (I) dated 06.09.2018 to SCSSSKL The sugar factory is registered with Govt. of Maharashtra vide certificate No. KPR/PRG (A)/7 dated 21.02.1977.In addition, it has been registered as Multi-State Cooperative Society vide registration no. MSCS/CR/238/2006 dated 05.05.2006. The first crushing season of sugar factory was undertaken in the year 1980-81. Table 1.1 Project Investment Details

No. Industrial unit Capital Investment Existing Expansion Total 1 Sugar Factory, Co-gen Plant & Distillery Rs. 350.86 Cr. Rs. 110 Cr. Rs. 460.86 Cr.

Table 1.2 Promoters of SCSSSKL

No. Name Designation 1 Late Shri Vikramsinh Jaysingrao Ghatge Founder-Chairman 2 Shri Samarjeetsinh V. Ghatge Chairman 3 Shri AmarsinhGopalraoGhorpade Vice - Chairman 4 Shri. Jitendra Anandrao Chavan Managing Director

1.2.1 Achievements by SCSSSKL SCSSSKL have been honoured by various awards since 1986 till date - • Best Sugar Factory in India. • Best Sugar Factory in Maharashtra. • Best Distillery of Maharashtra. • Best Co-operative Sugar Factory Award in High Recovery Area. • Cane Development in High Recovery Area. • Best Overall Performance Sugar Mill from Co-operative unit. • Maximum Export of Sugar. These awards were given by various institutes and organisations like - • National Federation of Co-operative Sugar Factories, New Delhi. • Vasant dada Sugar Institute, Pune. • Vasantrao Naik Agri & Rural Development Foundation, Mumbai. • Maharashtra Rajya Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana Sangh Ltd .Mumbai etc. Moreover, in August 2016, SCSSSKL have been privileged by ‘Vanashri’ award for plantation in non-forest area by Social Forestry Department, Maharashtra by the hands of Cabinet Minister –Shri Nitin Gadkari. Refer Appendix–U for more details regarding awards.

2 1.3 THE PLACE The proposed expansion of sugar factory, co-gen plant and distillery shall be carried out at existing set up of SCSSSKL.The total land acquired by the industry is 14,00,000Sq.M. (140 Ha.) .The total built up area of sugar factory, distillery & co-gen projects is 1,74,013 Sq.M. (17.4 Ha).A no objection certificate forthe proposed expansion projects activities has been obtained from the Kagal Municipal Council, Kagal. Following aspects have been taken into consideration while planning expansion project activities in the SCSSSKL complex - 1. Availability of excess cane for crushing in sugar factory from the operational area. 2. Availability of adequate equipments and allied infrastructure in sugar factory, co-gen and distillery unit. 3. Availability of adequate quantity of water and electricity for the proposed project. 4. The nearest city Kolhapur is 13 km and town Kagal is 1.20 Km away from the project site which is very well connected with other parts of the country by roads, rail. 5. No rehabilitation and resettlement are required to be done.

Figure 1.1 Location of the Project Site

e Maps are purely graphical and not to scale, Latitude: 16°35'24.36"N, Longitude: 74°17'54.21"E

1.4 IMPORTANCE TO COUNTRY & REGION The sugar industries in India is well maintained and is growing at a steady pace, boasting of a consumer base of over billions of people. The bulk of rural population in India depends on this industry. One of the agro-based enterprises in India, sugar manufacturing is the second largest agricultural industry, after the textile sector. Sugar manufacturing in Maharashtra is one of the most notable sectors in the country. The pace of growth of this industry has been massive over the past few years. Most of the sugar units have by-product utilization plants, based on bagasse and molasses. Ethanol, power and paper projects have tremendous scope for development in India. In near future, about 10-15% ethanol may be allowed to be blended with petrol. Thus, alcohol production from molasses has the most promising prospects. Bagasse based power generation projects, installed in the premises of sugar factory, not only fulfil captive need of the industry but also make available surplus power which could be exported in the grid thereby providing value addition. Bagasse based co-generation of steam and electricity is not new to India and has been practised for long in sugar mills. The primary objective in the past had been to produce steam required for processing and incidentally generating electricity. Since process steam was required at pressures that were not high, low pressure boilers were used to produce steam. Steam turbines driving the mills and generators were therefore, designed to operate with low pressure steam. As the low-pressure steam has a large quantum of heat, which is lost in the process of condensing, the efficiency of conventional power plants is only around 35%. In a cogeneration plant, very high efficiency levels, in the range of 75% – 90%, can be reached. This is so, because the low-pressure exhaust steam coming out of the turbine is not condensed, but used for heating purposes in factories or houses. In certain mills, electricity generated was not enough to meet captive requirements and the short fall was met by drawing electricity from the utility grid. In the mid-eighties it was realized that by making maximum use of potential for co-generating steam and electricity from baggase, generation of electricity could be increased not only to fully meet the captive requirements but also to have exportable surplus that could bring in additional profit. Since co-generation can meet both power and heat needs, it has other advantages as well in the form of significant cost savings for the plant and reduction in emissions of pollutants due to reduced fuel consumption. Where there is a need to augment the steam and power generation within the plant on account of capacity up- gradation, where there is a potential to improve the energy efficiency of the sugar plant by retiring inefficient boilers and turbo generators, it is prudent for the sugar factory to go in for new high pressure and high efficiency boilers and matching turbo generators. Such system, in addition to generating surplus power for export which improves the bottom line of the sugar mill operations, improves the energy efficiency of the sugar mill process itself.

Alcohol has assumed very important place in the Country’s economy. It is a vital raw material for a number of chemicals. It has been a source of a large amount of revenue by way of excise duty levied by the Govt. on alcoholic liquors. It has a potential as fuel in the form of power alcohol for blending with petrol. Also, the fermentation alcohol has great demand in countries like Japan, U.S.A., Canada, Sri Lanka etc., as the synthetic alcohol produced by these countries, from naphtha of petroleum crude, is not useful for beverages. India is the fourth largest producer of alcohol in the world and there has been a consistent increase in its production over the last 22 years or so. (Reference: Opportunities For Green Chemistry Initiatives: Molasses Based Distilleries, 2014).

5 1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY This EIA report has been complied with the Terms of References (TORs) formulated and presented by the Industry as well as those additionally issued by the MoEFCC. Compliance towards ToRs granted have been summarized hereunder. Table 1.3 Summary of TORs No Description of TORs Compliance A Standard TORs for Sugar Factory, Co-gen Plant and Distillery [Project Type as per EIA Notification S.O. 1533 E dated 14.09.2006 5(j),1(d) & 5(g)] 1 Executive Summary Refer Chapter 10 2 Introduction i Details of the EIA Consultant including Refer Chapter 11 NABET accreditation ii Information about the project proponent Refer Chapter 1, Table 1.2, Page 2. iii Importance and benefits of the project Refer Chapter 1, Page 5. 3 Project Description I Cost of project and time of completion Refer Chapter 1, Table 1.1 Page 2 ii Products with capacities for the proposed Refer Chapter 2, Table 2.6 Page 19 project iii If expansion project, details of existing Refer Chapter 2, Table 2.6 Page 19 for products with capacities and whether adequate details of existing products. land is available for expansion, reference of Refer Chapter 2, Table 2.3 Page 17 for earlier EC if any. details of area statement. Refer Appendix B for earlier EC. iv List of raw materials required and their source Refer Chapter 2, Section 2.6.2, Table 2.7 along with mode of transportation. Page 19 v Other chemicals and materials required with Refer Chapter 2, Table 2.11 & 2.12 Page quantities and storage capacities 21 vi Details of Emission, effluents, hazardous Refer Chapter 2 waste generation and their management. vii Requirement of water, power, with source of Refer Appendix – E for water lifting supply, status of approval, water balance permission Refer Chapter 2, Table 2.13 diagram, man-power requirement (regular and Page 27 for Power requirement of contract) industry. Refer Chapter 2, Table 2.1 Page 14 for man power requirement. viii Process description along with major Refer Chapter – 2, Section 2.6.4.3, Figure equipments and machineries, process flow 2.2 Page 24 & refer Appendix C for list of sheet (quantities) from raw material to equipments. products to be provided ix Hazard identification and details of proposed Refer Chapter – 7, Page 160- 175 safety systems x Expansion/modernization proposals a. Copy of all the Environmental Clearance(s) Refer Appendix - B for copy of existing including Amendments thereto obtained for Environmental Clearance order w.r.t. the project from MOEF/SEIAA shall be for existing unit. Further, Refer attached as an Annexure. A certified copy Appendix - V for RO Report of the latest Monitoring Report of the Regional Office of the Ministry of Environment and Forests as per circular dated 30thMay, 2012 on the status of compliance of conditions stipulated in all the existing environmental clearances

6 No Description of TORs Compliance including Amendments shall be provided. In addition, status of compliance of Consent to Operate for the ongoing/ existing operation of the project from SPCB shall be attached with the EIA-EMP report. b. In case the existing project has not Existing unit of SCSSSKL - Sugar factory, obtained environmental clearance, co-gen plant & molasses based Distillery reasons for not taking EC under the has been granted EC. Refer Appendix - B provisions of the EIA Notification 1994 for copy of EC letters. and/ or EIA Notification 2006 shall be provided. Copies of Consent to Establish/ No Objection Certificate and Consent to Operate (in case of units operating prior to EIA Notification 2006, CTE and CTO of FY 2005 - 2006) obtained from the SPCB shall be submitted. Further, compliance report to the conditions of consents from the SPCB shall be submitted. 4 Site Details i Location of the project site covering village, Refer Chapter – 1 , Figure 1.1, Page 4 Taluka/ Tehsil, District and State, Justification for selecting the site, whether other sites were considered. ii A toposheet of the study area of radius of Refer Chapter – 3 , Figure 3.6, Page 53 10km and site location on 1:50,000/1:25,000 scale on an A3/A2 sheet. (including all eco- sensitive areas and environmentally sensitive places) iii Details w.r.t. option analysis for selection of As the expansion of sugar factory, co-gen site. plant & distillery will be done within the existing premises of SCSSSKL. Industry has sufficient land for expansion and hence no any alternative sites were considered. iv Co-ordinates (lat-long) of all four corners of Refer Chapter – 2 , Section 2.3, Page 15 the site. v Google map-Earth downloaded of the project Refer Chapter – 3 , Figure 3.2, Page 49 site. vi Layout maps indicating existing unit as well Refer Appendix – A. as proposed unit indicating storage area, plant area, greenbelt area, utilities etc. If located within an Industrial area/Estate/Complex, layout of Industrial Area indicating location of unit within the Industrial area/Estate. vii Photographs of the proposed and existing (if Refer Appendix – A for Photographs applicable) plant site. If existing, show and Plot layout. Also, Appendix –J photographs of plantation/greenbelt, in may be refered for photographs of particular. existing green belt. viii Land use break-up of total land of the project Refer Chapter – 3, Table 3.2, and Figure site (identified and acquired), 3.5, Page 52 for land use breakup of total government/private - agricultural, forest, land.

7 No Description of TORs Compliance wasteland, water bodies, settlements, etc shall be included. (Not required for industrial area). ix A list of major industries with name and type Refer Chapter – 2, Table 2.2 Page 15 within study area (10 km radius) shall be & Section 3.2.3, Figure 3.7 Page 54 incorporated. Land use details of the study area. x Geological features and Geo-hydrological Refer Chapter – 3, Section 3.6, Page 71 status of the study area shall be included. xi Details of Drainage of the project up to 5 km Refer Chapter – 3, Section 3.5.4, Page 70. radius of study area. If the site is within 1 km & Figure 3.14 radius of any major river, peak and lean season river discharge as well as flood occurrence frequency based on peak rainfall data of the past 30 years. Details of Flood Level of the project site and maximum Flood Level of the river shall also be provided. (mega green field projects) xii Status of acquisition of land. If acquisition is Entire land is acquired by SCSSSKL not complete, stage of the acquisition process and expected time of complete possession of the land. xiii R & R details in respect of land in line with NA state Government policy 5 Forest &Wildlife related issues (if applicable) i Permission and approval for the use of forest NA land (forestry clearance), if any, and recommendations of the State Forest Department. (if applicable) ii Land use map based on High resolution NA satellite imagery (GPS) of the proposed site delineating the forestland (in case of projects involving forest land more than 40 ha) iii Status of Application submitted for obtaining NA the stage I forestry clearance along with latest status shall be submitted. iv The projects to be located within 10 km of the NA National Parks, Sanctuaries, Biosphere Reserves, Migratory Corridors of Wild Animals, the project proponent shall submit the map duly authenticated by Chief Wildlife Warden showing these features vis-à-vis the project location and the recommendations or comments of the Chief Wildlife Warden- thereon v Wildlife Conservation Plan duly NA authenticated by the Chief Wildlife Warden of the State Government for conservation of Schedule I fauna, if any exists in the study area vi Copy of application submitted for clearance NA under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, to the Standing Committee of the National Board for Wildlife

8 No Description of TORs Compliance 6 Environmental Status i Determination of atmospheric inversion level By using meteorological data the at the project site and site-specific windrose have been ploted. The same micrometeorological data using temperature, are reflected in chapter 4 relative humidity, hourly wind speed and direction and rainfall. ii AAQ data (except monsoon) at 8 locations for Refer Chapter – 3, Section 3.8, Table 3.11, PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx, CO and other Page 80 parameters relevant to the project shall be collected. The monitoring stations shall be based CPCB guidelines and take into account the pre-dominant wind direction, population zone and sensitive receptors including reserved forests. iii Raw data of all AAQ measurement for 12 Refer Chapter – 3, Section 3.8, Table 3.11, weeks of all stations as per frequency given in Page 80 the NAAQM Notification of Nov. 2009 along with - min., max., average and 98% values for each of the AAQ parameters from data of all AAQ stations should be provided as an annexure to the EIA Report. iv Surface water quality of nearby River (100m Refer Chapter – 3, Section 3.9.4.1, Table upstream and downstream of discharge point) 3.15, Page 83 & 84 and other surface drains at eight locations as per PCB/ MoEF&CC guidelines. v Whether the site falls near to polluted stretch NA of river identified by the CPCB/ MoEFCC, if yes give details. vi Ground water monitoring at minimum at 8 Refer Chapter – 3, Section 3.9.4.2, Table locations shall be included. 3.16, Page 84 & 85 vii Noise levels monitoring at 8 locations within Refer Chapter – 3, Section 3.10, Table the study area. 3.21, Page 89 viii Soil Characteristic as per CPCB guidelines. Refer Chapter – 3, Section 3.4, Table 3.6, Page 61 & 62 ix Traffic study of the area, type of vehicles, Refer Chapter – 2, Section 2.6.3, Page 21 frequency of vehicles for transportation of materials, additional traffic due to proposed project, parking arrangement etc. x Detailed description of flora and fauna Refer Chapter 3 Section 3.12 Plate III for (terrestrial and aquatic) existing in the study photographs and list of Flora and Fauna area shall be given with special reference to observed in study area. rare, endemic and endangered species. If Schedule-I fauna are found within the study area, a Wildlife Conservation Plan shall be prepared and furnished. xi Socio-economic status of the study area. Refer Chapter – 3, Section 3.11, 90-93 7 Impacts and Environment Management Plan i Assessment of ground level concentration of Refer Chapter – 4, Figure 4.3, Figure 4.4, pollutants from the stack emission based on Figure 4.5, Page 112-116 site specific meteorological features. In case the project is located on a hilly terrain, the AQIP Modelling shall be done using inputs of the specific terrain characteristics for

9 No Description of TORs Compliance determining the potential impacts of the project on the AAQ. Cumulative impact of all sources of emissions (including transportation) on the AAQ of the area shall be assessed. Details of the model used and the input data used for modelling shall also be provided. The air quality contours shall be plotted on a location map showing the location of project site, habitation nearby, sensitive receptors, if any. ii Water Quality modelling - in case of No effluent from exiting as well as expasnion discharge in water body activities shall be discharged into water body. Refer Chapter – 2, Section 2.7.1 & 2.7.1.2, Page 31-33 for treatment of effluent. iii Impact of the transport of the raw materials Entire transportation of products and raw and end products on the surrounding material shall be done by road. environment shall be assessed and provided. In this regard, options for transport of raw materials and finished products and wastes (large quantities) by rail or rail-cum road transport or conveyor cum- rail transport shall be examined. iv A note on treatment of wastewater from Refer Chapter – 2, Section 2.7.1, Page 31. different plant operations, extent recycled and reused for different purposes shall be included. Complete scheme of effluent treatment. Characteristics of untreated and treated effluent to meet the prescribed standards of discharge under E (P) Rules. v Details of stack emission and action plan for Refer Chapter – 2, Section 2.7.2, Table control of emissions to meet standards. 2.27, Page 38 vi Measures for fugitive emission control Refer Chapter – 2, Section 2.7.2.1, Page 39 vii Details of hazardous waste generation & their Refer Chapter – 2, Section 2.7.3, Table 32 storage, utilization & management. Copies of Page 40 for details of hazardous waste MOU regarding utilization of solid and generation, their disposal and storage. hazardous waste in cement plant shall also be included. EMP shall include the concept of waste - minimization, recycle/ reuse/ recover techniques, Energy conservation, & natural resource conservation. viii Proper utilization of fly ash shall be ensured Refer Chapter – 2, Table 2.31, Page 40 as per Fly Ash Notification, 2009. A detailed plan of action shall be provided. ix Action plan for the green belt development Refer Chapter – 2, Section 2.8, Page plan in 33 % area i.e. land with not less than 42-43 Appendix J 1,500 trees per ha. Giving details of species, . may be refered for Existing Tree Plantation width of plantation, planning schedule etc. as well as shall be included. The green belt shall be Proposed Green belt development Plan around the project boundary and a scheme for greening of the roads used for the project shall also be incorporated. x Action plan for rainwater harvesting measures Refer Chapter – 2, Section 2.9, Page 44 &

No Description of TORs Compliance at plant site shall be submitted to harvest 45for rainwater harvesting details. rainwater from the roof tops and storm water drains to recharge the ground water and also to use for the various activities at the project site to conserve fresh water and reduce the water requirement from other sources. xi Total capital cost and recurring cost/annum Refer Chapter – 2, Section 2.7.8, Table for environmental pollution control measures 2.33, Page 42. shall be included. xii Action plan for post-project environmental Refer Chapter – 6, Table 6.5, Page 156 & monitoring shall be submitted. 158. xiii Onsite and Offsite Disaster (natural and Man- Refer Chapter – 7, Section 7.3 to 7.10 made) Preparedness and Emergency Page 160-173 Management Plan including Risk Assessment and damage control. Disaster management plan should be linked with District Disaster Management Plan.

8 Occupational Health i Plan and fund allocation to ensure the Refer Chapter – 7, Section 7.12 Page 173- occupational health & safety of all contract 175 and casual workers ii Details of exposure specific health status Refer Chapter – 7, Section 7.12.2, Page evaluation of worker. If the workers' health is 174 & 175 and Appendix - N being evaluated by pre designed format, chest x rays, Audiometry, Spirometry, Vision testing (Far & Near vision, colour vision and any other ocular defect) ECG, during pre- placement and periodical examinations give the details of the same. Details regarding last month analysed data of above mentioned parameters as per age, sex, duration of exposure and department wise. iii Details of existing Occupational & Safety Refer Chapter 7, Section 7.12, Page – 173- Hazards. What are the exposure levels of 175 hazards and whether they are within Permissible Exposure level (PEL). If these are not within PEL, what measures the company has adopted to keep them within PEL so that health of the workers can be preserved, iv Annual report of health status of workers with Refer Chapter 7, Section 7.12, Page – 173- special reference to Occupational Health and 175, Appendix S Safety. 9 Corporate Environment Policy i Does the company have a well laid down -- Environment Policy approved by its Board of Directors? If so, it may be detailed in the EIA report. ii Does the Environment Policy prescribe for -- standard operating process / procedures to bring into focus any infringement / deviation / violation of the environmental or forest norms / conditions? If so, it may be detailed in the EIA.

No Description of TORs Compliance iii What is the hierarchical system or Refer Chapter 9, Figure 9.1, Page - 179 Administrative order of the company to deal with the environmental issues and for ensuring compliance with the environmental clearance conditions? Details of this system may be given. iv Does the company have system of reporting of Refer Chapter - 9 Figure -9.1 Page 190 non-compliances / violations of environmental norms to the Board of Directors of the company and / or shareholders or stakeholders at large? This reporting mechanism shall be detailed in the EIA report 10 Details regarding infrastructure facilities such as Refer Chapter 4, Section 4.2, Page – 103- sanitation, fuel, restroom etc. to be provided to the 106 labour force during construction as well as to the casual workers including truck drivers during operation phase. 11 Enterprise Social Commitment (ESC) i Adequate funds (at least 2.5 % of the project Refer Chapter – 6, Section 6.6.2.1 Table cost) shall be earmarked towards the Enterprise 6.3 Page 155 Social Commitment based on Public Hearing issues and item-wise details along with time bound action plan shall be included. Socio- economic development activities need to be elaborated upon. 12 Any litigation pending against the project and/or any The Court Case filed by MPCB on direction/order passed by any Court of Law against 30.12.2016 against its 45 KLPD Molasses the project, if so, details thereof shall also be based distillery unit. The case was filed included. Has the unit received any notice under the for operations of distillery conducted for Section 5 of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 or more number of days than those relevant Sections of Air and Water Acts? If so, details mentioned in the EC orders bearing No. thereof and compliance/ATR to the notice(s) and J-11011/39/2001-IA II (I) dated present status of the case. 11.12.2001. However, this was stated during the 18th EAC meeting When the case of expansion for grant of EC was considered at that time, the industry had given clarifications for operation of more no of days & had submitted an affidavit. This was accepted by EAC & therefore once EC was granted. This entire case was told to the RO MoEFCC Nagpur, who had come for inspection of the industry on 07.02.2019. In the inspection report dated 22.03.2019 the RO has also made a report of the more no. of days of operation & the court case by MPCB. 13 A tabular chart with index for point wise compliance Refer Chapter – 1, Section 1.6 , Page 6-14 of above TOR. B. Specific TORs for Distillery;5(g) 1 List of existing distillery units in the study area along There are no distillery unit in study area with their capacity & sourcing of raw material

12 No Description of TORs Compliance 2 Number of working days of the distillery unit Distillery 270 days 3 Details of raw materials such as molasses/ grain, their Refer Chapter 2, Section 2.6.2, Table 2.7, sources with availability Page 19 4 Details of the use of steam from the boiler Refer Chapter 2, Section 2.6.4.5, Table 2.15, Page 28 5 Surface & Ground water quality around proposed Refer Chapter 3, Section 3.9, Table 3.15 & spentwash storage lagoon & compost yard 3.16 Page 82-85 3 6 Plan to reduce spent wash generation within 6-8 Raw spentwash to the tune of 667 M /Day KL/KL of alcohol produced ( 7.4 KL/KL of alcohol) will be generated. Same would be concentared in MEE Refer chapter 2 Section 2.7.1.2, Page 30 7 Proposed Effluent Treatment system for molasses/ Refer chapter 2 Section 2.7.1.2, Page 32 grain based distillery (spentwash, spentlees, condensate & utilities) as well as domestic sewage & scheme for achieving zero effluent discharge (ZLD) 8 Proposed action to restrict fresh water consumption Refer Chapter 2 Section 2.7.1.2 , Table within 10 KL/KL of alcohol 2.21 Page 32 9 Details about capacity of spentwash holding tank, Spent wash storge tank is provided. material used, design consideration. No. of Refer Chapter 2 Figure 2.8 , Page 38 piezometers to be proposed around spentwash holding tank 10 Action plant to control ground water pollution Refer Chapter 4 Section 4.3.3.4 , Page 124 11 Details of solid waste management including Refer chapter 2 Section 2.7.3 , Table 2.31 management of boiler ash, yeast etc. Details of Page 40 incinerated spent wash ash generation and its disposal. 12 Details of Bio- composting yard (if applicable) Refer Appendix I for - Bio - Composting Mass balance and Photographs 13 Action plant to control odour pollution Refer chapter 4 section 4.3.1.2 (D) ,Page 119 14 Arrangement for installation of continuous online Online monitoring sysytem has been monitoring system (24 x 7) monitoring device installed . Refer Appendix G for online B. Specific TORs for Sugar Factory; 5 (j) monitoring system 1. Complete process flow diagram describing each unit, Refer Chapter 2, Section 2.6.4.3, Page 23- its processes and operations in production of sugar, 25 along with material and energy inputs and outputs (material and energy balance). 2. Details on water balance including quantity of effluent Refer Chapter 2, Section 2.7, Page 30-33 generated, recycled & reused. Efforts to minimize effluent is charge and to maintain quality of receiving water body.

3. Details of effluent treatment plant, inlet and treated Refer Chapter 2, Section 2.7, Page 30-33 water quality with specific efficiency of each treatment unit in reduction in respect to fall concerned / regulated environmental parameters 4. Number of working days of the sugar production unit Sugar factory 180 days and Cogen plant – 180-185 Days. Refer Chapter 2, Section 2.5, Table 2.4 Page 18 5. Details of the use of steam from the boiler Steam required for proposed expansion of

No Description of TORs Compliance sugar factory will be used from existing boiler. Refer Chapter 2, Section 2.6.4.5, Table 2.15, Page 28 6. Details of proposed source-specific pollution control ESP is installed for existing boiler 70TPH schemes and equipments to meet the national & 60 TPH. Refer Chapter 2, Section 2.7.2, standards Table- 2.27 Page 38 7. Collection, storage, handling and transportation of Refer Chapter 2, Section 2.6.5, Page 30 molasses 8. Collection, storage and handling of bagasse and Refer Chapter 2, Section 2.6.5, Page 30 pressmud 9. Fly ash management plan for coal based and bagasse Refer Chapter 2 and action plan 10. Details on water quality parameter suchas Refer Chapter 3, Section 3.9, Page 82-85 Temperature, Colour, pH, BOD, COD, Total Kjeldhal, Nitrogen, Phosphates, Oil & Grease, Total Suspended Solids, Total Coli form bacteria etc. 11. Details on existing ambient air quality and expected, Refer Chapter 3, Section 3.8, Page 78-81 stack and fugitive emissions for PM10, PM2.5, SO2*, NOx*, etc., and evaluation of the adequacy of the proposed pollution control devices to meet standards for point sources and to meet AAQ standards. (*-As applicable)

Chapter 2 Project Description 2.1 TYPE OF PROJECT The proposed project by SCSSSKL is an expansion project. Hereunder, expansion of existing sugar factory, co-gen plant and distillery would be undertaken. Accordingly, crushing of sugar factory would be increased from 7,000 TCD to 10,000 TCD, co-gen plant from 28 MW to 38 MW and molasses based distillery from 60 KLPD to 90 KLPD. 2.2 NEED OF PROJECT As discussed in Chapter-1, India is the largest producer of sugarcane and sugar. Sugar factories cannot survive in healthy condition on a single product i.e. sugar. Thus, it is essential to develop sugar factory into an affiliated complex so as to utilize the valuable by- products more profitably. Bagasse based cogeneration of steam and electricity has been practiced since long time in sugar mills. Thereby, enhancing the rate of revenue by co-gen. Molasses is also another important by-product of the sugar industry. The profits earned by conversion of molasses into alcohol are much higher than that of sale of molasses alone. Further, there is a good demand for alcohol in the country as well as abroad as production and consumption of alcohol in India are quite balanced. Apart from this following are also the need of the project. 2.2.1 Employment Generation Potential Activities under expansion project of SCSSSKL would improve socio-economic status of people in the study area in terms of local employment and contract basis jobs. The proposed activity could provide employment opportunities to the skilled and semi-skilled local populace, especially in small-scale business and other related services. Following table gives details about the number of workers employed in the existing set up as well as those to be employed under existing and proposed activities. Table 2.1 Details of Manpower No. Unit Existing Expansion Unskilled Skilled Other Staff Unskilled Skilled Other Staff 1 Sugar 403 244 263 50 20 30 2 Co-gen 70 37 30 30 10 10 3 Distillery 50 24 22 20 10 20 Total 523 305 315 100 40 60 1143 200 Total Workers 1343 2.2.2 Potential of the Products There is a good demand for products in India as well as abroad. Alcohol produced has a demand for blending in petrol after making anhydrous alcohol from the conventional Rectified Spirit (RS). Extra Neutral Alcohol (ENA) is utilized for production of value added product, for the production of spirit such as whisky, rum, brandy, gin and vodka but also as a base for a wide range of flavored alcoholic beverages providing huge market opportunity. Ethanol will be supplied to oil companies for blending with fossil fuel as per Ethanol Blending Programmer. Moreover, the electricity produced from existing co-gen plant shall be taken to switch yard from where it would be used for industrial needs in industrial complex.

15 2.3 PROJECT LOCATION The proposed activities under expansion shall be carried out in the existing premises of SCSSSKL. Present set up of the industry is located on Survey. No. -144/1/B, 144/2, 148-151, 153-157, 159-161, 164-172, 186, 244/B, 247/2/3, 61/32, Tehsil.: Kagal, Kolhapur District in Maharashtra. Geographical location of the site is 16°35'24.36"N latitude and 74°17'54.21” E longitude. While making selection of site for existing activities of SCSSSKL, certain aspects were taken in to consideration prominently. The same were namely – (1) availability of all basic facilities like water, electricity, man power, raw material such as Sugar cane etc., (2) rail and road links to prominent market places so that procurement of raw material as well as marketing of finished product was easier and economical, (3) availability of good communication facilities, (4) no rehabilitation and resettlement required, (5) no national park or wildlife habitats were located in immediate vicinity of the project site. Table 2.2 Project Sitting & Environmental Settings

No. Particulars Details 1 Name and Address of the Shree Chhatrapati Shahu Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana Industry Ltd. (SCSSSKL).Survey. No.: 144/1/B, 144/2, 148-151, 153-157, 159-161, 164-172, 186, 244/B, 247/2/3, 61/32, Kagal Taluka, Kolhapur, Maharashtra. 2 Total Land Acquired 14,00,000 Sq.M. (140 Ha) (Sugar, Co-gen& Distillery) 3 Elevation 553 M above MSL 4 Nearest Habitation • Kagal Town 1.20 Km • Quarters provided for industry officers are about 800M away from main manufacturing plant. Populations of 300 nos. of people reside therein. • Also, school hostel of SCSSSK is located about 700M from main manufacturing plant. About 96 Nos. students reside therein. 5 Nearest City Kolhapur (14 Km) 6 Nearest Highway NH-48 (1 Km) & SH-129 (1.80 Km) from manufacturing units.) 7 Nearest Railway Track from Gandhinagar railway station (12.80 Km) Project Site Kolhapur railway station (14.6 Km) 8 Nearest airport Ujalaiwadi airport (8.30 Km). 9 Nearest tourist places Kaneriwadi 4.30 Km 10 Defense installations Nil within 10 Km radius 11 Archaeological important Nil within 10 Km radius 12 Ecological sensitive zones Nil within 10 Km radius 13 Reserved /Protected forest / Nil within 10 Km radius National Parks/ Wildlife Sanctuary (from Project Site) 14 Nearest streams / Rivers / Dudhganga river (3 Km) water bodies (from Project Site) 15 Nearest Industrial Area 5 Star Kagal MIDC 6.20 Km Gokul Shirgaon MIDC 6 Km 16 Interstate Boundary Maharashtra–Karnataka interstate boundary @4.40Km. 17 Site Co-ordinates (all corners) 16°35'29.57"N 74°18'11.73"E 16°35'00.88"N 74°18'18.00"E 16°34'53.81"N 74°17'45.81"E 16°35'46.80"N 74°17'41.76"E

Figure 2.1 Images Showing Site History

Land use Status of SCSSSKL – Year 2010 Land use Status of SCSSSKL – Year 2018

2.4 DETAILS OF LAND REQUIREMENT

Total land area acquired by the SCSSSKL is 140 Ha. Out of this total built up area under sugar factory, co-gen plant & distillery is 17.04 Ha. Detailed area statement is given below -

Table 2.3Area Statement of SCSSSKL

No. Description Built Up Area (Sq. M.) A Administration Block 1,000 B Colony + Hostel + Dining 9362 C School 8386 D Agricultural Office 804 E Jaysingrao Ghatage Bhavan 1660 F GSR for Filter water 490 G Sugar Factory & Co-gen Plant 1 Cane Yard 5,000 2 Water Reservoir 3,000 3 Mill, Boiling House & Store 15,000 4 Boiler Clarification & Power House 6,000 5 Bagasse Yard 7,000 6 ETP & Spray Pond 9,000 7 Molasses Tank 2 no. 1,000 8 Sugar Godowns 10 no. 16,000 9 Switch Yard 5,000 10 Cooling Tower with Pump 2,000 Total 69,000

H Distillery 1 Fermentation 2,000 2 Distillery Area 5,000 3 Security Cabin 11 4 Molasses Tank 2 no. 1,000 Total 8,011

I Compost Site 17,300 J Biogas plant area 8,000 K 30 days Lagoon 5,000 Area under Roads& area under L 45,000 concreted area Total (A+B+C+D+E+F+G+H+I+J+K+L) 174013

Open area 763987 Existing Green Belt Area (26.43% of Total 370000 plot area) Proposed Green Belt Area under expansion 92000 (6.57% of Total plot area.) Total Green belt – 33% of total Plot area 462000

Total plot area 1400000

From the above table, it could be seen that sufficient land is available with SCSSSKL for various activities under existing and proposed expansion projects. Refer Appendix–A for plot layout plan of project site.

2.5 PROJECT OPERATIONS, APPROVALS AND IMPLEMENTATION Presently, in integrated project complex of SCSSSKL, following projects are in operation – 1. 7,000 TCD Sugar Factory 2. 28 MW Co- Gen Plant 3. 60 KLPD Distillery Integrated complex of 7000 TCD sugar factory, 28 MW co-gen plant and 60 KLPD molasses based distillery was granted Environmental Clearance (EC) by 'Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change (MOEFCC), Govt. of India in the year 2017. Initially in the year 2001, EC for 45 KLPD molasses based distillery procured from 'Ministry of Environment, Forest (MOEF), Govt. of India. Also, 12.5 MW co-gen plant was granted EC by Department of Environment, Maharashtra in the year 2007. However, the sugar factory, co-gen plant and distillery have been granted Consent to Operate (CTO) by MPCB. Refer Appendix – B, for details of Consent copies & Environmental Clearance copies for the existing distillery and co-gen plant.

The expansion sugar factory, co-gen plant and distillery will be implemented only after obtaining requisite approvals, permissions, and consents from concerned authorities namely MPCB and MoEFCC. The projects would be formulated in such a fashion and manner so that the utmost care of safety norms and environment protection measures shall be taken. Project details in respect of days of operation w.r.t. SCSSSKL project is given in following table. Table 2.4 Working Pattern No. Type of Activity Days of Operation Season Off- Season Total 1 Sugar Factory 150-180 Days --- 180 Days 2 Co-gen Plant 150-180 Days 75 Days 255 Days 3 Distillery 150-180 Days 90 Days 270 Days

2.5.1 Approval and Implementation Schedule Table 2.5 Project Implementation schedule No Activity Date of Approval / Implementation schedule 1 Grant of EC by MoEFCC August 2019 2 Construction and Erection of Machinery Spetember 2019 3 Application for Consent to Operate from MPCB Sptember 2019 4 Trials & Commissioning of plant October 2019

Appendix - C may be refered for details about the equipments for proposed expansion projects of SCSSSKL. 2.6 TECHNOLOGY AND PROCESS DESCRIPTION 2.6.1 Product The details of products that are being manufactured under existing sugar factory, co-gen plant and distillery as well as those to be manufactured under expansion are represented in following table -

19 Table 2.6 List of Products for Integrated complex Industrial Product & By-product Quantity unit Existing Expansion Total (7,000 TCD) (3,000 TCD) (10,000 TCD) Sugar Sugar (13%) 163380 70620 234000 Factory Refined Sugar - - 234000 (MT/ ) Y Molasses (4%) 50400 21600 72000 Bagasse (30 %) 378000 162000 540000 Pressmud (4%) 50400 21600 72000 Co-Gen Product Existing Expansion Total (MW) Electricity 28 10 38 Distillery Product Existing Expansion Total (KLPD) (60 KLPD) (30 KLPD) (90 KLPD) Rectified Spirit (RS)/ ENA 60 30 90 Ethanol 30 30 60 By-products generated during production of sugar in the form of molasses and bagasse would be used as raw materials for production of alcohol and power respectively. The pressmud shall be stored in dedicated separate yard in own premises and used as filler material for spentwash bio-composting. 2.6.2 Raw Material for Integrated Project Basic raw materials required for sugar factory, co-gen plant and distillery along with their quantities and sources are listed in the following table- Table 2.7 List of Raw Materials for Integrated complex

Industrial Name of Raw Quantity (MT/Y) Source Unit Material Existing Expansion Total (7,000TCD) (3,000 TCD) (10,000TCD) Sugar Sugarcane 1260000 540000 1800000 Member farmers Factory Lime 2550 1200 3750 Purchase from Sulphur 720 320 1040 suppliers Lubricants 18 12 30 Co-gen Raw Existing Expansion Total Source Materials (28 MW) (10 MW) (38 MW) Bagasse 240000 84000 324000 Own Sugar Factory Distillery Raw Existing Expansion Total Source Materials (60 KLPD) (30 KLPD) (90 KLPD) Molasses 60750 29250 90000 Own Sugar Factory Oil & Grease 8100 2700 10800 Purchase from DAP 21600 5400 27000 suppliers Urea 21600 5400 27000 Refer Appendix-C for list of equipment required under existing and expansion projects of sugar factory, co-gen plant and distillery. Table 2.8 Seasonal Cane Availability for Sugar Factory

No. Description Remarks 1 Total cane available from share holders’ land 1,51,600 MT 2 Cane available from Non-share holders land 3,73,400 MT 3 Total cane available (MT) 5,25,000 MT 4 Avg. distance from sugar factory 40 Km

20 Table 2.9 Seasonal Bagasse Availability for Co-gen Plant

No. Description Quantity 1 Sugar Cane Crushing 10,000 TCD 2 Working Days of Sugar Factory 180 Days 3 Total Crushing 18,00,000 MT/Season 4 Bagasse Quantity generated @ 30% of Cane Crushed 3000 MT / Day 5 Baggase Quantity generated during season 5,40,000 MT /Season 6 Daily Bagasse required for Co-gen boiler after expansion 1382.4 MT/Day 7 Bagasse required for Co-gen during season (180 Days) 2,48,832MT/Season 8 Bagasse required for Co-gen boiler during off-season (30 Days) 41,472 MT/Season 9 Total Baggase required for season and off season 2,90,304 MT 10 Save Bagasse - 2,49,696 MT

Bagasse yard has been provided with shelterbelt plantation for dust attenuation. The bagasse is taken to boiler through belt-conveyor, which is covered properly to avoid fugitive emissions. Table 2.10 Availability of Molasses for Proposed Distillery

No. Description Quantity 1 Sugar cane crushing capacity 10000 TCD 2 Sugar factory operating days 180 Days 3 Total Cane Crushing 15,00,000 MT/Season 4 Molasses generated @ 4% of cane crushed 400 MT/Day 5 Molasses generated during season (180 days) 72,000 MT/Season 6 Distillery 90 KLPD 7 Daily molasses required for distillery 333 MT/Day 8 No. of days of Distillery operations 270 Days 9 Total molasses required for distillery 89,910 MT/Season 10 Molasses to be procured from nearby sugar mills 17,910 MT/Season 11 Distillery working pattern on : • Own molasses - 216 Days • Procured molasses - 54Days Total 270 Days 2.6.3 Raw Material and Product Transportation Details Sugarcane as raw material for sugar factory shall be made available from nearby farms in 25 Km area from the factory. During cultivation of sugarcane in farms, farmers inform the field men of SCSSSKL (who are appointed region wise) regarding the start of cultivation. Later on, the field men submit the information to sugar factory office. Accordingly, days of maturation of sugarcane cultivation are calculated and labours as well as vehicles are forwarded by the industry to the individual farms for its harvesting. Subsequently, harvested cane is brought to sugar factory site and consumed for processing within 24 hrs. The vehicles filled with cane wait in parking lot for their turn and directly dump their contents on the carrier chain leading to mills. Hence, no any bulk storage of sugarcane is done on site. Sugarcane shall be transported to site through various means of transportation viz. bullock carts, trucks and tractor trolleys. Ample (5000 Sq. M.) parking space is provided, at industry site, for the bullock carts and other vehicles.

Table 2.11 Sugarcane Transportation Details

No. Type of Vehicle Avg. wt (MT) Daily No. of Quantity of % / Vehicle Vehicles Cane 1 Bullock Carts 3 700 2100 21 2 Tractor Trolleys 15 467 7005 70 3 Trucks 12 75 900 9 Total 30 1242 10005 100

Table 2.12 Product & By-product Transportation Details

No. Product Type of Frequency of Distance Quantity of Final Product Vehicles Vehicle Travelled Transported (TPM) 1 Sugar Trucks As per demand 20 to 400 Km 39000 MT 2 Pressmud Tractors Daily 1 KM 72000 MT [Season] 3 Alcohol Tankers As per demand 20 to 400 Km 2,43,00,000 Lit

2.6.4 Manufacturing Process 2.6.4.1 Manufacturing Process for Integrated Complex

Figure 2.2 Integrated Manufacturing Process Operations

2.6.4.2 Manufacturing Process for Sugar M atured, clean and fresh cut sugar cane from the field of cultivators is brought by bullock carts, trucks & tractor trolleys to sugar factory site. It is weighted on the electronic platform type weigh bridge. The carts, trucks & trolleys are unloaded into cane carrier by mechanical unloader. The cane is cut into small fine pieces by means of chopper, leveler, cutter & fibrizor called the cane preparatory devices. The prepared cane is then crushed by five or six mill tandem. The imbibitions hot water is added before last mill for better extraction of juice. The all juice extracted is screened through DSM or rotary screen, weighted by mass flow matter and sent to boiling house for further processing. The last mill bagasse, which is a by- product, is used for co-gen boiler as a fuel. Saved bagasse shall also be used for co- generation in the off-season.

The weighed and mixed juice is heated upto 70°C to 75°C in juice heater and sent to reaction tank where same is treated with milk of lime and SO2 gas and the pH is kept as 7 to 7.1. This sulphured juice is again heated up to 100°C to 105°C in juice heater and sent to clarifier for sedimentation. Here, clear juice and precipitated non-sugars, organic & inorganic chemicals are separated which are called mud of the clarifier. The mud is filtered by means of vacuum filter unit where sugary filtrate and press cake (pressmud) are separated. The filtrate is reprocessed and pressmud, which is a by-product, is used as filler material for bio-composting.

The clear juice from clarifier having 95°C temperature is heated to 112°C to 115°C in the juice heater and taken to evaporator set where 16° Brix juice is concentrated up to 60° Brix syrup. Thereafter, it is again treated with SO2 gas and finally sulphured syrup is sent to pan floor supply tanks. At pan section, 3 massecuite boiling system or 3.5 massecuite boiling is adopted accordingly to purities of basic products.

1. A Massecuite – Syrup + Melt + A light + Dry seed or B seed 2. B Massecuite – A Heavy + B Grain 3. C Massecuite – B Heavy + C Light + C Grain Slurry is used for B & C grain preparation. After boiling massecuite in the vaccum pans, it is discharged in the crystallizers for maturation and cooling purpose. The cooled A, B, C massecuite are then taken for separation of sugar and mother liquor through continuous high speed and batch type automatic three speed machines. Thus, all mother liquors, B sugar and C sugar are taken for reprocess and the white sugar is taken from drying and cooling through hoppers and elevators to grader where L30, M30&S30sugar is separated. The dust is taken for reprocess. C mass mother liquor is called final molasses which is a byproduct that is sold for distilleries. It could be consumed in own distillery also for production of alcohol, ENA & ethanol. The above graded white sugar is taken to silo and then it is filled in bags after weighing (50 Kg net wt.) and some are sent to go downs for storage.

2.6.4.3 Flow Chart of Sugar Manufacturing

Phosphate Dosing Collect Juice in Receiving Tank

Juice Flow Measurement

Vapour line juice heating

Raw Juice Heating

Less Stream/ Vapour valve setting Gauge MOL Addition

Monitor & Verify Un – satisfactory temp & pH

Satisfactory

Sulphered Juice heating

Less Stream/ Vapour Monitor valve setting temp of juice

Juice sulphieter Juice Clarification Light/ Heavy Filtrate Muddy Juice Vacuum Filter

Clear Juice Filter cake Composting Feedback Less Monitor addition at pH reaction tank

B OK Less Stream/ Vapour Monitor temp valve setting

Juice Evaporation

Adjust – Monitor Brix & a) Steam Satisfactory temp b) Vacuum c) Juice flow

Syrup Sulphitation

NO Monitor Pan Storage SO2Additi pH tank C on

‘A’ Masseccute Boiling Pan Storage tank Air - cooled crystalliser ‘A’ Light

‘A’ Heavy Centrifugal Molasses D Pan Storage tank Curing

Melter Hopper

Magma Grader Dry seed M.30/S.30 Sugar Magma Weighing & Bagging

Godown

Pan Boiling B Pan

‘B1 ’Massecute Air cooling crystallizer B1Heavy Centrifugal Pan Boiling ‘B2’ Massecute

B1 Sugar Water -Cooled Crystilizer B- Seed ‘A’ Pan Melter B2 Heavy Centrifugal E Syrup Tank B2 Sugar Melter

Syrup

Pan Boiling ‘C’ Pan

Water - cooled vertical crystaliser

Final Storage Tank Centrifugal Molasses Fore ‘C’ Sugar Magma

Centrifugal ‘C’ Light Delivery to ‘C’ after sugar Distillery Melter

Syrup tank

2.6.4.4 Process Mass Balance for Sugar Factory-10,000 TCD

Imbibition water from Pan Condensate 2500 MT

Sugar Cane 10000 MT Milling Section 3000 MT Bagasse for Boiler Fuel

Juice 9500 MT Sulphur 6. MT + Lime18 MT Condensate 783.2 MT after Heat Exchange cooling use as raw material

9,524 MT Sediment; 200 MT Clarification of Juice

9,324 MT Steam; 4,200 MT Multiple Effect Evaporation Vacuum filter + 1st Effect Vapours to Heat Steam condensate

Exchange 783.2 MT 4,200 MT to boiler Pressmud 400 MT

2, 3 & 4 Effect Condensate 1,978 MT 2500 MT vapors 200 MT condensate for washing Heat to Pan 2500 MT Vacuum Pan 4063 Vapour added 2,225 MT to spray water evaporation loss 275 MT during cooling Crystallizer 1,563MT Pan Condensate 2500 MT 138 MT Condensate for centrifuge Molasses 400 MT Centrifuge 1,700 MT 138MT 1,640 MT Condensate after cooling use as raw for centrifuge Sugar 1300 MT water

Condensate for 3 Recycling 2424 M

Washing DM Back Brushing Turbine Boiler 63 CMD wash 191 CMD cooling 400 CMD 220 CMD 1300 CMD

Ash Quenching Vacuum Pump Mill Bearing Cooling at Sugar 6 CMD Sealing 191 CMD 46 CMD Factory 7 CMD

2.6.4.5 Manufacturing Process for Co-generation Plant

Co-generation is broadly defined as the coincident generation of useful thermal energy and electrical power from the same input fuel. Thus, cogeneration can allow the energy consumers to lower their energy costs, through use of the energy normally wasted in conventional systems as losses. The useful thermal energy could be in the form of hot gases, hot liquids or steam; generally used for meeting the process and or heating requirements. When the thermal energy is required in the form of steam, industries employ steam boilers 27

for raising the required steam at the required pressure and temperatures, suitable for the process.

Under proposed expansion project of sugar factory 10,000 TCD of cane crushing shall be done in 24 hours (i.e.) 291.7 TCH. Also, the proposed co-gen plant would be sized considering operation at 10,000 TCD crushing capacity. The power distribution system will also be sized to meet with the power requirement of SCSSSKL project complex. Under existing project complex two boilers of capacities 70 TPH & 60 TPH are already installed. Permission was granted by MoEFCC, New Delhi for installation of 40 TPH boiler under previous expansion project. As the requirement of steam was fulfilled by its existing boilers (60 TPH & 70 TPH); SCSSSKL has not installed 40 TPH boiler. Under proposed expansion project, SCSSSKL will install this 40 TPH boiler on site.

The existing co-generation power plant has two high pressure boilers of 70 TPH (S.S Engineers make) & 60 TPH (Thyssenkrup Industries Ltd. Pune) capacity with 67 kg/cm2 working pressure. It generates superheated steam with temperature 485°C+/-5°C and 510°C+/-5°C. Further, one single flow turbine of 12.5 MW capacity (make Siemens, Vadodara) with working pressure configuration of 64 kg/cm2and temperature 480°C is provided in the set up. The boilers are of two drum water tube membrane wall having total heating surface of 3,996 M2 and 3,773 M2, boiler feed water pump, wet scrubber, transfer pump, bagasse feeding system, ash handling system etc. Under expansion project, additional high pressure boiler of 40 TPH, with 72 kg/cm2 working pressure & 510°C+/-5°C superheated steam temperature configuration shall be employed with one matching 15.5 MW Back Pressure type Turbine. The auxiliary steam consumption for the power plant will be for soot blowing and other auxiliary consumptions like Steam Jet Air Ejector (SJAE) & Gland steam condenser (GSC) at high pressure, for de-aerator at low pressure. The auxiliary power consumption for the power plant will be about 7% and 10% of generation during season and off season periods respectively.

A portion of the power generated in the turbo generators will meet the power requirements of the co-generation plant auxiliary loads and sugar plant loads. After meeting the in-house requirements, the plant can export a net power during cane crushing season and during off- season, under normal operating conditions. Following table shows the electricity requirements. Table 2.13 Electricity Requirement Details

No. Industrial Unit Existing Expansion After Expansion (Units/day) (Units/day) (Units/day) 1 Sugar Factory & Colony 174,016 75,000 2,49,016 2 Distillery 7,068 5,000 1,20,68 3 Co-gen 73,803 50,000 1,23,803 Total 2,54,887 1,30,000 3,84,887

The electricity requirement shall be met from co-gen turbine. Following table gives distribution of generated electricity during on season and off-season-

Table 2.14 Electricity Distribution Details

No. Description Existing (MW) After Expansion (MW) Season Off-season Season Off-season 1 In-house 5.5 0.3 9.5 0.3 2 Grid 10.5 1.7 10.5 1.7 Total 16.0 2.0 20 2.0 28

Table 2.15 Steam Balance No. Particulars Unit Existing Capacity After Expansion Capacity 1 Cane Crushing TCD 7000 10000 2 Crushing Rate TCH 292 417 3 Boiler Capacity TPH 130 170 4 Steam Generation TPH 130 170 5 Steam to Condenser TPH 10 10 6 Steam % Cane % 33% 33%

Steam usage under existing unit (7000 TCD) is 33 % on cane. After expansion, the required steam usage will remain the same. Figure 2.3 Process Flow Chart Co-gen

2.6.4.6 Manufacturing Process for Distillery Molasses is stored in mild steel storage tank. Proper care is taken to cool down molasses before it goes to molasses tanks. Then the molasses is pumped from the MS storage tanks to weighing scales. Here it is weighed on automatic weighing scales and then fed for further processing.

In the production of ethyl alcohol from molasses, two major steps are involved.

1) Fermentation of Molasses with the help of yeast strains of the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce 10% to 12% alcohol in the fermented wash; and 29

2) Distillation of the fermented wash for recovery and concentration of alcohol.

Fermentation

Molasses containing 40 to 50% of total sugar would be weighed and diluted with clean as well as fresh water to the desired concentration. This would be achieved in a continuous diluter. The molasses-water mixture would have a specific gravity to the tune of 1.060 for pre-fermentation and specific gravity of to the tune of 1.096 to 1.100 for the main fermentation process. The molasses with sp. gr. of 1.060 would be taken in to pre-fermenters and to it, ready compressed yeast would be added for further activation. As soon as the yeast becomes active in solution, the molasses-yeast slurry would be transferred to main fermenters* for the process of conversion of sugars into alcohol. It takes about 24 to 30 hours to complete the fermentation reaction. Sugar in the molasses gets converted into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide through metabolic activities of the yeast. The fermentation efficiency observed, in above process, is generally to the tune of 85% and ethyl alcohol concentration to the tune of 6% to 8% of volume in the fermented wash is obtained. This depends on the quality of molasses & its total sugar content.

Distillation

The fermented wash, then, would be taken to Distillation House. The distillation unit mainly consists of wash boiling column and rectification column. Before feeding to the boiling column the fermented wash would be passed through beer heater and heat exchangers where the final temperature rises to about 850 C to 900 C. Fermented wash would be fed to the wash boiling column from its top and open steam would be introduced from its bottom. While the wash trickles from the top, alcohol vapours get recovered along with rising steam. The alcohol vapours, analyzed from this wash boiling column, containing 40% to 45% of alcohol would then be fed to rectification column at its bottom. Here, in this column, alcohol rectification from 45% to 95% would take place. The product i.e. 95% alcohol would be drawn from the top of rectification column where temperature would be @ 780C, which is boiling point of rectified spirit. Thereafter, the alcohol would be cooled and stored in daily receiving tanks. Condensers and refluxes would be provided to each column for proper concentration and condensation. About one beer heater and one condenser are provided for the boiling column, whereas two condensers and one beer heater are provided to the rectification column. The daily product manufactured would be transferred to spirit storage warehouse. Refer Appendix – D for P and I diagram of the distillery unit.

Figure 2.4 Mass Balance and Process Flow Chart for 90 KLPD Distillery

2.6.5 Product and By- Product Storage Details

Table 2.16 Details of Product & By-product Storage

No. Product &By-product Mode of Storage Details of Storage 1 Sugar P.P. Bags of 50 Kg. Capacity Stacking in Godowns 2 Bagasse (By-product) Bagasse is bailed & stored in Burnt in boiler as fuel dedicated separate yard in own premises 3 Pressmud (By-product) Windrows Used in composting

Table 2.17 Details of Molasses Storage

No. Description Mode of Storage Details of Storage 1 Capacity of Tank 4,500 MT 2 Storage Area 945 M3 (3 nos), 315 M3 (1 no) 3 No. of tanks 4 Nos 4 Covered/ Uncovered Covered Used for alcohol production 5 Dimensions of tank Diameter: 20 M Height: 9.75 M Thickness : 12 mm

2.7 SOURCES OF POLLUTION AND THEIR CONTROL

The sources of pollution from existing and proposed operations in the SCSSSKL complex shall be mainly manufacturing operations and processes in the industry, boiler and stand by D.G., cooling towers etc. Detailed identification and quantification of impacts, due to above 31

sources, are separated under various heads. They are – (1) Water Pollution, (2) Air Pollution, (3) Noise Pollution, (4) Hazardous Wastes, (5) Solid Waste, and (6) Land Pollution.

2.7.1 Water Pollution The assignment w.r.t. water pollution aspect was done by Dr. Sangram Ghugare who is an in-house Functional Area Expert (FAE) for WP. Fresh water requirement for existing and proposed activities shall be met from the Dudhganga river. Water lifting permission has been taken from Irrigation Department; Govt. of Maharashtra. Same is attached at Appendix- E for reference. Details of water consumption have been presented in following tables. Table 2.18 Details of Water Consumption in Sugar Factory & Co-gen Plant

Description Existing 7,000 TCD & Total 10,000 TCD & 38 28 MW (M3/day) MW (M3/day) Domestic 73 (#10 + $63) 73 (#10 + $63) Industrial a. Process *2,144 *3066 b. Cooling *910 *1300 c. Boiler Makeup *400 *400 d. Lab& Wash *50 *63 e. DM Backwash *154 *220 f. Ash Quenching *5 *6 Industrial Use *3,663 *5055 Gardening 15 (#12 + $3) 20 (#17 + $3) Grand Total 3,751 (#22+*3,663+$66) 5,148 (#27+*5055+$66) Recycle 99.4% 99.4% Fresh Water Consumption 3.1 Lit. / MT 2.7 Lit. / MT (Norm100 Lit / MT of Cane Crushed) Note: # - Actual quantity of fresh water taken from Dudhganga River., * - Cane Condensate water. , $ - Treated water from STP Table 2.19 Details of Water Consumption in Distillery Existing Total Description 60 KLPD (M3/day) 90 KLPD (M3/day) Domestic 5(#1+$ 4) 9(#2 + $7) Industrial a. Fermentation dilution 480 (#280+*200) 714 (#280+*434) b. Cooling tower replenishment *165 190 (#25+*165) c. Lab; Wash # 10 # 15 d. Scrubber *1 # 2 Industrial Use 656 (#290 + *366) 921 (#322+*599) Grand Total 661 (#291+*366+$4) 930 (#324+*599+$7) Recycle 56% 65.1% Fresh Water Consumption 4.8 KL/KL of Alc. 3.6 KL/KL of Alc. (Norm : 10 KL/KL of Alcohol) Note: # -Actual quantity of fresh water taken from Dudhganga River., * -MEE Condensate water, $ - Treated water from STP 2.7.1.1 Fresh Water Adequacy • For the Sugar Factory and Co-Gen plant; total fresh water requirement in a season of 185 Days shall be – 27 CMD X 185 Days = 4,995 M3/Season • For Distillery, total fresh water requirement in a season of 270 Days shall be 32 324 CMD X 270 Days = 87,480M3/Season Hence, total water requirement shall be – 4,995 M3/Season (Sugar Factory & Co-gen plant) + 87,480 M3/Season (Distillery) =90,625 M3/Season From above calculations; it is seen that total fresh water requirement in SCSSSKL campus is 92,475 M3/Season (0.092 Million M3). The permission granted to SCSSSKL by Irrigation Department; Govt. of Maharashtra for lifting fresh water from the Dudhganga River reservoir is 0.593 Million M3, which is more than the actual usage under existing as well as proposed expansion activities in the complex. 2.7.1.2 Effluent Generation Total effluent would be generated from the various operations & processes from existing and expansion activities in sugar factory, co-gen plant & distillery. Details of the same are presented in following table. Table 2.20 Effluent Generation in Sugar Factory

Description Existing 7,000 TCD Total 10,000 TCD & Treatment and & 28 MW (M3/day) 38 MW (M3/day) Disposal Domestic 70 70 Treated in STP Industrial a. Process 290 415 b. Cooling 95 136 Treated in full c. Boiler Makeup 40 40 fledge ETP to be d. Lab; Wash 50 57 upgraded under e. DM Backwash 153 219 expansion f. Ash Quenching -- -- Industrial Use 628 867 Effluent Norm: 200 Lit. / 89.7 87 MT Cane crushed Table 2.21 Details of Effluent Generation in Distillery Purpose Existing 60 KLPD Total 90 KLPD Disposal Method (M3/ day) (M3/ day) Domestic 2 3.2 Treated in STP Industrial Process Raw Spent wash- 440 Raw Spent wash- 667 Under existing unit, raw spent Fermentation wash is treated in Bio-methanation dilution Bio-methanated Bio-methanated Plant. The same is Concentrated Conc. Spentwash-175 Conc. Spentwash-287 in MEE. Further, the concentrated (2.9 KL/KL) (3.2 KL/KL) spentwash is forwarded to bio- composting. Same practices will be followed under expansion activites MEE Condensate- MEE Condensate- MEE Condensate, spent lees, 265 380 effluent from fermenter cooling, Spent lees – 120 Spent lees – 180 condenser cooling, lab & washing Cooling 15 25 is forwarded to Distillery CPU. Blow down Treated water from CPU shall be Lab; 9 14 reused for industrial operation & Washing reject shall be forwarded to MEE. Total Spent wash – 175 Spent wash- 287 Other effluent - 409 Other effluent – 599

33 2.7.1.3 Domestic Effluent The domestic effluent from existing activities of SCSSSKL sugar factory and co-gen plant is to the tune of 70 M3/ Day whereas from existing distillery is to the tune of 2 M3/ Day. Total domestic effluent from existing activity of SCSSSKL is 72 M3/ Day. Same is being treated Sewage Treatment Plant (STP). After implementation of expansion project, total domestic effluent from SCSSSKL campus shall be 73.2 M3/ Day (domestic effluent from sugar factory & co-gen plant - 70 M3/ Day and to that of distillery 3.2 M3/ Day). Same shall be treated in proposed STP and the treated effluent shall be reused for flushing and also used for gardening.

2.7.1.4 Industrial Effluent

As shown in Table 2.20, From existing sugar factory & co-gen plant operations, trade effluent to the tune of 628 CMD is generated which is 89.7 lit per MT of cane crushed against the CREP norm of 200 Lit/MT. Subsequent to implementation of expansion, total effluent generated from sugar factory and co-gen plant activities to the tune of 867 M3/Day shall be forwarded to the existing ETP in the SCSSSKL premises which shall be duly and completely upgraded. As per the CREP norms, effluents after expasnion of sugar factory and co-gen plant would be generated @ 87 Lit/MT of cane crushed against norm of 200 Lit/MT of cane crushed. The treated water from sugar factory ETP will be given to nearby farmers for irrigation purpose. Refer Appendix – F for the copy of agreement with farmers for utilization of treated effluent. The ETP unites comprises of namely Screen chamber & Oil & Grease trap, Anaerobic Lagoon – I, Anaerobic Lagoon – II, Primary Clarifier, Aeration Tank – I, Secondary Clarifier - I, Aeration Tank – II, Secondary Clarifier– II, Treated water Sump, Sludge Drying Beds , Dual Media Filter, Activated Carbon Filter, Treated water Tank. The treated effluent is being used for gardening and on shareholders farmland of 60 acres. As per CREP norms, 15 days storage capacity tank for treated water is provided on site. Refer Appendix – G for photographs of online monitoring system.

Table 2.22 Dimensions of ETP units

No. Unit Size in M Capacity 1 Screen Chamber 3.5 x 2.5 x 1.5 - 2 Oil & Grease Tank 3.5 x 2.5 x 1.5 - 3 Anaerobic Lagoon - I 60 x 30 x 3 5400 m3 4 Anaerobic Lagoon - II 59.6 x 23.5 x 3 4202 m3 5 Primary Clarifier 6 dia x 2.5 SWD 70.68 m3 6 Aeration Tank No. I 26 x 13 x 4 1352 m3 7 Secondary Clarifier 6.8 dia x 2.5 SWD 90.79 m3 8 Aeration tank No. II 13.5 x 7.0 x 3.5 330.75 m3 9 Secondary Clarifier 6.5 dia x 2.5 SWD 82.95 m3 10 Treated Effluent Sump 4 x 4 x 2.65 42.4 11 Treated Effluent Sump 4 x 4 x 2.65 42.4 12 Sludge Drying Beds 15 x 5 x 2 13 Dual Media Filter 30 Cum/Hr. - 14 Activated Carbon Filter 30 Cum/Hr. - 15 Air Blowers 700 Cum/Hr Capacity 3 Nos 16 Air Blowers 300 Cum/Hr Capacity 2 Nos.

The flow chart of existing ETP & Distillery CPU is presented in Figure 2.5 & 2.6 respectively.

Figure 2.5 Flow Chart of Sugar Factory ETP

Figure 2.6 Flow Chart of CPU in Distillery

The effluent generated from 90 KLPD distillery would be in the form of raw spentwash to the tune of 667 M3/Day. Here, raw spentwash shall be treated in bio-methanation plant followed by concentration in Multiple (Five) Effect Evaporator (MEE). Concentrated 35

spentwash to the tune of 287 M3/Day (3.2 KL/KL of alcohol against norm of 8 KL/KL of alcohol) shall be used for bio-composting.

Table 2.23 Details of MEE

No. Description Details 1 Make TOMSA Destil S.L. make 2 Type Vacum based Multi Effect forced circulation followed by falling film evaporation system 3 Capacity 500 M3/Day 4 Raw Spent Wash 440 KL/Day 5 Efficiency 99.5 %

Provision of five days storage tank (2 Nos.) (7M x 7M x 2M) shall be done in distillery for storing concentrated spentwash. A PLC based operative system shall be installed in distillery wherein raw spentwash from distillation section shall be automatically transferred to MEE in closed circuit. The spentwash tank shall be designed as per CPCB norms wherein HDPE layer of 500 micron thickness and RCC lining shall be provided to avoid seepages and ground water contamination. Figure 2.8 given below shows cross section of proposed spentwash lagoon.

Table 2.24 Availability of Press Mud & Filler Materials for Spentwash Composting

No. Description Quantity 1 Sugar Cane Crushing 10000 MT / Day 2 Working Days 180 Days 3 Total Crushing 18,00,000 MT / Season 4 Pressmud Quantity (4 % of total cane crushed) 72,000 MT / Season 5 Other Filler Materials Yeast Sludge 270 MT / Season 6 Total quantity of Ash used for composting 10,302 MT/Sassoon 7 Total Filler Material available for composting 82.570 MT / Season

Table 2.25 Spentwash Generation from Distillery

No. Description Quantity 1 The Quantity of Spent wash Generated 667 M3/Day 2 Quantity of Spentwash after Bio-methanation & MEE conc. 287 M3/Day 3 No. of working days of the Distillery 270 Days 4 Total Spentwash quantity generated 77,490 M3/Season

 Proportion for Composting Process; Pressmud : Spentwash– 1: 2.5  Solid Content in Filler Material and Spentwash (Conc.) – 30%  Cycle of Composting–45 Days  Net Compost Produced – 58,502 MT  Land requirement for composting –8.6 Acres

Figure 2.7 Section of Compost Yard

Refer Chapter 4 for Biomethanation plant and MEE details. The details w.r.t. mass balance for spentwash bio-composting and land requirement for composting is appended at Appendix- H

Figure 2.8 Cross Section of Spentwash Tank

Table 2.26 Spentwash Characteristics

No. Parameter Before After After Bio-Methanation & Bio-Methanation Bio-Methanation Conc. pH 3.9 – 4.5 7.0 – 7.8 6.5 – 8.0 1 Total Solids (mg/l) 1,00,000- 1,15,000 20,000 – 25,000 60,000 – 80,000 2 Suspended Solids 15,000 - 20,000 5,000- 7,000 10,000-15,000 3 Total Dissolved Solids 80,000 – 90,000 15,000 – 18,000 50,000–65,000 4 BOD (mg/l) 60,000 - 80,000 9,000 – 12,000 35,000 – 50,000 5 COD (mg/l) 1,20,000-1,40,000 30,000 – 35,000 70,000 – 90,000

2.7.2 Air Pollution Air Pollution can be defined as the presence in the outdoor atmosphere, of one or more air contaminants (i.e. dust, fumes, gas, mist, odour, smoke or vapour) in sufficient quantities, of such characteristics and of such duration so as to threaten or to be injurious to human, plant or animal life or to property, or which reasonably interferes with the comfortable enjoyment of life or property. The assignments w.r.t. air pollution (AP) and air quality (AQ) including modeling were undertaken by in-house FAE of EEIPL namely Dr. Sangram Ghugare & Mr. Yuvraj Damugade respectively. Under existing project, 2 boilers of capacities 70 TPH and 60 TPH are already installed. The same are provided with ESP as APC equipment followed by stacks of 70.5 M heights for both boilers. SCSSSKL has granted permission for installation of 40 TPH boiler under its previous expansion project. Requirement of steam for existing projects (7000 TCD sugar factory and 60 KLPD molasses based distillery) was fulfilled by existing boilers (60 TPH & 70 TPH). Hence SCSSSKL has not installed 40 TPH boiler. Under proposed expansion project, SCSSSKL will install this 40 TPH boiler on site. Bagasse generated after biomethanation of spentwash will be used as fuel for the same. Also baggase will also be used as fuel. A stack of 40 M height will be installed. Details of boilers & DG sets installed under SCSSSKL project complex are presented in Table 2.27. Characteristics of fuel, fuel storage and ESP details are in Table 2.28, Table 2.29 and Table 2.30 respectively. Table 2.27 Details of Boiler and Stack in SCSSSKL

No. Stack Permission for Existing Boilers Existing DG sets Number(s) 1 2 3 1 2 1 Capacity 70 TPH 60 TPH 40 TPH 500 KVA 300 KVA Installed Installed To be installed under expasion - 2 Nos. - 2 Nos. 2 Fuel type Bagasse Bagasse Biogas/ Bagasse HSD 3 Fuel quantity 39 25.5 Biogas – 1000 M3/Hr / 60 lit/Hr 35 lit/Hr MT/Hr. MT/Hr Bagasse – 15 MT/Hr - Each - Each 4 Height, AGL 70.5 M 40M 5 M Each 4 M Each 5 Material of R.C.C R.C.C MS construction 6 Shape Round Round Round 7 Diameter 3.6 M 2.93 M 0.1 M 0.1 M 8 APC Equipment ESP ESP - - SCSSSKL has granted permission for installation of 40 TPH boiler under its previous expansion project but it is not installed on site because of Requirement of steam for existing projects was fulfilled by existing boilers. Refer Appendix – I for stack height calculations.

Table 2.28 Characteristics of Fuels to be used No Description Bagasse Biogas Diesel 1 Fuel consumption 1,908 MT/ D 24,000 M3/D 190 Lit /Hr 2 Calorific value 2,200 Kcal/Kg 5,000 – 5,500 Kcal /Kg 10,200 Kcal/Kg 3 Ash content % 3 % -- 0.1 % 4 Sulphur content % 0.05% -- 1 %

39 Table 2.29 Fuel Storage Details

No Fuel Storage Type Dimensions / Area Days of Mode of Transportation Type Storage to Boiler 1 Bagasse Bagasse Yard Near Boiler- 7,000 M2 200 Conveyors Outside Yard No.1-25,000M2 365 Truck /Tr. Trolley Outside Yard No.2-22,000M2 365 Truck /Tr. Trolley 2 Biogas No Storage. Directly -- -- Pipeline feed from biogas plant to boiler. Table 2.30 Details of ESP for Boilers

Sr. Description Details of Boiler No. 70 TPH 60 TPH 40 TPH 1 ESP make BHEL ELEX BHEL 2 Boiler Capacity (AFBC) 70 TPH 60 TPH 40 TPH 3 Fuel fired Bagasse Bagasse Bagasse + Biogas 4 Gas Flow Inlet 58.1 m3/s 52 m3/s 52 m3/s 5 Operating Temperature 1250C 1250C 1250C 6 Inlet Dust Load at ESP 80 gm/nm3 80 gm/nm3 80 gm/nm3 7 Outlet Emission 6 mg/nm3 6 mg/nm3 6 mg/nm3 8 Overall Dust Collection 98.66% 98.66% 98.66% Efficiency with all fields

2.7.2.1 Fugitive Emissions Fugitive emission under existing and expansion activities of sugar factory shall be mainly the dust emissions. The sources of same are mill house, sugar bagging, bagasse yard, pressmud yard, internal kuccha roads, bagasse conveyor; feeding section and ash storage yard in co-gen plant, improper function of APC equipment etc. The trouble with dust in work zone and ambient atmospheres shall be controlled by certain dedicated measures. An action plan has been prepared in the industry that includes – proper exhaust and ventilation arrangements, monitoring of proper working of pollution control equipment, proper handling; storage and disposal of dust collected, use of PPEs for staff and workers, augmentation of existing green belt with adequate density and type to control and attenuate dust transfer in the premises, provision of properly surfaced internal roads and work premises (tarred and concrete). 2.7.2.2 Process Emissions

The CO2 generation shall take place in fermenters of the distillery. CO2 to the tune of 75 MT/Day shall be released from 90 KLPD distillery plant. In a fermented, sugar in the wash gets converted to ethyl alcohol through metabolic activities of yeast. Consequently, CO2 will evolve as emission of the bio-chemical reaction. CO2 has been labeled as one of the major gases responsible for the green-house effect, its release in the atmosphere has to be properly controlled. To curb this process emission CO2 shall be bottled and supplied to manufacturers of beverages. 2.7.3 Solid Waste Solid wastes from the industries are categorized as hazardous and non-hazardous. Waste that pose a substantial danger immediately or over a period of time to human, plant, or animal life are classified as hazardous wastes. Non-hazardous waste is defined as the waste that contributes no damage to human or animal life. However, it only adds to the quantity of waste. The assignment w.r.t. solid and hazardous waste was done by empanelled FAE Mr. Vinaykumar Kurakula for SHW.

40 Table 2.31 Solid Waste Generation & Disposal No. Type of Waste Existing After Expansion Disposal 1 Partially mixed in composting 1393.2 1717.2 Boiler ash process & rest is given to brick MT/M MT/M manufacturers free of cost. 2 ETP Sludge 3.0 MT/M 5.0 MT/M Used as manure in own farm 3 Fermentation 30 MT/M 45.0 MT/M Mixed in composting process Residues

Agreement with brick manufacturer shall be done under proposed expansion. Ash generated from boilers is used as filler material in Bio-composting as well as supplied to brick manufacturers .

2.7.4 Hazardous Wastes Information about hazardous wastes being generated as well as that to be generated from proposed activities and their disposal methods is presented in following table. Table 2.32 Details of Hazardous Waste

No. Hazardous Waste Quantity (MT/ M) Disposal Category Existing After Expansion 1 5.1- Used Oil 0.45 0.5 Burnt in own boiler as fuel

Refer the figure 2.9- given below for storage yard of hazardous waste

Figure 2.9 Storage Yard for Solid & Hazardous Waste

41 2.7.5 Noise Pollution Noise is normally defined as objectionable or unwanted sound, which is without agreeable quality and essentially non-euphonious. The concern on noise depends upon the noise level near the source, on the work environment and near the residential zone. Earlier, noise was summarized to be exclusively an occupational problem. But, since the effects are found also on people who are not directly involved, it has acquired wider dimension. Hence it is necessary to know the noise levels near the sources as well as near the residential colonies.

2.7.5.1 Sources of Noise Pollution In the sugar factory, co-gen and distillery; noise generating sources generally are the boiler house, turbine rooms, cane crushing section and mill house, distillation section etc. Expected noise levels in these sections would be in the range of 60 to 65 dB (A). All preventive measures such as regular operation & maintenance of pumps, motors, and compressors would be carried out and enclosures would be provided to abate noise levels at source. Adequate noise abatement measures like silencer would be implemented in this section. Moreover, enclosures to the machinery would be provided wherever possible. It is predicted from an experience elsewhere that the magnitude of noise levels, from various sources, to the human habitation at a distance of 0.5 Km would be around 12 dB (A). Therefore, there would be no any significant change in the background noise levels in the premises of the industrial unit. Already a green belt has been provided in and around the Industry. The same would be further augmented adequately and properly so that it would further attenuate the noise levels. The noise would also be created by movement of trucks/ tractor trolleys and other vehicles for material transportation. However, this would not be of a continuous nature and would not have much impact on the work environment of the project site. Insulation helps considerably in limiting noise levels. The workers entering the plant shall be protected by earmuffs, which would give the reduction of about 30 dB (A).

2.7.6 Odour Pollution There are number of odour sources in existing distillery and sugar factory, which include molasses handling and storage, fermentation and distillation, bio-methanation, secondary effluent treatment, bio-composting and storage of effluents, stale cane, bad mill sanitation, bacterial growth in interconnecting pipes & unattended drains. The measures adopted under existing unit for controlling the same are proper housekeeping, sludge management in biological ETP units, steaming of major pipe lines, regular use of bleaching powder in the drains, efficient handling, prompt & proper disposal of pressmud to compost yard.

Under expansion of distillery project, spentwash shall be carried through closed pipeline for concentration in MEE. Hence, odour nuisance due to spentwash storage and bio-composting activity shall be entirely eliminated. To abate the odour nuisance, the SCSSSKL has a concrete planning which includes following steps and actions-

1. It is proposed to provide covered fermentation and tapping of CO2 gas. 2. Collection of waste yeast sludge from fermentation section in a closed system and its immediate and proper disposal. 3. Reduced volume of effluents (spentwash, spent leese) by adopting strategic approaches such as use of the effluents back in process under Reduce-Reuse-Recycle planning. 4. Closed and online system for carrying spentwash to the treatment units, viz. Biomethanation Plant, MEE etc.

42 5. Suitable plantation of fragrant species in and around the treatment units, which can minimize undesirable smells. 6. Adoption of GMPs (Good Management Practices). 7. Arranging awareness and training camps for workers. 8. Use of PPE like masks at odour prone areas. 9. India has very few trained and skilled manpower as per the requirement of international practices for the odour monitoring and control. Therefore, the human resource shall be developed and continuous efforts will be made for upgrading the knowledge base and skill in this area. The human resource development shall include representatives from academic and national research institutions, state and central regulatory agencies. 2.7.7 Land Pollution Land pollution may take place due to use of untreated effluent for gardening / irrigation purpose. Fly ash, if gets deposited and /or disposed on land in haphazard manner would lead to land pollution. Under expansion certain steps shall be taken and many advanced technologies shall be adopted that shall include – total revamping of existing sugar factory ETP with treatment up-gradation (two stage aeration), spentwash concentration in MEE. Appropriate and adequate management practices including good housekeeping and periodic monitoring of various attributes contributing to dust shall considerably curb these types of emissions.

2.7.8 Budgetary Allocation by Industry towards Environment Protection The capital as well as O & M cost towards environmental aspects under the proposed expansion activities would be as follows –

Table 2.33 Capital As Well As O & M Cost (Existing & Proposed)

No. Description Existing Cost (In Crores) Proposed Cost (In Crores) Capital Annual Capital Annual O & M O & M 1 Air Pollution Control Equipment – 11.75 2.5 05.00 2.0 1 Nos. 2 Spentwash Treatment Facility – 20.00 3.5 05.00 2.0 Spentwash Storage Tanks, Bio- methanation Plant, MEE, CPU’s, Effluent Treatment Facility 3 Noise Pollution Control 01.00 0.25 0.25 0.1 4 Environmental Monitoring & 01.50 0.35 0.50 0.25 Management 5 Occupational Health & Safety 01.35 0.1 0.50 0.25 6 Green Belt Development & Rain 01.50 0.25 01.00 0.25 Water Harvesting 7 Provision toward CSR in Five 03.28 0.2 07.20 0.25 Years after grant of EC TOTAL 40.38 7.15 19.45 5.10

2.8 GREEN BELT DEVELOPMENT PLAN

A comprehensive green belt has already been developed in SCSSSKL campus. Further, under proposed expansion augmentation of existing green belt shall be done

in phase wise manner. Native and fast growing species shall be selected for green belt development.

2.8.1. Area Calculation for Green Belt Plan

Table 2.34 Area Details

No. Description Area (Sq. M) A Sugar factory, co-gen plant & Distillery built up area 77,011 B Other built up area (Administration building, Colony, Hostel, 97,002 School, Dining, Agricultural office, area under road, Compost site, Biogas plant area, 30 days lagoons etc.) C Total Built up area 174,013 Total Open Area 763987 Existing Green Belt Area (26.43% of Total plot area) 370000 Proposed Green Belt Area under expansion (6.57% of Total 92,000 plot area.) Total Green belt – 33% of total Plot area 462,000 Total plot area 1400000

For detailed area break up of entire industrial complex Table 2.3 of Chapter 2 may be referred.

2.8.2. Existing Tree Plantation

Total open space available in the premises of SCSSSKL (including existing sugar factory, co- gen plant & distillery) is 76.4Ha. As per MoEFCC norms, green belt should be developed on 33% of the total plot area of industry. Under existing setup of SCSSSKL an area of 3,70,000 Sq.M is under green belt which is only 26.43% of total plot area. The same is less than required norms of 33%. Under the present expansion green belt as many as about 92,000 Sq.M. areas would bedevelop. Hence, ultimately total green belt after expansion will be 4,62,000 Sq. M. i.e. 33% of total plot. For photographs of existing green belt & green belt plant refer Appendix - J

2.8.3. Proposed Tree Plantation

A comprehensive ‘Green Belt Development' programme would be implemented in a phase wise manner under proposed activities, salient features of which are as follows –

1. Tree plantation at different tiers to suit existing topography. 2. Avenue plantation along the roads and shelterbelt plantation along the peripheral fence of the plots. 3. Mass Plantation in certain pockets in the SCSSSKL campus. 4. Plantation of peculiar tree species serving typical purposes such as noise attenuation and dust suppression at selected premises. 5. Lawns and landscaped gardens in the campus. 6. To arrest dust and to attenuate noise, plantation of certain species like Mangifera indica (Mango), Sesbania grandiflora (Shewarie) Derris indica (Karanj), Terminali acatappa (Indian Almond Tree), Polyalthia longifolia (Ashok) etc. shall be done.

2.8.4. Criteria for Green Belt Development

Emission of SPM, SO2 is the main criteria for consideration of green belt development. Plantation under green belt is provided to abate effects of the above emissions. Moreover, there would also be control on noise from the industry to surrounding localities as considerable attenuation would occur due to the barrier of trees provided in the green belt. Preparation for Plantation:

• Take pits of 2 X 2 X 2 ft. for good soil strata while 3 X 3 X 3 ft. for poor soils or murum strata. • Expose them to direct sun for 15 days • Fill the pits as per availability of site soil-  In case of shortage of good quality site soil : site soil (35%) + good fertile soil (35%) + good composted cow dung (30%) + Neem cake (200 gm)  In case of good quality site soil: site soil (80%) + good composted cow dung (20%) + Neem cake (200 gm) + leaf litter and grass or agri residue. • Plant appropriate sapling after rain starts • Start watering after rains • Make shade for saplings when temperatures rise, generally after February or March depending upon local climate and condition of plants. This can be managed with bamboo sticks and locally available grass.

2.9 RAIN WATER HARVESTING

Rain water harvesting could be of two types namely harvesting from ground and harvesting from rooftops. The quantity of harvested rainwater that becomes available during and after precipitation depends upon a number of factors such as area of land, nature of soil, impervious or paved areas, plantation on the land, average annual rainfall in the region, ambient temperatures of the region, wind direction and speed etc.

A. The Rooftop Harvesting

Here collection of the rainwater getting accumulated from direct precipitation on the total roof area is taken in to account. The rainwater thus becoming available from terraces as well as roofs of various structures and units in the industrial premises would be collected through arrangements of channels and pipes to be provided as per appropriate slopes at the roof level. The collected rain water would then be taken to ground and either stored in open excavated tanks / ditches in the ground or charged directly to bore wells to be provided in the premises. For the calculation of rain water quantity that is going to become available subsequent to rooftop harvesting, a computation method from the ‘Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering’ has been adopted. There under, A. N. Khosla’s formula has been followed. The calculations are as under-

Average annual rainfall in the area = 955 mm.

Now, as per “A. N. Khosla’s Formula”, the average annual accumulation can be calculated by using the following equation: R = (P- t / 2.12)

Where, R=Average annual accumulation in cm, for the catchment area. P=The corresponding average annual rainfall or precipitation, in cm, over the entire catchment. (In current case it is 955 mm i.e. 95.5 cm) 45

t = Mean annual temperature in deg. Centigrade. (In current case it is 260C.) ∴The accumulation on the entire catchment area will be, R = (95.5 – 26/2.12) *0.8 = 66.59 says 67 cm ∴ Volume acquired by this accumulation water will be, = 67 Cm × Roof Top Area = 0.67 M ×37,212 M2 = 24,932.04 M3

Thus, about 24,932.04 M3 of rainwater could become available during every season from the ‘Roof Top Harvesting’ operations. This when charged to open / bore wells would definitely have a positive impact on the ground water quantity.

B. Surface Harvesting

Under this type of harvesting, the rainwater getting accumulated through surface runoff, from land area in the industrial premises, would be collected and stored in open excavated tanks / pits to be provided in the industrial plot. This harvested rainwater would recharge the ground water through actions namely seepage and infiltration to the aquifers. On the open land in the premises counter bunding, terracing and dressing would be done so as to divert the rainwater as per natural slopes to various tranches excavated on the plot in a decentralized manner. The entire industrial premises would be divided in zones and the harvested water from such zone would be directed to the nearest available ditch / tank constructed as mentioned above. Further, the recharge points would be located as per geometry of zones.

(Total Plot Area) – (Built- up Area) = Open Land Area 14,00,000 Sq.M. – 6,36,013 Sq.M.= 7,63,987 Sq.M. Now, a. Average annual rainfall in the Kolhapur area – 955 mm b. Open land area in the industrial premises – 7,63,987 Sq.M. c. Type and nature of the area with about 30% area being impervious (paved). Here, areas under curing roads, bagasse storage and ash storage come in the category of paved surfaces. d. Type of land in Kolhapur is on an average flat. e. Value of Runoff Co-efficient based on type and nature of area as well as the land is 0.40 f. Runoff getting accumulated from the land area under Point No. b above- 7, 63,987 Sq.M. X 0.955 M x 0.4 = 2, 91,843 M3

Hence, the total water becoming available after rooftop and land harvesting would be 24

24,932.04+ 2,91,843 = 31,6775 M3 i.e. 316 ML

Chapter 3 Description of the Environment 3.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter incorporates description of existing environmental status in the 'Study Area' which is a region within a circle of 10 Km radius with the industry plant at its centre. The existing environmental condition of the study area is representative of impacts due to all the industries, units and projects in it and is described with respect to the topography, climate, hydro-geological aspects, atmospheric conditions, water quality, soil characteristics, flora, fauna, socio-economic profile, land use and places of archaeological importance. The study area in respect of expansion project by SCSSSKL comes in Kagal, Karvir and Hatkangale Tehsils of Kolhapur district, Maharashtra and Chikodi Tehsil of Belgaum district of Karnataka. The industrial site is located at Latitude 16°35'24.36”N & Longitude 74°17' 54.21”E. 3.2 LAND USE AND LAND COVER (LU & LC)

The assignment w.r.t. land use and land cover mapping of study area using LISS IV Satellite Image has been done by Mr. Vinaykumar Kurakula who is an empanelled FAE of EEIPL for LU & LC. The scope of work methodology involved and allied details are presented in following paragraphs. 3.2.1 Scope of Work Major objective of the assignment was to prepare Land Use Land Cover map of the study area and simultaneously demarcating topographic features especially emphasizing drainage map of the region.

3.2.2 Study Area

The study area is located in & around the Shree Chhatrapati Shahu Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana Ltd. Kagal, Tal. Kagal Dist.: Kolhapur, Maharashtra. The population of Kolhapur district as per 2011 census and the population in the study area are 3,876,001. Total Literacy rate of Kolhapur is 81.5%. Male Literacy of Kolhapur is 88.57% while female 74.22%.literacy stands at

3.2.3 Purpose of Land Use Mapping

Land use study requires data regarding topography, zoning, settlement, industry, forest, roads and traffic etc. The collection of this data was done from various secondary sources viz. census books, revenue records, state and central government offices, Survey of India toposheets etc. and through primary field surveys as well as high resolution multi spectral satellite image from IRS RESOURCE SAT 2 Satellite with LISS IV sensor. The date of pass of the image is 04.01.2018. The image has a spatial resolution of 5 M X 5 M. Apart from LULC Map; topographic features of the region were extracted covering village locations, streams, roads, river in the satellite image. In addition to this, natural drainage network is also captured to prepare drainage map as required. The purposes of land use studies are –

• To determine the present land use pattern; • To analyze the impact on land use due to industrial growth in the study area; • To give recommendations for optimizing the future land use pattern vis-à-vis growth of industries in the study area and its associated impacts 47 3.2.4 Land use Map Analysis Land use mapping was done based on the image color, texture, tone etc. Following steps are used to analyze the land use pattern of project site:

• Collection of IRS Resourcesat-2 images and made fused and blended the images for color combinations using Image interpreter-Utilities and Layer stack option available in ERDAS. • Identification AOI and made a buffer of 10km radius. • Enhance the Fused and blended IRS Resourcesat-2image using the Spatial, Radiometric and Temporal options in ERDAS. • Rectified the IRS Resourcesat-2image using Georeferencing technique, Toposheet to get UTM coordinate system. • Subset the IRS Resourcesat-2 images and Toposheet using 10Kms buffer AOI. • Automatic classifications done for IRS Resourcesat-2images using maximum iterations and number of options in unsupervised classification options. • Created the signature file by selecting the more samples of different features with AOI on Unsupervised classification image. • Export to Vector layer from supervised classification image. • Conducting QC / QA and finalized the data Table 3.1 Satellite Data Details

No. Satellite Data Date Format 1 IRS–Resourcesat2 Liss-IV 04-Jan-2018 TIFF

3.2.5 Methodology for LU & LC Study The overall methodology adopted and followed to achieve the objectives of the present study involves the following steps: • Satellite data of IRS Resourcesat-2 sensor is geometrically corrected and enhanced using principal component method and Nearest Neighbourhood resampling technique. • Preparation of basic themes like layout map, transport & settlement map and from the satellite image by visual interpretation. • Essential maps (related to natural resources) like Land use / Land cover map are prepared by visual interpretation of the satellite imagery. Visual interpretation is carried out based on the image characteristics like tone, size, shape, pattern, texture, location, association, background etc. in conjunction with existing maps/ literature. • Preliminary quality check and necessary corrections are carried out for all the maps prepared. • All the maps prepared are converted into soft copy by digitization of contours and drainages. In that process editing, labelling, mosaicing, quality checking, data integration etc are done, finally Land use areas are measured in Square Kilometres.

48 Figure 3.1 Process Flow Chart

49 Figure 3.2 Google Image Showing Villages within Study Area

50 Figure 3.3 Satellite Image

51 Figure 3.4 Visual Interpretation Keys used for the Study

Project Site Settlement Roads

Crop Land Fallow land Duddhganga River

Water Bodie Barren Land Scrub Land

Topographical Data: Obtained from Survey of India

3.3 LAND USE STUDIES It includes study of topographic features and land use under which area statistics for Land Use Land Cover classes and Land Use Land Cover statistics are included. 3.3.1. Land Use of Study Area Land use map developed was based on the image color, texture, tone and also ground truth verification data. Ground truth verification was carried out to validate the results of classified image and reconciliation was carried out with actual location of land mark features such as water bodies, forest land, agriculture land, etc.

3.3.2. Topographical Features Creating a GIS spatial database is a complex operation, and it is the heart of the entire work; it involves data capture, verification and structuring processes. In the present study, the essential maps generated from toposheets are layout map, drainage map, Contour Map. The maps are prepared to a certain scale and with attributes complying with the requirement of TOR. The location of entities on the earth’s surface is then specified by means of an agreed co-ordinate system. For most GIS, the common frame of co-ordinate system used for the study is UTM co-ordinates system. All the maps are first Geo-referenced. The same procedure was also applied on remote sensing data before it is used to prepare the Essential maps. 52 Table 3.2 Area Statistics for Land Use Land Cover Classes No. Classes Area % age Remarks Ha. Built Up The surrounding villages around the project site are well 1 3970 12.64 Area developed with road electricity, and water connectivity. Crop land area has good water supply from nearby river 2 Crop Land 13720 43.67 and reservoir. Major crop cultivated is sugar cane. Fallow land is because of changing of crop type and also because of leaving the land uncultivated to get 3 Fallow Land 4454 14.18 fertile. Some of the fallow land is seen because of hilly region where there is lack of continuous water supply. 4 Forest Area 25 0.08 5 Water Bodies 260 0.83 Water body occupies about 0.83% in this study area The major river Dudhganga flows about 4km from the 6 River 82 0.26 industry. The water quality of the river is good and it is water source to nearby villages and industries. 7 Mining Area 140 0.45 The total study area and the pattern is scattered type. 9 Barren Land 4512 14.36 The ground surface is rocky where plantation growth is very minimal. The total study area and the pattern is scattered type. 10 Scrub Land 4252 13.53 The scrub land mostly covered with small trees. Total 31415 100.00 Graphical Presentation of Land use classification within 10 Km radius of proposed project. Figure 3.5 Land Use Land Cover Statistics

Land Use/ Land Cover Classification

Built Up Area 13.53% 12.64% Crop Land

Fallow Land

14.36% Forest Area

0.45% Water Bodies

0.26% River 0.83% 43.67% Mining Area 0.08% 14.18% Barren Land

Scrub Land

53 Figure 3.6 Topographical Map

54 3.3.3. Land Use Map Land use map developed was based on the image color, texture, tone and also ground truth verification data. Ground truth verification was carried out to validate the results of classified image and reconciliation was carried out with actual location of land mark features such as water bodies, forest land, agriculture land, etc. Map for the Land use classification found within 10 Kms. Radius buffers. Figure 3.7 Land Use and Land Cover Map

55 3.3.4. Settlement Map Figure 3.8 Settlement Map

56 3.3.5. Eco-Sensitive Map Eco-sensitive map is a matter of more concern because the proposed project should not hamper the natural eco system and surrounding natural resources. The Eco- sensitive map of the proposed project site was developed on the Maharashtra state map, showing all the eco-sensitive area of Maharashtra state. As per the map, there are no eco-sensitive zones falling within 10 km radius from the proposed project site. However, the proposed expansion unit is within 10 km from the state boundary (Maharashtra and Karnataka) Figure 3.9 Eco-Sensitive Map

57 3.3.6. Contour Map: The contour map shows the contours of study area with 20 meters contour interval. To know the height information the contour liners are indicated with different colours. The source of the contour is from survey of India topographical map. Figure 3.10 Contour Map

3.4 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 3.4.1 Introduction Agriculture is the main occupation pattern in the area. Hence, it is essential to determine agriculture potential of soil from the area and identify the impacts of urbanization and industrialization in the area. Study has been conducted to determine the agricultural and afforestation potential of the soil. The assignment w.r.t. Soil Conservation was done by Mr. B. S. Lole; the Functional Area Expert for SC. 3.4.2 Soil Quality (Present Status) Soil quality is the capacity of a specific kind of soil to function, within natural or managed ecosystem boundaries, to sustain plant and animal productivity, maintain or enhance water and air quality and support human health and habitation. Soil quality reflects how well a soil performs the functions of maintaining biodiversity and productivity, partitioning water and solute flow, filtering and buffering, nutrient cycling and providing support for plants and other structures. Thus, soil quality plays vital role in any particular geographical phenomenon of ecology as well as physico-chemical environment. Soil quality can indicate the current as well as future issues related with the water, ecology and life in the particular region. Thus, it is clearly visible that soil. Contamination may result in eventuality in form of contamination of water, ecological destruction, and loss of productivity, food crisis and so threat to life. The major source of contamination is wastes from industries as well as overuse of fertilizers & pesticide. Thus, to determine the exact impacts of any proposed project, it is very essential to determine the existing status of soil quality and existing stress through a study of soil quality assessment. Considering this, for studying soils of the region, sampling locations were selected to assess the existing soil conditions in and around the project area representing various, physiographic conditions, and geology and land form and land use conditions. The physical, chemical characteristics were determined. The samples were collected by soil auger and other required equipments, up to a depth of 30 cm. as per standard soil sampling procedure , given in Soil survey manual , All India soil and land use survey, New Delhi-1970 of Ministry of agriculture, Govt. of India. The present study of the soil profile establishes the baseline characteristics and this will help in future identification of the incremental concentrations if any, due to the operation of the project. The sampling locations have been identified with the following objectives: • To determine the baseline soil characteristics of the study area; • To determine the impact of industrialization on soil characteristics; and • To determine the impact on soils more importantly from agricultural productivity point of view. 3.4.3 Methodology Eight locations in and around the proposed plant boundary were selected for soil sampling. At each location, soil samples were collected from surface 0 to 30 cm depth and are homogenized and collected after quartering. The homogenized samples were analyzed for physical and chemical characteristics. The soil samples were collected during post-monsoon season. (3rd February 2019) The samples have been analyzed by laboratory of Equinox (I) Pvt. Ltd as per the established scientific methods for physico-chemical parameters. The methodology adopted for each parameter is described in table no. 3.3 soil sampling locations presented in Table 3.4 are compared with standard classification given in Table 3.5. Refer Annexure-I for Soil monitoring reports

59 Table 3.3 Analytical Techniques for Soil Analysis

Parameter Method (ASTM Number) Grain size distribution Sieve analysis (D 422 – 63) Textural classification Chart developed by Public Roads Administration Bulk density Sand replacement, core cutter Sodium absorption ratio Flame photometric (D 1428-82) pH pH meter (D 1293-84) Electrical conductivity Conductivity meter (D 1125-82) Nitrogen Kjeldahl distillation (D 3590-84) Phosphorus Molybdenum blue, colorimetric (D 515-82) Potassium Flame photometric (D 1428-82) Iron AAS (D 1068-84) Zinc AAS (D 1691-84) Boron Surcumin, colorimetric (D 3082-79) Chlorides Argentometric (D 512-81 Rev 85) Table 3.4 Soil Sampling Locations

No. Sample Name of Latitude Longitude Distance from Direction No Location (N) (E) site KM 1 S1 Near Site 16°34'55.74"N 74°17'45.59"E 0.93 Near site Kagal 2 S2 Wadgaon 16°35'29.22"N 74°15'15.76"E 4.57 W 3 S3 Kaneriwadi 16°37'5.58"N 74°15'15.76"E 3.86 NW 4 S4 Sangavadewadi 16°38'11.40"N 74°20'21.10"E 6.97 NW 5 S5 Sangaon 16°34'59.79"N 74°21'30.77"E 6.33 E 6 S6 Sulkud 16°32'57.00"N 74°21'30.77"E 9.20 SE 7 S7 Karnur 16°32'54.60"N 74°18'48.55"E 4.88 SE 8 S8 Shankarwadi 16°32'10.89"N 74°15'59.81"E 6.85 SW

Table 3.5 Standard Soil Classification

No. Soil Test Classification 1 pH <4.5 Extremely acidic 4.51- 5.50 Very strongly acidic 5.51-6.00 moderately acidic 6.01-6.50 slightly acidic 6.51-7.30 Neutral 7.31-7.80 slightly alkaline 7.81-8.50 moderately alkaline 8.51-9.0 strongly alkaline 9.01 very strongly alkaline 2 Salinity Electrical Conductivity Up to 1.00 Average (µmhos/cm) 1.01-2.00 harmful to germination (1ppm = 640 µmho/cm) 2.01-3.00 harmful to crops (sensitive to salts) 3 Organic Carbon (%) Up to 0.2: very less 0.21-0.4: less 0.41-0.5 medium, 0.51-0.8: on an average sufficient 0.81-1.00: sufficient

No. Soil Test Classification >1.0 more than sufficient 4 Nitrogen (Kg/ha) Up to 50 very less 51-100 less 101-150 good 151-300 Better >300 sufficient 5 Phosphorus (Kg/ha) Up to 15 very less 16-30 less 31-50 medium, 51-65 on an average sufficient 66-80 sufficient >80 more than sufficient 6 Potash (Kg/ha) 0 -120 very less 120-180 less 181-240 medium 241-300 average 301-360 better >360 more than sufficient

3.4.4 Comments on Soil Characteristics

From the interpretation of field data, physical and chemical data it can be concluded that: As per the physical data soils are fine texture, having low bulk density, imperatively good water holding capacity, and slow permeability. As per physical characters soils are rated as moderate to good for agriculture. As per chemical characters soil reaction (pH) soils are neutral, slightly too moderately alkaline and electrical conductivity (EC) is non saline (normal). Organic matter is better to sufficient. Macro nutrient like nitrogen is better to sufficient and phosphorus is medium to sufficient, potassium is low, calcium, magnesium are medium to good and base saturation is moderate to good Sodium is below the limit to make soil saline or sodic or alkali. Micro-nutrients, Mn (very low may cause deficiency), Zn, Fe, Al (nil to low, will cause deficiency), B is low (may cause deficiency) SO4 low to medium and Cl are medium to high. Cation Exchange capacity is high indicating to good fertility. Exchangeable Ca is o good with good base saturation, Ex K is low, and Ex Na is also low not indicating any alkalinity. Sodium adsorption ratio indicates the soils are normal. As observed during field visit of 10 km buffer area from boundary of proposed plant. The area is located in east Western Ghats, North –West Karnataka in Krishna river basin from Geomorphologic point of view. 3.4.4.1 Geomorphology & Soils

The area is a part by the Deccan table land with an average height by 550 m. amsl with the Sahyadrian Scrap forming the most prominent feature along its western boundary broadly, the area has three major characteristic land forms (1) the hill, Ghats and plateau (2) the foot hill zones (3) the plains. The soils in the area are formed from the Deccan trap which is predominating rock formation. The hill tops are covered with lateritic soil while in the valleys, the soil are of mixed character varying in colour, depth and texture from brownish to reddish, and mostly fine texture (clay). In general, area is characterized by slightly to moderately undulating and flat terrain As per soil map of Maharashtra at 1:500000 scale by NBSS & LUP, the soil family association observed in the area are: 1. Deep to very deep, moderately well drained to well drained soils on moderate to gently sloping plains to plains. Calcareous to non-calcareous clay soils, with slight to moderate erosion. 2. Very shallow,

shallow to moderately deep , extremely to well drained soils on summits of plateau and gently sloping undulating plain lands , extremely darned to well drained, clay loam to clay soils with moderate erosion. Thus as per analysis of soils data and field observation the land represented by eight samples can be classified as class III e land i.e. moderate soils on plain to gentle slopes subject to water erosion, as per land capability classification (USDA)

Table 3.6 Existing Soil Characteristics

No Parameters U.O. S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 M Near Site Wadgao Kaneriw Sangav Sangao Sulkud Karnur Shankar Kagal n adi adewad n wadi i 1 Colour Dark Brown Black Dark Brown black 2 Grain Size Sand 40.00 35.00 23.00 14.00 34 17 20 22 Distribution % Silt% 11.00 13.00 11.00 9.00 10 12 12 16 Clay 49.00 52.00 66.00 77.00 56 71 68 62 % 3 Texture Class Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay 4 Bulk Density gm/cc 1.29 1.27 1.18 1.10 1.24 1.12 1.15 1.21 5 Permeability cm/hr 0.58 0.53 0.36 0.20 0.48 0.25 0.30 0.46 6 Water Holding % 48.12 52.13 61.47 72.69 54.63 68.74 66.94 58.64 capacity 7 Porosity % 46.12 51.17 59.67 70.88 53.17 67.82 66.01 56.24 8 pH (1: Aq -- 8.16 8.11 7.95 7.52 8.08 7.54 7.81 8.03 Extraction) 9 Electrical µS/cm 1325.30 1492.07 2423.82 3127.50 1883.82 2909.06 2609.11 2116.39 Conductivity (1: Aq Extraction) 10 Cation Exchange meq/ 39.34 44.88 70.20 86.46 53.96 80.70 75.24 64.84 Capacity 100gm 11 Exchangeable meq/ 21.36 24.58 40.11 47.89 30.56 45.11 42.68 36.98 Calcium 100gm 12 Exchangeable meq/ 17.24 19.62 28.96 37.14 22.47 34.01 31.47 26.85 Magnesium 100gm 13 Exchangeable meq/ 0.51 0.55 0.78 1.02 0.68 0.94 0.90 0.70 Potassium 100gm 14 Exchangeable meq/ 0.23 0.13 0.35 0.41 0.25 0.64 0.19 0.31 Sodium 100gm 15 Sodium ------0.052 0.028 0.060 0.063 0.049 0.102 0.031 0.055 Absorption Ratio -- 16 Nitrogen (N) mg/kg 412.38 456.93 700.18 918.76 500.16 874.56 725.84 598.67 17 Available mg/kg 41.59 49.85 86.98 136.68 75.61 109.52 91.47 79.24 Phosphorous (P) 18 Available mg/kg 100.26 115.74 202.54 297.41 165.82 266.95 250.17 173.68 Potassium (K) 19 Organic Carbon % 1.12 1.18 1.74 3.03 1.35 2.56 1.88 1.47 20 Organic Matter % 1.93 2.03 2.99 5.21 2.32 4.40 3.23 2.53 21 Water Soluble mg/kg 123.65 145.82 324.87 384.71 269.84 350.63 345.06 305.61 Chloride (Cl) 22 Water Soluble mg/kg 71.68 104.96 142.72 188.96 102.36 184.69 179.64 116.98 Sulphate (SO4) 23 Aluminum (Al) mg/kg 0.64 0.84 1.96 2.89 1.68 2.45 2.39 1.82 24 Total Iron (Fe) mg/kg 24.6 10.2 35.9 11.22 26.8 22.1 21.5 23.6 25 Manganese (Mn) mg/kg 1.75 1.84 2.15 8.11 1.96 5.55 3.45 2.02 26 Boron (B) mg/kg 0.03 0.13 4.11 13.11 1.23 10.20 6.09 2.02 27 Zinc ( Zn) mg/kg 4.12 8.36 16.32 24.69 10.32 20.14 18.96 12.36 28 Total Chromium mg/kg 0.05 0.12 BDL 0.63 3.21 BDL 1.23 BDL (Cr) 29 Lead (Pb) mg/kg 1.23 1.34 1.56 3.06 1.65 2.05 1.68 1.74 30 Nickel (Ni) mg/kg 3.58 3.58 4.15 3.22 0.41 0.21 0.29 0.26 31 Arsenic (As) mg/kg 0.01 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.02 BDL 0.02 62 No Parameters U.O. S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 M Near Site Wadgao Kaneriw Sangav Sangao Sulkud Karnur Shankar Kagal n adi adewad n wadi i 32 Mercury (Hg) mg/kg BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 33 Cadmium (Cd) mg/kg 1.12 BDL BDL 2.02 1.14 BDL 0.36 BDL 34 Barium as (Ba) mg/kg 1.23 BDL 0.56 BDL BDL 0.02 BDL BDL 35 Selenium (Se) mg/kg BDL BDL BDL 0.01 BDL BDL 0.02 BDL 36 Copper (Cu) mg/kg 0.05 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.03 BDL BDL

3.4.5 Physical Characters

1. Grain size distribution: Texture indicates relative proportion of various sizes of primary soil particles such as sand, silt and clay present in the soil. Based on their quantities present in the soil sample and using the textural classification diagram. The textural classes of eight soil samples are clayey (fine) Bulk density values confirm the textural class. 2. Bulk Density: In case of bulk density total soil space (space occupied by solid and pore spaces combined) are taken in to consideration. Thus Bulk Density is defined as the mass (weight) of a unit volume of a dry soil. This volume would, off course include both solids and pores. Soil texture, soil structure and organic matter content are the factors influencing the bulk density of a soil. Bulk Density, besides being an interesting and significant physical characteristic, is very important as a basis for certain computations. The Bulk density of the eight soil sample under consideration ranges between 1.10 to1.29 gm/cc, and confirms the fine texture of the soils of the area under study. 3. Porosity: The pore space of a soil is the space occupied by air and water and is expressed as percent pore space. The amount of this pore space is determined by structural conditions, that is by inter- related influence of texture, compactness and aggregation. Porosity is also related to aeration and retention and movement of water in the soil. The porosity of eight soil sample ranges between 46.12 to 70.88% and is good in accordance to the texture of soil, and considered good for air and water movement in the soil for crops. 4. Permeability: permeability is the entry of fluid from one medium to another. In soil – water relationship, it means entry of water from air in to soil. : permeability rate is defined as maximum rate at which a soil in a given condition can absorb rain or irrigation water as it comes at soil surface, permeability rate is the rate of water entry in to the soil when flow is non-divergent. It is a surface and sub surface character, and is expressed as mm/sec or cm/hr .Permeability of eight samples under study is between 0.20 to 0.58 cm /hour, and classified as very slow to slow for agriculture and conservation, indicating good availability of moisture to cops after rain or irrigation.

5. Water Holding Capacity (WHC): Water holding capacity of soil is the maximum amount of moisture, a dry soil is capable of holding, under given standard condition. If the moisture content is increased further percolation result WHC is of great value to practical agriculture, since it provides a simple means to determine moisture content. WHC required for good crop growth is 35 to 70%. The WHC of the eight soil samples is between 48.2 to 72.69% and is good indicating availability of water for crop growth indicating somewhat less frequent water application for growing crops

3.4.6 Chemical Characters The parameters considered for chemical analysis are: Soil reaction (pH), Electrical conductivity (EC), Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)) Cations, like Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium and Potassium, water soluble sulphates ,and chlorides, sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR).,, Macro nutrients like Available Nitrogen, total Organic carbon, organic matter Available phosphorus, available potassium Micro nutrients like Iron Zinc, manganese and boron, Copper. Heavy metals like, Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), Arsenic (As), Mercury (Hg) and Cadmium (Cd).

1. Soil reaction (pH):The nutritional importance of pH is illustrated, thus hydrogen ion concentration has influence not only on, solubility of nutrients, but also upon facility with which these nutrients are absorbed by plants, even already in soil solution for e.g. Fe, Mn and Zn become less available as pH rises from 4.5 to 7. At pH 6.5 to7.0 utilization of nitrate and ammonia nitrogen becomes more available. In case of phosphorus it becomes less available to plant as pH increases above 8.5, due to its fixation in exchange complex of soil. For the eight soil sample under consideration the pH ranges between 7.52 to 8.16 indicating soils are neutral, slightly alkaline to mod...Alkaline in different samples, and suitable for growing all crops except some crops. 2. Electrical conductivity (EC): The salt content of the soils are estimated by EC measurements, and is useful to designate soils as normal or sodic (saline). Electrical conductivity is expressed as µmhos/cm at 25◦C, µsmhos/ cm or mmhos /cm or sm/cm. The EC of eight soil samples is between 1325.30 to 2909.06 µs/cm and are below the limits to be called as saline to slightly saline and hence the soils are normal for crop growth.

3. Organic Carbon / Organic matter( %)Although accounting for only a small part of the total soil mass in mineral soils, organic matter influences physical, chemical, and biological activities in the soil. Organic matter in the soil is plant and animal residue which serves as a reserve for many essential nutrients, especially nitrogen. Determination of organic matter helps to estimate the nitrogen which will be released by bacterial activity for the next season depending on the conditions, soil aeration, pH, type of organic material, and other factors. The eight soil samples under consideration contain 1.12 to 3.03 &1.93 to5.21 % organic matter; OM is calculated from organic carbon estimation. As per crop requirements the soils are having more than sufficient organic matter content in different samples, required for growing crop in next season...

4. Available Nitrogen (N) Nitrogen is a part of all living cells and is a necessary part of all proteins, enzymes and metabolic processes involved in the synthesis and transfer of energy. Nitrogen is a part of chlorophyll, the green pigment of the plant that is responsible for photosynthesis. Helps plants with rapid growth, increasing seed and fruit production and improving the quality of leaf and forage crops. The available nitrogen in the eight samples in question, as per analysis ranges between 480.3 to1010.2 kg and ha showing better to sufficient nitrogen content for crop growth.

5. Available Phosphorus (P): Like nitrogen, phosphorus (P) is an essential part of the process of photosynthesis. Involved in the formation of all oils, sugars, starches, etc. Helps with the transformation of solar energy into chemical energy; proper plant maturation; withstanding stress. Effects rapid growth, .Encourages blooming and root

64 growth. The phosphorus content of soil of eight samples ranges between 69.2 to 150.3 kg/ha and falls under sufficient category. In different samples for crop growth.

6. Available Potassium (K): Potassium is absorbed by plants in larger amounts than any other mineral element except nitrogen and, in some cases, calcium. Helps in the building of protein, photosynthesis, fruit quality and reduction of diseases. The Potassium content of eight soil samples ranges between 129.3 to 327.2 kg/ha and is less to sufficient for crop growth.

7. Cation Exchange capacity (CEC): The total amount of exchangeable cations that a soil can retain is designated as cation exchange capacity (CEC) and usually expressed as me/100gm of soil. Determination of amount of cations present in soil is useful, because CEC influences the availability of adsorbed cations to both higher plants and soil microorganisms. Thus CEC is directly related to fertility of soils. The CEC of the eight samples ranges between 39.34 to 80.70 me / 100gm soil. A soil with low CEC indicates low fertility and soils with high CEC indicates high fertility. Eight soil samples are fine textured having high percentage of clay with dominating montmorrilonitic clay mineral, showing high CEC; in turn fertility is also high.

8. Exchangeable Calcium (Ca++) Calcium, an essential part of plant cell wall structure, provides for normal transport and retention of other elements as well as strength in the plant. It is also thought to counteract the effect of alkali salts and organic acids within a plant and soil acidity. The exchangeable calcium content of eight soil samples ranges between 21.36 to47.89 me/100gm soil, and having good base saturation percentage (ranging from 50 to 60 %). For normal crop growth a calcium base saturation percent of soils between 50 to 75% 50% is required.

9. Exchangeable Magnesium (Mg++): Magnesium is part of the chlorophyll in all green plants and essential for photosynthesis. It also helps activate many plant enzymes needed for growth. The magnesium content of the eight soil samples ranges 17.24 to 37.14 m e /100 gm soil( BS % is 46%, which is further adding to base saturation. Magnesium base saturation percent of 5 to 15 % is normal.

10. Exchangeable Sodium (Na+): Though sodium is not an essential plant nutrient, but it has some role in potassium nutrition. Sodium also has a role in affecting the pH of soils; Sodium present above a certain limit makes soil alkaline which affect soil physical condition, and fixing of available phosphorus. Out of the eight samples sodium ranges between 0.13 to 0.64 me/100gm soil, which is below the content(i.e. ESP is below 15%) at which soil show, saline alkali or alkaline properties, hence no adverse effect on soils.

11. Exchangeable Potassium (K+): Potassium is absorbed by plants in larger amounts than any other mineral element except nitrogen and, in some cases, potassium Helps in the building of protein, photosynthesis, fruit quality and reduction of diseases. The Potassium content of eight soil sample is 0.51 to 2.02. me /100 gm and is low for crop growth. 12. Sodium Adsorption ratio (SAR): Sodium adsorption ratio is ratio of Na+ to under root of Ca + +Mg++ by 2. SAR values of soil solution along with EC and pH helps in diagnosing soils as normal, saline, saline-alkali or alkali. The eight soil samples show SAR values between 0.028 to 0.63 and indicate that samples are normal (SAR below 13)

65 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT…3

13. Iron (Fe): Iron is essential for crop and other plants for chlorophyll formation Iron deficiency likely occur in soils with high pH, poor aeration, excessive phosphorus, or low organic matter. It may be produced also by an imbalance of Mo, Cu, and Mn. In plants, the deficiency shows up as a pale green leaf color (chlorosis) with sharp distinction between green veins and yellow inter-venial tissues. The iron content of eight samples ranges 19.2 to 35.9 % and is normal. 14. Aluminum (Al) Exchangeable Aluminum (Al) is not present in a plant available form in soils with a pH above 5.5 and therefore tests for extractable aluminum need only be done on distinctly acid soils. In soils with a pH range of5.5 to 6.5 are those most likely to be affected by aluminum toxicity. In the eight samples the total Aluminum is between 0.64 to 2.89.

15. Manganese (Mn): Is an important plant micro nutrient and is required by plants in second greater quantity compared to iron, like any other element, it can have limiting factor on plant growth, if it is deficient or toxic in plant tissue. Manganese is used in plants as major contribution to various biological systems, including photo synthesis, respiration and nitrogen assimilation. Mn content in the eight samples ranges between 1.75 to 8.11 mg/kg and is low and may cause deficiency in plants.

16. Zinc (Zn): Zn deficiency most often is present in sandy soils with neutral or alkaline pH, or with low organic matter. Total zinc may be high but the availability depends on other factors. In the present eight samples Zinc content ranges between 4.12 to 24.69 mg/kg or ppm and are low, considered deficient for crop growth.

17. Boron (B): There is a very narrow range between deficiency and toxicity in boron. Deficiencies are more often when organic matter is low and dry weather slows the decomposition. Uptake of boron is reduced at pH level higher than 7.0 Plant toxicity symptoms manifest as leaf tip and marginal chlorosis. Boron toxicity occurs in dry areas and is generally associated with irrigation water. In the eight samples of the project the boron content is between 0.03 to13.11 mg/kg is low and will cause deficiency to crops.

18. Copper (Cu): Copper is an essential element for plant growth. Soils naturally contain copper in some form or other, ranging anywhere from 2 to 100 parts per million (ppm) and averaging at about 30 ppm. Most plants contain about 8 to 20 ppm. Without adequate copper, plants will fail to grow properly. Therefore, maintaining fair amounts of copper in the soil is important. The eight samples under consideration contain copper below detectible limit to0.05 and are deficient for crop growth. 19. Water-Soluble Sulphates as SO4: This test measures readily available sulphur in the form of dissolved plus absorbed sulphate. Sulphur testing is important where low sulphur or sulphur-free fertilizers are used, such as high analysis NPK fertilizers. Retention of sulphate sulphur by the soil is related to its phosphate retention, with high leaching losses of sulphate being associated with low phosphate retention soils. This should also be taken into account when considering sulphur fertilizer options. In the eight samples the water soluble sulphate as SO4 ranges between72.68 to 189.96 mg/kg and medium to high. 20. Water Soluble Chlorides as Cl The Cl−anion does not form complexes readily, and shows little affinity (or specificity) in its adsorption to soil components. Thus, Cl− movement within the soil is largely determined by water flows. Chlorine is an essential micronutrient for higher plants. It is present mainly as Cl−. Chloride is a major 66

osmotically active solute in the vacuole and is involved in both turgor- and osmo regulation. In the cytoplasm it may regulate the activities of key enzymes. In addition, Cl−also acts as a counter anion and Cl− fluxes are implicated in the stabilization of membrane potential, regulation of intracellular pH gradients and electrical excitability. In the eight samples the water soluble chloride ranges between 123.65 to 384.71 mg/kg and is medium to high.

21. Heavy Metals: Soils may become contaminated by the accumulation of heavy metals and metalloids through emissions from the rapidly expanding industrial areas, mine tailings, disposal of high metal wastes, leaded gasoline and paints, land application of fertilizers, animal manures, sewage sludge, pesticides, wastewater irrigation, coal combustion residues, spillage of petrochemicals, and atmospheric deposition. Heavy metals constitute an ill-defined group of inorganic chemical hazards, and those most commonly found at contaminated sites are lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd),), mercury (Hg), and nickel (Ni) Soils are the major sink for heavy metals released into the environment by aforementioned anthropogenic activities and unlike organic contaminants which are oxidized to carbon (IV) oxide by microbial action, most metals do not undergo microbial or chemical degradation and their total concentration in soils persists for a long time after their introduction Changes in their chemical forms (speciation) and bioavailability are, however, possible. The presence of toxic metals in soil can severely inhibit the biodegradation of organic contaminants [Heavy metal contamination of soil may pose risks and hazards to humans and the ecosystem through: direct ingestion or contact with contaminated soil, the food chain (soil-plant-human or soil-plant-animal-human), drinking of contaminated ground water, reduction in food quality (safety and marketability) via phyto-toxicity, reduction in land usability for agricultural production causing food insecurity, and land tenure problems

22. Chromium (Cr): Chromium mobility depends on sorption characteristics of the soil, including clay content, iron oxide content, and the amount of organic matter present. Chromium can be transported by surface runoff to surface waters in its soluble or precipitated form. Soluble and un-adsorbed chromium complexes can leach from soil into groundwater. The leach ability of Cr (VI) increases as soil pH increases. Most of Cr released into natural waters is particle associated, however, and is ultimately deposited into the sediment. In the eight samples the chromium is below detectible limit and 3.21, almost nil hence no chromium contamination.

23. Lead (Pb): Typical mean Pb concentration for surface soils worldwide averages 32 mg kg−1 and ranges from 10 to 67 mg kg−1. The most serious source of exposure to soil lead is through direct ingestion of contaminated soil or dust. In general, plants do not absorb or accumulate lead. However, in soils testing high in lead, it is possible for some lead to be taken up. Studies have shown that lead does not readily accumulate in the fruiting parts of vegetable and fruit crops (e.g., corn, beans, squash, tomatoes, strawberries, and apples). Higher concentrations are more likely to be found in leafy vegetables (e.g., lettuce) and on the surface of root crops (e.g., carrots). Since plants do not take up large quantities of soil lead, the lead levels in soil considered safe for plants will be much higher than soil lead levels where eating of soil is a concern (pica). Generally, it has been considered safe to use garden produce grown in soils with total lead levels less than 300 ppm. The risk of lead poisoning through the food chain increases as the soil lead level rises above this concentration. Even at soil levels above 300 ppm, most of the risk is from lead contaminated soil or dust deposits on the plants

rather than from uptake of lead by the plant. In the eight samples the Lead ranges between 1.23 to 3.062 mg/kg and within permissible limit. 24. Nickel (Ni): Nickel is an element that occurs in the environment only at very low levels and is essential in small doses, but it can be dangerous when the maximum tolerable amounts are exceeded. . It usually takes a long time for nickel to be removed from air. The larger part of all Ni compounds that are released to the environment will adsorb to sediment or soil particles and become immobile as a result. In acidic soils, however, Ni becomes more mobile and often leaches down to the adjacent groundwater. In the eight soil samples, the nickel content is between 0.21to 4.12 and below limit of contamination. 25. Arsenic (As): Arsenate can adsorb or co precipitates with metal sulfides and has a high affinity for other sulfur compounds. Elemental arsenic and arsine, AsH3, may be present under extreme reducing conditions. Biotransformation (via methylation) of arsenic creates methylated derivatives of arsine. As compounds adsorb strongly to soils and are therefore transported only over short distances in groundwater and surface water. In the eight samples the arsenic values are below detectible limit to 0.02 and within permissible limit of contamination.

26. Mercury (Hg): Sorption to soils, sediments, and humic materials is an important mechanism for the removal of Hg from solution. Sorption is pH dependent and increases as pH increases. Mercury may also be removed from solution by co-precipitation with sulphides. Under anaerobic conditions, both organic and inorganic forms of Hg may be converted to alkylated forms by microbial activity, such as by sulfur-reducing bacteria. Elemental mercury may also be formed under anaerobic conditions by demethylation of methyl mercury, or by reduction of Hg (II). Acidic conditions (pH < 4) also favor the formation of methyl mercury, whereas higher pH values favor precipitation of HgS(s) .In the eight samples the mercury content is below detectible limit and within permissible limit of contamination. 27. Cadmium (Cd): The application of agricultural inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides, and bio-solids (sewage sludge), the disposal of industrial wastes or the deposition of atmospheric contaminants increases the total concentration of Cd in soils, and the bioavailability of this Cd determines whether plant Cd uptake occurs to a significant degree. Cadmium is very bio -persistent but has few toxicological properties and, once absorbed by an organism, remains resident for many years. The eight samples contain

Figure 3.11 Soil Map

3.5 DRAINAGE AND GEOMORPHOLOGY The assignment w.r.t. Hydrology, Ground water & Water conservation and Geology (HG & GEO) has been done by Dr. J. B. Pishte who is an empanelled expert FAE of EEIPL for HG & GEO. The scope of work methodology involved and allied details are presented in following paragraphs. This EIA report is based on primary data collected by observations during field visit on February 28, 2019 and secondary data obtained through dialogue with local people and previous literature from different sources. 3.5.1. Methodology 3.5.1.1. Literature review and Field Visit Available literature on geology and hydrogeology of the area was referred. Reports of Central Ground Water Board and Ground water Surveys and Development Agency of the State are useful to begin with the work. But such literature generally relates to district or State level. Therefore, content related to the study area had to be extracted carefully. Literature related to effluents and waste waters of the project and their impact on geology and water regime was also referred to. Many times, only general and statistical information is available, hence visit to the study area and generation of primary data becomes necessary. A visit to the project site and field work in the surrounding area was carried out to study Geology and Hydrogeology (HG-Geo) of the area and assess the possible impact of the project on the environment. 3.5.2. Data Generation 3.5.2.1. Hydrogeology In general, ‘watershed’ or ‘drainage basin’ is considered as a unit for assessment of groundwater resources because, the inflow and outflow from such unit is negligible. Therefore, impact of a project on groundwater regime is generally limited to the drainage basin in which the project is established. On this assumption, observations on hydrogeology were taken by well inventory within the micro-watersheds in which the project is situated. 3.5.2.2. Geology Observations on rock types, their textures and structures were made in surface outcrops dug well sections, road sections, stream sections, and other types of excavations existing in the area. 3.5.3. Data Analysis and Interpretation 3.5.3.1. Hydrogeology Water table contour map was prepared based on well inventory data collected during field visit to the area. Groundwater flow directions in the study area were deduced from this map. This information is used in interpretation of the direction/s of spread of probable contamination plume, if any, originating from the project site. Ground water samples were handed over to M/s Equinox Environments Pvt. Ltd., Kolhapur, for analysis. Interpretations regarding water quality parameters were made by referring to books and research papers on quality of ground water. 3.5.3.2. Geology Rock types, their textures and structures observed in the area were identified by in situ visual examination and broken hand specimens wherever necessary. 3.5.4. Description of the Environment

3.5.4.1. Geomorphology and Drainage

A. Geomorphology Geomorphologically the region shows typical Deccan Trap geomorphology characterized by flat-topped hills and ridges resulting in a step like pattern. The area around the project site rests on Eastward slopes of the Deccan plateau. The project site is located at around 595 m elevation on a gentle high-ground that slopes south-easterly from the plateau on the north (Vikaswadi area). It has maximum elevation of about 680 m asl along the northern periphery and lowest elevation of less than 540 m asl in South and East peripheral regions. It has a relief of about 140 m. The vegetation growth is near water courses as well as in pockets in low lying areas.

B. Drainage The project is situated in Dudhaganga valley (Fig. 3.14) River Dudhaganga is a tributary of Krishna. It flows from west to east along southern margin of the area of influence of the project. Two small streams, one on west side and the other on east side of the project, originate in the ridge on the north side of the project and flow southwards to meet the river. The drainage network in this area has moderate drainage density. The Kalammawadi Dam on Dudhaganga river is on upstream side, about 25 km WSW of the project area. Therefore, the river flow is maintained throughout the year. The Left Bank Canal of the Kalammawadi Dam passes from west to east between the Project site and the ridge on the north. However, this canal is not yet in operation. 3.5.5. Geology and Hydrogeology 3.5.5.1. Geology Geologically the area falls in the southern part of the Deccan Volcanic Province (DVP) of Peninsular India (Fig. 3.16). The DVP is dominated by basaltic lava flows in the form of horizontally bedded sheets spread over large area. The individual lava flows are generally uniform in physical appearance, but lateral variations in color, composition and texture or structure are not uncommon. Two variants of lava flows, namely compact basalt (CB) and vesicular-amygdular basalt (VAB) can be seen in the area under consideration. The project site and its surroundings are located on a high ground where compact basalt is exposed in small outcrops and in road sections. The exposures in the canal on north side of the project shows compact jointed basalt, at places underlain by red bole layer. In rest of the area, the rocky outcrops are not common as it is mainly dominated by cultivated farmlands. However, both compact jointed basalt and vesicular/amygdular basalt are seen exposed below curbing, weathered rock mantle or soil cover in wells (Photographs in Fig.3.12 below) Fig ure 3.12: Photographs of Well Sections in the area

Location 5 Location 10 Location 12 71

3.6. GEOLOGY, HYDROLOGY & HYDROGEOLOGY

3.6.1. Hydrogeology The hydrogeology of the study area is governed by depth of weathering and physical nature of basalt rock. The weathered portions of basalt at shallow depth have better porosity and permeability. Close spaced jointing in compact basalt is favourable for movement and storage of groundwater. Vesicular / Amygdular basalt, if weathered can facilitate movement and storage of water through it, otherwise it is mostly impermeable. Natural recharge from rains in monsoon and later from surface water bodies like river, and its tributary streams, canals, ponds, lakes and artificial reservoirs augments the groundwater in non-monsoon season. Groundwater in the area of influence of the project is used mainly for irrigation purpose.

3.6.1.1. Ground Water Resources

There are many dug wells and bore wells sunk for irrigation purpose, but their natural yield is reported to be insufficient for perennial farming, which ismainly of sugarcane.Some dug wells in the vicinity of the stream on west side of the project area are recharged with ETP discharge water from the sugar mill. On enquiry, it was learnt from farmers that they frequently request the sugar mill authorities to make ETP discharge water available to them as the natural recharge to the well is very poor or insufficient to irrigate their fields after monsoon. The Left Bank Canal from Kalammawadi Dam passes through the area, but water is not yet released in it. Had it been flowing, it would have recharged the wells in non- monsoon season also. Well inventory was carried out in the area during field visit; the data is presented in below table Table 3.7 Well inventory data for the area around SCSSSKL, Kagal.

Location Sample Coordinates SWL R. L. of R. L. of No. No. Latitude Longitude m bgl GL SWL m amsl m amsl L1/87 - 16°35'35.12"N 74°17'38.16"E 6 580 574 L2/88 1 16°35'31.05"N 74°17'36.59"E 2.5 577 574.5 L3/89 2 16°35'10.55"N 74°17'45.94"E 1.5 568 566.5 L4/90 3 16°35'2.65"N 74°17'40.54"E 5 564 559 L5/91 4 16°34'44.70"N 74°17'34.76"E 10 558 548 L6/92 - 16°34'3.57"N 74°17'33.73"E 7.5 546 538.5 L7/94 - 16°34'16.23"N 74°18'2.23"E 10 554 544 L8/96 5 16°35'40.41"N 74°18'11.82"E 5 574 569 L9/97 6 16°35'24.90"N 74°18'15.48"E 1.5 567 565.5 L10/99 - 16°35'2.13"N 74°18'27.11"E 9 563 554 L11/101 7 16°34'46.89"N 74°18'53.55"E 7 556 549 L12/105 8 16°34'40.43"N 74°18'1.07"E 11 557 546 SWL = Static Water Level in Dug well, mbgl = Meters below ground level, GL = Ground Level, m amsl = Meters above Mean Sea Level. The coordinates are from GPS instrument, not from UTM Geo-Map

3.6.1.2. Groundwater Quality The apparent groundwater quality observed in field during visit is good and suitable for drinking, domestic and irrigation purpose. It was learnt that farmers acquire ETP water from the sugar mill because they believe that it affects their soil and crops favourably. The

analyses of groundwater samples collected in field during the visit are presented below in Table No. 3.14 Figure3.13 Water Table Contour Map with Well & Sample Locations

Figure 3.14 Drainage Map

Figure 3.15 Geomorphological Map

Figure 3.16 Geological Map

Figure 3.17 Geo-Hydrological Map

3.7 METEOROLOGY

3.7.1 Introduction

Micro-meteorological data within the study area during the air quality survey period is an indispensable part of air pollution studies. The meteorological data recorded during the monitoring period is very useful for proper interpretation of the baseline information as well as for input to the predictive models for air quality dispersion. Historical data on meteorological parameters will also play an important role in identifying the general meteorological status of the region. Site specific data can be compared with the historical data in order to identify changes, which may have taken place due to the rapid industrialization in the area. The micro-meteorological parameters regulate the transport and diffusion of pollutants released into the atmosphere. The principal variables, which affect the micrometeorology, are horizontal connective transport (average wind speed and direction), vertical connective transport (atmospheric stability and inversion conditions) and topography of the area. The climate of the study area and surrounding area is generally dry except in the southwest monsoon season. The year may broadly be divided into four seasons. Temperature Temperature of the area varies from 38 oC in summer to 14 oC in winter and the average annual temperature is 26oC. Rainfall The district falls under the proximity of western ghat. It receives abundant rainfall. Most of the rainfall is received during the south-west monsoon in the months from June to September. The annual average rainfall in the area is 955 mm 3.7.2 Methodology

The methodology adopted for monitoring surface observations is as per the standard norms laid down by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and the Indian Meteorology Department (IMD). On-site monitoring was undertaken for various meteorological variables in order to generate the data, which is then compared with the meteorological data generated by IMD from the nearest station at Kolhapur.

3.7.2.1 Methodology of Data Generation Meteorological data has been generated at the site. The meteorological parameters were monitored for one season i. e. from December 2018 – January 2019 – February 2019. Details of parameters monitored, equipments used & frequency of monitoring is given in Table 3.8 Table 3.8 Meteorological Parameters

No. Parameters Instrument Frequency 1 Wind Speed Counter Cup Anemometer Every Hour 2 Wind Direction Wind Vane Every Hour 3 Temperature Min. /Max. Thermometer Once in a day 4 Relative Dry/Wet bulb Thermometer Twice a day Humidity

3.7.2.2 Sources of Information

Secondary information on meteorological conditions has been collected from the nearest IMD station at Kolhapur. Also, reference were taken from book climatological Normals (1971- 2000). Wind roses, temperature, relative humidity, rainfall intensity have been compiled from IMD station, Kolhapur. Similarly, data on cloud cover is compiled from climatological tables from the IMD station of Kolhapur. The details are tabulated in Annexure-II.

3.7.2.3 Wind Pattern at Project

Wind Speed and direction are recorded at site every hour. The predominant wind during the study season is from East (E) direction. 3.8 AIR QUALITY

3.8.1 Introduction

The ambient air quality with respect to study zone of 10 Km radius around the SCSSSKL site forms the baseline information. The study area represents some urban environment although there is dominance of rural habitation. The various sources of air pollution in the study area are commercial and residential activities from the urban as well as rural areas, transportation and vehicular traffic etc. The impact of said actions and events through various emissions is reflected in the results of ambient air quality monitoring. The major air pollutants released into atmosphere from the different sources are PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx and to small extent CO. However, these again vary with type and nature of the sources.

This section describes selection of sampling locations, includes the methodology of sampling and analytical techniques with frequency of sampling. Presentation of results for the December 2018 – January 2019 – February 2019 survey is followed by observations. All the requisite monitoring assignments, sampling and analysis was conducted through the environmental laboratory of M/s. Green Enviro Safe Engineers & Consultant Pvt. Ltd., Puneis NABL accredited and MOEFCC; New Delhi approved organization. Further, same has received certifications namely ISO 9001– 2008, ISO 14001– 2004 and OHSAS 18001–2007 from DNV. Mr. Yuvraj Damugade who are FAEs of EEIPL for AQ.

3.8.2 Methodology 3.8.2.1 Selection of Sampling Locations

The baseline status of the ambient air quality has been assessed through an ambient air quality monitoring network. The design of monitoring network, in the air quality surveillance program, is based on considerations namely – (1) Meteorological conditions, (2) Topography of the study area, (3) Representativeness of regional background air quality for obtaining baseline status, and (4) Representativeness of likely industrial impact areas. Ambient air monitoring was conducted in the study area to assess the quality of air for SO2, NOx, CO, PM10 and PM2.5.

Ambient AAQM stations were set up at six locations with due consideration to the above mentioned points, details of which are presented below. Monitoring of air quality was done here over a period of one season. Refer Ambient Air Quality Monitoring data for a period of one season enclosed at 89Annexure – III.

Table 3.9 AAQM Location Details

AAQM Name of the Station Distance from the Direction w.r.t. Station Code Station Location Site (Km) the Site A1 Project Site ------A2 Kagal Nearest 1.27 ES habitation A3 Kasaba Sangaon Upwind 6.56 E A4 Kaneri 4.10 NW Down wind A5 Vandur 4.58 SW A6 Kogil 3.84 WN A7 Vannur Cross wind 3.62 WS A8 Girgaon 8.17 WN

3.8.2.2 Parameters, Frequency and Analysis Methods for AAQ Monitoring The frequency adopted for sampling is two days per week; 24 hourly for all six ambient air quality stations. The baseline data of air environment, for all the six monitoring stations, was generated. Details of same are presented in following table Table 3.10 AAQ Parameters, Monitoring Frequency and Analysis Methods

No. Parameters Frequency of Monitoring Analysis Methods

1 PM10 Continuous, 24 Hourly, twice Gravimetric Method (IS:5182, Part IV) a week 2 PM2.5 Continuous, 24 Hourly, twice Gravimetric Method (IS:5182, Part IV) a week 3 SO2 8 Hourly, three samples/day, Modified West and Gaeke Method (IS: 5182, twice a week Part II; Sodium Tetra chloro-mercurate). 4 NOx 8 Hourly, three samples/day, Jacobs and Hochheiser Method (IS: 5182, Part twice a week VI) 5 CO Once in a day, once a week NDIR Method (IS: 5182, Part X) 3.8.3 Presentation of Results The summary of results for analysis of ambient air monitoring is presented in Table 3.11. The permissible ambient air quality limits are also presented in Table 3.12

Table 3.11 Summary of the AAQ Monitoring Results for Season [December 2018 – January 2019 – February 2019]

Location Project Kagal Kasaba Kaneri Vandur Kogil Vannur Girgaon Site Sangaon 3 PM10 µg/M Max. 80.50 63.50 62.90 62.60 57.40 62.60 61.50 62.00 Min. 76.00 58.10 52.60 52.10 52.00 56.00 54.90 53.00 Avg. 78.59 61.35 59.80 57.99 54.76 59.91 58.66 58.37 98% 79.92 63.02 62.03 60.12 56.20 61.80 60.75 61.08 3 PM2.5µg/M Max. 42.70 24.60 24.70 21.80 21.90 23.20 24.20 23.50 Min. 37.90 19.00 19.40 17.00 17.50 18.10 18.30 16.30 Avg. 40.33 21.73 21.79 19.56 19.65 20.95 21.20 20.21 98% 42.07 23.38 23.45 21.06 21.13 22.40 23.06 22.33 3 SO2 µg/M Max. 31.40 21.10 15.70 17.70 17.90 18.80 18.70 17.80 Min. 27.10 15.60 13.00 15.00 14.20 14.20 15.50 14.00 Avg. 29.27 18.95 14.46 16.55 16.10 16.70 16.83 16.08 98% 30.38 20.47 15.41 17.65 17.44 18.24 18.03 17.72 NOx µg/M3 Max. 45.60 31.70 23.50 23.70 23.90 23.70 23.80 23.90 Min. 38.50 26.50 20.00 20.10 19.10 20.10 20.10 19.00 Avg. 41.93 29.16 21.56 21.80 21.68 21.88 22.23 21.66 98% 44.22 30.94 22.92 23.46 23.29 23.50 23.42 23.29 CO mg/M3 Max. 1.10 0.11 0.14 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.12 0.14 Min. 0.60 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 Avg. 0.91 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.10 98% 1.06 0.11 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.13 Notes:

• PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NOx are computed based on 24 hourly values. • The CO concentrations were observed to be well below detectable limits and hence the same are not mentioned in the above table. Table 3.12 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) by CPCB (Notification No. S.O.B-29016/20/90/PCI-L by MOEFCC; New Delhi dated 18.11.2009)

Zone Station Industrial, Residential, Ecologically Sensitive Rural &Other Area Area PM10 24 Hr 100 100 (µg/M3) A.A. 60 60 PM2.5 24 Hr 60 60 (µg/M3) A.A. 40 40 SO2 24 Hr 80 80 (µg/M3) A.A. 50 20 NOx 24 Hr 80 80 (µg/M3) A.A. 40 30 CO 8 Hr 2 2 (mg/M3) 1 Hr. 4 4 Note: A.A. represents Annual Average

81 3.8.4 Observations The observations in respect of results presented in Table 3.11 are given below.

Particulate Matter (PM10)

PM10 values at all the eight locations are attributed to windblown dust. The 98 percentile values at eight stations viz. Industrial Site, Kagal, Kasaba sangaon, Kaneri, Vandur, Kogil, Vannur, Girgaon are observed between 56.47 to 79.90µg/ M3 which is below the permissible value of 3 3 100 µg/ M for residential zones. Average value of PM10 for industrial site is 78.51 µg/ M and those for the remaining stations were observed to be in a range between 54.83 µg/ M3 to 61.27 µg/ M3, which are within the permissible limit of 100 µg/ M3.

Particulate Matter (PM2.5)

All the observed values are within the permissible limits for residential and rural conditions i.e. 60 µg/M3. The average values range between 19.55 µg/M3 to 40.21 µg/M3

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)

3 All the observations are well below the permissible limits of 80 µg/M with average SO2 concentrations ranging between 16.08 µg/M3 to 29.27 µg/M3 Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) All the observed values are within the permissible limits for residential and rural conditions (i.e. 80 µg/M3). The average values range between 21.57 µg/M3 to 42.01 µg/M3 Carbon Monoxide (CO) The average values range between 0.09 µg/M3 to 0.10 µg/M3 3.9 WATER QUALITY 3.9.1 Introduction

Selected water quality parameters, for surface and ground water resources from the study area, have been considered for assessing water environment and to evaluate impact due to the project. Understanding water quality is important in environmental impact assessment and to identify critical issues with a view to suggest appropriate mitigation measures for implementation.

3.9.2 Methodology

3.9.2.1 Methodology of Data Generation

Reconnaissance was undertaken and monitoring locations were finalized based on – (1) Topomaps and drainage map to identify major water bodies, and (2) likely areas which can represent baseline conditions. Sampling and analysis of water samples for physical, chemical and heavy metals were undertaken through NABL & MoEFCC; New Delhi approved laboratory of M/s. Green Enviro Safe Engineers & Consultant Pvt. Ltd., Pune which is NABL accredited& MoEFCC; New Delhi approved organization. Further, same has received certification of OHSAS 18001:2007 from DNV. Eight locations for surface water and five locations for ground water samples were selected which are listed in below table.

82 Table 3.13 Monitoring Locations for Surface Water

Direct Distance ion No. Location Coordinates from Justification from Site site 1 Near Compost yard Nala 1 16°35'25.63"N 74°17'34.57"E W 0.59 Upstream 2 Near Compost yard Nala 2 16°33'52.32"N 74°17'34.69"E SW 2.89 Downstream 3 Near ETP Nala 3 16°35'07.29"N 74°18'17.01"E ES 0.86 Upstream 4 Near ETP Nala 4 16°33'43.92"N 74°18'14.48"E SW 3.13 Downstream 5 Dudhaganga River 1 16°33'37.92"N 74°17'11.77"E SW 3.50 Upstream 6 Dudhaganga River 2 16°33'15.75"N 74°18'34.73"E SW 4.13 Downstream 7 Pinpalgaon khurd lake 16°34'44.21"N 74°17'03.35"E SW 1.94 -- 8 Jayashingrao Talav 16°35'37.33"N 74°18'49.22"E EN 1.68 --

Table 3.14 Monitoring Locations for Ground Water

Distance No. Location Coordinates from Site (Km) 1 Near spentwash storage tank 16°35'31.05"N 74°17'36.59"E 0.56 2 West side of factory site 16°35'10.55"N 74°17'45.94"E 0.49 3 Near to stream 16°35'02.65"N 74°17'40.54"E 0.78 4 Near Kagal Murgud Road 16°34'44.70"N 74°17'34.76"E 1.35 5 North East side of factory 16°35'40.41"N 74°18'11.82"E 0.72 6 East side of factory 16°35'24.90"N 74°18'15.48"E 0.63 7 Somvar Peth, Kagal 16°34'46.89"N 74°18'53.55"E 2.10 8 Near Ekata Nagar 16°34'40.43"N 74°18'01.07"E 1.37

3.9.3 Sampling Procedure for Primary Data Generation

Ground and surface water sources, covered in an area of 10 Km radius from the proposed site were examined for physico-chemical, heavy metal and bacteriological parameters in order to assess the effect of industrial and other activities on surface and ground water. The samples were collected and analyzed as per procedures specified in ‘Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater’ published by American Public Health Association (APHA).Samples for chemical analysis were collected in polyethylene carboys. Samples were collected in sterilized glass bottles for bacteriological portability test. Parameters analyzed at the site were pH, temperature, odour, turbidity and dissolved oxygen using portable water analysis kits.

Selected physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters have been analyzed for assessing the existing water quality status in the core area. Results for the parameters analyzed in surface water samples, are compared with Class ‘C’ water as per IS: 10500:2012, Second Revision; “Specifications for Drinking Water”.

3.9.4 Presentation of Results 3.9.4.1 Surface Water Analysis results for surface water are given in the table3.15. Analysis results for the Surface water are given at Annexure-IV.

Table 3.15 Surface Water

No Parameter Unit Location Limits IS Near Near Dudh Dudh Pinpalg Jayas 10500:20 Near Near Compo Compo ganga ganga aon hingr 12 ETP ETP st Yard st Yard River- River- Khurd ao Nala-3 Nala-4 Nala-1 Nala-2 1 2 Lake Talav 1 Hazen 4.70 4.50 5.50 6.15 2.05 2.10 1.50 2.00 5.00 Color Unit 2 -- Not Not Not Not Agree Agree Agreea Agree Agreeab Odor Agreea Agreea Agreea Agreea able able ble able le ble ble ble ble 3 pH -- 7.90 7.95 8.10 8.20 7.74 7.85 7.47 7.63 6.5-8.5 4 Conductivity µS/cm 1924.97 1573.01 2216.57 2674.12 559.00 687.47 337.91 443.42 NS 5 TDS mg/lit 1289.76 1053.95 1485.14 1791.71 374.54 460.62 226.41 297.10 < 500.0 6 Turbidity NTU 2.40 2.20 2.80 3.30 1.00 1.12 0.50 0.70 < 1.00 7 TSS mg/lit 26.31 24.89 30.68 35.94 12.75 16.09 7.84 9.11 NS 8 (DO mg/lit 0.98 1.10 0.64 0.55 2.94 2.75 3.11 3.05 5.4 9 COD mg/lit 138.60 114.80 160.48 180.86 35.48 42.20 24.17 32.74 NS 10 BOD mg/lit 85.68 44.68 56.74 69.74 13.68 17.56 7.15 9.20 NS 3 days 27oC 11 Ammonical mg/lit 3.88 1.56 7.05 7.88 0.35 0.47 0.18 0.23 < 0.50 Nitrogen 12 Nitrate as mg/lit 49.32 36.56 75.19 91.73 2.42 6.28 0.82 1.35 < 45.00 NO3 13 Nitrite as mg/lit 4.22 3.13 7.54 9.37 0.85 1.94 0.05 0.32 NS NO2 14 Nitrogen as mg/lit 3.18 1.12 4.21 9.88 BDL 0.12 BDL BDL NS N 15 Phosphorous mg/lit 2.19 2.05 4.46 7.31 0.50 0.61 0.36 0.49 NS as PO4 16 Potassium as mg/lit 63.15 42.98 81.18 99.25 3.54 4.42 1.28 1.54 NS K 17 Sodium as mg/lit 81.47 49.23 90.09 96.51 5.38 7.82 1.93 3.23 NS Na 18 Calcium as mg/lit 81.99 76.23 93.68 106.98 24.68 29.61 20.65 21.64 < 75.00 Ca 19 Magnesium mg/lit 41.98 37.84 51.30 74.58 18.84 21.04 10.17 15.37 < 30.00 as Mg 20 Total mg/lit 377.93 346.48 445.56 574.72 139.32 160.71 93.53 117.42 < Hardness as 200.00 CaCO3 21 Carbonates mg/lit 187.82 145.01 178.54 199.35 69.30 80.11 56.51 69.05 NS 2- as CO3 22 Bicarbonates mg/lit 200.51 168.34 286.39 450.43 114.61 158.23 71.33 82.46 NS as HCO3 23 Chlorides as mg/lit 337.34 303.45 343.16 309.97 118.90 128.99 52.48 87.49 < 250.00 Cl- 24 Sulphates as mg/lit 209.38 168.69 229.26 285.36 13.91 19.85 9.43 12.98 < 200.00 SO4 25 Sulphide as mg/lit 1.23 1.11 2.89 4.11 BDL BDL BDL BDL < 0.05 H2S 26 Fluorides as mg/lit 4.71 3.57 5.09 8.89 0.72 0.37 0.45 0.53 < 1.00 F- 27 Iron as Fe mg/lit 9.26 6.15 11.36 13.32 0.026 0.029 0.018 0.026 < 0.30 28 Aluminum mg/lit 0.05 0.01 1.12 1.15 BDL BDL BDL BDL <0.03 as Al 29 Barium as mg/lit 0.06 0.04 0.10 0.12 BDL BDL BDL BDL <0.70 Ba 30 Boron as B mg/lit 1.32 1.41 3.45 4.15 0.10 0.20 0.23 0.18 < 0.50 31 Copper as mg/lit 0.02 0.01 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL < 0.05 Cu

No Parameter Unit Location Limits IS Near Near Dudh Dudh Pinpalg Jayas 10500:20 Near Near Compo Compo ganga ganga aon hingr 12 ETP ETP st Yard st Yard River- River- Khurd ao Nala-3 Nala-4 Nala-1 Nala-2 1 2 Lake Talav 32 Selenium as mg/lit BDL BDL 0.04 0.08 BDL BDL BDL BDL <0.01 Se 33 Zinc as Zn mg/lit 6.56 5.37 8.78 10.71 0.41 0.53 0.52 0.22 <5.00 34 Cadmium as mg/lit BDL BDL 0.012 0.15 BDL BDL BDL BDL <0.003 Cd 35 Lead as Pb mg/lit BDL BDL 0.09 0.12 BDL BDL BDL BDL <0.01 36 Mercury as mg/lit BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL <0.001 Hg 37 Nickel as Ni mg/lit 0.12 0.09 0.18 0.22 BDL BDL BDL BDL < 0.02 38 Arsenic as mg/lit BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL < 0.01 As 39 Chromium mg/lit 0.01 BDL 0.05 0.08 BDL BDL BDL BDL < 0.05 as Cr 40 Total No./10 950 814 1290 1800 388 410 260 286 Absent Coliform 0ml 41 Fecal No./10 740 630 880 1200 250 358 134 152 Absent Coliform 0ml Note: NS- Not Specified The water at all sites is found to be neutral in nature. At all sites, water samples showed presence to total coliforms and fecal coliforms which are exceeding permissible limits. This indicates that the water is biologically unpotable. 3.9.4.2 Ground Water Eight locations for ground water samples were selected which are listed below. Analysis results for the ground water samples are given in following Table 3.16. Copies of actual reports are presented at Annexure-V. Table 3.16 Ground water

No Parameter Unit Location Limits Near West Near Near North East Somv Near IS Spent side of to Kagal East side of ar Ekata 10500: wash factory strea Murg side of factor Peth, Nagar 2012 storage site m ud factor y Kagal tank Road y 1 Hazen 2.00 3.00 3.00 2.70 2.10 3.10 2.70 2.50 5.00 Colour Unit 2 Agreea Agreea Agree Agree Agree Agree Agree Agree Agreea Odour -- ble ble able able able able able able ble 3 pH -- 7.38 7.24 7.19 7.23 7.17 7.35 7.00 7.20 6.5-8.5 4 Conductivity µS/cm 1105.66 1136.72 357.51 340.74 914.20 965.39 392.87 473.20 NS 5 TDS mg/lit 740.81 761.62 239.54 228.30 612.53 646.83 263.23 317.05 < 500.0 6 Turbidity NTU 2.00 2.00 1.50 1.12 1.50 2.00 3.00 3.20 < 1.00 7 TSS mg/lit 17.51 15.47 11.96 12.56 16.37 21.42 27.46 24.58 NS 8 COD mg/lit 76.83 81.48 39.91 36.82 68.46 72.34 40.92 42.44 NS 9 BOD 3 days 29.20 35.57 14.98 14.36 25.32 26.52 15.85 16.36 NS mg/lit at 27oC 10 Ammonical 0.21 0.32 BDL 0.25 0.14 0.36 0.24 0.51 < 0.50 mg/lit Nitrogen 11 Nitrate as 2.87 3.16 2.09 3.19 4.45 6.37 5.92 16.92 < 45.00 mg/lit NO3 12 Nitrite as 0.08 0.18 0.07 0.13 0.14 0.16 0.07 0.09 NS mg/lit NO2 13 Nitrogen as N mg/lit BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL NS 14 Phosphorous 0.85 1.13 0.74 1.23 1.56 0.39 0.25 0.56 NS mg/lit as PO4 15 Potassium as 10.21 18.35 23.25 19.72 20.41 15.37 16.89 22.87 NS mg/lit K 85

No Parameter Unit Location Limits Near West Near Near North East Somv Near IS Spent side of to Kagal East side of ar Ekata 10500: wash factory strea Murg side of factor Peth, Nagar 2012 storage site m ud factor y Kagal tank Road y 16 Sodium as Na mg/lit 17.56 12.68 14.38 18.58 15.28 4.32 20.93 19.83 NS 17 Calcium as 56.51 66.74 37.13 35.21 42.9 61.03 44.14 52.4 <75.00 mg/lit Ca 18 Magnesium 24.38 19.93 14.79 11.19 28.25 33.73 17.28 21.78 < 30.00 mg/lit as Mg 19 Total 241.72 248.96 153.76 134.13 223.64 291.54 181.54 220.73 < 200.0 Hardness as mg/lit CaCO3 20 Carbonates as 50.32 69.46 7.81 9.24 84.5 90.54 5.68 8.95 NS 2- mg/lit CO3 21 Bicarbonates 124.51 143.85 36.36 47.26 79.21 64.42 26.53 38.54 NS mg/lit as HCO3 22 Chlorides as 285.82 305.43 69.04 57.09 232.48 253.39 81.09 73.50 < 250.00 mg/lit Cl- 23 Sulphates as 157.52 110.72 32.01 21.43 94.22 108.19 42.58 59.24 < 200.00 mg/lit SO4 24 Sulphide as 1.12 1.68 BDL BDL 1.85 1.97 0.03 0.04 < 0.05 mg/lit H2S 25 Fluorides as 1.97 1.21 0.14 0.18 2.32 1.83 0.43 0.21 < 1.00 mg/lit F- 26 Iron as Fe mg/lit 1.17 1.21 0.25 0.18 0.82 0.56 0.05 0.08 < 0.30 27 Aluminium 0.04 0.56 BDL BDL 0.23 0.15 0.01 0.01 <0.03 mg/lit as Al 28 Barium as Ba mg/lit 1.22 1.15 0.02 0.04 0.09 1.2 0.01 BDL <0.70 29 Boron as B mg/lit 0.81 0.94 0.26 0.09 1.25 1.36 0.23 0.18 < 0.50 30 Copper as Cu mg/lit 0.01 0.04 BDL BDL 0.01 BDL BDL BDL < 0.05 31 Selenium as BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL <0.01 mg/lit Se 32 Zinc as Zn mg/lit 3.5 2.8 1.2 3.29 2.41 1.48 0.87 1.34 <5.00 33 Cadmium as BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL <0.003 mg/lit Cd 34 Lead as Pb mg/lit 0.01 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL <0.01 35 Mercury as BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL <0.001 mg/lit Hg 36 Nickel as Ni mg/lit 0.05 0.03 BDL BDL 0.01 0.01 BDL BDL < 0.02 37 Arsenic as As mg/lit BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL < 0.01 38 Chromium as 0.07 0.05 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL < 0.05 mg/lit Cr 39 Total No./10 20 24 16 14 18 20 14 26 Absent Coliform 0ml 40 Fecal No./10 12 14 8 10 4 12 4 14 Absent Coliform 0ml The above results reveal that some parameters in analysed samples are above desirable limits but well within permissible limits prescribed by IS10500-2012.TDS, Turbidity and Total Hardness are uniformly on higher side in all the wells. Calcium as Ca is also more in all wells except well numbers 3 and 5.

3.10 NOISE LEVEL SURVEY 3.10.1 Introduction

The physical description of sound concerns its loudness as a function of frequency. Noise in general is that sound which is composed of many frequency components of various loudness distributed over the audible frequency range. Various noise scales have been introduced to describe, in a single number, the response of an average human to a complex sound made up of 86

various frequencies at different loudness levels. The most common and universally accepted scale is the ‘A’ weighted scale which is measured as dB (A). This is more suitable for audible range of 20 to 20,000 HZ. The scale has been designed to weigh various components of noise according to the response of a human ear. The impact of noise sources on surrounding community depends on:

• Characteristics of noise sources (instantaneous, intermittent or continuous in nature). It can be observed that steady noise is not as annoying as the one, which is of continuously varying loudness. • The time of day at which noise occurs, for example high noise levels at night in residential areas are not acceptable because of sleep disturbance. • The location of the noise source, with respect to noise sensitive land use, which determines the loudness and period of exposure.

The Environmental Impact of noise can have several effects varying from noise Induced hearing loss to annoyance depending on loudness of noise levels. The environmental impact assessment of noise from the industrial activity, vehicular traffic can be undertaken by taking into consideration various factors like potential damage to hearing, physiological responses and annoyance and general community responses. The study area of 10 Km radius with reference to the SCSSSKL industry site was covered for noise environment. The four zones viz. residential, commercial, industrial and silent zones have been considered for noise monitoring. Some of the major arterial roads were covered to assess the noise due to traffic. Noise monitoring was undertaken for 24 hours at each location. The purpose of noise pollution impact assessment in the study area is to assess impact of total noise generated by industries and vehicular traffic on the human settlements within 10 Km radius. The main objectives of the studies conducted were -

 Assessment of background noise levels  Identification and monitoring the major noise sources of the existing activity  Impact of noise on the workers as well as on general population.

The assignment of noise was done by Functional Area Expert of EEIPL for NV - Mr. Vinay Kumar Kurakula in the month of January 2019. 3.10.2 Identification of Sampling Locations

A preliminary reconnaissance survey was undertaken to identify the major noise generating sources in the area. Noise generating sources have been identified with respect to the activities, viz. industrial noise and ambient noise due to industries and traffic, which have impact on sensitive areas. The noise sampling locations have been indicated below. 3.10.3 Ambient Noise Monitoring Stations

Noise level readings were recorded in 8 locations spread over, in the 10 km radius centering the proposed unit. Noise levels were recorded by the use of a digital noise level meter, the instrument was calibrated before and after each set of readings. The monitoring was carried out on 24-hourly basis and the hourly Leq. Values were derived and reported.

Table 3.17 Noise Sampling Locations

Station Name of the Sampling Distance w.r.t. the Direction w.r.t. the Code Location Plant Site Plant Site N1 Project Site - - N2 Kagal 2.13 SE N3 Pimpalgaon 2.40 SW N4 Vannur 2.97 W N5 Kogli 3.75 W N6 Kaneriwadi 3.81 NW N7 Vikaswadi 2.90 NS N8 Sangaon 6.49 ES

Figure 3.18 Noise Monitoring Locations

A noise rating developed by EPA for specification of community noise from all the sources is the day-night sound level, (Ldn). It is similar to a 24-hour equivalent sound level except that during the night-time period, which extends from 10 PM to 6 AM, a 10 dB (A) weighing penalty is added to the instantaneous sound level before computing 24 hour average. This night time penalty is added to account for the fact that noise during night, when people usually sleep, is judged more annoying than the same noise during the daytime. For noise levels measured over a given period of time interval, it is possible to describe important features of noise using statistical quantities. This is calculated using the percent of the certain noise levels exceeding during the time interval. The notation for the statistical quantities of noise levels is described below:

L10 is the noise level exceeded 10 percent of the time L50 is the noise level exceeded 50 percent of the time, and L90 is the noise level exceeded 90 percent of the time Lday is equivalent noise level measured over a period of time during day (6 AM to 10 PM). Lnight is equivalent noise level measured over a period of time during night (10 PM to 6 AM).

Equivalent Sound Pressure Level (Leq):

The Leq is the equivalent continuous sound level that is equivalent to the same sound energy as the actual fluctuating sound measured in the same period. This is necessary because sound from noise source often fluctuates widely during a given period of time. This is calculated from the following equation:

2 (L10-L90) Leq=L50+ ------60

Ldn: The noise rating developed for community noise from all sources is all Day-Nights Sound Level (Ldn). It is similar to a 24 hr equivalent sound level except during night time period (10 PM to 6 AM) where a 10 dB (A) weighing penalty is added to the instantaneous sound level before computing the 24 hr average. The Ldn for a given location in a community may be calculated from the hourly Leq’s, by the equation.

Ldn=10 log {1/24[15(10 Ld/10) +9 (10(Ln+10)/10)]}

Where Ld is the equivalent sound level during the daytime (6 AM to 10 PM) and Ln is the equivalent sound level during the night-time (10 PM to 6 AM).

3.10.3.1 Method of Monitoring

A detailed noise level survey was undertaken to study the levels of noise, as the high noise levels may cause adverse effect on human beings and the associated environment. The noise level monitoring was carried out through MoEFCC; New Delhi approved laboratory-M/s. Green Enviro Safe Engineers & Consultant Pvt. Ltd., Pune - that has also received NABL as well as ISO 9001: 2008, ISO 14001:2004 and OHSAS 18001: 2007 accreditations.

3.10.3.2 Standards for Noise Levels

MoEFCC has notified ambient air quality standards in respect of noise vide Gazette notification th Dated 14 February 2000. It is based on the ‘A’ weighted equivalent noise level (Leq). The standards are given in following table Table 3.18 Ambient Noise Level Standards

Area Limits in dB(A) L Category eq Code Day Time Night Time A Industrial Area 75 70 B Commercial Area 65 55 C Residential Area 55 45 D Silence Zone 50 40 Ref: Gazette of India 14th Feb 2000. 89

Standards for Occupational Noise: (U.S.A) Industrialized countries have specified limits for occupational noise exposure. The permissible noise exposure limit for industrial workers is primarily concerned with the harmful aspect of noise and its objective is to protect the hearing of majority of working people. The American Conference Government of Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), USA has prescribed the following permissible noise exposure limits for industrial workers. Table3.19 Standards for Occupational Exposure

Exposure Time in Hour/day 8 4 2 1 1/2 1/4 1/8 1/16 1/32 Limit in dB(A) 090 093 096 099 102 105 108 111 114 Exposure to continuous or intermittent noise louder than 115 dB (A) should not be permitted. Exposure to pulse or impact noise should not exceed 140 dB (A).

OSHA Standards

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) have also prescribed the following allowable limits to noise exposure for industrial workers. Table 3.20 OSHA Standards for Occupational Exposure Duration per day (in hours) 8 6 4 3 2 1.5 1 0.5 0.25 Sound level in dB(A) 85 87 90 92 95 97 100 105 110

3.10.3 Presentation of Results

The ambient noise levels measured are presented in Table 3.21. The table indicates equivalent noise levels viz. L10, L50, L90, Lday, Lnight and Ldn at different places located within the study area. Similarly, these values viz. Leq, Lday, Lnight and Ldn are compared with the limits. Refer Annexure-VI for noise monitoring reports. Table 3.21 Ambient Noise Levels

Average Noise Level in dB(A) Sr. No. Location L10 L50 L90 Leq(day) Leq(night) Ldn 1 N1 58.3 60.8 62.2 70.9 51.3 69.1 2 N2 44.3 46.2 48.2 51.3 41.6 51.4 3 N3 44.0 45.7 47.5 51.5 40.3 51.1 4 N4 43.8 45.6 48.1 50.5 41.3 50.8 5 N5 43.8 46.4 48.3 52.4 41.1 51.9 6 N6 43.5 45.5 47.2 51.7 39.8 51.1 7 N7 43.4 45.7 47.0 51.6 40.1 51.1 8 N8 43.3 45.9 47.6 51.3 40.8 51.1

3.10.3.1 Observations

The noise levels in the study area are within the permissible limits. The equivalent noise levels during day time in residential area as well as rural area are observed to be within the permissible limits. The equivalent value observed during night time is well below the permissible standards.

3.11 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE

3.11.1 Introduction

This report is a part of EIA study to be carried out as per the MoEFCC Notification No. 1533(E) Dated 14th September, 2006. As per the TOR dated 06.09.2018 survey of selected villages within the 10 Km radius of the study area was carried out with the help of an interview schedule. The objective of the survey is to understand the current socio-economic status of these villages and the view of locals about the impacts of existing SCSSSKL as well as to know whether they are informed about the proposed project. The following data was collected on 8th & 9th February, 2019 by Dr. A. J. Samant (FAE-SE), Mr. Chetan Jagdale (SE-Associate) and Mr. B.J. Patil (Assistant).

3.11.2 Methodology

According to Census 2011, the survey of the 13 villages, selected out of 29 villages within the 10 Km radius of SCSSSKL, was carried out with the help of a structured close ended interview schedule, comprising of 30 questions in Marathi.The schedule was administered by using Simple Random Disproportionate Sampling Technique. Microsoft office excel software was used for data analysis. A total of 67 locals were covered during the study. Names of the study villages and the number of respondents from each of them are given in Table 3.22. Photo documentation was done during the survey (Plate I).

Table 3.22 Name of village and Sample Size of respondents in them

No. Name of village Sample Size 0 to 5 Km radius 1 Kagal 12 2 Pimpalgaon Bk. 7 3 Vannur 4 4 Kogil Bk. 4 5 Kaneriwadi 8 6 Kaneri 6 7 Vikaswadi 4 5 to 10 Km radius 1 Kandalgaon 4 2 Nerli 4 3 Siddhnerli 4 4 Girgaon 4 5 Mouje Sangaon 2 6 Kognoli 4 Total 67 3.11.3 Findings The male: female ratio among the respondents was 64:35 respectively. Highly educated females in different fields were deliberately chosen through snow ball sampling method to elicit information from them due to their educational background, exposure and experience (Plate I a & B). Age group distribution composition of the respondents is given in Table 3.23

91 Table 3.23: Age Distribution within Sample size No. Age Group Percentage 1 21 to 30 15 % 2 31 to 40 28 % 3 41 to 50 31 % 4 51 to 60 20 % 5 Above 61 6 %

Among the respondents most (97 %) were literate and only (3%) respondents were illiterate. Among the literates 22% had education up to primary level followed by secondary (36%), higher secondary (23%) graduate (11%) and 5% were post graduate. The surveyed respondents were involved in various livelihood activities namely agriculture, service, agriculture labour and other occupations. About 60 % of the respondents had agriculture as their main occupation.7% had their own business like general stores/ grocery shop, retail stores etc and other 6% had other services like carpentry, plumbing, puncture shop etc. Around 19% households had their annual income between Rs. 1,00,000 to 1,25,000, 55 % households had their annual income between Rs. 1,25,000 to 1,50,00, and 26% had above Rs. 1, 50,000. This shows that most households belonged to the upper middle class category.

In all villages total population depends on river as drinking water source. As one of the substitute source13% relied on groundwater and other sources such as wells and bore wells. No shortage of water for drinking in the area as it is sufficiently available throughout the year. According to 88% respondents the water quality is good in their area; however 12 % respondents are satisfied with water quality. When enquired about the environmental effects of existing SCSSSKL factory, the respondents from the near vicinity of the factory bluntly stressed on the negative impacts. According to 14% respondents there is air pollution in the area, noise (4%) and (10%) odour (Kagal & Mouje Sangaon). It affects the health of the local people. This may be due to close proximity to the industry.

Almost 92% of the respondents were unaware of the proposed expansion project. When asked about their opinion on this, mixed opinions were expressed. About 9% perceived that there shall be no change in the existing social or economic conditions, 7 % respondents are worried about increase in pollution, while 85% were hopeful about increase in employment. However, they were concerned about getting new job opportunities as the Industry prefers only technical/ skilled manpower with specific qualification, which is rarely available in study area. The ignorance of the locals regarding the project expansion may be due to their indifferent approach as well as non- communication by the industry, concerned agencies and local self governing bodies like Gram Panchayat as is the situation with many industries. About 82% respondents reported that there are libraries in their villages which are properly managed and this facility is availed by the villagers. Also 59% respondents mentioned that a cultural centre for the use of villagers in the village was available. Many (94%) reported madanpam in front of their temple which was utilised for multiple purposes. According to few respondents (37%) there is Public Health Centres (PHC) in the village and 38% respondents confirmed Public Health Sub Centre functioning properly with availability of doctors in the village. All respondents confirmed availability of toilet facility at homes. According to all respondents sports ground facility is available only in few schools which is being used by students for various sports activities. However there is no common playground in majority of the villages, 92

thus the children play in the open fields or places. According to most respondents, primary school facility is available in their villages. According to over 82% of the respondents there is a bus stand in their villages and 76% respondents mentioned about availability of private vehicles on hire for local transportation. There is good connectivity for these villages to go for their jobs. Regarding self help groups they were functional in the respective areas for socio-economic up liftment of the locals. Business like Sewing, Cooking and Distribution of mid-day meal food for school students was carried out by some of these self-help groups.

The respondents expressed diverse expectations from SCSSSKL. About 41% stressed on the need for better health facility, 37% demanded domestic waste water management and 52% asked for solid waste treatment facilities. Some (26%) wanted good educational facilities to increase the educational standard and 11% expected road construction. 3.11.4 Observations

It was observed that most of the villages are having basic facilities like drinking water, preliminary educational infrastructure, toilets and electricity. However, most of the villages lacked availability good roads & gutters (Plate I, C), drainage system (Plate I, D) and solid waste management system (Plate I, E). The area being close to river Dudhganga, there is plenty of adequate water available throughout the year for drinking, farming, and domestic use. Black layer o soot was observed on the compound floors of buildings on the opposite side of the factory. The clothes drying in the compound were also covered with black soot .some of the owners of the agricultural fields in Kogil bk. showed the layer of suit in their fields. The respondents from all villages are dependent on agriculture and allied activities for their livelihood. Major crops grown in the area included sugarcane (Plate I, F), jowar, wheat, maize and vegetables. A majority of the population within the sample size had considerable income which is mostly due to farming, job opportunities from SCSSSKL as well as nearby five star MIDC and Gokul Shirgaon MIDC. Green houses already operational and newly built were observed in the area. To some extent bio-farming was also visible. 3.11.5 Expectation of Respondents from SCSSSKL The main expectations of the respondents from SCSSSKL following concerns • Training in eco-friendly agricultural practices, especially in reducing soil salinity and increasing crop yield. Distribution of manure, fertilizers at subsidised rate was a demand, since at present it is given only to shareholders. • Most stressed on need of safe drinking water, roads and street lights in their respective villages. • Provision of sewage gutters, solid waste management and better health facilities. • Job opportunities and basic facilities. • Mobile Medical Van, Health facilities. • Play Ground 3.11.6 Conclusion Most respondents from all the study villages are dependent on agriculture, job opportunities from SCSSSKL as well as nearby five star MIDC and Gokul Shirgaon MIDC. Main crop grown in the area is sugarcane. Bulk of the population within the sample size had a modest income mostly due to sugarcane, because of availability of water and sugar factories around area. In most of villages lack of waste water management and solid waste management are problems needed to be tackled.

3.11.7 Suggestions

• The industry should contribute towards providing health facility under CER for locals at least through a mobile health van. • Educational facilities at least up to 10th standard are created wherever necessary, as currently majority of the villages have only primary education facility. • Employment should be given to the people from nearby villages considering the SCSSSKL’s environmental impacts on their traditional livelihood and agricultural land. • ZP / Gram panchayat should make provision for infrastructure like roads, toilets in public places with the help of the factory. 3.11.8 Environment Management Plan (EMP) • Activities like distribution of bio-fertilizer, saplings, at a subsidise rate as well as training programme for bio-farming should be conducted for the villages in the area. • Block plantations in villages i.e. schools, temples, roads etc. needs to be undertaken by the industry under CER with local people’s participation. And later to maintain by local schools/ gram panchayat / youth mandals etc. institution, these will act as absorbers of polluted air. • Proper management of waste water from industry, Hazardous waste from industry and Air pollution. • Drip irrigation should be encouraged from a long term point of view.

3.12 ECOLOGY This EB report for Shree Chhatrapati Shahu Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana Ltd. A/p. – Kagal, Tal: Kagal, Dist.: Kolhapur-416 216, Maharashtra, India is prepared by Dr. Jay S. Samant (FAE- EB), Mr. Anup Gargate and Mr. Nachiket Patil as associate EB. 3.12.1 Study Area The study area (10 Km radius) from the project site at Kagal village falls in Kagal, Karvir and Hatkangale Tehsils of Kolhapur district, Maharashtra and Chikodi Tehsil of Belgaum district of Karnataka. The study area has 42 villages and settlements out of which 10 fall in 5 km radius and 32 falls between 5 to 10 km radius. A short spur of the Western Ghats reaches l in the study area, mainly on west side of the factory site. The weather of the region is predominantly tropical. The temperature of the area varies from 38 oC in summer to 14 oC in winter and the average annual temperature is 26oC. The annual average rainfall in the area is 955 mm. The soils are dominated by black cotton soil with patches of lateritic, loamy red soils in west side of study area. The land-use land-cover of the study area is dominated by habitats such as crop land (43.67%) and almost shared equally together by barren land, fallow land and scrub land i.e. (14.36%), (14.18%), and (13.53%) respectively. Built-up area is significant (12.64% as Kagal town and some villages are along Asian highway No. 46. Other habitats are limited to river (0.26%), water bodies (0.83%), and mining area is (0.45%) whereas Reserved Forest (0.08%). Refer figure 3.7 for LULC map.

3.12.2 Methodology Out of the total 42 villages and settlements within 10 km radius, 15 villages are selected for the field study purpose, i.e. 7 villages within 5 km radius and 8 villages between 5 to 10 km radius.

94 PLATE - I SOCIO ECONOMIC SURVEY OF M/S. SHREE CHHATRAPATI SHAHU SAHAKARI SAKHAR KARKHANA LTD., KAGAL, TAL.: KAGAL, DIST.: KOLHAPUR

A. Interview of School teacher at village Vannur B. Respondent - Kaneri

C. Bad Condition of road & gutters - Vikaswadi D. Improper Sewage management

E. Improper Soilid waste management - Vannur F. Sugarcane cultivation

Table 3.24 Names and distance from project site of study villages for EB survey

In radius 0 to 5 Km In radius 5 to 10 Km No. Name of Study EB Que. No. Name of Study EB Que. village Study Survey village Study Survey 1 Kaneri * * 8 Kandalgaon * * 2 Kaneriwadi * * 9 Girgaon * * 3 Kogil Bk * * 10 Vaddwadi * -- 4 Vannur * * 11 Nerli * * 5 Pimpalgaon * * 12 Siddhnerli * * 6 Vikaswadi * * 13 Vadgaon * -- 7 Kagal * * 14 Kognoli * * 15 Mauja Sangav * *

Topo sheets No. 47L2, 47L6, IRS Resourcesat-2 LISS-IV satellite imagery (4/01/2018) and LULC maps based on them are used during EB study. Relevant data from district Census (2011), Kolhapur District Gazetteer, district forest reports and relevant literature were referred. In EB study ground truthing was done during field visits by confirming the LULC and drainage maps to learn major macro and micro habitats in the study area. In major terrestrial habitats include hills, forest, scrub, grassland, and cultivation and in wetland habitats streams, rivers, tanks and ponds were identified in the vicinity of the study villages.

Field surveys were conducted from early morning till late evening on 8 to 11 February 2019. In biodiversity study random sampling method for flora, particularly trees, and opportunistic sighting method for fauna (Larsen and Viana, 2016) were followed. In general visual observation and estimation method was used for qualitative study of the biota. Avifauna was concentrated on being good indicator of environmental change. Line transects method (Sale and Berkmuller, 1988), and standard point count method (Altmann, 1974) was followed in bird survey. Flora, mainly major tree species, was focused for their species dominance. Binoculars of Nikon (10X50-5.2O) and Minolta (7X50-7O) make were used for bird observations by referring field guides by Salim Ali (1996), and Grimmet et al. (2005). For faunal study books on mammals by Prater (1980), butterflies Kehimkar (2008), freshwater fishes by Ranjit Daniels (2002) and reptiles by Daniel (2002) were used. Review of relevant available literature was made to better understand the changing ecology and biodiversity in the study area. For photo documentation of habitats and biodiversity records camera (Canon Power-shot SX30IS (hd35x, 14 Megapixels) was used. The data thus generated was used to estimate biodiversity and its status.

In the field study a specially structured close ended interview schedule for EB, comprising of 21 ecology-biodiversity related questions in Marathi, was administered to locals. By design, in the stratified random sampling, more than 70% of the respondents were above 50 years of age in the total sample size of 47 respondents interviewed from the 13 villages. This method was adopted in order to get perception of the local elders about the past and present environmental scenarios, and changes in local wildlife habitats and biodiversity. During study the direct and indirect environmental impacts of local developmental activities on ecology and biodiversity are also photo documented. Due to time constraint, this field study reflects only post winter season data that too limited to observations during day time and at selected study sites only.

3.12.3 Ecology 3.12.3.1 Field Observations

In case of natural terrestrial habitats the study area represents scrub land and barren land with pockets of protected and open scrub forest along hillocks and undulating land scattered in the area. Major part of study area is dominated by manmade habitats i.e. agricultural fields and fallow land. The highest elevation in the study area is 749 MSL and lowest 540 MSL, indicating moderately undulating topography; this has formed small catchments of numerous seasonal streams. River Dudhganga flows in west to east direction at less than three km south to the factory site refer figure 3.14 for drainage map. Seven old and new water tank habitats visited during the study are namely at villages Kanheriwadi, Vannur, Pimpalgaon, Jaysingrao, Kagal, Kandalgaon, and at Vaddwadi. The first five tanks are in five km radius while last two are in 5 to 10 km radius from project location. All these wetland habitats were full during site visits. The Laxmi Tekadi a prominent hillock is situated at north-west side of the factory site with common boundary. Plantation of exotic shrub Gliricidia is done on the hillock by forest department along the old teak plantation on patches of scrubby vegetation and barren land. Catchments of most of these water habitats are now transformed into agriculture. The industrial growth, ribbon development along the highway and urbanization, and expansion of sugarcane agricultural, which were previously scrubby or woodland, is common observation in these areas. Though fragmented and disturbed due to increasing human interference, these natural and earlier manmade habitats, both terrestrial and aquatic, are today found supporting comparatively modest biodiversity

3.12.3.2 Questionnaire Survey Over 75% of the respondents, particularly elders reported rapid decline in the original pristine natural vegetation i.e. open scrub, woodland and grassland in the study area. Around 89% respondents reported decrease in scrub land, 68% in grasslands and 35% in forest cover. Whereas, 70% of the respondents feel that the areas under agriculture are gradually increasing, whereas no significant change is reported in fallow land.

In wetland habitats, River Dudhganga is the main source of water for livelihood and irrigation in the study area, while some villages depend on local village tanks and some on seasonal streams, wells, and tube wells. One third of the respondents (33%) reported that there is decline in water quality of the village tanks, while the same condition is reported for some streams (32%) in the region, while no significant change (2%) is reported for Dudhganga River. According to 38% respondents, this degradation is especially in case of water bodies near human settlements which get contaminated by non point pollution from agriculture in the catchment, and solid waste, sewage from villages and effluent from industry as case may be. There is no significant change reported in case of weirs on the river in the region. Few respondents (2%) reported decrease in wetland habitats due to reclamation and invasion by agriculture and developmental activities. More than half of the respondents reported loss of natural vegetation on government and private land i.e. in grasslands (62%) and woodlands (52%), due to deforestation and expansion of sugarcane cultivation, urbanization and industrial growth as the main cause of decline in earlier ecology, the same is confirmed during the field study. According to the respondents agriculture expansion (88%), trees cutting (64%), urbanization (60%), grass burning (48%), sewage pollution (38%), industrialization (36%), industrial pollution (24%) and manmade forest/grassland fires (15%) are the major causes for degradation in the local ecological status and resultant natural habitats and biodiversity loss in the region. Almost all respondents 97

referred to the existing land-use being dominated by cash crop sugarcane farming, urbanization, and industries including MIDC having major impact on the environment in the study area. 3.12.4 Biodiversity 3.12.4.1 Field Observations

Birds are considered to be good indicators of habitat health and local food chains thus avifauna was given more attention during the EB field study. A total of 43 bird species belonging to 12 orders, 26 families and 40 genera were recorded during field survey. Out of these 30 species are common resident, 9 species are not common resident, 3 species are not common winter visitor and 1 species is common winter visitor (Table no. 3.25). Considering short term study in relatively restricted area and brief opportunistic observations this is indicator of moderately good environmental quality, mainly due to the existing mosaic of natural and manmade habitats. Moreover, sighting of Painted Stork (Mycteria leucocephala), Black-headed Ibis (Threskiornis melanocephalus) and River tern (Sterna aurantia) in the study area was encouraging. World Conservation Union (IUCN) (2017), status indicates that these species are becoming Near Threatened globally. Also Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus) is sighted during visit which is in the schedule I list as per the Wildlife Protection Act (1972). In case of Feeding Guilds 10 avian species are dependent on multiple sources for feeding while remaining 33 species are dependent on single source. Out of these single source species 8 sp. are Insectivorous, 8 sp. Piscivorous, 5 sp. Granivorous, 5 sp. Carnivorous, 4 sp. Omnivorous, 2 sp. Nectarivorous and 1 sp. Is Frugivorous. This gives an indication of rich food chains depending on relatively healthy ecology and biodiversity in the study area.

Evidence of presence of other vertebrate faunal diversity was also observed in the study area in sighting of Common mongoose (Herpestes edwardsi), Indian Flying Fox (Pteropus giganteus) and three striped palm squirrel (Funambulus palmarum). The first species is in the schedule II while second species is in the schedule V as per the Wildlife Protection Act (1972). Also the species of butterflies, Herpatofauna, fishes and some dominant flora observed during the field study are given in table no. 3.25 & 3.26. 3.12.4.2 Questionnaire Survey

Majority of the respondents replied that in agro-diversity presently sugarcane is the only predominant crop in the area. Other crops which were traditional and now minor are sorghum, pearl millet, wheat, groundnut, maize along with some vegetables and Chilli. In horticulture, species grown are banana, papaya, and trees such as mango, coconut, sapodilla, guava and custard apple. 12 species of common local wild trees are reported by the respondents while 5 species of exotic plants are planted by private as well as by Social forestry department. These tree species were observed during field study are given in table no. 3.28. As per the respondents, major wildlife in the area includes 12 species of mammals, 14 species of common birds, 12 reptiles and 21 fish species. Out of theses Indian Gaur (Bos gaurus) is ‘Vulnerable’ and Striped Hyena (Hyaena hyaena) is ‘Near Threatened’ (IUCN, 2017). Out of the species recorded two are in the Wildlife Protection Act (WPA, 1972) Schedule I, three are in Schedule II, two are in Schedule III and Schedule IV respectively and one is in Schedule V. According to local seniors lately the white backed vulture, which was once common in the region, have completely disappeared. The list of biodiversity reported is given in table no 3.27 with WPA Schedule. However this floral and faunal list can be much longer than given here as the locals are aware of only the common or useful species and not others in the rich 98

biodiversity in general. As expected there is hardly any information about invertebrate diversity. However, most respondents mentioned about presence of diversity of spiders, butterflies, scorpions and crabs in locality. A majority (91%) of respondents complained about crop damage due to some wildlife in their croplands such as Indian Gaur, Wild Boar, Langur, Bonnet Macaque, Indian Hare, Field Rat, Indian Fox, Peacock and passerine birds like Sparrows, mynas etc. .

All of the respondents, especially the seniors, reported noticeable biodiversity decline in the area compare to the last few decades, whereas some of them (11%) reported increase in wildlife pest in recent years. This may be mistaken by the frequent occurrence of wild animals in agriculture and near human settlements due to the disturbance and degradation of their natural habitats. According to the respondents the decline in wildlife in the area is attributed to agriculture expansion causing natural habitat loss (60%) along with tree cutting (49%), urbanization (45%), poaching (36%) and industrialization (29%). The list of common local flora and fauna reported by the respondents is given in table no 3.27 & 3.28.

Most of the respondents (85%) reported routinely burning of sugarcane trash in the farms for reasons largely to clean the farms (81%), reduce rodents (32%), destroy pest (21%), eradicate crop weed (5%) only few (2%) believe it makes land fertile, whereas they don’t understand huge ill effects of air pollution and damage of soil fertility caused due to this activity.

3.12.4.3 Environmental Impact of Proposed Project on Ecology and Biodiversity in the Region

The possible impacts were considered for worst case scenario i.e. direct discharge of untreated wastewater into nearby water bodies and air pollution. The factory site is surrounded by agricultural land and human settlements besides scrubland, grasslands, and reserved forest. There are seasonal streams and River Dudhganga flows 3 km from the factory and in case of accident may carry leachate and industrial waste through the stream on site and adjoining agriculture belt and human settlements. The locals are concerned that if not controlled within its premises, the proposed project may in future aggravate air pollution in the area. Discharge of the untreated wastewater from the industry in surrounding area can also cause significant environmental impact on the aquatic and terrestrial habitats and affect human population and dependent biodiversity. In case of air pollution, the industry may contribute in enhanced SPM pollution load in the nearby area. This may have negative impacts particularly on surrounding settlements, crops, wetlands and avifauna. Therefore the pollution control measures as per EMP should strictly be implemented by the industry. It is to be ensured that hazardous effluents, waste SPM do not escape into neighbouring area through air and seasonal or perennial streams and ground water.

3.12.4.4 Green Belt 3.12.4.4.1 Observations and Recommendations:

The Information provided by the proponent is from the old proposal of 2013 in which then proposed GB plantation seems to have not been undertaken as confirmed in our recent field visits thus apparently there is no compliance of earlier EC, Present status of GB as per the TOR was not provided despite reminders to do so. As per the information provided by the proponent the total plot area of the industry is 14, 00,000 Sq. M. As per the TOR, the required GB area (i.e. 33% of total plot area) comes to 4, 62,000 Sq. M. and the total number of trees need to be planted by the industry comes to 69,300. The existing green belt area shown by the

proponent is 3,10,598 Sq. M. i.e. on (22.19 % of total plot area) and proposed green belt area is 1,57,382 Sq. M. i.e. (15.73 % of total plot area) forming total green belt of 4,67,980 Sq. M. (37.92%) of total plot area, as per the old plan of 2013. According to the proponent’s submission then existing plantation was 17,979 ‘plants’ and plantation of 5000 new saplings was proposed.

As per the TOR (dt. 06/09/2018) and the GB norms of CPCB, MoEF&CC (2000) the GB in industrial projects, trees of the recommended local woody species, should be planted all along the periphery of the entire industrial plot for environmental projection purpose at the rate of not less than 1500 trees per ha in rows to restrict types of pollutions. Plantation of ornamental plants, lawns, bushes and shrubs if planted, should be in addition to the minimum required ‘trees’ in GB for environmental protection and pollution mitigation purpose. Horticulture or crops on industrial plot is not advisable and expected due to pollution and chemical contamination, its bio-accumulation and bio-magnification hazardous to human health and biodiversity. However, in the field visit it is observed that planted tree number is not adequate and out of the planted most are not along the periphery of the total plot (Plate IV) and thus it cannot be considered as required GB development. Nearly entire periphery of the industry is devoid of proper GB development with some patches of wild vegetation and few old trees on three sites. The plantation and trees shown in the green belt are on internal roads and inside the industrial premises. Also out of these 17,979 existing plants, 2532 are ornamental for beautification purpose and 1811 fruit bearing trees near residential colonies and guest house. Also there is no clarity on rate of survival of the planted saplings, number of which might have been quoted as trees planted. . Considering these facts a realistic number of trees should be planted in the GB along the entire periphery of the total plot to comply with the required number i.e. 69,300 local woody trees as per the TOR. 3.12.4.5 CER Activity 3.12.4.5.1 Observations and Recommendations

Activities under CER for protection of local environment and conservation of natural habitats are to be undertaken on priority, with joint participation of locals, by the industry. The three villages in the study area namely 1) Vannur, 2) Kogil Burdock and 3) Kasba Sangav are recommended for CER activity on priority for conservation of the existing ecology and biodiversity in their area, as it is still in better state.

Depending on local conditions, the industry by involving workers and locals, should demonstrate, encourage and promote suitable eco-friendly alternatives and green technologies in the villages in the 5 km and 10 km vicinity. This can be achieved by stressing on activities like 1. Insisting Organic farming and preventing practice of burning agriculture residue in fields 2. Mass block tree plantation of local species in villages, 3. Removal of weeds and exotics in the vicinity, 4. Solid waste and sewage management, 5. Water conservation activities like rain water harvesting, ground water table recharge, and 6. Environment awareness campaigns for solar power, biogas, vermin-composting etc. should be undertaken involving locals, particularly youth and women self-help groups. In addition to controlling negative impacts of industrial pollution on the village population, proactively above activities would help improve health of the residents, many of who are employed in the same sugar and distillery industry. This will motivate the locals and industry 100

employees alike to protect ecology and biodiversity in and around their own villages to better their own health.

The proposed CER activities in EB protection and conservation by the Industry, which has won many national awards, need to be different than routinely carried out ritual activities, rather it should be need based, time bound and result oriented, phase-wise activity to protect environment for the well being of local population. The thrust of the CER should be based on eco-friendly, self-reliant and Sustainable development of the villages around the industry. Attempt needs to be made to ensure that their CER activities should be innovative and the industry should become a role model to other industries in the state and country. Table 3.25 List of fauna observed during field survey

No Order Family Scientific Common Stat Feeding IUCN WPA Name Name us guild Status 1972 Birds 1 Galliformes Phasianide Pavo cristatus Indian Peafowl CR G/I/C LC Sch I Anus Spot-Billed Sch 2 Anseriformes Anatidae NR P LC poecilorhyncha Duck IV Recurvirostri Himantopus Black Winged Sch 3 Charadriiformes CR I LC dae himantopus Stilt IV Indian Pond- Sch 4 Ciconiiformes Ardeidae Ardeola grayii CR P LC Heron IV Sch 5 Ciconiiformes Ardeidae Ardea cinerea Grey Heron NW P LC IV Sch 6 Ciconiiformes Ardeidae Egretta garzetta Little Egret CR P LC IV Casmerodius Sch 7 Ciconiiformes Ardeidae Great Egret NR C LC albus IV Mycteria Sch 8 Ciconiiformes Ciconiidae Painted Stork NR P NT leucocephala IV Threskiornith Pseudibis Sch 9 Ciconiiformes Black Ibis CR P/I LC idae papillosa IV Threskiornith Threskiornis Black-Headed Sch 10 Ciconiiformes NR P/I NT idae melanocephalus Ibis IV Threskiornith Anastomus Eurasian Sch 11 Ciconiiformes NR P LC idae oscitans Spoonbill IV Merops Green Bee- Sch 12 Coraciiformes Meropidae CR I LC orientalis Eater IV Accipiter Sch 13 Falconiformes Accipitridae Shikra CR C LC badius IV Elanus Black- Sch 14 Falconiformes Accipitridae caeruleus Shouldered NR C LC IV Kite Sch 15 Falconiformes Accipitridae Haliastur indus Brahminy Kite CR C LC IV Sch 16 Falconiformes Accipitridae Milvus migrans Black Kite CR C LC IV Pycnonotus Red Vented Sch 17 Passeriformes Pycnonotidae CR O LC cafer Bulbul IV Phalacrocorac Phalacrocorax Little Sch 18 Pelecaniformes CR P LC diae niger Cormorant IV Commmon Sch 19 Gruiformes Rallidae Fulica atra NR O LC Coot IV Sch 20 Anseriformes Anatidae Anas crecca Eurasian Teal NW P LC IV 21 Charadriiformes Laridae Sterna aurantia River Tern NR I/P NT Sch 101

No Order Family Scientific Common Stat Feeding IUCN WPA Name Name us guild Status 1972 IV Vanellus Red Wattled Sch 22 Charadriiformes Charadriidae CR I LC indicus Lapwing IV Blue Rock Sch 23 Columbiformes Columbidae Columba livia CR G LC Pigeon IV Streptopelia Sch 24 Columbiformes Columbidae Laughing Dove CR G LC senegalensis IV Psittacula Rose Ringed Sch 25 Psittaciformes Psittacidae CR F LC krameri Parakeet IV Cuculiformes Cuculida Centropus Southern Sch 26 CR I/F/G LC sinensis Coucal IV Coraciiformes Alcedinidae Halcyon White Breasted Sch 27 CR I/P LC smyrensis Kingfisher IV Coraciiformes Alcedinidae Alcedo atthis Common Sch 28 CR I/P LC Kingfisher IV Passeriformes Alaudidae Eremopterix Ashy-Crowned Sch 29 NR I LC grisea Sparrow Lark IV Passeriformes Dicruridae Dicrurus Black Drongo Sch 30 CR I LC adsimilis IV Passeriformes Sturnidae Acridotheris Common Myna Sch 31 CR I/G LC tristis IV Passeriformes Sturnidae Acridotheres Jungle Myna Sch 32 CR I/G LC fuscus IV Passeriformes Corvidae Corvus House Crow Sch V 33 splendens CR O LC Passeriformes Corvidae Corvus Jungle Crow Sch V 34 macrorhynchus CR O LC Passeriformes Irenidae Aegithina tiphia Common Iora Sch 35 CR I/F/N LC IV Passeriformes Muscicapidae Saxicola Pied Bush Chat Sch 36 CR I LC caprata IV Passeriformes Muscicapidae Saxicoloides Indian Robin Sch 37 CR I LC fulicata IV Passeriformes Cisticolidae Prinia socialis Ashy Prinia Sch 38 CR I LC IV Passeriformes Nectarinidae Nectarinia Puple Sunbird Sch 39 CR N LC asiatica IV Passeriformes Nectarinidae Leptocoma Puple Rumped Sch 40 CR N LC zeylonica Sunbird IV Passeriformes Passerinae Passer House Sparrow Sch 41 CR G LC domesticus IV Passeriformes Passerinae Motacilla flava Yellow Wagtail Sch 42 CW G LC IV Passeriformes Passerinae Dendronanthus Forest Wagtail Sch 43 NW G LC indicus IV Butterfly No Order Family Scientific Common IUCN Status WPA Name Name 1972 Lepidoptera Nymphalidae Junonia Lemon Pancy NL 1 lemonias - 2 Lepidoptera Nymphalidae Euploea core Common Crow - NL Lepidoptera Nymphalidae Danaus Plain Tiger NL 3 chrysippus - Lepidoptera Papilionidae Pachliopta Common Rose NL 4 aristolochiae - Mammals 102

No Order Family Scientific Common Stat Feeding IUCN WPA Name Name us guild Status 1972 Chiroptera Pteropodidae Pteropus Indian Flying Sch V 1 LC giganteus Fox Carnivora Herpestidae Herpestes Common Sch II 2 LC edwardsi Mongoose Rodentia Sciuridae Funambulus Three Striped NL 3 LC palmarum Palm Squirrel Fish Perciformes Cichlidae Oreochromis NL 1 NL mossambica Tilapia Feeding Guild: C-Carnivore; F-Frugivore; G-Granivore; I-Insectivore; N-Nectarivore; O-Omnivore; P-Piscivore, Status: CR-Common Resident; NR- Not Common Resident; CW-Common Winter visitor; NW- Not Common Winter visitor, IUCN Category: LC-Least Concern, NR-Near Threatened, V-Vulnerable

Table 3.26 List of Flora observed during field survey No. Scientific Name English name Vernacular Name 1 Ficus beghalensis Banyan Wad 2 Ficus religiosa Sacred Fig Pimpal 3 Ficua recemosa Indian Figg Umbar 4 Delonix regia Royal Poinciana Gulmohar 5 Tamarandus indica Tamarind Chinch 6 Moringa oleifera Drumstick Shevaga 7 Azadirachta indica Neem Kadulinb 8 Mangifera indica Mango Amba 9 Tectona grandis Teak Sagwan 10 Eucalyptus obliqua Eucaliptus Nilgiri 11 Gliricidia sepium Gliricidia Giripushpa/Undirmari 12 Acacia auriculiformis Australian Acacia Australian Babul Table 3.27 List of fauna reported by the respondents during the survey

No. Scientific Name Common Name IUCN Status WPA 1972 Mammals 1 Bos gaurus Indian Gaur VU Sch I 2 Vulpes bengalensis Indian Fox LC Sch II 3 Hyaena hyaena Striped Hyena NT Sch III 4 Canis lupus Indian Wolf LC Sch I 5 Herpestes edwardsi Common Mongoose LC Sch II 6 Viverricula indica Indian Small Civet LC NL 7 Presbytis entellus Common Langur LC Sch II 8 Lepus nigricollis Indian Hare LC Sch IV 9 Sus Scrofa cristatus Wild Boar LC Sch III 10 Funambulus palmarum Three Striped Palm Squirrel LC NL 11 Hystrix indica Indian Porcupine LC Sch IV 12 Pteropus giganteus Indian Flying Fox LC Sch V Reptiles 1 Naja naja Spectacled Cobra NL Sch II 2 Ptyas mucosa Indian Rat Snake NL Sch IV 3 Daboia russelii Russell’s Viper NL Sch II 4 Echis carinatus Saw Scaled Viper NL Sch IV 5 Python molurus Indian Python VU Sch I

103

No. Scientific Name Common Name IUCN Status WPA 1972 6 Varanus bengalensis Indian Monitor Lizard LC Sch I 7 Calotes versicolor Garden Lizard NL NL 8 Hemidactylus frenatus Common House Gecko NL NL Amphibians 1 Hoplobatracus tigerinus Indian Bull Frog LC Sch IV Birds 1 Pavo cristatus Indian Peafowl LC Sch I 2 Acridotheres tristis Common Myna LC Sch IV 3 Passer domesticus House Sparrow LC Sch IV 4 Corvus spendens House Crow LC Sch V 5 Milvus migrans Black Kite LC Sch IV 6 Psittacula krameri Rose-Ringed Parakeet LC Sch IV 7 Coturnix coturnix Common Quail LC Sch IV 8 Francolinus sps. Francolin LC Sch IV Fish 1 Catla catla Catla NL - 2 Channa orientalis Dokarya NL - 3 Mystus cavasius Katerna LC - 4 Channa marulius Maral LC - 5 Cirrhinus mrigala Mrigal LC - 6 Labeo rohita Rohu LC - 7 Aorichthys seenghala Singada NL - 8 Oreochromis mossambica Tilap NL - 9 Mystus cavasius Katerna LC - LC: Least Concern, NT: Near Threatened, VU: Vulnerable, EN: Endangered, NL: Not listed Table 3.28 List of flora commonly reported by the locals during survey

No Scientific Name Common name Vernacular Name 1 Ficus beghalensis Banyan Vad 2 Ficus religiosa Sacred Fig Peempal 3 Ficua recemosa Indian Fig Umbar 4 Delonix regia Royal Poinciana Gulmohar 5 Tamarandus indica Tamarind Chinch 6 Moringa oleifera Drumstick Shevga 7 Azadirachta indica Neem Kadulinb 8 Mangifera indica Mango Amba 9 Tectona grandis Teak Sagwan 10 Gliricidia sepium Gliricidia Giripushpa/Undirmari

104 PLATE - II HABITATS IN THE STUDY AREA OF SHREE CHHATRAPATI SHAHU SAHAKARI SAKHAR KARKHANA LTD., A/P.: KAGAL, TAL.: KAGAL, DIST.: KOLHAPUR, MAHARASHTRA

A. Factory and surrounding micro habitats B. Laxmi hilly habitat

C. Manmade habitat, Sugarcane, D. Open dry Grassland near village Halsavade The major crop

E. Over hundred year old Jaisingrao Tank Kagal F. River Dudhganga near village Vandur

105 PLATE - III BIODIVERSITY IN THE STUDY AREA OF SHREE CHHATRAPATI SHAHU SAHAKARI SAKHAR KARKHANA LTD., A/P.: KAGAL, TAL.: KAGAL, DIST.: KOLHAPUR, MAHARASHTRA

A. Aacacia dominant wild vegetation B. Asian Paradise flycatcher, Sangaon

C. Painted Stork, Black Ibis, Eurasian spoonbill D. Sedge and Typha in littoral habitat and Great Egret

E. Short-toad snake Eagle -Adult (Pale) F. Tilapia, the most common exotic species

106 PLATE - IV GOOGLE IMAGE OF SHREE CHHATRAPATI SHAHU SAHAKARI SAKHAR KARKHANA LTD., KAGAL FACTORY LAYOUT WITH SURROUNDING

107 PLATE - V PHOTOGRAPHS OF GREENBELT IN PREMISES OF SHREE CHHATRAPATI SHAHU SAHAKARI SAKHAR KARKHANA LTD., A/P.: KAGAL, TAL.: KAGAL, DIST.: KOLHAPUR, MAHARASHTRA

A. East side Boundry without Green Belt B. North side Boundary with few Ornamental shrubs

C. Old and New plantation of exotic D. Ornamental garden near office entrance species near Biogas plant

E. Roadside plantation at entrance F. South boundry without Green Belt

108 Chapter 4 Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

4.1 INTRODUCTION Evaluation of impacts on the environmental parameters, due to proposed expansion project, is an important aspect to be studied. This chapter incorporates both, qualitative and quantitative descriptions of various environmental impacts due to proposed expansion of sugar factory, co-generation plant and distillery by SCSSSKL; Kagal, Kolhapur. Various scientific techniques are available to predict and evaluate the impact of developmental activities on the physical, ecological and socio – economic environments. The predictions are superimposed over the base line status (pre- project) of environmental quality to obtain the final (post- project) environmental conditions.

‘Environmental Impact’ can be defined as any alteration of the environmental conditions or creation of a new set of environmental conditions, adverse or beneficial, caused or induced by the action or set of actions under consideration. Generally, the environmental impacts can be categorized as either primary or secondary. Primary Impacts are those which are attributed directly to the project. On the other hand, Secondary Impacts are the ones which are indirectly induced and typically include the associated investments and changed patterns of social and economic activities by the proposed action. Expansion of SCSSSKL may influence the environment of the study area in two phases as under-

• Construction Phase: During the construction period, the impact may be temporary. • Operational Phase: Operational phase impact may have long term effects.

4.2 CONSTRUCTIONPHASE Construction phase impacts on the environment can be considered short term. Activities during erection of plant and civil structures may affect environment of an area surrounding the site. Impacts as well as mitigation measures for the same are described in Table 4.1. Further in Table 4.2, measures have been stated towards disposal of wastes generated during construction operations.

109 Table 4.1 Impact Identification and Mitigation Measures due to Construction Phase

No Env. Aspects Parameter Causes Impacts Types Mitigation Measures / Remarks

1 Air Dust (SPM) Vehicular movement • Respiratory problems – Minor • SO2 and NOX at single location will not coughing, painful breathing; (Negative increase as vehicular movement. SO2 irritation in eyes. Impact) • Control of dust emissions by sprinkling NOX • High SO2 and NOX - lung water on open spaces, kuccha roads, heaps disorders, wheezing and of earthen filling shortness of breath. • Provision of PPEs to workers • Obstruction in photosynthesis • Augmentation of GB after commencement and evapo-transpiration due to of activity. deposition of dust on surface of leaves thereby reducing crop yield. 2 Water Deterioration • Water for Industrial premises at SCSSSKL Minor • There will not be any major construction of Water construction& has already been well developed (Negative activities as this is an expansion project. So, quantity, domestic activities. Hence, construction to be taken up Impact) the water consumption is less. quality and • Surface runoff, under proposed expansion project • There will not be any major water polluting aesthetics of seepage. shall have no significant impact on activities during the construction. water body. • Domestic effluent. water environment. Some minor • Spill from fuel, oil impacts could be contamination of &other chemicals. nearby water body • Leachate. 3 Noise Noise • Construction& • It is not a continuous source and Minor • Expansion of existing sugar factory, co-gen Nuisance machinery handling hence do not pose a health risk (Negative plant &distillery. There will be more and equipment like or damage peoples' sense of Impact) machinery handling work and minimum Disturbance dozers, scrapers, hearing. construction work. concrete mixers, • Adversely affects quality of life • Protective equipment’s such as ear plugs, cranes, hydra, of occupants and nearby earmuffs etc. for workers will be provided. pumps, compressors, residents. • Onsite workers must not be exposed, for pneumatic tools, • Constant exposure to high noise more than 8 hours, to high noise generating saws, vibrators etc. levels results in damage of ear sources. • Continuous and drums and loss of hearing. intermediate source • Increased BP levels, cardio- vascular disease and stress related heart problems.

110 No Env. Aspects Parameter Causes Impacts Types Mitigation Measures / Remarks 4 Soil and Land Soil Quality • Spill from fuel, oil • Affects the soil, micro as well as Minor • Proper maintenance of vehicles as well as use and • Substratum macro flora. (Negative machinery used during construction to Topography excavated during • Bad aesthetics due to littering. Impact) avoid oil, fuel leakages. construction of • Disposal of waste to authorised recyclers foundations. and resellers. • Improper storage of solid waste 5 Biodiversity Terrestrial • Dust emissions • No any major impacts envisaged Minor • Noise generating and vibrating machinery and Habitat as well as • Noise generation but some minor impacts may be (Negative would be provided with proper acoustic aquatic • Influx of onsite observed. Impact) enclosure Flora, Fauna workers • Water sprinkling arrangement shall be and • Flood lights, high provided to curb dust emissions during Avifauna. masts etc. construction activities. • Workers staying onsite shall be supplied with fuel source such as LPG, Kerosene etc. for cooking. Moreover, proper care shall be taken so that the surrounding ecological area is duly conserved. 6 Risk, Hazard Accidental • Lifting of heavy • Physical problems viz. Carpal Minor • Maximum Employment of young and and risk and tools and tackles, tunnel syndrome, tendonitis, (Negative adequately trained persons (above 18 years) Occupational Hazard construction back pain, muscle soreness and Impact) • Providing various PPEs like dust masks, health & Safety equipment nerve damage reduction in safety glasses, helmets, gum boots, ear • High noise hearing efficiency of workers plugs and ear muffs etc. to the workers. generating • Shortness of breath following • Proper earthling for electrical supply. machinery physical exertion, severe cough • Displaying boards for work in progress • Continuous and chest pains • Separation of deep excavations and marking exposure to dust • Fatigue and loss of appetite of dangerous areas with barricading etc. • Welding of metal • Eye irritation and eye sight • 24 X 7 medical aid with trained doctors and parts problems ambulance facility • Cabling of electrical • Electrical shock • Training to the workers from viewpoints of work. • Spread of various diseases safety, health and hygiene. • Unhygienic conditions resulting from day-to-day activities of workers

111 No Env. Aspects Parameter Causes Impacts Types Mitigation Measures / Remarks living in the industrial area. 7 Socio- Social and Expansion of existing • Primary and secondary Major There will be positive impact to the residents Economic Economic sugar factory, co-gen employment generation (Positive nearby industrial unit in the form of new job status plant & distillery. Impact) opportunities and increase in good employment generation potential.

Table 4.2 Disposal of Waste Generation during Construction Phase

No. Type of Waste Disposal 1 Metal scrap Sold to scrap dealers for reprocessing. 2 Wooden scrap Utilized by local labours as fuel for domestic operations. 3 Paint cans, brushes and other Sold to re-cyclers, authorised re-processers. plastic waste materials.

112 4.3 OPERATION PHASE Operational phase activities may have impacts - minor or major, positive or negative on environmental disciplines such as soils, surface and ground water hydrology, micro meteorology, land use, water use, water and air quality, ecology, socio economics and noise environment. Description of various attributes and effects on same has been presented in following paragraphs. Figure 4.1 Impact Identification from Process Flow Chart

Sugar Factory

Air SHW Noise

Weighment & Cane Preparation Cogeneration Plant

Air Noise Water SHW Noise Air SHW Noise Noise SHW To Grid

Bagasse Steam Power Boiler Turbines Cane Milling/ Crushing

Water SHW Air To Factory

Water SHWAir Juice Extraction & Press Mud Clarification Compost to Distillery Bio- Composting Farmers Air Air RH

Juice Sulphitation Condensate MEE to recycle Air SHW Noise Air RH

Syrup Boiling Biogas to Bio Methanation RH Dist. Boiler Air Water Soil SHW Air Molasses Raw Spent Wash Alcohol Centrifuging Fermentation Distillation Storage

Water Soil EB

Storage of Sugar

Legends: SHW – Solid Hazardous Waste, EB- Ecological Biodiversity, RH- Risk & Hazards,

113 Table 4.3 Identification of Impacts due to Operation Phase No. Env. Aspects Activities Impact Identification Type of Impact Remarks 1 Air Boiler house, Cane yard, Cane weighment, Generation of stack emissions (particulates, Major Impacts due to existing boiler operations may not (AP & AQ) Milling section, Lime slurry preparation, SOx& NOx), fugitive dust, bagasse (Quantifiable) have significant impact on air environment due to Centrifuge, Sugar bagging house, Bagasse particles, lime dust, fine sugar dust & water provision of APC Equipment. The impacts on &Pressmud yard, Ash storage yard, Molasses mist, bagasse dust, odour nuisance, and existing ambient concentrations is described storage tank, and Fermentation. release ofCO2 emissions. below at Section 4.3.1of this Chapter. 2 Water Milling section, Juice storage, Juice Due to spillage of juice, syrup, washings Major The impacts due to operation activities are (WP) clarification, Juice concentration section, etc. accidently discharged into water body, (Quantifiable) significant. Quantification of accidental discharge Vacuum pan, Crystallizer and Centrifuge it may cause impact on water quality. into nearby water body &nalla is given below at Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) Discharge of untreated effluent Section 4.3.3 of this Chapter. Molasses storage tank, Distillation section, If spillage, leakage, and overflow of Spentwash storage tank molasses, spentwash & spentlees get accidently discharged into water body, same may cause impact on water quality. 3 Noise Boiler operations (Fuel burning, steam vent Due to cane transportation activities, Minor The impacts due to operation activities are (NV) off), Cane yard, Cane weighment, Milling milling operations, conveyors, trolleys, (Non- negligible i.e. insignificant. section, Sugar bagging house, distillation sugar bag packing machines, boiler Quantifiable) column, turbine generation. operations, high pressure steam injection & high speed turbine rotary motions etc. 4 Solid & Cane yard, Milling section, Vacuum Solid waste such as bagasse, bagassilo, ash, Minor The impacts due to operation activities are Hazardous filtration, Bagasse yard (conveyance; pressmud, trash, dung, lubricant spills. (Non- negligible i.e. insignificant. SHW generated Waste (SHW) handling; transport & storage), Pressmud Quantifiable) would be properly handled and disposed off. yard, and Ash yard, yeast sludge ETP Non-scientific disposal of sludge, its littering and odour nuisance 5 Soil Boiler operation (fuel burning), Ash storage Generation of ash, yeast sludge, spillage of Minor The impacts due to operation activities are (SC) yard, Fermentation, Juice storage, Juice juice/ syrup, molasses, spentwash, spentlees (Non- negligible i.e. insignificant. concentration section, Vacuum pan, Quantifiable) Crystallizer, Centrifuge, Molasses storage tank, Distillation section. Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) Discharge of untreated / partially treated effluent on land/ nearby farm 6 Risk & Bagasse conveyance, handling, transport and Fire in bagasse yard, Accidental spillage of Major Worst-case scenarios predicting the impacts due Hazard storage yard, Molasses storage tanks, molasses &alcohol, fire in alcohol storage to hazardous raw materials or chemicals are Alcohol storage tanks, Sulphur storage & yard, Leakage of SO2. presented in Chapter 7. Sulphur di-oxide generation plant. 7 Ecology & Cogen & Incineration Boilers, ETP, Ash & dust emissions, spillage of effluents Major Impacts due to operation activities are negligible Biodiversity Distillation section from ETP, Spentwash discharges from (Non- i.e. insignificant distillery Quantifiable)

113 4.3.1 Impact on Air Quality A) Emissions from Fuel Burning

Major sources of air pollution shall be boilers as well as vehicles used for transportation. Presently, there are two boilers in existing sugar factory with capacities –70 TPH & 60 TPH are already installed. The same are provided with ESP as APC equipment followed by stacks of 70.5 M heights for both boilers. SCSSSKL has granted permission for installation of 40 TPH boiler under its previous expansion project. Requirement of steam for existing projects (7000 TCD sugar factory and 60 KLPD molasses based distillery) was fulfilled by existing boilers (60 TPH & 70 TPH). Hence SCSSSKL has not installed 40 TPH boiler. Under proposed expansion project, SCSSSKL will install this 40 TPH boiler on site. (Refer GLC for 4 TPH boiler). The stack emissions from existing boiler is particulate matter, SO2, CO, NOX. In addition, the vehicular exhaust may also contribute to air pollution through release of SO2, CO, NOX.Table2.27 of Chapter 2 may be referred for details of boilers and stacks under existing set ups of SCSSSKL.

The PM forms coating on surface of leaves and retard photo synthetic activity of plants. Thus, plant growths are hampered and ultimately yield from the plant / crop gets affected. Also, SPM emissions may cause allergic asthma, eye irritation and respiratory problems in workers of SCSSSKL as well as for the nearby residents. Moreover, when settle-down the soil surface, SPM gets mixed with it and may degrade the soil quality (physical and chemical properties, nutrients etc.) thereby making it unfavourable for crop cultivation. Further, oxides of sulphur and nitrogen also adversely affect plants, humans, animals and materials. The plant growth and nutrient quality of plant products could get affected adversely. Also damage to plant tissues causing necrosis and chlorosis of leaves may be a prominent effect. These oxides cause eye irritation, chest constriction of respiratory track and respiratory disorders among human being and animals. Other important impact of the sulphur and nitrogen oxides is that they react with atmospheric moisture in presences of sunlight and form sulphuric acid and nitric acid which during precipitation cause acid rain. The acid rain severely affects soil properties including its fertility and can damage civil structures, MS installation including historical monuments. The emitted CO presence, in excess than stipulated norm (25 ppm, as per ACGIH recommendation), could react with haemoglobin in blood and thus reduces oxygen carrying capacity of same due to formation of a compound namely carboxyl- haemoglobin. 4.3.1.1 GLC Evaluation through Air Dispersion Modelling In order to study the movement of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants' release into atmosphere from the source, Air Dispersion Model – AERMOD developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) is used. Software helps in knowing details of particulate dispersed in down wind direction and finally reaching the ground at farther distance from the source. Ground Level Concentrations (GLC) mainly depend upon the strength of emission source & micrometeorology of the study area. Site specific meteorological and AAQM data were collected for one season for period from December 2018–February - 2019. Predominant wind direction & wind speeds are tabulated in following table

114 Table 4.4 Predominant Wind Directions

No Season Time (Hrs.) Predominant wind Nearest Habitation Direction Downwind 1 Winter 08:30 E Kagal 17:30 E Kagal 2 Post-monsoon 08:30 E Kagal 17:30 E Kagal 3 Monsoon 08:30 W Vannur 17:30 W Vannur 4 Pre-monsoon 08:30 W Vannur 17:30 W Vannur th The 24 hourly98 percentile concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NOx in ambient air, recorded during field study conducted for season December 2018 – January 2019- February 2019 are considered as baseline values. They represent impact due to operations of existing activities on this region. Average concentrations of above mentioned parameters, at this location, are considered to be the ‘Baseline Concentrations’ to determine impact of proposed industrial operation on ambient air quality. Existing baseline concentrations are summarized in following table: Table 4.5 Baseline Concentrations

Parameter Concentration (µg/m3) NAAQS Remark (98 percentile) 3 PM10 79.92 100 µg/m The baseline concentrations for 3 PM2.5 42.07 60 µg/m all parameters monitored are 3 well within the limits. SO2 30.38 80 µg/m 3 NOX 44.22 80 µg/m Refer Chapter 3, Section 3.8 for CO 1.06 2 mg/m3 more details.

115 Figure 4.2 Wind Rose for the Month December 2018 to February 2019

116 3 Figure 4.3 Isopleths of PM10 (24 Hrs Max. Conc. in μg/Nm )

3 Maximum concentration of PM10 is 10.3 μg/m towards North-West direction at 2.53 Km from site.

Table 4.6 GLC with Incremental Increase in PM10 values

No Location Direction Distance 98% Increm Total % Remark Impact (Km) baseline ental PM10 Incrémen PM10 PM10 Predictive tal Conc. (µg/m3) GLC (µg/m3) (µg/m3) A B C D E F=D+E G=(E/D)x 100 1 Site -- -- 79.92 0.10 80.02 0.13 2 Kagal E 4.8 63.02 1.00 64.02 1.59 Increment 3 Kasaba E 6.0 62.03 0.80 al conc. is Sangav 62.83 1.29 lower than 4 Kanneri SW 4.3 60.12 1.00 61.12 1.66 Insignifi prescribe 5 Vandur SSW 6.4 56.20 0.50 56.7 0.89 cant d 6 WNW 2.3 61.80 1.00 Kogil 62.8 1.62 standard 7 Vannur W 7.1 60.75 1.00 61.75 1.65 100 8 Girgaon NW 8.3 61.08 1.00 62.08 1.64 µg/m3 Average 63.10 63.91

117 3 Figure 4.4 Isopleths of PM2.5 (24 Hrs Max Conc. in μg/Nm )

3 Maximum concentration of PM 2.5 is 2.95 μg/m towards northwest direction at 2.53 Kms from site.

Table 4.7 GLC with Incremental Increase in PM2.5 values

No. Location Direction Distanc 98% Increm Total % Remark Impact e (Km) baseline ental PM2.5 Incremental PM2.5 PM2.5 Predicti Conc. (µg/m3) ve GLC (µg/m3) (µg/m3) A B C D E F=D+E G=(E/D)x100 1 Site -- -- 42.07 0.03 42.1 0.07 2 Kagal E 4.8 23.38 0.20 23.58 0.86 Incremen Kasaba E 6.0 23.45 0.20 3 tal conc. Sangav 23.65 0.85 is lower 4 Kanneri SW 4.3 21.06 0.60 21.66 2.85 than Insignific 5 Vandur SSW 6.4 21.13 0.10 21.23 0.47 prescribe ant 6 Kogil WNW 2.3 22.40 0.20 22.6 0.89 d 7 Vannur W 7.1 23.06 0.20 23.26 0.87 standard 8 Girgaon NW 8.3 22.33 0.60 22.93 2.69 60 µg/m3 Average 24.86 25.12

118 3 Figure 4.5 Isopleths of SO2 (24 Hrs Max Conc. in μg/Nm )

3 Maximum concentration of SO2 is 5.12μg/Nm towards North West direction at 2.53 Km from site

Table 4.8 GLC with Incremental Increase in SO2Values

No. Location Direction Distance 98% Increment Total SO2 % Remark Impac (Km) baseline al SO2 Predictive Incremental t from SO2Conc GLC GLC centre . (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) of Site A B C D E F=D+E G=(E/D)x100 1 Site -- -- 30.38 0.05 30.43 0.16 2 Kagal E 4.8 20.47 0.30 20.77 1.47 Increment Kasaba E 6.0 15.41 0.10 3 al conc. is Sangav 15.51 0.65 lower 4 Kanneri SW 4.3 17.65 0.90 18.55 5.10 than Insign 5 Vandur SSW 6.4 17.44 0.10 17.54 0.57 prescribe ificant 6 Kogil WNW 2.3 18.24 0.30 18.54 1.64 d 7 Vannur W 7.1 18.03 0.30 18.33 1.66 standard 3 8 Girgaon NW 8.3 17.72 0.90 18.62 5.08 80 µg/m Average 19.41 19.78

119 4.3.1.1.1 Impacts under Accidental Scenarios A. Predictions For Emissions From Stack In Worse Case (Scenario- During Non- Operation of APC)

3 Figure 4.6 Isopleths of PM10 (24 Hrs Max Conc. in μg/Nm )

3 Maximum concentration ofPM10is 110μg/Nm towards northwest direction at 2.51Km from site

Table 4.9 GLC with Incremental Increase in PM10 values for Non-Operation of APC

No Location Direction Distance 98% Increment Total % Remark Impact (Km) baseline al PM10 Increme from PM10 PM10GLC Predictive ntal centre Conc. (µg/m3) GLC of Site (µg/m3) (µg/m3) G=(E/D) A B C D E F=D+E x100 1 Site -- -- 79.92 1.00 80.92 1.25 2 Kagal E 4.8 63.02 5.00 68.02 7.93 Increment 3 Kasaba E 6.0 62.03 3.00 al conc. is Sangav 65.03 4.84 lower than Insignifi 4 Kanneri SW 4.3 60.12 30.00 90.12 49.90 prescribed cant 5 Vandur SSW 6.4 56.20 100 156.2 177.94 standard 6 Kogil WNW 2.3 61.80 5.00 66.8 8.09 100 7 Vannur W 7.1 60.75 5.00 65.75 8.23 µg/m3 8 Girgaon NW 8.3 61.08 10.00 71.08 16.37 Average 63.10 82.99

120 3 Figure 4.7 Isopleths of PM2.5 (24 Hrs Max Conc. in μg/Nm )

3 Maximum concentration ofPM2.5is 27.3μg/Nm towards North West direction at 2.54 Km from site

Table 4.10 GLC with Incremental Increase in PM2.5 values for Non-Operation of APC

N Location Direction Distance 98% Increment Total % Remark Impact o. (Km) from baseline al PM 2.5 PM2.5 Incremen the centre PM2.5 GLC Predictive tal of site Conc. (µg/m3) GLC (µg/m3) (µg/m3) G=(E/D)x A B C D E F=D+E 100 1 Site -- -- 42.07 0.3 42.37 0.71 2 Kagal E 4.8 23.38 1.00 24.38 4.28 Kasaba E 6.0 Increment 3 23.45 0.60 Sangav 24.05 2.56 al conc. is 4 Kanneri SW 4.3 21.06 0.60 21.66 2.85 lower than Insignifi prescribed cant 5 Vandur SSW 6.4 21.13 1.00 22.13 4.73 standard 6 Kogil WNW 2.3 22.40 1.00 23.4 4.46 60 µg/m3 7 Vannur W 7.1 23.06 1.00 24.06 4.34 8 Girgaon NW 8.3 22.33 6.00 28.33 26.87 Average 24.86 26.29

B) Fugitive Emissions Fugitive emission under existing and proposed expansion activities of SCSSSKL shall be mainly the dust emissions. These will impact the working environment of the workers and

121

will also settle on plants in the industrial premises. The consequence of this shall be respiratory disorders, aggravated coughing and difficult or painful breathing among the workers and reduced photosynthesis activity which shall impact the plant life. Also, inappropriate and non-scientific storage as well as longer holding periods of raw as well as concentrated spentwash in the respective tanks and yeast sludge from fermenters shall lead to formation of aerobic-anaerobic conditions in the tank body thereby resulting in to uncontrolled release of gases comprising prominently of methane, hydrogen sulphide, sulphur dioxide and carbon di-oxide. The hydrogen sulphide imparts foul odour in the premises whereas SO2, lead to corrosive atmosphere. Moreover, inflammation of eyes, throat and respiratory track irritation are prominent effects observed in case of human being residing nearby the spentwash tank premises. Efficient and quick utilization of spentwash from the tanks and its subsequent composting shall avoid holding up of same for longer periods and prevent formation of above mentioned gaseous emissions.

C) Process Emissions

CO2 shall be generated from fermenters under the distillery project. The generation of CO2 takes place in considerable quantum which when let out in the atmosphere could have undesirable effects in the surrounding ambience. Since CO2 has been labelled as one of the major gases responsible for the green-house effect, its release in the atmosphere has to be curbed as far as possible. Under the SCSSSKL expansion project, this CO2 from fermenters shall be let out for a certain period initially where-after same shall be bottled for supply to secondary industrial uses.

D) Odour Pollution

Odour can result from number of sources and operations in an integrated complex of sugar factory and distillery. They may include stale cane, bad mill sanitation, molasses handling and storage, effluent storage; treatment & disposal, effluent carrying drains, primary & secondary sludge storage areas etc. Under proposed expansion in SCSSSKL, every care shall be taken to avoid the odour generation from above sources and actions so that the eventual nuisance from same shall be abated. Especially, the distillery fermentation section, distillation section for spentwash generation, spentwash handling; storage; concentration and eventually its incineration shall be provided prompt and proper attention. Anaerobic-aerobic pathways of degradation resulting due to excessively longer storage of spentwash, yeast sludge and similar putrescible materials shall give rise to foul smells as a result of generation of gases like hydrogen sulphide, sulphur di-oxide etc. These gases have very irritating effect on human beings and animals that come in their contact resulting in to coughing, sneezing, inflammation of upper respiratory track, irritation of eyes, sensation of nausea and vomiting. The unsanitary conditions responsible for odour trouble could give rise to other nuisance like fly and insect infestation.

4.3.1.2 Baseline Ambient Air Concentrations

th The 24 hourly 98 percentile concentrations and averages of PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NOx in ambient air, recorded during the field study conducted for the season Dec 2018 – Jan 2019 – Feb 2019, are considered as baseline values. The impact due to operations of existing nearby industries on this region is represented by average concentrations of above mentioned parameters at this location, which are considered as ‘Baseline Concentrations’ to determine the impact of proposed activities in SCSSSKL on ambient air quality. Output of GLC run for various scenarios in respect of activities to be undertaken under SCSSSKL. The baseline concentrations are summarized in the following table.

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4.3.1.3 Mitigation Measures A) Emissions from Fuel Burning 1. Installation of Air Pollution Control Equipment in the form of ESPs to boilers. Table 2.30of Chapter 2 may be referred for more details of the APC equipment. 2. It is proposed to install temperature, CO, CO2 and SO2 sensors for monitoring respective parameters of the exhaust gases. 3. Regular self-monitoring of the AAQ and work zone air quality to be done by the industry through approved labs to check and control dust levels / concentrations at certain places so that same could be kept always below the stipulated norms. 4. Efficiencies of dust control equipment in the industry such as ESP shall be monitored regularly (at least once a month) under performance evaluation. 5. Installation of OCMS (online continuous monitoring system) for monitoring of SPM, Temp., SO2, CO, CO2 etc. in stack emissions. Data collected shall be uploaded to MPCB & CPCB servers. 6. APC equipment would be interlocked with the process as per the guidelines of CPCB. 7. IP cameras to be installed, maintained and data collected shall be forwarded to CPCB. 8. D.G. Set installed in SCSSSKL complex would be operated only during power failures. 9. No fuel other than bagasse to be used in boiler. B) Fugitive Emissions 1. Installation of appropriate, adequate and efficient exhaust and ventilation system to remove and control dust from work zone areas. Provision of appropriate APC equipment to collect and remove dust from work zone including their monitoring routinely. 2. Dust, ash etc. collected from the APC equipment, e.g. fly ash from co-gen boilers, will be properly handled and disposed off periodically by supply to farmers for use as manure. Thus, uncontrolled storage of ash on site shall be avoided which could lead to littering and suspension in air due to wind. 3. Installation of dedicated and mechanical ash handling system with adequate capacity silos, conveyors, closed conduits, water sprinkling arrangements etc. shall be installed. 4. Personal protective equipment such as masks, aprons, gloves, goggles etc. shall be provided to the workers. 5. Augmentation of green belt of adequate density and with appropriate types of plants shall be made to control and attenuate dust transfer in the premises. Also, well planned and shelter belt and mass plantation shall be provided along bagasse and ash storage yards to curb littering of the materials due to wind. This will avoid suspension of bagasse and ash particles in the air which leads to SPM. 6. Proper maintenance of existing tar roads provided in the premises of SCSSSKL shall be done. Moreover, all internal roads, yards and open storage areas will be provided with well compacted and constructed surface layering. At certain locations linings of tar or RCC shall also be provided. 7. Covered / encased conveyors to be installed to carry bagasse from milling section to storage yards, from storage yards to boiler section. This would be done to avoid littering and free falling of loose bagasse from the belt which leads to suspension of same in air and subsequent spread in the ambient air due to wind currents. 8. A care shall be taken w.r.t. handling and storage of spentwash in raw as well as concentrated forms. In no case prolonged storage of same shall be done in tanks provided on site. This will hold good for the yeast sludge storage also. Both spentwash and yeast sludge comprises of very high organic contents which being highly putrescible lead to

123 development of anaerobic conditions due to non-scientific and prolonged storage. Quick lifting and disposal of these materials will avoid such troubles C) Process Emissions

To marginally minimize the effects of CO2which shall be generated from fermenters; a care shall be taken through implementation of the green belt. Adequate density plantation under same can play an important role as 'the sink' by taking up CO2 thus curbing its release to atmosphere from the premises. However, to exercise total control on CO2, there is a future planning to collect the gas properly, compress it adequately and bottle subsequently. The CO2 cylinders shall then be supplied to manufacturers of beverages or other secondary purposes. This approach shall totally curb the release of CO2fromdistillery premises. D) Odour Pollution

To abate the odour nuisance, SCSSSKL has a concrete planning which includes following steps and actions-

1. Adoption of GMPs (good management practices). 2. Arranging awareness and training camps for workers. 3. Use of PPE like masks by persons working near odour potential prone areas 4. Collection of yeast sludge from fermentation section in closed silo system, its dewatering (mechanical) and immediate disposal through supply as manure. 5. Reduced volume of effluents (spentwash, spent leese) by adopting strategic approaches such as continuous fermentation, vacuum distillation, reuse of spentwash for molasses dilution, utilization of condensate from MEE for dilution and other process operations as well as in cooling tower make up. 6. Closed and dedicated close circuit conveyance system for spentwash to treatment units like MEE which shall minimize fugitive emissions during the operations. 7. India has very few trained and skilled manpower as per the requirement of international practices for the odour monitoring and control. Therefore, the human resource shall be developed and continuous efforts will be made for upgrading the knowledge base and skill in this area. Requisite trainings could be arranged through representatives from academic and national research institutions, state and central regulatory agencies etc.

4.3.2. Impact on Climate Impact on the climatic conditions, due to the proposed expansion of sugar factory, co-gen plant and distillery are not envisaged especially as emissions of flue gases with very high temperatures, to the atmosphere, are not expected. 4.3.3. Impact on Water Resources

4.3.3.1. Surface Water

The total water required for various industrial operations after proposed expansion project by SCSSSKL shall be to the tune of 6,078CMD. Out of same, 5976 CMD shall be for industrial purpose, 82CMD shall be for domestic purpose and 20 CMD will be used for gardening purpose. Out of total water requirement for industrial purpose (i.e. 5976 CMD); 5654 CMD (94.61%) is recycled water comprising of sugar cane condensate, treated effluents from distillery CPU; treated water from STP. The remaining 322 M3/Day (5.3 %) shall be fresh water required (for distillery). More details about water budget are presented at Chapter 2 under Section 2.7.1

124 As far as treated effluent disposal is concerned, wastewater from sugar factory to the tune of 867 CMD would be treated in to its existing sugar factory ETP which is upgraded under expansion. Distillery effluent in the form of raw spentwash to the tune of 667 M3/Day shall be primarily treated in Bio-methanation Plant followed by concentration in Multiple Effect Evaporator (Five Effect). Concentrated Spentwash of 287 M3/Day shall be forwarded for Bio-composting along with pressmud, boiler ash and yeast sludge. Other Effluents viz. MEE condensate, spent lees, cooling blow down, lab & washing shall be forwarded CPU to be provided under proposed expansion. Treated effluent would be used for dilution in the process. If the above mentioned effluents are let out in the environment, without any treatment it may have impacts on surface water quality as well as on soil quality. If the untreated effluent enters any surface water body; there could be number of adverse effects. First of all, suspended particles in it increase turbidity which can reduce amount of light penetrating the water thereby disrupting growth of photosynthetic plants and activities of micro-organisms especially phytoplankton’s and zooplanktons. This could have subsequent adverse effects on rest of the aquatic community that depend on these components of the food chain. The suspended particulates when get settled at bottom of the water body add to undesirable sediments. Further, due to organic matter in the effluent, dissolved oxygen level in receiving water body gets depleted immediately as a result of intense oxidation of the organics by aerobic microbes. Moreover, nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewaters act as nutrients that help aggravating problems of 'Eutrophication' in the water bodies. Uncontrolled growth of aquatic weeds and eruption of algal blooms seriously affect the quality of water and aesthetics. The channels of streams and waterways may get blocked and algal dominance could reduce dissolved oxygen levels during night times as a result of respiration; an action exactly opposite to photosynthesis that releases oxygen by taking up CO2during day time. Excessive presence of CO2in the waters may lead to fall in pH as a result of formation of weak acids and this again could have prominent impact on pH sensitive reactions in the water body and benthic deposits. Serious fish kill can happen due to depletion of DO levels in addition to effluent induced toxicity in the receiving waters. Some of the toxins in industrial wastewaters may have mild effects on the human health whereas the other ones can be fatal. If heavy metals, pesticides and other toxins as well as chemicals appear in the water in excessive concentrations than the permitted ones and if such waters are consumed by human beings or animals, diseases and disorders like skin irritation, blistering, immunity suppression, reproductive failure or acute poisoning can take place.

When untreated effluents are discharged on lands, the soils could get adverse impact through number of actions and effects. Most immediate is the pH disturbance as a result of excessive acidic or alkaline effluent discharges on the land. Severe acidity kills the plants and active useful flora in soils. On the other hand, at higher pH; nitrogen locked in soils gets converted in to ammonia which escapes to the atmosphere thereby creating serious deficiency of this vital nutrient in the soil. Thus, soils become less fertile and non-productive eventually. High TDS lead to soil salinity problems and its conductivity is increased which adversely affects growth of crops and plants with eventual drop in the overall yield. Soil porosity may get hampered. Microbes in soil oxidise organic matter in the wastes. While utilizing carbon from the organics during their metabolism; they (the microorganisms) take up nitrogen from the soil which is an essential thing for cell growth. This action could deplete the nitrogen contents and is referred to as 'nitrogen robbing'. This eventuality reduces nutritive value of soil and its fertility. Also, problems with seed germination could come up if C/N ratio, pH

125 and porosity of soils are affected adversely. Different Scenarios Considered for Water Pollution due to Discharge of Effluent in nearby Water Body is presented in following table.

Table 4.11 Quantification of Pollutants' Load (Distillery Spentwash) Polluta Conc. of Quantity of Conc. of Quantity of Conc. of Conc. of nts Pollutants Pollutants Pollutants -After Bio- Pollutants -After Pollutant Pollutants generated generate methanation Bio- After conc. After conc. (mass/vol.) (mass/day) (mass/ volume) methanation(mass/ (mass/ volume) (mass/ day) day) Raw Sp. Wash Bio-methanated Sp. wash MEE Conc. Sp.wash (Flow– 667 CMD) (Flow– 667CMD) (Flow– 287CMD) Raw Spentwash pH 3.9 - 4.5 -- 7.0-7.8 -- 6.5-8.0 -- BOD 70,000 46690 12000 8004 50000 14350 COD 1,30,000 86710 35000 23345 90000 25830 TDS 85,000 56695 68850 45923 70640 20274 Table 4.12 Quantification of Pollutants'(Effluent from Sugar Factory & Co-gen Plant) Load Pollutants Conc. of Quantity of Conc. of Quantity of MPCB Standards Pollutants Pollutants Pollutants after Pollutants after mg/lit Kg/day generated generated Treatment Treatment (mass/ vol) (mass/day) mg/lit Kg/day mg/lit Kg/day (mass/volume) (mass/day) (mass/volume) (mass/day) Raw Effluent Treated Effluent (Flow– 867 CMD) (Flow–823.65CMD) Untreated Effluent pH 4-5 -- 6-7 ------

BOD 1500 1300.5 80 65.892 100 82.4 COD 3000 2601 200 164.73 250 205.9 TDS 1000 628 960 790.704 2100 1729.7 4.3.3.2. Calculations for Quantification of Impact on Dudhganga River (Surface Water) Accidental discharge of untreated trade effluent from SCSSSKL finds its way to nallah in industrial vicinity on south direction as per the drainage pattern of premises. Subsequently, from point of confluence near industry the effluent via nallah discharge shall meet River Dudhaganga river at a distance of3.0 Km towards North direction. 5. A) Quantification of Pollutants' Load (Distillery Spentwash) Table 4.13 Accidental Discharge of Raw spentwash into Nallah

No. Parameter Ci Qi CS QS Ci*Qi + Cs*Qs Cf= (Ci*Qi + CS*Qs) / (Qi+QS) 1 BOD 70000 28 85.68 360 1976261.5 5096.19 2 COD 130000 28 138.6 360 3662812.7 9445.31 3 TDS 85000 28 1289.76 260 2697629.3 9373.55 Ci–Conc. of raw spentwash in the stream, upstream of wastewater discharge, mg/l Cs- Baseline Conc. of pollutant in the stream (Nallah), upstream of wastewater discharge, mg/l Cf – Conc. of pollutant in the stream (Nallah), downstream of wastewater discharge, mg/l 3 Qi - Raw spentwash discharge rate, M /hr. 3 Qs- Nallah flow rate, M /hr

126 Table 4.14 Discharge of Contaminated Nallah in to Dudhaganga river

No. Parameter Ci Qi CS QS Ci*Qi + Cs*Qs Cf= (Ci*Qi + CS*Qs) / (Qi+QS) 1 BOD 5096.19 360 13.68 32400 2277861.7 69.53 2 COD 9445.31 360 35.48 32400 4549863.7 138.88 3 TDS 9373.55 260 374.54 32400 14572218.7 446.18

Ci–Conc. of contaminated stream (Nallah), upstream of wastewater discharge, mg/l Cs – Baseline Conc. of pollutant in Dudhganga River, upstream of wastewater discharge, mg/l Cf – Conc. of pollutant in Dudhganga River, downstream of wastewater discharge, mg/l Qi - Nallah discharge rate, M3/hr. Qs- River flow rate, M3/hr. B) Quantification of Pollutants' Load (Untreated Effluent from Sugar factory & co-gen plant) Table 4.15 Accidental Discharge of Untreated Effluent into Nallah

No. Parameter Ci Qi CS QS Ci*Qi + Cf= (Ci*Qi + CS*Qs) / (Qi+QS) Cs*Qs 1 BOD 1500 36.1 56.74 720 95040.3 125.69 2 COD 3000 36.1 160.48 720 223920.6 296.14 3 TDS 1000 36.1 1485.14 720 1105425.8 1461.96

Ci - Concentration of pollutant in the stream (untreated effluent), mg/l Cs–Baseline Concentration of pollutant in the stream (Nallah), upstream of wastewater discharge, mg/l Cf - Concentration of pollutant in the stream (Nallah), downstream of wastewater discharge, mg/l 3 Qi- Wastewater discharge rate, M /hr. 3 Qs- Nallah flow rate, M /hr Table 4.16 Discharge of Contaminated Nallah into Dudhaganga river

No. Parameter Ci Qi CS QS Ci*Qi+Cs*Qs Cf= (Ci*Qi+CS*Qs) / (Qi+QS) 1 BOD 125.69 720 13.68 32400 533731.6 16.12 2 COD 296.14 720 35.48 32400 1362774.5 41.15 3 TDS 1461.96 720 374.54 32400 13187708.4 398.18

Ci - Concentration of pollutant in the stream (Nallah), upstream of wastewater discharge, mg/l Cs–Baseline Concentration of pollutant in Dudhganga river, upstream of wastewater discharge, mg/l Cf - Concentration of pollutant in Dudhganga river, downstream of wastewater discharge, mg/l 3 Qi- Nallah Wastewater discharge rate, M /hr. 3 Qs- River flow rate, M /hr. Table 4.17 Inland surface Water (CPCB Standards

Inland surface Water (CPCB Standards) (mg/l) A B 2 3 -- -- 2100 500

A - Inland Surface Water Standards for irrigation purpose B - Inland Surface Water Standards for drinking purpose C) Interpretations& Conclusion • When raw spentwash finds a way to nallah, it is observed that on downstream of point of discharge, the BOD; COD & TDS of nallah water shall become 5096.19, 9445.31&9373.55mg/lit resp. which otherwise are 85.68, 138.6 & 1289.76 mg/lit.

127 • When this polluted nallah water (due to ingress of raw spentwash) joins the Dudhaganga river, it is predicted that on downstream of point of discharge; the BOD, COD & TDS of river water shall become 69.53, 138.88 & 446.18 mg/lit resp. which otherwise are 13.68, 35.48 & 374.54 mg/lit. • When untreated effluent from Sugar factory & co-gen plant finds a way to nallah, it is observed that on downstream of point of discharge; the BOD, COD & TDS of nallah water shall become 125.69, 296.14 & 1461.96 mg/lit resp. which otherwise are 56.74, 160.48 & 1485.14 mg/lit. • When this polluted nallah water (due to untreated effluent from Sugar factory & co-gen plant) joins the Dudhaganga river, it is predicted that on downstream of point of discharge; the BOD, COD & TDS of river water shall become 16.12, 41.15 & 398.18 mg/lit resp. which otherwise are 13.68, 35.48 & 374.54 mg/lit. • The increase in concentrations of above parameters shall exert negative impact on the aquatic biota and the fresh water ecosystem. First of all, suspended particles increase turbidity which reduces light penetration thereby disrupting growth of photosynthetic plants and disturb the food chain, nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewaters act as nutrients that help aggravating problems of 'Eutrophication' and algal dominance, organic matter in the effluent could reduce dissolved oxygen levels and cause fish kill due to depletion of DO levels, excessive presence of CO2 through respiration process in eutrophied water may lead to fall in pH which results in formation of weak acids and affects the pH sensitive reactions in the water body and benthic deposits, increase in ground water TDS levels could lead to salinity problems of soils, gastro enteric disorders, problems of urine stone etc. in humans, corrosion, pitting and similar problems with metallic objects due to salt deposition and scaling. Thus, Impact is significant if raw spentwash and untreated effluent is discharged in to nallah & river. 4.3.3.3. Ground Water

Water required for existing operations of the industry is being taken from the Dudhganga river. After expansion, same practice shall be continued. Hence, as ground water will not be a source of raw water for industrial activities, there will not be any major impact on ground water reserve (quantity) in the area. However, quality of ground water could get affected adversely if effluent handling, treatment and disposal practices, especially w.r.t. spentwash, are not properly followed. If spentwash conveyance arrangements, storage tanks, MEE section, are not scientifically maintained (as per CPCB guidelines) then runoff, overflows, leakages and seepages from tanks, pipe lines and open yards may lead to ground water contamination. Organics in effluents may impart BOD & COD to the water, increase in ground water TDS levels could lead to salinity problems of soils. The hardness increase due to effluent access to ground water is also an undesirable effect. Introduction of colour to ground water due to contamination of effluents shall not only be important from aesthetics but same may also have health concern. Contaminated ground water if utilized by residents of the region for drinking purpose it may affect the health. High TDS may lead to gastro enteric disorders, problems of urine stone etc. If utilized for industrial purposes, softening and demineralization may incur huge costs. Moreover, the pipelines and other metallic infrastructure involved in conveyance can undergo corrosion, pitting and similar problems due top salt deposition on exposed surfaces. Further, if polluted ground water is used for irrigation; it may deteriorate the soil fertility.

128 4.3.3.4. Mitigation Measures A) Surface Water 1. Construction of KT weirs in the nallah stretch from Industry to River Dudhaganga & putting baffles in KT weir to control discharge subsequent to ingress of raw spentwash& untreated effluent in to the nallah so as to carry out flow obstruction. 2. There shall be maximum use of condensate getting available from cane juice evaporation in sugar factory and that from MEE in the distillery. This shall tremendously reduce fresh water demand. 3. Harvested rainwater shall be partly used for gardening (green belt) and partly for domestic purposes like toilet flushing, washing etc. thereby reducing the fresh water demand towards said activities 4. Under the expansion project the existing sugar factory ETP would be upgraded. 5. The concepts of advanced mechanization and automation would be introduced in ETP so as to optimize power and chemical consumption as well as to minimize chances of reduced efficiencies due to human errors and non-efficient operation and maintenance practices. 6. STP shall be provided for domestic effluent treatment which shall replace existing practice of septic tanks followed by soak pits. 7. The industry shall not discharge any untreated / treated industrial as well as domestic effluent in to any nearby surface water body. 8. The treated effluent from sugar factory ETP shall be used for gardening (green belt) in factory premises on land and on shareholders farmland of 60 acres. As no effluent shall be allowed to enter or reach any surface water body, the existing water quality will not be disturbed. B) Ground Water

1. The recharge of ground water in study area is happening through rainfall, seepage from irrigation tanks and ponds in the study area. Under expansion project, it is proposed to implement rain water harvesting measures in the industry premises. Rain water from roof top and surface harvesting shall be collected into recharging pit to be provided on site. Harvesting of rainwater and its recharge into the ground is a very important aspect which creates positive impact on the ground water table. 2. No ground water from any bore well / open well shall be used in manufacturing processes and operations in the industry. 3. The total quantity of domestic effluent, after proper treatment, would be used for gardening on own land / irrigation in nearby farms. 4. Spentwash storage tanks shall be constructed as per CPCB guidelines where HDPE liners and RCC lining will be implemented. Making of spentwash handling, storage and disposal systems totally seepage roof shall avoid any chances of groundwater contamination. 5. Sugar factory and co-generation plant effluents shall be treated in an upgraded ETP. Other distillery effluents viz. the spentlees, MEE condensate, cooling blow down, boiler blow down washing and lab shall be forwarded to CPU. 4.3.4. Impact on Hydro-Geology • The assessment of possible impact on hydrogeology of the area has two aspects namely, the availability and quality of groundwater. This requires consideration of water requirement of the project and proposed plans of disposal of effluents in the light of existing hydro geological set-up of the area.

129 • Overall GW status in the study area is moderate which was revealed through inspection of various bore and open wells in study area. At many villages and small habitations, it was observed that people are totally dependent on the GW for all their domestic needs including drinking. In study area, no major GW recharge efforts were noted. It is very much essential that certain immediate steps are required to be taken either by the Govt. or by the industry through its CSR provisions towards healthy GW management including intensive rainwater harvesting, runoff management and construction of recharge structures. Thus, percolation of harvested and stored rain water shall recharge the existing open &bore wells of study area which shall definitely have a positive impact on the ground water table thereby increasing its level in the ground due to addition to the aquifers storage. 4.3.4.1. Mitigation Measures 1. Leakages of leachate from molasses storage tanks, spent wash lagoons and composting yard and their infiltration into soil should be altogether prevented to avoid contamination of groundwater. 2. Hazardous waste from sugar factory like spent oil, periodic waste water from cleaning and that from the distillery should be properly disposed of to protect the water and soil environment in the area. 3. Quality of water discharged from STP and ETP should be monitored regularly and the policy of Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) of process effluent to be properly adhered to. 4. Water quality in wells in the area around the Project Site should be monitored periodically to check for unobvious contamination. 5. Rainwater harvesting measures to be implemented to replenish the groundwater resources. This will be helpful in reducing and removing the possible contamination mentioned in the impacts. 4.3.5. Impact of Solid and Hazardous Wastes 1. Solid wastes to be generated from the SCSSSKL after expansion project shall be - Bagasse ash @ 1717 MT/M (57.23 MT/D), ETP sludge @ 3.0 MT/M (40-50% moisture) & Fermentation residues @ 30 MT/M from distillery through treatment of condensate, leese etc. 2. Haphazard and uncontrolled storage of ash on site shall lead to littering and suspension of the particles in air due to strong wind currents causing problems of air pollution and aesthetics. 3. Characteristics of bagasse ash (co-gen boiler) and that of the spentwash ash shall be considerably different. The bagasse ash being from biomass could be used as manure while observing certain care towards rate as well as method of application. The spentwash ash on the other hand due to certain inorganic and heavy metal contents shall only be utilized as filler material in bricks' manufacturing. 4. Improper utilization / disposal of ash would harm soil quality and fertility of the agriculture fields. 5. If the boiler ash storage and concentrated spentwash tank areas are not scientifically maintained (as per CPCB guidelines) then runoff, overflows, leakages and seepages from same may lead to soil, surface water &ground water contamination. 6. Yeast sludge from fermenters on inappropriate handling and storage conditions shall lead to formation of aerobic-anaerobic conditions in the tank body thereby resulting in to uncontrolled release of gases comprising prominently of methane, hydrogen sulphide, sulphur dioxide and carbon di-oxide. The hydrogen sulphide imparts foulodour in the premises whereas SO2 lead to corrosive atmosphere. Moreover, inflammation of eyes,

130 throat and respiratory track irritation are prominent effects observed in case of human being residing nearby the sludge storage / tank premises. 7. The ETP& CPU sludges shall contain settled biological flocks from secondary treatment units (aeration tanks / reactors). As such they can undergo anaerobic decomposition resulting in to odour problem if not handled, stored and disposed off properly. 8. Hazardous waste under Category 5.1, i.e. Used / Spent oil to the tune of 0.5 MT/M shall be generated. This oil if gets spilled or littered in environment, can contaminate environment and result in to undesirable aesthetics also. The used oils especially the ones aimed for lubricating, after draining from engines; gearboxes; hydraulic systems; turbines and air compressors shall not be suitable for use as – (1) the oil may be contaminated with wear debris, (2) the lubricating base oil gets deteriorated and degraded to acids, (3) the additives may decompose into other chemical species, (4) the oils may get mixed with process fluids, degreasers and solvents thereby changing nature and properties completely. Used oil contains wear metals such as iron, tin and copper as well as lead and zinc. Many organic molecules arise from the breakdown of additives and base oils. The molecule potentially the most harmful is the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). The spent oil on spillage tends to accumulate in the environment, causing soil and water pollution. Oil decomposes very slowly. It reduces the oxygen supply to the microorganisms that break the oil down into non-hazardous compounds. Toxic gases and harmful metallic dust particles are produced by the ordinary combustion of used oil. The high concentration of metal ions, lead, zinc, chromium and copper in used oil can be toxic to ecological systems and to human health if they are emitted from the exhaust stack of uncontrolled burners and furnaces. Some of the additives (zincdialkyl – dithio- phosphates, molybdenum disulphide, other organo-metallic compounds etc.) used in lubricants can contaminate the environment severelys. Certain compounds in used oils like PAH can be very dangerous to human and animal health being carcinogenic and mutagenic. Lubricating oil is transformed by the high temperatures and stress of an engine's operation. This results in oxidation, nitration, cracking of polymers and decomposition of organ- metallic compounds. Other contaminants also accumulate in oil during use - fuel, antifreeze/coolant, water, wear metals, metal oxides and combustion products. 4.3.5.1. Mitigation Measures 1. Bagasse ash shall be collected and stored separately. The ash quantity shall be handled and collected through dedicated and automatic mechanical systems followed by storage in silos. Ash shall be sprinkled / sprayed with water to avoid its suspension during all the above processes. 2. Bagasse ash can be used as filler material in spentwash bio-composting. 3. Collection of yeast sludge from fermentation section in closed silo system, its dewatering (mechanical) and immediate disposal shall be done. Yeast sludge is utilized as manure in spentwash bio-composting. 4. The ETP& CPU sledges shall Used as manure in own farm. 5. The Used oil from sugar factory shall be mixed properly with bagasse and burnt in Co- generation boiler.

131 Table 4.18 Waste Minimization Techniques

Sr. Station Pollutant Preventive Measures Waste Management Cost No Nature Type Options 1 Cane Yard Solid Cane trash Collect as early as Compost Low &dung 2 Bagasse Storage Solid Bagasse Collect at the end of Compost Low Yard the season 3 Milling Section Liquid Oil & grease Collect in trays Can be sold as low Low which can be easily grade lubricants or burnt lifted & stored in in boilers after mixing drum with Bagasse Liquid Floor Adopt dry cleaning, ------Low washings give proper slope to floors, improve collection system etc. Liquid Leakages & Use mechanical Collect leakages Low Spill overs seals for all pump &spillages in a pit and glands & alarms for recycle into process overflow Liquid Cooling Collect Recycle Low waters desuperheater& mill bearing cooling water 4 Cane Carrier Solid Bagasse Use closed transfer Cover the drains so that High system Bagasse do not enter into the drains 5 Sulphur Burner Gaseous SO2 Operate scrubber Provide mask to Low efficiently operators 6 Lime Station Semi-solid Lime solution Provide proper slope Allow it to mix with the Low to the drain effluent 7 Clarification Liquid Leakages from Install overflow Recycle the cooling Low and Vacuum pumps, glands alarms& provide Waters Filters &pipes mechanical seals overflow 8 Boiler Liquid Boiler blow Maintain boiler Use it for irrigation Low House Down condition & also along with other feed water quality effluents Gaseous Stack emissions Adjust air fuel ratio Fly ash can be used as High for efficient soil conditioner/brick combustion. manufacturing/composti ng Check the air pollution control equipment performance 9 Crystallizer & Liquid Leakages Provide Mechanical Recycle the cooling Low Pan from pumps seals wherever it is Waters Boiling Spill overs appropriate

Recycle all cooling Collect spillages Waters &recycle in process

132 Sr. Station Pollutant Preventive Measures Waste Management Cost No Nature Type Options Avoid overloading the Equipment 10 Evaporator & Liquid Sugar Provide additional Recycle the water if High Juice entrainment external catchers for there is no entrainment Heating the last body and in case there is evaporators &all entrainment use it for vacuum pans irrigation

Use poly baffle stainless steel instead of umbrella type save all.

Pump gland shall be provided with mechanical seals to prevent leakages. 11 Cleanings of Liquid High BOD& Recycle NaOH Controlled loading in High Vessels, Boilers COD, fornext cleaning. ETP from a storage etc., & chemicals as Tank Laboratory NaOH, Provide standby Washings Sulphamic units to have Segregate laboratory Acid, lead continuous effluents and join to operations. storage tank

Store the effluent in a holding tank to avoid shock loads on ETP. 12 Pressmud Solid Soil conditioner Immediate disposal. Presently, use as a filler Low material in composting and in proposed expansion it would be sold to outside parties. 13 Molasses Semi-solid By-product Use only steel tanks. Provide mixing High &cooling arrangements 14 Fermenter Semi-solid Yeast sludge Store on compost Use as a filler material Low yard. in composting in proposed expansion it would be sold to outside parties 15 Distillation Liquid Spent wash Immediate disposal. Concentration- High Column (High organic Incineration. Effluent). Appropriate Spent lees Treatment. Forwarded to CPU to be Effluent, MEE installed under proposed Condensate expansion &other effluents. 14 *Fugitive Gaseous Sugar Dust Recycle High Emission DustSO2 collectorsScrubbers 15 Vibrating & Noise Sound Use silencer pads Provide earplugs & Low

133 Sr. Station Pollutant Preventive Measures Waste Management Cost No Nature Type Options Heavy &closed rooms earmuffs to workers and Machinery also change the work environment frequently. 16 ETP, CPU Sludge Primary & H.W. as per Used as manure. Medi secondary notification of 2010 um sludge 17 Bagasse Solid Dust & Fire Provide proper Store it far away from Low ventilation for the industry storage and also stand posts in case of fire 18 Odor Gaseous ETP, Proper House Sludge management in Low Molasses tank, Keeping, Better biological ETP units, stale cane cane management to Steaming of major pipe Stale cane, avoid staling of lines, bad mill sugar sanitation, Regular use of Bacterial Bleaching powder in the growth in drains, interconnectin g pipes & Efficient handling, unattended prompt & proper drains disposal of Pressmud *The fugitive emissions are mainly sugar dust emanating from sugar graders. The SO2 emissions are from Sulphur Burner. The chimney height should be above the roof level. If there are leakages, the SO2 gas may cause air pollution and hence, the provision for scrubbing of the SO2 shall be made. 4.3.6. Impact on Soil and Agriculture Impact on soil characteristics shall be usually attributable to deposition of air pollutants from fuel burning operations in co-gen plant and distillery, wastewater discharges and solid and hazardous waste disposal. Particulate matter and other pollutants emitted into ambient air (especially in very high concentrations due to improper working of APC equipment) may result in deposition of same on soil and nearby agriculture fields. This can result into alteration of properties of soil and its composition. As such crops and plants grown in such soils may become unable to adapt to soil changes and thus the productivity gets reduced. Also, the contaminants from effluents and solid as well as hazardous wastes could have similar effects on soil through uncontrolled and consistent applications or accidental discharges. Due to this, soil fertility slowly diminishes making it saline and non-suitable for agricultural or and any other vegetation to survive. Moreover, the microbes in soil like fungi and bacteria which can have profound effects on its microbiology and biochemistry may also receive adverse impacts due to pollutants and contaminates through effects like toxicity. Certain alterations in soils' nature may result into physical and structural changes like variation in bonding properties of soils, cohesiveness, permeability, porosity, plasticity etc. This can result in to undesirable effects like excessive erosion, seepages, infiltration. Further, death of many useful organisms in the soil (e.g. earthworms) cancreate troubles w.r.t. soils' fertility and productivity. As already stated in earlier section, if raw effluent is discharged on land, acidic or alkaline pH, high TDS concentrations and organic matter contents could have detrimental effects like loss of nitrogen, increase in conductivity and salinity, reduced porosity etc.

134 4.3.6.1. Mitigation Measures

1. ESP (99% efficiency) shall be installed as APC equipment for new boiler shall be operated continuously like the existing ESP installed. Hence, the SPM emission rate shall be well below the prescribed MPCB norms. Also, there will not be any serious process emissions, the impact on soil characteristics will be nil. 2. Ash shall be handled and collected through dedicated and automatic mechanical system followed by storage in separate silos. Ash shall be sprayed with water to avoid its suspension during all the above processes. Finally, it shall be forwarded to brick manufacturers for final disposal. 3. The Industrial effluent after proposed expansion project shall be treated in an ETP of sugar factory that shall be duly upgraded and domestic effluent treated in STP. Condensate from MEE shall be treated in to CPU and recycled in to process. 4. Completely 'Zero Discharge' of spent wash from distillery shall be achieved through concentration in MEE followed by composting. Hence effect of this wastewater discharges, on soil and agricultural shall ne nil. 4.3.7. Impact on Noise Levels The criteria on which noise impacts are analyzed depend upon the people who are being affected. Broadly, there are two type’s viz. people who are working near the source and the people who stay near the industry. People working near the source need risk criteria for hearing damage while the people who stay near the industry need annoyance and psychological damage as the criteria for noise level impact analysis. It is quite obvious that the acceptable noise level for the latter case is less than the former case. So, the noise impact analysis can be of two types namely (1) Noise impact analysis on working environment; and (2) Noise impact analysis on community. 1) Noise Impact Analysis on Working Environment For Noise Levels in the industrial unit, the potential noise generating sources are categorized under three major heads - noise from machinery, noise from sirens / work areas, noise from transportation. The total noise generated by operations of all equipment in the premises of all units in an Industrial Plant (from experience of existing unit) would be between 70 to 85dB (A). Constant exposure to such level can result in damage to ear drums and loss of hearing, blood pressure levels, cardio-vascular disease and stress related heart problems among the workers. It may also disturb psychological condition of the workers. The actual resultant noise levels outside the factory will be much lesser in the ambient air after considering attenuation. Therefore, the impact of sugar factory, distillery and co-gen plant w.r.t. noise would be non-significant.

The noise levels in work environment are compared with the standards prescribed by Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA-USA), which in turn were enforced by Government of India through model rules framed under Factories’ Act. These standards were established with the emphasis on reducing hearing loss.

135 Table 4.19 Permissible Exposure In Case of Continuous Noise

Sr. Total Time of Exposure Sound Remarks No. (continuous or a number of Pressure short term exposures) per dB (A) Day, in hours 1. 8.00 90 1. No exposures in excess of dB (A) are permitted. 2. 6.00 92 2. For any period of exposure falling in between any figure and the next higher or lower figure as indicated in column 2, the permissible sound pressure level is to be determined by extrapolation on a proportionate scale. 3. 4.00 95 4. 3.00 97 5. 2.00 100 6. 1.50 102 7. 1.00 105 8 0.75 107 9. 0.50 110 10. 0.25 115 2) Noise Impact Analysis on Community

Noise pattern from the source is computed with the help of following formula. Noise Level at distance r2 = (Noise level at distance r1) -20 log (r2/r1) The noise levels get reduced considerably in the range of 20-30% because of natural obstructions. The permissible noise levels, for different categories of area, as prescribed by MoEFCC are given in Table 4.11.The resultant noise levels at the receptor in different areas/zones are envisaged to be within permissible limits. If noise levels exceed the limit, people who stay near the industry get disturbed due to reasons like annoyance and psychological reasons. The present ambient noise monitored at all villages in the study area is within reasonable limits. The noise generated from an industry gets attenuated considerably because of natural barriers like walls, vegetation, houses etc. or gets deflected along the wind direction. Thus, it can be stated that noise impact due to the proposed expansion activities in SCSSSKL could be significant on working environment without control measures, while the noise impact on community would be negligible. Table 4.20 Standards in Respect of Ambient Noise Levels

Sr. Category of Area Limits in dB (A), Leq No Day time Night time (6 AM to 10 PM) (10 PM to 6 AM) 1. Industrial area 75 70 2. Commercial area 65 55 3. Residential area 55 45 4. Silence zone(Hospitals, Educational Institutes & Courts) 50 40

4.3.7.1. Mitigation Measures

1. Noise monitoring shall be done regularly in noise prone areas and within the industry where workers will get exposed. 2. Heavy duty muffler systems shall be employed for high noise generating equipment.

136 3. Proper oiling, lubrication and preventive maintenance shall be carried out for machineries and equipment to reduce the noise generation. 4. Personal protective devices such as ear muffs, ear plugs, masks will be strictly enforced for the workers engaged in high noise prone zones. 5. For control of noise at source, steps shall be taken like - enclosing machine, reducing vibrations in components by replacing metal parts with sound absorbing materials, isolating the work place containing noisy equipments, reducing height of fall bins, reinforcing sheet metal constructions by packets, reduce speed of conveyor belts, covering walls/ ceilings with sound absorbing materials, using sound absorbing screens, building sound proof control areas/ rest rooms etc. In short; insulation, isolation, separation techniques shall be implemented. 6. Under proposed expansion, the existing green belt shall be adequately and properly augmented which shall play a vital role in noise attenuation thereby reducing noise intensity from the industry to surroundings. 7. During each shift of 8 hours duration, maximum permissible limits of 115 dB (A) shall never be exceeded, in the work zone, even for a short duration.

The Industry shall administer a 'Hearing Conservation Program' for workers exposed to high noise sources which shall include monitoring, notification, protection, training and record keeping for all employees in danger of exposure. The protocol shall comprise of following-

1. Monitoring shall include developing a sampling strategy to identify employees to be included in the hearing conservation program. Each employee being monitored shall be notified of the results. Employees may observe the monitoring by the Industry. The Industry shall establish and maintain an audiometric testing program that shall be performed by a qualified person at no cost to the employees. 2. Testing shall include baseline audiograms thereafter. The annual audiogram shall be evaluated for a standard threshold shift of 10dB or more at 2000, 3000, or 4000 hertz (Hz) in either ear. Hearing protectors shall be provided by the Industry as part of the hearing conservation program. 3. Training shall comprise of observing a training program in the use and care of hearing protectors for all employees who are exposed to an 8-h TWA ≥ 85 dB (A). The hearing protectors must attenuate 8-h TWA to at least 90 dB (A) and for employees with a standard threshold shift down to at least 85 dB (A). (TWA: time weighted average) 4. Record keeping will include maintaining audiometric test records by the Industry for the duration of the affected employment. 4.3.8. Impact of Vibration

Vibration is not expected during industrial operation of SCSSSKL. There would not be any vibration impact due to the proposed unit operation.

4.3.9. Impact on Land Use

• Impact on Land use- Since the proposed distillery unit is within the premises of existing sugar factory, the impact on land use would be less, • Impact on water bodies- The Drainage map shows that at the study area, there are some major rivers and water bodies or drainages that could get impact. • Impact due to emission form the proposed distillery unit-There could be impact on the nearby crop land and habitation due to the emission from the proposed project site. The impact could be due to falling of dust and particulate matter from the chimney. The

137 impact due to emissions on the crop land could be on the crops within 5 km from the plant. Approximate estimate based on the Air Quality Modelling shows that about 3% of crop land within the 5 km radius may get impact due to emissions • Impact on Eco-sensitive areas, wild life and bird sanctuary- The study shows that the proposed site do not fall near to any wild life/ bird sanctuary, However, there could be impact on nearby forest where there can be threat to the animals/ birds living in forest.

4.3.9.1. Mitigation Measures

1. The settlement of the additional workers of proposed distillery unit can be settled in the existing workers colony, they should not be allowed to settle near to natural drain or rivers. 2. The treated or untreated effluent from the ETP of proposed plant should NOT be let into the nearby streams or on open land. 3. Appropriate mitigations measures (Air pollutions control equipments) should be provided by plant management to reduce the impact due to emissions. 4. Care should be taken by plant management, to reduce the emissions and also regarding discharge of effluent. Zero emission and zero discharge concepts should be adopted by unit.

4.3.10. Impact on Ecology and Bio-diversity

• The possible impacts were considered for worst case scenario i.e. direct discharge of untreated wastewater into nearby water bodies and air pollution. The factory site is surrounded by agricultural land and human settlements besides scrubland, grasslands, and reserved forest. There are seasonal streams and River Dudhganga flows 3 km from the factory and in case of accident may carry leachate and industrial waste through the stream on site and adjoining agriculture belt and human settlements. • The locals are concerned that if not controlled within its premises, the proposed project may in future aggravate air pollution in the area. Discharge of the untreated wastewater from the industry in surrounding area can also cause significant environmental impact on the aquatic and terrestrial habitats and affect human population and dependent biodiversity. • In case of air pollution, the industry may contribute in enhanced SPM pollution load in the nearby area. This may have negative impacts particularly on surrounding settlements, crops, wetlands and avifauna. 4.3.10.1. Mitigation Measures

1. The pollution control measures should strictly be implemented by the industry. 2. The original dominant natural grassland habitats in the region, traditionally serving as village ‘Gairan’, i.e community pastures, needs to be preserved in pristine condition by involving villagers through nature conservation awareness and action programs, to be carried out under industry’s CSR activity. 3. Tree plantation under CSR to be carried in 4 parts as (a) Thick block plantation in common lands in villages within 5 Km (Kogil, Kagal, Kasaba Sangaon and Kaneri) for environmental protection i.e., Carbon sequestration, (b) Avenue plantation on village roads, and around open spaces, ground etc. and (c) On agriculture farm bunds where horticulture trees to be encouraged. 4. The industry, by involving workers and locals, should demonstrate, encourage, and promote suitable eco-friendly alternatives and green technologies under CSR activity in

138 the villages in the 10 km vicinity, stressing on mass block tree plantation, rain water harvesting, organic farming, etc. 5. It must be ensured that no untreated effluent is discharged by the industry into river through the stream any time. 6. The industry to adopt latest advanced technology for treatment of Spentwash. 7. Pollution control measures as per the EMP should strictly be implemented by industry. 8. Green belt in the industry premise needs to be further strengthened considering total plot area and the proposed expansion by replanting the dead trees and covering the barren area around abandoned quarry. For ecological purpose, in tree plantation saplings of tall local tree species to be selected instead of exotic ornamental tree species. Large saplings (3 – 5 Years old) to be planted. As far as possible in new proposed plantation, no fruit bearing trees to be planted on industry premise to avoid possible contamination. Broad leaves, indigenous and evergreen species of trees, for ecology purpose and not for beautification, to be planted. No monoculture but mixed species plantation to be undertaken. 9. Under CSR activity, review of the earlier implemented initiatives to be taken before future direction of activities under CSR activities to be finalized. 10. The thrust of the CSR activity should be based on eco-friendly and sustainable development of the villages around and directly under SCSSSKL influence. 11. Proposed CSR activities carried out by SCSSSKL needs to be different than routinely carried out as mere ritual practice by most sugar industry. As SCSSSKL is considered to be one of leading & therefore decorated sugar industries in the country, thus its CSR activity in environmental protection should be innovative and to be a role model for other industries.

4.3.11. Occupational Health and Safety

Occupational health and safety is an important consideration under any industrial or developmental project. In SCSSSKL complex there will be number of places like alcohol storage tanks, molasses storage tanks and operations where careful attention would be required to be provided towards health and safety aspects. Further, certain ergonomic problems and lifting with wrong postures etc. may cause back-pain, spinal and joint pains. Also, handling of steam at very high pressure and temperature from co-gen boiler shall be another point of concern. Also, alcohol storage tanks shall be major area of concern from risk and hazard involved is bulk storage of ethanol. For more information on this topic, Chapter 7 on Hazard and Risk may be referred.

4.3.11.1. Mitigation Measures

1. Flame arrestors for ethanol storage tanks will be provided. Foam added fire extinguishers would be provided in case of spill & fire. 2. High pressure boilers to be installed shall be maintained and tested as per IBR standards. Plant would be fully automated and sufficient alarms and interlocks shall be provided to take care of any abnormal condition or variations. 3. Adequate portable fire-extinguishers shall be provided on site. 4. Proper earthing arrangements shall be provided at Alcohol loading-unloading places. 5. Workers shall be provided with PPEs like goggles, safety shoes, ear muffs etc. 6. There is first aid &health centre with trained medical assistant available 24 hrs a day. 7. Periodic medical examination of workers is carried out and the record is maintained. 8. Emergency vehicle is available at the factory site for 24 hrs.

139 4.3.12. Impact due to Industrial Operations Involving Risk and Hazard

In an integrated Sugar Factory complex, there are number of areas where various operations and actions performed could lead to consequences involving risks & hazards. This section should receive careful consideration in identifying the particular impacts which may be due to number of reasons like – 1. Handling and storage of raw materials, by-products, products etc.2. Primary and secondary manufacturing operations and running of equipment like boiler, turbine, fans, centrifuge etc. Identification of impacts in above areas and actions as well as mitigation measures towards same have been elaborated separately under Chapter – 7 on ‘Additional Studies’ where the section of ‘Risk Assessment’ under sector of sugar factory, co-gen plant and distillery has been dedicatedly dealt with. 4.3.13. Impact on Historical Places

No historical place is within the study area and the impact is nil.

4.4 EVALUATION OF IMPACT Evaluation of impacts on the environmental parameters due to proposed expansion projects of the sugar factory, co-gen and distillery is an important aspect to be studied. For evaluation of same, Battelle Environmental Evaluation System (BEES) is implemented. The description of BEES is as follows- 4.4.1 Battelle Environmental Evaluation System (BEES) Evaluation of impacts on the environmental parameters due to the proposed expansion of sugar factory, co-gen plant and distillery is an important aspect to be studied. For evaluation of same, Battelle Environmental Evaluation System (BEES) is implemented. The description of BEES is as follows-

• Level I : Categories, • Level II : Components, • Level III: Parameters, and • Level IV: Measurements. Each category (Level I) is divided into several components, each component (Level II) into several parameters, and each parameter (Level III) into one or more measurements. The Environmental Evaluation System (EES) implied here identifies a total of four (4) categories, twenty (20) components and eighty nine (89) parameters BEES assessment for environmental impacts of the activities under proposed expansion activities by SCSSSKL is based on commensurate "environmental impact units (EIU)". Two EIU scores are produced, one 'with' and another 'without' the proposed expansion project. The difference between the two scores is a measure of the environmental impact. The scores are based on the magnitude and importance of specific impacts.

In addition to the EIU scores, the EES labels major adverse environmental impacts with a "red flag." These flags point to fragile elements of the environment, for which more detailed studies are warranted.

140 Table 4.17 shows a complete list of categories, components, and parameters of the Battelle EES. Column 1 shows the four (4) categories, Column 2 shows the twenty (20) components and Column 3 shows eighty nine (89) parameters. The EES methodology is based on assigning importance unit to each of the parameters. Collectively, these "importance units" are referred to as "parameter importance units" or PIU's. Parameters have been assigned important weights by an interdisciplinary team of experts based on the ranked-pair wise comparison techniques. A total of 1000 PIU's are distributed among the 89 parameters based on value judgments. The individual PIU's are shown in Column 4 of Table 4.12, the summation component PIU's are shown in Column 5, and the summation category PIU's are shown in Column 6. Effectively, for each parameter i, its (PIU)i represents a weight wi

Each PIUi or wi requires a specific quantitative measurement. The methodology converts different measurements into common units by means of a scalar or "value function." A scalar has the specific measurement on x-axis and a common environmental quality scale or "value" on the y-axis. The latter varies in the range 0 ≤ Vi ≤ 1. A value of Vi = 0 indicates very poor quality, while Vi = 1 indicates very good quality. Values of Vi = Vi, 0 are obtained for conditions 'without' the project, and Vi = Vi, 1 for conditions 'with' the project. The condition 'without' the project represents the current condition, while that 'with' the project represents the predicted future condition.

The environmental impact EI is evaluated as follows:

EI = ∑ [ Vi,1wi ] - ∑ [ Vi,0wi ] For i = 1 to n, where n = number of parameters (89).

For EI> 0, the situation 'with' the project is better than 'without' the project, indicating that the project has positive environmental benefits. Conversely, for EI< 0, the situation 'with' the project is worse than 'without' the project, indicating that the project has negative environmental benefits, i.e. certain negative impacts. A large negative value of EI indicates the existence of substantial negative impacts. The assigned weights or PIU's represent the relative importance of each parameter within the overall system. Once established, they should be kept constant; otherwise, the environmental impact assessment would be difficult to replicate.

The potential problem areas are represented by those parameters for which the Vi value changes significantly in the adverse direction, as measured by the following relation (in percent)-

ΔVi (%) = 100 (Vi,0 - Vi,1) / Vi, 0 These parameters are tagged with 'red flags' to indicate potential problems which may warrant more detailed attention. For parameters in the ecology category, a minor red flag applies when 5% <ΔVi< 10%; a major red flag when ΔVi> 10 %. In all other categories, a minor red flag applies when ΔVi< 30% whereas a major red flag when ΔVi ≥ 30%. The EES can be applied for the evaluation of project impacts, to select specific alternatives, or during the planning process to minimize potential adverse impacts of proposed projects. In the latter case, a feedback loop is used to continually modify the proposed project through successive iterations. Projects developed with the help of EES are expected not only to minimize environmental impacts, but also help improve selected portions of the environment.

141 4.4.2 Environmental Impact Evaluation for SCSSSKL Environmental quality assessment for the proposed expansion of sugar factory, co-gen plant and distillery projects has been undertaken by evaluating relevant environmental parameters. These parameters represent various components of environment viz.- 1. Biological Environment 2. Environmental Pollution  Water  Air  Soil  Noise 3. Aesthetics 4. Human Interest. Functional relationship (value functions) has been developed for each of the selected parameter, resulting in parameter measurement with environmental quality. The allocation of PIUs, among the selected environmental parameters, represents a consequence of opinion of members of an interdisciplinary team of experts. Accordingly, the major environmental categories i.e. biological environment, environmental pollution, aesthetics and human interests are allocated 240, 402, 153 and 205 PIUs respectively, out of total of 1,000 units. The exhaustive list of parameters and associated PIUs used for impact assessment of proposed expansion units of SCSSSKL is presented. Though the BEES is considered to be the best available environmental evaluation technique, conflicting conclusions, among decision makers, could arise in the interpretation of evaluated results. The primary factors giving rise to such difference in opinion are at uncertainty and subjectivity in the allocation of PIUs to different environmental parameters and uncertainty caused by the aggregation of individual parameter scores to yield the final project score under different project impact scenarios. It is, therefore, necessary to take into account such variability and uncertainty while inferring the impact of a development project on the surrounding environment.

142 Table 4.21 Existing Environmental Status in Study Area No. Category Component Parameter Description 1 Biological Terrestrial Natural Natural terrestrial habitats the study area represents scrub land and barren land with Environment Environment Vegetation pockets of protected and open scrub forest along hillocks and undulating land scattered in the area For more details refer Chapter 3, Section 3.12.4.5 Table- 3.26 &3.28 Crops In the study area, major crop is sugar cane. Other crops which were traditional and now minor are sorghum, pearl millet, wheat, groundnut, maize along with some vegetables and Chilli. refer Chapter 3, Section 3.12.4.5Table- 3.26 &3.28 Species Presence of 12 species of common local wild trees, 12 species of mammals, 14 birds, 12 reptiles Diversity and 21 fish species were observed and reported an in the study area. For more details refer Chapter 3, Section 3.12.4.5 Food Web The study area falls in Western Ghats region, diverse kinds of habitats and dependent Index biodiversity is present in the area resulting in high food web index. Rare & For detailed rare & endangered Plant Species & Animal Species refer chapter 3, section 3.12.4.5, Endangered and table 3.25 to 3.27. Species Pest Species No major pest or parasitic species were observed in study area. Aquatic Natural It includes no. of phytoplankton’s, zooplanktons &aquatic plant species are present in the water Environment Vegetation bodies of study area. Species 21 fish species are reported from nearby water bodies. Some are reported by respondents during Diversity survey are given in table no. 3.12 in chapter 3 Food Web 1 major rivers, 7 old & new water tanks &number of nallah’sin the study area supports good Index aquatic food web index. 2 Environmental Water Major parameters, which represent the water environment; are BOD, TDS, COD and pH. Four Pollution surface water bodies were monitored from the study area (Dudhganga river, nallhs, jayashingrao talav, Pinpalgaon khurd lake). The water quality is found to be good with exceeding TDS, total hardness, turbidity and coliforms at some locations. Refer Chapter 3; Section 3.9. Soil Land Use Total land use under study area is 314 Sq. Km. It is mainly divided into 10 classes. The details of Pattern classification are given in Chapter 3 (section 3.3.1) Soil Chemistry The soil chemistry is moderate to good for agriculture. As NPK values of soils are inadequate at most of the places in study area, good crops cannot be grown without use of fertilizers. Soil Erosion Very severe erosion and strong stoniness, associated with rock out crops due to very shallow, well drained & loamy soils on moderately sloping Sahyadri Eastern slopes. Air Overall quality of the ambient air is good with less impact of factors such as transportation, industrialization, habituations, mining etc. in the study area. More details are presented in

143 No. Category Component Parameter Description Chapter 3, Section 3.8. Noise Noise levels in the study area were found to be well within the limits of NAAQS. Especially, in the villages and their outskirts as well as near the SH 115 passing through the study area; there was slight increase in the levels although they were in the limits. Vibration No vibration and allied impact creating activities (mining, heavy construction, infrastructure creation etc.) were noted in the study area. 3 Aesthetics Topographica Landscape moderately undulating topography The highest elevation in the study area is 749 MSL l and lowest 540 MSL Character Green Cover In the study area, overall good vegetation cover is observed with diverse plant species some of which are endemic to this area of WG. Visual Quality Study area quality of air in visual perspective was found to be good with clear visibility of about of Air 1 Km or so in the afternoon during monitoring season of Oct.-Nov. Dec. 2018. Visual Quality The overall water quality in surface water bodies (Dudhganga river, a nalla,7 old & new water of Water tanks like jayashingrao talav and Pinpalgaon khurd lake) was found to be good. Sound No sound and allied impact creating activities were noted in the study area. Overall sound was found to be satisfactory with noise levels within the NAAQS norms. 4 Human Community In study area it was observed that; there is good community health. For more details refer Interest Health Chapter 3, Section 3.11. Employment Within the study area the respondents were involved in various livelihood activities namely agriculture, service, and agriculture labour and sundry occupations. For more details refer Chapter 3, Section 3.11. Economy In the study area, most respondents belonged to lower and lower middle class category (IT department, 2018). Transportation & In the study area, there is S T bus stand and private vehicles for the use of local transportation. Communication Education Primary school facility is available in study area. Some wadis (settlements) with small population are an exception to this. Water Supply In all villages population depends on the Dudhaganga river domestic purpose. There is no shortage of water in the area Occupational Public Health Centres (PHC) in the village in working conditions with availability of doctors. Health

144

Table 4.22 Application of BEES for Impact Evaluation due to SCSSSKL; Kagal, Kolhapur

Categories Components Parameters Parameter Importance Units (PIUs) V i,0 Vi,1 ΔVi WiΔ With Vi Project Parameter Component Category PI\Wi PIUs PIUs 1 2 3 4 5 = 6 = 7 8 9= 10=9 Sum of 4 Sum of 5 8-7 X4 Biological Species & 1. Terrestrial 14 240 0.5 0.5 0 0 Environment Populations browsers & (Ecology) (Terrestrial grazers Flora, 2. Terrestrial crops 14 0.7 0.8 0.1 1.4 Terrestrial (Farm land) Fauna, 3. Terrestrial natural 14 0.6 0.7 0.1 1.4 Aquatic vegetation. (Grass, Biota) Flowers, Trees &Shrubs.) 4. Terrestrial pest 14 0.6 0.6 0 0 species 5. Terrestrial upland 14 1.0 1.0 0 0 birds 6. Aquatic 14 0.7 0.7 0 0 commercial fisheries. 7. Aquatic natural 14 0.5 0.5 0 0 vegetation 8. Aquatic pest 14 0.6 0.6 0 0 species 9. Fish 14 0.6 0.6 0 0 10. Water fowl 14 140 0.7 0.7 0 0 Habitats & 11. Terrestrial food 08 0.8 0.8 0 0 Communities web index 12. Land use 15 0.6 0.6 0 0 13. Terrestrial rare & 08 0.3 0.3 0 0 endangered species. 14. Terrestrial species 08 0.8 0.8 0 0 diversity 15. Aquatic food 10 0.7 0.7 0 0 web index 16. Aquatic rare & 08 0.5 0.5 0 0 endangered species 17. River 15 0.5 0.5 0 0 characteristics 18. Aquatic species 12 0.6 0.6 0 0 diversity 19. Habitat Removal, 08 0.7 0.7 0 0 Contamination of Habitat (Aquatic Biota) 20. Terrestrial Fauna - 08 100 0.6 0.6 0 0 Fragmentation of Terrestrial Habitat, Environment Water 21. Basin hydrologic 25 402 0.6 0.5 -0.1 -2.5 al Pollution loss(alteration of hydraulic regime, alteration of

145

Categories Components Parameters Parameter Importance Units (PIUs) V i,0 Vi,1 ΔVi WiΔ With Vi Project Parameter Component Category PI\Wi PIUs PIUs 1 2 3 4 5 = 6 = 7 8 9= 10=9 Sum of 4 Sum of 5 8-7 X4 surface runoff, alteration of aquifers) 22. BOD(Water 28 0.6 0.5 -0.1 -2.8 Quality-WQ) 23. Dissolved 31 0.8 0.7 -0.1 -3.1 Oxygen (WQ) 24. Fecal Coli-forms 10 0.6 0.6 0 0 (WQ) 25. Inorganic 22 0.6 0.6 0 0 carbon(WQ) 26. Inorganic 25 0.6 0.6 0 0 nitrogen (WQ) 27. Inorganic 28 0.6 0.6 0 0 phosphate (WQ) 28. Pesticides (WQ) 10 0.3 0.3 0 0 29. pH(WQ) 22 1.0 1.0 0 0 30. Stream flow 28 0.8 0.8 0 0 variation (alteration of river, nalla, channel) 31. Temperature. 28 1.0 1.0 0 0 32. TDS(WQ) 28 0.8 0.8 0 0 33. Toxic 7 0.7 0.7 0 0 substances(WQ) 34. Turbidity (WQ) 20 312 0.6 0.6 0 0 Air 35. Carbon dioxide 10 0.8 0.7 -0.1 -1.0 Air Quality(AQ) 36. Hydrocarbons(A 5 0.8 0.8 0 0 Q)

37. Nitrogen 7 0.8 0.8 0 0 oxides(AQ) 38. Particulate 14 0.6 0.5 -0.1 -1.4 matter(AQ) 39. Photochemical 3 1.0 1.0 0 0 oxidants (AQ) 40. Sulfur dioxide 10 0.6 0.5 -0.1 -1.0 (AQ) 41. Other (Climate) 3 52 1.0 1.0 0 0 Land 42. Land use 8 0.6 0.8 0.2 1.6 (Soil) 43. Soil erosion 4 0.6 0.7 0.1 0.4 44. Soil 8 0.8 0.8 0 0 Contamination 45. Soil Quality 8 28 0.7 0.8 0.1 0.8 Noise 46. Noise 10 10 0.8 0.8 0 0 Aesthetics Land 47. Surface material 6 158 0.8 0.9 0.1 0.6 Cultural 48. Relief & 16 1.0 1.0 0 0 topographic character 49. Width & 10 32 0.8 0.8 0 0 alignment

146

Categories Components Parameters Parameter Importance Units (PIUs) V i,0 Vi,1 ΔVi WiΔ With Vi Project Parameter Component Category PI\Wi PIUs PIUs 1 2 3 4 5 = 6 = 7 8 9= 10=9 Sum of 4 Sum of 5 8-7 X4 Air 50. Odor and visual 3 0.7 0.6 -0.1 -0.3 51. Sounds 2 5 0.8 0.8 0 0 Water 52. Appearance 16 1.0 1.0 0 0 53. Land and water 16 1.0 1.0 0 0 interface 54. Odor and floating 10 0.8 0.8 0 0 materials 55. Water surface 10 1.0 1.0 0 0 area 56. Wooded and 10 62 0.8 0.8 0 0 geologic shoreline Biota 57. Animals- 5 1.0 1.0 0 0 domestic 58. Animals – wild 5 0.6 0.6 0 0 59. Diversity of 12 0.6 0.8 0.2 2.4 vegetation types 60. Variety within 8 30 0.6 0.8 0.2 1.6 vegetation types Manmade 61. Manmade objects 9 9 0.8 0.8 0 0 Objects Composition 62. Composite effect 10 0.7 0.7 0 0 63. Unique 10 20 1.0 1.0 0 0 composition Human Educational / 64. Archaeological 6 200 1.0 1.0 0 0 Interest Scientific 65. Training in new 7 0.5 0.6 0.1 0.7 (Social, Packages technologies& skill Cultural) development 66. Ecological 12 0.8 0.8 0 0 Effects on crops, Reduction of farm land 67. Geological 11 1.0 1.0 0 0 68. Hydrological 12 48 0.7 0.8 0.1 1.2 Historical 69. Architecture and 5 1.0 1.0 0 0 Packages styles (Infrastructur 70. Conflicts with 10 0.9 0.9 0 0 e and projects of urban services) commercial or industrial development 71. Events 10 1.0 1.0 0 0 Recreation 72. Persons 12 1.0 1.0 0 0 73. Religions & 10 1.0 1.0 0 0 Cultures 74. Western frontier 8 55 1.0 1.0 0 0 Cultures 75. Indians 13 1.0 1.0 0 0 76. Other ethnic 5 1.0 1.0 0 0 groups 77. Religious groups 5 23 1.0 1.0 0 0 Mood/Atmos 78. Awe-Inspiration 8 1.0 1.0 0 0 phere 79. Isolation solitude 8 1.0 1.0 0 0

147

Categories Components Parameters Parameter Importance Units (PIUs) V i,0 Vi,1 ΔVi WiΔ With Vi Project Parameter Component Category PI\Wi PIUs PIUs 1 2 3 4 5= 6 = 7 8 9= 10=9 Sum of 4 Sum of 5 8-7 X4 80. Mystery 4 1.0 1.0 0 0 81. Oneness with 8 28 1.0 1.0 0 0 nature Security and 82. Increase in crime 5 0.5 0.5 0 0 Safety & accidents caused Health 83. Temporary acute 5 0.7 0.7 0 0 & chronic Life Patterns 84. Employment 13 0.7 0.9 0.2 2.6 (Economy) opportunities (Creation of new economic activities. Generation of Temporary & Permanent Jobs) 85. Income for state 8 0.5 0.6 0.1 0.8 & private sector. 86. Saving for 5 0.6 0.6 0 0 consumers and private consumers Savings in foreign currency for the state. 87. Housing. 5 0.6 0.7 0.1 0.5 (Commercial value of properties, Electricity tariff) 88. Social 5 46 0.6 0.6 0 0 interactions (Conflict due to negotiations & / or compensation payments, Political conflicts, Demonstration and Social Conflicts. The Battelle EES Environmental Impact Analysis Cumulative Index Ei +3.9

Table 4.23 Identification of RED Flags to the Potential Problem Areas in Battelle EES for SCSSSKL

Parameters PIUs Wi V i,0 V i,1 ΔVi ΔVi, r # Red Flag Without Project With Project 1 2 3 4 5 =4-3 6=5/3 X 7 100 21. Basin Hydrologic 25 0.6 0.5 -0.1 16.6 Minor Loss 22. BOD 28 0.6 0.5 -0.1 16.6 Minor 23. DO 31 0.8 0.7 -0.1 12.5 Minor 35. CO2 10 0.8 0.7 -0.1 12.5 Minor

148

Parameters PIUs Wi V i,0 V i,1 ΔVi ΔVi, r # Red Flag Without Project With Project 1 2 3 4 5 =4-3 6=5/3 X 7 100 38. Particulate Matter 14 0.6 0.5 -0.1 16.6 Minor 40.SO2 10 0.6 0.5 -0.1 16.6 Minor 50.Odor& Visual 3 0.7 0.6 -0.1 14.2 Minor # - In the Battelle EES, the potential problem areas are represented by those parameters for which the Vi value changes significantly in the adverse direction, as measured by the following relation (negative values, in %) – ΔVi, r = 100 [V i,1 - V i,0 ] / V i,0. These parameters are tagged with 'red flags' to indicate potential problems which may warrant more detailed attention. For parameters in the ecology category, a minor red flag applies when 5% < ΔVi,r ≤ 10%, and a major red flag when ΔVi,r > 10 %. In all other categories, a minor red flag applies when ΔVi,r ≤ 30% or ΔVi ≤ 0.1, and a major red flag when ΔVi,r > 30% or ΔVi > 0.1.

Table 4.24 the Mitigation Measures

No. Parameters Mitigation Measures 1 Basin Hydrologic Loss Mitigation Measures w.r.t water quality are described in section 4.3.3.Also, water budget & water adequacy details are provided in chapter 2, section.2.7 2 BOD& DO Mitigation Measures are described in section 4.3.3. Refer water monitoring reports in chapter 3 section 3.9 for exiting condition of water in study area 3 CO2 Mitigation Measures are described in section 4.3.1. Refer ambient air monitoring reports in chapter 3 section 3.9 for exiting condition of air in study area. 4 Particulate Matter Mitigation Measures are described in section 4.3.1. Refer ambient air monitoring reports in chapter 3 section 3.9 for exiting condition of air in study area 5 SO2 Mitigation Measures are described in section 4.3.1. Refer ambient air monitoring reports in chapter 3 section... for exiting condition of air in study area 6 Odour and Visual Mitigation Measures are described in section 4.3.1.

4.5 IMPACTS DUE TO DECOMMISSIONING ACTIVITY 4.5.1 Decommissioning Phase

"Decommissioning" is a procedure to make an equipment or manufacturing setup unfit for its reuse for its designed function. This could be done by cutting project components into small pieces, demolition of buildings, disconnecting circuits and removing of all infrastructures set up thereby making it unusable. As far as planning in respect of decommissioning of the SCSSSKL project is concerned. Hereunder, impacts of decommissioning have been described.

149 Table 4.25 Identification of Impacts due to Decommissioning of SCSSSKL

No Env. Aspect Activities /Operation Impact Identification Measures D) Land Use Dismantling and • The land will be barren and -- decommissioning of vacant after industrial set up. decommissioning • Existing project being agro- based, post decommissioning use would be residential or agriculture. E) Air • Cutting, demolition • Release of fumes of acid/ Water sprinkling to and dismantling alkali during washing suppress dust during operations. • Fugitive dust during demolition work. • Transportation. demolition of building & transportation. F) Water • Washing of • Washing discharges getting • Washing discharges manufacturing access into nearby nallah to ETP; treatment & equipment, mills, pans, under uncontrolled disposal through centrifuges, pipelines, operational conditions. same outside fermenters, distillation industrial premises infrastructure, tanks after achieving etc. during specified standards. detoxification Demolition of ETP shall be last activity. G) Solid Waste • Cutting wastes, scrap, • Littering of wastes Solid wastes & Hazardous demolition wastes etc. • Bad aesthetics generated would be Waste • Oils and lubricants sold to authorized re- removed from processor. Demolition equipment waste to landfills. H) Noise • Cutting and drilling Increase in noise levels during PPEs to manpower activities during decommissioning. involved in decommissioning decommissioning and • Dismantling of heavy safety measures to machinery & will be followed. equipment, fermenters, distillation column, turbines, boilers etc. I) Risk & Dismantling & Accidents, spillage of Use of PPEs, expert Hazard decommissioning of molasses, alcohols, spentwash and experienced equipments& buildings. etc., and storage tanks supervision, due detoxification, storage tanks follows up of safety dismantling. norms & procedures.

150 IMPACT STATEMENT FOR SHREE CHH. SHAHU S.S.S.K.L. KAGAL EXPANSION PROJECT INCLUDING IDENTIFICATION & QUANTIFICATION OF THE IMPACTS DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE

Table 1 Expansion of Sugar Factory, Co-gen Plant and Distiller

Sr. No. Opeartion / Attributes Impact due to Baseline Value of Parameters Location Specific Conc. Net Change Increase(I) / Limit Type of Impact Area / Expanse of Mitigation /Control Measure Effect of Change Location /value Decrease(D) Impact

1 Construction Air Fugitive dust PM10 - 79.92 ug/m3 PM10 - 80.71ug/m3 PM - 2.40 ug/m3 (I) PM - 100 ug/m3 Temporary, Entire Project site and 1. Installation of adequate 1. Respiratory Disorders Opeartions, PM2.5 - 42.07 ug/m3 PM2.5- 43.33 ug/m3 PM - 1.26 ug/m3(I) PM - 60 ug/m3 Negative, Short term adjacent premises ventilation system. 2. Aggravated coughing, sneezing Vehical 2. Sprinkling of water on open and irritation in eyes Movement, spaces, kuccha roads. 3. Reduction in photosynthetic Excavations, Back 3. Proper maintenance of existing activity in plants filling, Land tar roads. 4. Lung Diorders levelling, 4. Provision of PPEs (Goggles & Masks) to workers. Water Contaminated surface runoff due Table 3.16, GW1 —— Gr. Water quality may be affected Table 3.16, Temporary, Entire aquifer nearby 1. Avoid cutting and filling work Change in characteristics of water. to oils, lubricants and advesely immediately although IS10500:2012 Negative, Short term construction premises during rainy season Change in quality of ground water construction chmicals etc. into chances of surface water getting 2. Construction of runoff drains as which may lead make it unsuitable ground water and nearby water affaected are lesse due to non- per topography and development for best usage (drinking, domerstic body nearness of water body to the of proper drainage pattern at the use, agriculture etc.) project site.quality may not get site. affected Soil Surface runoff on land Table 3.6 (S1) —— Soil quality may be affected Table 3.5 Temporary, Farm lands near 1. Construction of concrete drains Change in soil characteristics and adversely with properties like pH, Negative, Short term adjacent to plot area. to minimise soil erosion. may affect the fertility of the soil. conductivity, porosity, C/N ratio, 2. Augmentation of soil binding organic matter, permeability, etc. and fast growing vegetation to arrest soil erosion.

Noise Vehicle movement, construction 69.1 dBA 71.1 dB(A) I - 2 dB (A) 75 dB(A) Temporary, Limited to constrution 1. Provision of proper acoustic 1. Continuous exposure can result equipments (dozers, scrapers, Negative, Short term site and adjacent area enclosure. 2. Provision of PPEs to into hearing loss, damage to ear concrete mixers, cranes, pumps, workers. 3. Develop proper and drums, blood pressure levels. compressors,etc.), drilling and adequate green belt 2. Disturb psycological condition. excavations 3. Disturbance in the nearby premises

SHW Waste generation during —— —— Impaired aeshtetics & littering —— Temporary, Limited to 1. Adequate handling, storage and 1. Bad Aesthetics contruction activity - metal nuisance Negative, Short construction area disposal of solid wastes. 2. Littering of wastes scrap, brick stone, cement term. 2. Recycling of recyclable wastes aggregate, paint cans, brushes.

Topography Land levelling, back filling, —— —— Change in topography of land and —— Temporary, Limited to 1. Use of substratum excavated Change in topography of land and land use Negative, Short construction area during construction of foundations land use term. and land levelling operations for filling low lying areas and plinth of superstructure.

Ecological & Dust emissions, noise generation —— —— Affect on growth and productivity —— Temporary, Limited to constrution 1. Provision of acoustic enclosure Affect on growth and productivity of Biological and influx of onsite workers of plants, Nocturnal birds and Negative, Short site and adjacent area to high noise generating and plants, Nocturnal birds and animals Environmnet animals may get affected due to term. vibrating machinery may get affected due to flood lights. flood lights. 2. Water sprinkling arrangement to cur dust emissions.

Occupational Operations under construction —— —— Affectd helath of workers. —— Temporary, Limited to constrution 1. Use of advanced technology 1. Physical Disorders among Health & Safety like lifting of heavy tools, Negative, Short site and adjacent area machinery to reduce stress on workers repetitive motion, vibrations, term. workers 2. Psychological Disorders among electrical shocks 2. Provision of PPEs workers. 3. Employment to trained workers. 4. Training and awareness programs to the workers regarding safety, health and hygiene.

151 IMPACT STATEMENT FOR SHREE CHH. SHAHU S.S.S.K.L. KAGAL EXPANSION PROJECT INCLUDING IDENTIFICATION & QUANTIFICATION OF THE IMPACTS DURING OPERATION PHASE

Table 2 Expansion of Sugar Factory from 4950 TCD to 7000 TCD

Sr. Opeartion / Location Attributes Impact due to Baseline Value of Location Specific Conc. Net Change Increase(I) / Limit Type of Impact Area / Expanse of Impact Mitigation /Control Measure Effect of Change Reference / Remark No. Parameters /value Decrease(D) 1 Cane Yard Air Fugitive dust PM 10 -79.92 ug/m3 PM 10 - 84.71 ug/m3 PM 10 - 4.79 ug/m3 (I) PM10 - 100 ug/m3 Temporary, Negative, Entire industrial premises 1. Proper maintenance of existing tar roads. 1. Respiratory Disorders AAQM for Dec- Jan-Feb PM 2.5 - 42.07 ug/m3 PM 2.5 - 44.17 ug/m3 PM2.5 - 60 ug/m3 Short term 2 Water sprinkling. 2. Aggravated coughing 3. Reduction in photosynthetic 2016, PM 2.5 - 2.1 ug/m3(I) activity. Refer Section 4.3.1 (B) Met Data. Noise Cane 69.1 dBA 69.8 dBA 0.7 dBA (I) 75 dBA Temporary, Negative, Short Limited to cane yard and nearby Proper oiling, lubrication and preventive maintenance 1. Hearing loss, damage to ear drums, blood pressure Noise Monitoring data for Transportation term premises shall be carry out for vehicles. levels. Dec- Jan-Feb 2016 2. Disturb psycological condition. Refer Section 4.3.1 (B) SHW Trash and dung —— —— Impaired aeshtetics & littering —— Temporary, Negative, Short Limited to cane yard and nearby 1. Proper handling, storage and disposal of trash and 1. Littering and suspension of particles in air and —— nuisance term premises dung. surrounding result into undesirable aesthetics 2. Odour nuisance. Refer Section 4.3.5

2 Cane Weighment Air Fugitive dust PM 10 -79.92 ug/m3 PM10 - 92.70 ug/m PM PM10 -12.78 ug/m PM10 - 100 ug/m Temporary, Negative, Short Entire industrial premises —— 1. Respiratory Disorders AAQM for Dec- Jan-Feb PM 2.5 - 42.07 ug/m3 2.5 - 50.48 ug/m3 PM 2.5 -8.41 ug/m3 PM2.5 - 60 ug/m3 term 2. Aggravated coughing 3. Reduction in photosynthetic 2016, Met Data. activity. Refer Section 4.3.1 (B) Noise Operation of crane 69.1 dBA 71 dBA 1.9 dBA 75 dBA Temporary, Negative, Short Limited to cane weighment yard Proper oiling, lubrication and preventive maintenance 1. Hearing loss, damage to ear drums, blood pressure Noise Monitoring data for and vehicles term shall be carry out for weighing machine levels. Dec- Jan-Feb 2016 2. Disturb psycological condition. Refer Section 4.3.1 (B) 3 Milling Section Air Bagasse particles PM 10 -79.92 ug/m3 —— —— PM10 - 100 ug/m Temporary, Negative, Short Limited to Milling Section 1. Installation of adequate ventilation system. 1. Respiratory Disorders —— PM 2.5 - 42.07 ug/m3 PM2.5 term 2. Aggravated coughing 3. Reduction in photosynthetic - 60 ug/m3 activity. Refer Section 4.3.1 (B) Noise Milling operations 69.1 dBA 72 dBA 17 dBA 75 dBA Negative, Long term Milling section and production area 1. Heavy duty muffler systems shall be employed for 1. Hearing loss, damage to ear drums, blood pressure Noise Monitoring data for high noise generating equipment. levels. Dec- Jan-Feb 2016 2. Provision of PPEs such as ear muffs, ear plugs, 2. Disturb psycological condition.Refer Section masks will be strictly enforced for the workers engaged 4.3.1 (B) in high noise prone zones

Water Mill bearing cooling Table 3.15, GW1 This water is high in Oil & Gr. Water quality may be affected Table 3.15, Permanent, Negative, Long Entire aquifer in the factory premises 1. Adequate collection and treatment / recycle of mill 1. Increase in turbidity and TDS levels —— water spills Grease, SS & TDS, COD advesely IS10500:2012 term bearing water spills. 2. Health problems. Refer Section 4.3.3 (A and B)

SHW Lubricant spills —— —— Impaired aeshtetics & littering —— Temporary, Negative, Short Limited to Mill House 1. Propoer collection and recycling of lubricant spills. 1. Decomposition of oil is slow process. This will cause —— nuisance term soil and water pollution. 2. The combustion of oils produce toxic gases and harmful dust particles. Refer Section 4.3.5

4 Juice Storage Water Juice Spills (BOD, Table 3.15, GW1 —— Gr. Water quality may be affected Table 3.15, Permenant, Negative, Long Entire aquifer in the factory premises 1. Adequate collection and treament or recycle of juice 1. Increase in turbidity and TDS levels —— SS, SO4, Cl) advesely IS10500:2012 term spills. 2. Health problems. Refer Section 4.3.3 (A and B) through washing Soil Syrup Spills Table 3.3 (S1) Untreated effluent Soil quality may be affected Table 3.4 Permanent, Negative, Long Agricultural lands adjacent to industry. 1. Adequate collection and treament or recycle of syrup 1. Disturbance in pH due to excessive discharge of —— characterstics of juice spills adversely with properties like pH, term spills. alkaline/acidic effluents. conductivity, porosity, C/N ratio, 2. Less fertile and non-productive soil organic matter, permeability, etc. 3. Alteration in properties or composition of soil. Refer Section 4.3.3 (A) and 4.3.6

5 SO2 preparation section Air & RH Release of SO2 SO2 - 30.38 ug/m3 SO2- 43.38 ug/m3 2 SO - 13 ug/m3 2 NAAQS - 80 ug/m3 Temporary, Negative, Short Limited to juice extraction, storage 1. Respiratory illness AAQM for Dec- Jan-Feb (storage & use) TLV TWA- 5 ppm term areas. 2. Visibility Impairment 2016, Met Data. 3. Aggravate existing heart and lung diseases. Refer Section 4.3.1 RH Dust explosion of —— —— —— > 500 micron dia Temporary, Negative, Short Within storage premises Fire extinguishers, PPEs, safety awareness & training, 1. Respiratory illness —— sulphur particles of sulphur term GMPs 2. Visibility Impairment without ignition 3. Aggravate existing heart and lung diseases. Refer source Section 4.3.1 6 Lime Slurry preparation section Air Fugitive lime dust PM 10 -79.92 ug/m3 PM - 82.3 ug/m3 10 PM 10 - 2.38 ug/m3 (I) PM - 100 ug/m3 Temporary, Negative, Short Lime storage section 1. Installation of adequate ventilation system. 1. Respiratory Disorders AAQM for Dec- Jan-Feb (storage & use) PM 2.5 - 42.07 ug/m3 PM - 43.75 ug/m3 2.5 PM - term 2. Aggravated coughing 3. Reduction in photosynthetic 2016, Met Data. PM2.5 - 1.68 ug/m3(I) 10 activity. Refer Section 4.3.1 (B) 2.5 60 ug/m3 7Juice Clarification Water Juice Spills (BOD, Table 3.15, GW1 —— Gr. Water quality may be affected Table 3.15, Permenant, Negative, Long Entire aquifer in the factory premises 1. Adequate collection and treament or recycle of juice 1. Increase in turbidity and TDS levels —— SS, SO4, Cl) advesely IS10500:2012 term spills. 2. Health problems. Refer Section 4.3.3 (A and B)

8Vaccum Filtration SHW Pressmud —— —— Impaired aeshtetics, littering —— Temporary, Negative, Short limited to Filter house 1. Adequate pressmud storage and dispsal for 1. Littering and suspension of pressmud particles in air —— nuisance & odour of stale press term composting. and surrounding result into undesirable aesthetics mud 2. Odour nuisance. Refer Section 4.3.5

9 Juice Concentration Section Water Conc. Juice Spills Table 3.15, GW1 Highly conc. Juice with High Gr. Water quality may be affected Table 3.15, Permenant, Negative, Long Entire aquifer in the factory premises No discharge of Untreated / Treated Effluents in 1. Increase in turbidity and TDS levels Ground water monitoring (MEE) (BOD, TS, SO4, BOD & TS advesely IS10500:2012 term Surface / Ground water. ETP for Sugar Unit, CPU in 2. Health problems. Refer Section 4.3.3 (A and B) reports Cl) Distillery will be installed. through washing Conc. Spentwash Biocomposting – Zero Discharge effluent to ground Soil Syrup Spills Table 3.3 (S1) Untreated effluent Soil quality may be affected Table 3.4 Permanent, Negative, Long Agricultural lands adjacent to industry. 1. Adequate collection and treament or recycle of syrup 1. Disturbance in pH due to excessive discharge of Ground water monitoring characterstics of juice spills adversely with properties like pH, term spills. alkaline/acidic effluents. reports conductivity, porosity, C/N ration, 2. Less fertile and non-productive soil organic matter, permeability, etc. 3. Alteration in properties or composition of soil. Refer Section 4.3.3 (A) and 4.3.6 10 Vacuum Pan Water Syrup Spills (BOD, Table 3.15, GW1 Highly conc. Syrup with High Gr. Water quality may be affected Table 3.15, Permenant, Negative, Long Entire aquifer in the factory premises 1. Adequate collection and treament or recycle of syrup 1. Increase in turbidity and TDS levels Ground water monitoring TS, SO4, Cl) BOD & TS advesely IS10500:2012 term spills. No discharge of Untreated / Treated Effluents in 2. Health problems. Refer Section 4.3.3 (A and B) reports through washing Surface / Ground water. ETP for Sugar Unit, CPU in effluent to ground Distillery will be installed. Conc. Spentwash Biocomposting – Zero Discharge

Sr. Opeartion / Location Attributes Impact due to Baseline Value of Location Specific Conc. Net Change Increase(I) / Limit Type of Impact Area / Expanse of Impact Mitigation /Control Measure Effect of Change Reference / Remark No. Parameters /value Decrease(D) Soil Syrup Spills Table 3.3 (S1) —— Soil quality may be affected Table 3.4 Permanent, Negative, Long Agricultural lands adjacent to industry. 1. Adequate collection and treament or recycle of syrup 1. Disturbance in pH due to excessive discharge of … adversely with properties like pH, term spills. alkaline/acidic effluents. conductivity, porosity, C/N ration, 2. Less fertile and non-productive soil organic matter, permeability, etc. 3. Alteration in properties or composition of soil. Refer Section 4.3.3 (A) and 4.3.6

152 11 Crystalizer Water Syrup Spills (BOD, Table 3.15, GW1 Highly conc. Syrup with High Gr. Water quality may be affected Table 3.15, Permanent, Negative, Long Entire aquifer in the factory premises 1. Adequate collection and treament or recycle of syrup 1. Increase in turbidity and TDS levels 2. Health Ground water monitoring TS, SO4, Cl) BOD & TS advesely IS10500:2012 term spills. No discharge of Untreated / Treated Effluents in problems. Refer Section 4.3.3 (A and B) reports through washing Surface / Ground water. ETP for Sugar Unit, CPU in effluent to ground Distillery will be installed. Conc. Spentwash Biocomposting – Zero Discharge

Soil Syrup Spills Table 3.3 (S1) —— Soil quality may be affected Table 3.4 Permanent, Negative, Long Agricultural lands adjacent to industry. 1. Adequate collection and treament or recycle of syrup 1. Disturbance in pH due to excessive discharge of —— adversely with properties like pH, term spills. alkaline/acidic effluents. conductivity, porosity, C/N ration, 2. Less fertile and non-productive soil organic matter, permeability, etc. 3. Alteration in properties or composition of soil. Refer Section 4.3.3 (A) and 4.3.6

12 Centrifuge Air Fine sugar dust & PM 10 -79.92 ug/m3 PM10 - 86.3 ug/m3 PM10 - 6.38 ug/m (I) PM10 - 100 ug/m Temporary, Negative, Short Centrifuge section —— 1. Respiratory Disorders AAQM for Dec- Jan-Feb water mist PM 2.5 - 42.07 ug/m3 PM - 48.38 ug/m3 PM 2.5 - 6.31 ug/m3(I) PM2.5 - 60 ug/m3 term 2. Aggravated coughing 3. Reduction in photosynthetic 2016, Met Data. activity. Refer Section 4.3.1 (B)

Water Molasses spills Table 3.15, GW1 Highly conc. Syrup with High Gr. Water quality may be affected Table 3.15, Permenant, Negative, Long Entire aquifer in the factory premises Propoer collection and storage of molasses in 1. Increase in turbidity and TDS levels 2. Health Ground water monitoring (BOD, TS, SO4, BOD & TS advesely IS10500:2012 term molasses storage tank problems. Refer Section 4.3.3 (A and B) reports Cl) through washing effluent to ground Soil Syrup Spills Table 3.3 (S1) … Soil quality may be affected Table 3.4 Permanent, Negative, Long Agricultural lands adjacent to industry. 1. Adequate collection and treament or recycle of syrup 1. Disturbance in pH due to excessive discharge of adversely with properties like pH, term spills. alkaline/acidic effluents. 2. Less fertile and non- conductivity, porosity, C/N ration, productive soil 3. Alteration in properties or organic matter, permeability, etc. composition of soil. Refer Section 4.3.3 (A) and 4.3.6

13 Sugar Bagging House Air Fine sugar dust PM 10 -79.92 ug/m3 PM10 - 91.90 ug/m3 PM10 - 11.98 ug/m3 (I) PM10 - 100 ug/m3 Temporary, Negative, Short Sugar Bagging section 1. Provision of PPEs like masks 1. Respiratory Disorders AAQM for Dec- Jan-Feb PM 2.5 - 42.07 ug/m3 PM2.5 - 52.58 ug/m3 PM2.5 - 10.51 ug/m3(I) PM2.5 - 60 ug/m3 term 2. Aggravated coughing 3. Reduction in photosynthetic 2016, Met Data. activity. Refer Section 4.3.1 (B)

Noise Conveyors, trolleys, 69.1 dBA 79 dBA 9.9 dBA (I) 75 dBA Temporary, Negative, Short Limited to sugar bagging house Provision of PPEs such as ear muffs, ear plugs, masks 1. Hearing loss, damage to ear drums, blood pressure people, sugar bag term will be strictly enforced for the workers engaged in high levels. 2. Disturb psycological condition.Refer Section packing noise prone zones 4.3.1 (B)

14 Bagasse Yard (Bagasse Air Fugitive dust , PM 10 -79.92 ug/m3 PM - 93 ug/m3 10 PM10 - 13.08 ug/m3 (I) PM2.5 - PM - 100 ug/m3 Temporary, Negative, Short Bagasse yard & sorrounding Installation of covered / encased conveyors to avoid 1. Respiratory Disorders AAQM for Dec- Jan-Feb conveyance, handling, transport bagasse dust PM 2.5 - 42.07 ug/m3 PM - 56 ug/m3 2.5 13.93 ug/m3(I) PM term littering and free falling of bagasse from the belt. 2. Aggravated coughing 3. Reduction in photosynthetic 2016, Met Data. and storage) 10 activity. Refer Section 4.3.1 (B) 25 SHW Bagasse —— —— Impaired aeshtetics & littering —— Temporary, Negative, Short Bagasse yard & sorrounding Propoer collection and storage of Bagasse in yard 1. Littering and suspension of pressmud particles in air nuisance term and surrounding result into undesirable aesthetics 2. Odour nuisance. Refer Section 4.3.5

RH Fire in bagasse —— —— —— —— Temporary, Negative, Short Bagasse yard & sorrounding 1. Eliminate ignition sources near to bagasse yard. yard term 2. Provision of fire extinguishers in bagasse yard. 15 Press mud yard Air Odour nuisance —— —— —— —— Temporary, Negative, Short Pressmud storage yard & sorrounding Greenbelt plantation Refer Section 4.3.1 term SHW Pressmud —— —— Impaired aeshtetics & littering —— 1. Proper handling and storage and disposal of 1. Littering and suspension of pressmud particles in air nuisance pressmud and surrounding result into undesirable aesthetics 2. Odour nuisance. Refer Section 4.3.5

16 ETP Water Discharge of Table 3.15, GW1 Untreated effluent Gr. Water quality may be affected Table 3.15, Permanent, Negative, Long Entire aquifer in the factory premises 1. Adequate collection and treament or recycle of syrup 1. Increase in turbidity and TDS levels 2. Health Ground water monitoring untreated / partially characterstics of sugar factory advesely.pH, TDS,hardness,COD IS10500:2012 term spills. No discharge of Untreated / Treated Effluents in problems. Refer Section 4.3.3 (A and B) reports trated effluent could increase Surface / Ground water. ETP for Sugar Unit, CPU in Distillery will be installed. Conc. Spentwash Biocomposting – Zero Discharge

Soil Discharge of Table 3.3 (S1) Untreated effluent Soil quality may be affected Table 3.4 Permanent, Negative, Long farm lands near ETP and agricultural 1. Adequate collection and treament or recycle of syrup 1. Disturbance in pH due to excessive discharge of Ground water monitoring untreated / partially characterstics of sugar factory adversely with properties like pH, term lands adjacent to industry. spills. No discharge of Untreated / Treated Effluents in alkaline/acidic effluents. reports trated effluent. conductivity, porosity, C/N ration, Surface / Ground water. ETP for Sugar Unit, CPU in 2. Less fertile and non-productive soil organic matter, permeability, etc. Distillery will be installed. 3. Alteration in properties or composition of soil. Refer Conc. Spentwash Biocomposting – Zero Discharge Section 4.3.3 (A) and 4.3.6

SHW Non-scientific —— —— Impaired aeshtetics & littering —— Temporary, Negative, Short ETP premises. 1. Proper handling and storage and disposal of sludge 1. Littering and suspension of sludge particles in air and disposal of sludge, nuisance term surrounding result into undesirable aesthetics its littering and 2. Odour nuisance. Refer Section 4.3.5 odour nuisance

153 IMPACT STATEMENT FOR SHREE CHH. SHAHU S.S.S.K.L. KAGAL EXPANSION PROJECT INCLUDING IDENTIFICATION & QUANTIFICATION OF THE IMPACTS DURING OPERATION PHASE Table 3 Expansion of Co-Gen Plant from 28 MW to 38 MW

Sr. Baseline value of Location Specific Conc. Net Change Increase(I) / Opeartion / Location Attributes Impact Due to Limit Type of Impact Area / Expanse of Impact Mitigation /Control Measure Effect of Change Reference / Remark No. Parameters /value ecrease(D)

1 Boiler Operation (Fuel Air Fuel burning operation PM10 - 79.92 ug/m3 PM10 - 80.02 ug/m3 PM10 - 0.10 ug/m3 PM10 - 100 ug/m3 Temporary, Negative, With APC - Entire industrial premisesStack height of 40 M and ESP (4 field), 1. Respiratory Disorders AAQM for Dec- Jan-Feb 2019, Met Burning) (With APC as ESP) PM2.5 - 42.07 ug/m3 PM2.5 - 42.1 ug/m PM2.5 - 0.03 ug/m PM2.5 - 60 ug/m SO2 - Short term and nearby area. The max. GLC for APC interlocking with process operations, 2. Aggravated coughing data, Monitoring of existing stacks ,

SO2 - 30.38 ug/m3 SO2 - 30.43 ug/m3 SO2 - 0.05 ug/m3 80 ug/m3 PM10, PM2.5 & SO2 will be 10.3 Continuous online monitoring system, 3. Reduction in photosynthetic activity. out put of AERMOD Air Dispersion ug/m3 , 2.95 ug/m3 & 5.12 ug/m3 proper Refer Section 4.3.1 (4.3.3.2) Model developed by USEPA. resp. from 2.53 site towards & timely O&M of the control equipment northwest direction. and system.

Fuel burning operation PM - 79.92 ug/m3 10 PM10 -80.92 ug/m3 PM10 -1.00 ug/m3 PM10 - 100 ug/m3 Temporary, Negative, Without APC - Entire industrial Stack height of 40 M and ESP (4 field), 1. Respiratory Disorders AAQM for Dec- Jan-Feb 2016, Met (Without APC as ESP) PM2.5 - 42..07 ug/m3 PM2.5 - 42.37 ug/m3 PM2.5 - 0.3 ug/m3 PM2.5 - 60 ug/m3 Short Term premises and nearby area. The max. APC interlocking with process operations, 2. Aggravated coughing data, Monitoring of existing stacks , GLC for PM10 & PM2.5 will be Continuous online monitoring system, 3. Reduction in photosynthetic activity. out put of AERMOD Air Dispersion 110 ug/m3& 27.3 ug/m3 resp. from proper Refer Section 4.3.1 (4.3.3.2) Model developed bu USEPA. 2.5 site towards northwest direction. & timely O&M of the control equipment and system.

Noise Boiler operations 69.1 dBA 72 dBA dBA 75 dBA Temporary, Negative, Boiler & Turbine House Proper oiling, lubrication and preventive 1. Hearing loss, damage to ear drums, Noise monitoring for Dec- Jan-Feb Short term maintenance shall be carried out for blood pressure levels. 2019 and actual monitoring done in machineries and equipment to reduce the 2. Disturb psycological condition. the premises noise generation.

SHW Ash generation 1393.2 MT/M 1717.2 MT/ M Additional 1717.2 MT/M over 750 MT/M Temporary, Negative, Boiler furnace grating and Auto ash collection, handling, transport Impaired aeshtetics & littering nuisanceStudy and monitoring of existing existing quantity of Short term underneath area through covered conveyors & storage in boiler operations and fuel patterns in 1393.2 MT/M siilos of 120 MT/Day capacity. the industry.

2 Boiler Operation (Steam Noise Release of steam into air 69.1 dBA 80 dBA 10.9 dBA 75 dBA Temporary, Short Term Nearby industrial area 1. Hearing loss, damage to ear drums, 1. Hearing loss, damage to ear drums, Noise monitoring for Dec- Jan-Feb Vent off) blood pressure levels. blood pressure levels. 2019 and actual monitoring done in 2. Disturb psycological condition. Refer 2. Disturb psycological condition.Refer the premises Section 4.3.1 (4.3.3.2) Section 4.3.1 (4.3.3.2)

3 Turbines Noise High pressure steam 69.1 dBA 85 dBA 15.9 dBA 75 dBA Temporary, Negative, Within industrial premises 1. Heavy duty muffler systems shall be 1. Hearing loss, damage to ear drums, Noise monitoring for Dec- Jan-Feb injection & high speed Long Term employed for high noise generating blood pressure levels. 2019 and actual monitoring done in turbine rotary motions. equipment. 2. Disturb psycological condition.Refer the premises 2. Provision of PPEs such as ear muffs, ear Section 4.3.1 (4.3.3.2) plugs, masks will be strictly enforced for the workers engaged in high noise prone zones

SHW Used lubricants (Oils, Impaired aeshtetics Temporary, Negative, Limited to Turbine Section 1. Propoer collection and recycling of 1. Decomposition of oil is slow Study and monitoring of existing Greases, Oil spills) & littering nuisance Short term lubricant spills. process. This will cause soil and water boiler operations and fuel patterns in pollution. the industry. 2. The combustion of oils produce toxic gases and harmful dust particles. Refer Section 4.3.5

4 Ash Yard (Ash Storage) Air Fugitive dust PM - 79.92 ug/m3 10 PM10 - 87.11 ug/m3 PM10 - 7.21 ug/m3 (I) PM10 - 100 ug/m3 Temporary, Negative, Entire industrial premises 1. Proper maintenance of existing tar 1. Respiratory Disorders AAQM for Dec- Jan-Feb 2019, Met PM2.5 - 42..07 ug/m3 PM2.5 - 46.69 ug/m3 PM2.5 - 4.62 ug/m3(I) PM2.5 - 60 ug/m3 Short term roads. 2. Aggravated coughing Data. 2 Water sprinkling. 3. Reduction in photosynthetic activity. Refer Section 4.3.1 (4.3.3.2)

SHW Ash —— —— Impaired aeshtetics & littering —— Temporary, Negative, Limited to ash yard 1. Adequate storage of ash in silos. 1. Littering and suspension of sludge Study and monitoring of existing nuisance Short term 2. Handling of ash through dedicated and particles in air and surrounding result boiler operations and fuel patterns in automatic mechanical system s followed byinto undesirable aesthetics the industry. storage in silos. 2. Odour nuisance. Refer Section 4.3.5

154 IMPACT STATEMENT FOR SHREE CHH. SHAHU S.S.S.K.L. KAGAL EXPANSION PROJECT INCLUDING IDENTIFICATION & QUANTIFICATION OF THE IMPACTS DURING OPERATION PHASE

Table 4 Expansion of Distillery from 60 KLPD to 90 KLPD

No. Opeartion / Location Attributes Impact Due to Baseline value of Parameters Location Specific Conc. Net Change Increase (I) / Limit Type of Impact Area / Expanse of Impact Mitigation /Control Measure Effect of Change /value Decrease(D) 1 Molasses storage tank Air Gaseous emission due to … … … … Temporary, Negative, Entire industrial premises 1. Proper maintenance of existing tar roads. 2 1. Respiratory Disorders. 2. overheating. Odour Short term Water sprinkling. Aggravated coughing. Nuisance 3. Reduction in photosynthetic activity. Water Molaases spills Table 3.16, GW1 … Gr. Water quality may be Table 3.16, Permanent, Negative, Entire aquifer in the factory 1. Increase in turbidity and TDS levels 1. Increase in turbidity and TDS levels affected advesely IS10500:2012 Long term premises 2. Health problems. Refer Section 4.3.3 2. Health problems. Refer Section 4.3.3 (4.3.3.1 to 4.3.3.3) (4.3.3.1 to 4.3.3.3)

Soil Molasses spills Table 3.6 (S1) … Contamination of soil and … Temporary, short term, Limited to industrial premises 1. Disturbance in pH due to excessive 1. Disturbance in pH due to excessive change in soil characteristics Negative discharge of alkaline/acidic effluents. discharge of alkaline/acidic effluents. 2. Less fertile and non-productive soil 2. Less fertile and non-productive soil 3. Alteration in properties or composition of 3. Alteration in properties or composition of soil. Refer Section 4.3.3 (4.3.3.1) and 4.3.6 soil. Refer Section 4.3.3 (4.3.3.1) and 4.3.6

2 Dilution of molasses Water 1. Increase in turbidity and TDS levels 2. Health problems. Refer Section 4.3.3 (4.3.3.1 to 4.3.3.3) 3 Fermentation Air Carbon dioxide emission —— —— —— —— Permanent, long term, Limited to industrial premises Provision or CO2 bottling facility 1. Respiratory disorders 2. Negative Aggravated coughing 3. Reduction in photosynthetic activity.

SHW Yeast sludge … —— Impaired aeshtetics & littering —— Temporary, Negative, Limited to fermentation section 1. Decomposition of oil is slow process. This 1. Littering 2.bad asthetics nuisance, Odour Short term will cause soil and water pollution. 2. The combustion of oils produce toxic gases and harmful dust particles. Refer Section 4.3.5

4 Distillation Water Spentwash spillage Table 3.16, GW1 Table 2.26 Surface water quality may be —— Permanent, Negative, Entire aquifer in the factory 1. Increase in turbidity and TDS levels 1. Littering 2.bad affected advesely Long term premises 2. Health problems. Refer Section 4.3.3 asthetics 3.Contamination of Spentleees Table 3.16, GW1 —— Surface water quality may be —— Permenant, Negative, Entire aquifer in the factory (4.3.3.1 to 4.3.3.3) ground water affected advesely Long term premises Soil and EB Spentwash spillage Table 3.6 (S1) Table 2.26 Contamination of soil and Temporary, short term, Surrounding areas of industry 1. Disturbance in pH due to excessive 1.Change in quilty of soil 2.Damage to change in soil characteristics Negative discharge of alkaline/acidic effluents. flora and fauna of nearby areas 2. Less fertile and non-productive soil 3. Alteration in properties or composition of soil. Refer Section 4.3.3 (4.3.3.1) and 4.3.6

5 Biomethanation plant Air Biogas —— Redcution in use of bagasse. —— Permanent, Long Term, Within industrial premises ….. ….. Positive RH Fire ….. …. …. ….. Temporary, Negative, Within industrial premises 1.Installation of fire hydrant line around 1.Loss of life and property Short Term storage area 2.Damge to the biodiverstiy near plant 2. Avaliability of Fire Tender onsite

6 Spentwash Storage Water Spentwash spillage Table 3.16, GW1 Table 2.26 Surface water quality may be —— Permanent, Negative, Entire aquifer in the factory 1. Increase in turbidity and TDS levels 2. 1. Littering affected advesely Long term premises Health problems. Refer Section 4.3.3 (4.3.3.1 2.bad asthetics to 4.3.3.3) 3.Contamination of ground water Soil Spentwash spillage Table 3.6 (S1) Table 2.26 Contamination of soil and Temporary, short term, Surrounding areas of industry 1. Disturbance in pH due to excessive 1.Change in quilty of soil 2.Damage to change in soil characteristics Negative discharge of alkaline/acidic effluents. flora and fauna of nearby areas 2. Less fertile and non-productive soil 3. Alteration in properties or composition of soil. Refer Section 4.3.3 (4.3.3.1) and 4.3.6

7 Spentwash Concentration Water Concentrated Spentwash Table 3.16, GW1 Table 2.26 Gr. Water quality may be Table 3.16, Permenant, Negative, Entire aquifer in the factory 1. Increase in turbidity and TDS levels 2. 1. Littering (MEE) spills with heavy metals affected advesely IS10500:2012 Long term premises Health problems. Refer Section 4.3.3 (A and 2.bad asthetics 3.Contamination of B) ground water

Soil Concentrated Spentwash Table 3.6 (S1) Table 2.26 Contamination of soil and Temporary, short term, Surrounding areas of industry 1. Disturbance in pH due to excessive 1.Change in quilty of soil 2.Damage to spills with heavy metals change in soil characteristics Negative discharge of alkaline/acidic effluents. flora and fauna of nearby areas 2. Less fertile and non-productive soil 3. Alteration in properties or composition of soil. Refer Section 4.3.3 (4.3.3.1) and 4.3.6

155 8 Alcohol Storage Tank RH Spillage and Fire LEL-3.3 UEL-19.0 Temporary, short term, Installtion Foam Based Fire 1.Implementation of foam based fire hydrant 1. Inhallation problem 2.headache Negative hydant sprinklers on tanks. on storage tanks. 3.Burns 4.Damage to Provision of dyke wall and 2. Implementation of OISD Norms. property and life guidelines of OISD Norms.

9 Compost Yard Water Leachate Table 3.16, GW1 Table 2.26 Ground water quality may be … Permanent, Negative, Entire aquifer in the factory 1.Installation of 250 micron HDPE lining. 1.Cantamination of ground water 2.change in affected advesely Long term premises 2. implementataion of RCC Lining. charaterstics of ground water which may make 3. Construction of separate drains for lechate unpotable for drinking collection

Soil Leachate Table 3.6 (S1) Contamination of soil and … Temporary, short term, Surrounding areas of industry 1.Installation of 250 micron HDPE lining. Contamination of soil and change in soil change in soil characteristics Negative 2. implementataion of RCC Lining. characteristics 3. Construction of separate drains for lechate collection

156 Chapter 5 Analysis of Alternatives (Technology and Site)

5.1. INTRODUCTION

While preparation of EIA report it is necessary that one should consider project alternatives and their relative potential impact on the environment. Selection of alternative is thus more critical in an industrial development where time, money, environment and natural resources are at stake. Hence, selection of alternative must be both practical and rational, taking into consideration the constraint of the proposed project.

5.2. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE SITES

The proposed expansion of sugar factory from 7,000 TCD to 10,000 TCD (increased by 3,000 TCD) and co-gen plant from 28 MW to 38 MW (increased by 10 MW) as well as expansion of distillery unit from 60 KLPD to 90 KLPD (increased by 30 KLPD) will be done within the existing premises of SCSSSKL. Industry has sufficient land for the same and hence no any alternative sites were considered.

5.3. ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES

5.3.1. Sugar Factory

The technological process of sugar manufacturing, involving the techniques of cane crushing and juice crystallization, has undergone radical change with developments in the field of science and technology. The techniques of cane crushing and juice crystallization used till date is of Indian origin and traditional in character. The same traditional technique is being practiced by SCSSSKL, for manufacturing of sugar.

5.3.1.1.Improvement in Sugar Quality Sugar quality was improved to suite international market by taking following extensive efforts by optimizing liming and sulphitation process

• Decreasing turbidity of clear juice • Improving clear juice colour from 13,000 to 7,000 IU • Making required modifications in equipments like juice sulphiter, clarifier & centrifugal machines • Developing new boiling methods • Avoiding colour formation during processing • Improvement at centrifugal section • Improving storage conditions to avoid colour formation

5.3.2. Co-Gen Plant

Sugarcane is crushed in the milling tandem, after crushing bagasse is produced. The only way to use the bagasse effectively is to consume it by using as fuel in the boiler to generate steam. The generated steam is used for moving the power turbine to generate power. Bagasse based power generation projects, in the premises of sugar factory, fulfil captive need of the industry and make available surplus power to be exported in the grid.

5.3.2.1. Boiler Technology

The existing co-generation power plant has high pressure boiler of 70 TPH (S.S Engineers make) with 67 kg/cm2g working pressure & 485°C+ /-5°C and 60 TPH (ThyssenKrupp India Ltd., Pune), with 67 kg/cm2g working pressure & 510 °C+ /-5°C superheated steam

157 temperature 12.5 MW Double Extraction Condensing (DEC) type Turbine has been provided with working pressure configuration of 64 kg/cm2and temperature 480°C is provided in the set up and Permission was granted by MoEFCC, New Delhi for installation of 40 TPH boiler under previous expansion project with 72 kg/cm2 working pressure & 510°C+/-5°C superheated steam temperature configuration shall be employed with one matching 15.5 MW Back Pressure type Turbine. All plant operations are monitored and controlled by a modern Distributed Control System. Under proposed expansion the DEC type turbine has been proposed. 5.3.3. Distillery

5.3.3.1. Fermentation Technology The manufacture of alcohol basically involves fermentation of substrate containing sugar material such molasses. The fermentation processes are classified as batch and continuous. Conventional fermentation process employed for production of Rectified Spirit (R.S.) involves the batch process with 3 to 5 fermenters in series. The fermentation is carried out with 15 to 20% solid content in the solution. The process generates 12 to 15 liters of spent wash per liter of RS and 220-230 liter RS per ton of molasses. The process was subsequently improved by employing continuous fermentation with one or more fermenters in series and recycle of spent yeast. This has the advantage 250-270 litters RS production per tone of molasses and 8-10 liter of spent wash generation per liter of RS Continuous fermentation has reduced fermentation period to less than 36 hours. The spent wash generation can be further reduced to 6 to 8 liters by incorporation of re-boilers in distillation columns 5.3.3.2. Distillation Process Fermented wash is distilled through a number of distillation columns and the alcohol present in it is separated. The distillation is carried out under vacuum and at different pressures. As such the process is named 'Multi-pressure Vacuum Distillation'. Due to this, steam and power consumption in the process have considerably reduced. Following are the advantages of Multi-pressure Vacuum Distillation – • The analyzer column operates under vacuum due to which formation of by-products such as acetal gets minimized thereby improving quality of finished product i.e. alcohol. • Analyzer column with Hyper – state trays ensure high turbulence on tray, this minimizes chances of scaling. Also, this special construction of trays and access to each tray helps in easier maintenance of column internals. • Pre-Rectification column ensures proper removal of Sulphur compounds / mercaptans for ensuring a good odour to alcohol. This column also reduces the load of lower boiling volatile compounds passing on to rectifier cum exhaust column. • Vacuum distillation system requires low steam consumption i.e. 1.8 kg/lit. of total alcohol of EQRS quality as against 2.0–2.2 kg/lit of total alcohol of normal quality in atmospheric distillation. • System designed for maximum heat integration for optimum utilization of energy. • Minimum no of condensers. Forced circulation multi – pass condensers with optimum tube side velocities. • Use of Term siphon re-boilers in Analyzer column helps in maintaining uniform temperature profile across the column. Also avoid excess spent wash volume generation. Energy saving by recovery of Steam condensate from Thermo siphon re– boiler of analyzer column. • Effective separation of fusel oils from decanter

158 Hence SCSSSKL has selected continuous fermentation technology with closed multi pressure vacuum distillation process for production of alcohol.

5.3.3.3. Analysis of Alternative Technology for Abating the Pollution

Following table shows the technology used /to be used for abating pollution

Table 5.1 Technology Used /to be Used for Abating Pollution

No. Particulars Existing Technology Proposed Technology 1 Waste Water Spentwash generated from Spentwash generated shall be primarily distillery is bio-methanated and Bio-methanated and then Concentrated in then used for bio-composting. MEE. Concentrated Spentwash shall be used for bio-composting. Condensate from MEE shall be forwarded in Distillery CPU & recycle in process. Also other effluents viz. cooling blow down, effluent from lab & washing and spent lees shall also be forwarded to Distillery CPU for further treatment.

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Chapter 6 Environmental Monitoring Program

6.1 INTRODUCTION

With the knowledge of baseline conditions, and impacts predicted in chapter - 4 the monitoring programme will serve as an indicator for any deterioration in environmental conditions due to operation of the project. This will enable in taking up suitable steps, in time, to safeguard the environment. Monitoring is an important tool for control of pollution since the efficiency of control measures can only be determined by monitoring.

In SCSSSKL complex, monitoring of various environmental parameters is being carried out on a regular basis for existing unit. Moreover, after expansion same would be continued to ascertain the following:

• State of pollution within the plant and in its vicinity; • Examine the efficiency of pollution control systems installed in the plant; • Generate data for predictive or corrective purpose in respect of pollution; • To assess environmental impacts

Environmental monitoring during the proposed expansion project is important to assess the performance of pollution control equipments to be installed in the project complex. The sampling and analysis of environmental attributes including monitoring locations will be as per the guidelines of the Central Board/ State Pollution Control Board. Accordingly, environmental monitoring will be conducted on regular basis by SCSSSKL to assess the pollution level in the plant as well in the surrounding area with the following objectives:

• To verify the impacts predicated due to the proposed expansion project. • To identify the trends with time in the levels of parameters. • To check or assess the efficiency of the various pollution controlling measures. • To ensure that new parameters, other than those identified in the impact assessment study, do not become critical through the commissioning of proposed expansion project. • Establish database for future impact assessment studies for expansion projects.

The details of proposed mitigation measures that have been suggested in order to achieve economic development due to the proposed expansion of molasses based distillery, sugar factory and co-gen plant without harming the nature are as follows -

6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE

As discussed in Chapter – 4 the impact during construction phase shall not be permanent and certain minor impacts are predicted on air, water, soil and human health due to dust emission and noise during transportation and construction activity. Hence, there the need to conduct the monitoring during construction phase was ruled out. Moreover, necessary mitigation for the impacts during this phase is suggested under Chapter-4.

6.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM DURING THE POST CONSTRUCTION / OPERATIONAL PHASE

During operational stage, continuous air emissions from power boilers, wastewater disposal, non-hazardous waste such as ash, chemicals used in sugar processing, used oily wastes are

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expected. The following attributes which merit regular monitoring based on the environmental setting and nature of project activities are listed below:

• Source emissions and ambient air quality; • Groundwater levels and ground water quality; • Water and wastewater quality (water quality, effluent & sewage quality etc); • Solid and hazardous waste characterization (fly ash, bottom ash, oily wastes, ETP sludge, used and waste oil); • Soil quality; • Noise levels (equipment and machinery noise levels, occupational exposures and ambient noise levels) • Ecological preservation and afforestation.

6.3.1. Air Pollution Management

Apart from the above ambient and source monitoring during operation stage following recommendations are also suggested -

• APC equipment would be interlocked with the process as per the guidelines of CPCB. • If emissions exceed the standards, the corresponding units of the plant which are contributing the excessive pollutant load are stopped till the qualities of pollutant discharged from those units are brought down to the required level. • Under no circumstances, the emissions shall exceed the limits mentioned in the consent letter. • Online monitoring system shall be installed under proposed expansion. • In case of power failure, alternate electric source shall be provided which shall be sufficient to operate the APC equipment.

6.3.2. Water Management

The total water requirement for project complex would be 6,078 M3/ Day. For details on water requirement refer Chapter – 2, Section 2.7.1. The effluent generated from proposed activities shall be given proper treatment as per CREP guidelines. Refer Chapter – 2, Section 2.7.1.4 for effluent generation and disposal.

 The industry would observe that the effluent collection, disposal and treatment facilities always remain in a good shape so as to achieve desired efficiencies.  Spent wash storage lagoon shall be lined to avoid percolation of leachate.  No untreated Industrial effluent should be disposed off on land or in any surface water body.  The pipeline and storage tanks meant for effluent conveyance and storage should be checked periodically and should not have any leakages. Leakage, if any, will harm the surrounding soil and water environment significantly. HDPE & stainless steel could be used as pipeline and valves material respectively.  Compliance towards CREP norms shall be strictly followed under sugar, co-gen and distillery project.  Flow meter shall be installed at ETP inlet and outlet to record the daily flow of the water.  Pumps in the ETP shall be supplied with alternate electric supply source in case of power failure.

6.3.3. Noise Level Management

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Mitigation measures for noise levels are mentioned in Chapter 2. Moreover, people working in close vicinity of the high noise generating equipments would be provided with PPE such as ear plugs, ear muffs etc.

 The industry would take care while procuring major noise generating machines / equipments to ensure that the manufacturers have taken adequate measures to minimize generation of noise.  The distance between source and receiver would be increased and the relative orientation of the source and receiver would be altered.  Thick bushy trees would be planted in and around the industrial area to intercept noise transmission to the nearby villages.  Workers would be provided with PPE like earmuffs & earplugs, noise helmets etc.  Allocation of work would be managed so that no worker would be exposed to noise more than 90 dB (A) for more than 8 hours.  Creating awareness about noise pollution among the workers.  The overall noise levels in and around the plant area would be kept well within the standards by providing noise control measures including acoustic hoods, silencers, enclosures etc. on all sources of noise generation.  Monitoring shall include developing a sampling strategy to identify employees to be included in the hearing conservation program. Each employee being monitored shall be notified of the results. Employees may observe the monitoring by the Industry. The Industry shall establish and maintain an audiometric testing program that shall be performed by a qualified person at no cost to the employees.  Record Keeping will include maintaining audiometric test records by the Industry for the duration of the affected employment.

Table 6.1 Trees with Good Canopy for Noise Attenuation

No. Scientific Name Common Habit Ht (M) Evergreen Crown Shape Name 1 Azadirachta indica Neem Tree 20 Evergreen Spreading 2 Alstonia scholaris Devil Tree Tree 15 Evergreen Round 3 Derris indica Karanj Tree 10 Evergreen Round 4 Anthocephalus indicus Kadamb Tree 15 Evergreen Round 5 Polyalthia longifolia Ashok Tree 15 Evergreen Conical/ Rounded 6 Butea monosperma Palas Tree 10 Deciduous Oblong / Ovoid 7 Ficus religiosa Pipal Tree 10-15 Evergreen Round

6.3.4. Land Management

There are no chances of change in the soil characteristics due air pollutants and suspended particulates from the expansion as well as establishment activities. There would be no any discharge of untreated domestic or industrial effluent from sugar factory and co-gen plant. Presently, Solid and hazardous waste is being stored in dedicated area dedicated area provided on site. Same practice shall be practiced after expansion project. • Provision of shrubs and thick trees at storage and disposal places of the solid waste would be made. • Trees under existing unit are planted along the roads. Moreover, after expansion project as well as implementation of distillery unit augmentation of tress would be done in phase wise manner Water requirement for this purpose expansion as well as existing project would be met from reuse of treated domestic effluent / industrial effluent.

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• Water sprinklers are provided to suppress the windblown dust on the ash storage yard. • Collection and transportation of waste would be done in closed container system. • No solid waste shall be allowed to litter around and degrade the land.

6.3.5. Dust Management

Trouble with dust in work zone and ambient atmospheres shall be controlled by certain dedicated measures. An action plan has been prepared in industry that includes following-

• Installation of appropriate, adequate and efficient exhaust and ventilation system to remove and control dust from work zone areas. • Inlet and outlet of pollution control equipment shall be provided with necessary sampling arrangements as per guidelines of CPCB. • Dust collected from the APC equipment e.g. fly ash from boilers will be properly handled and disposed off by supply to farmers for use as manure. • APC equipment would be interlocked with process as per the guidelines of CPCB. • PPEs such as masks, aprons, gloves, goggles etc. shall be provided to workers. • Tarred roads are constructed within premises of SSWL as well as approach roads towards industry are also constructed. It minimizes dust generation due to vehicular movement.

6.3.6. Odour Management

There are different odour sources in a distillery, which include molasses handling and storage, fermentation and distillation, secondary effluent treatment, and storage of effluents etc. To abate the odour nuisance, the industry has a concrete planning which includes following steps and actions-

 It is proposed to provide tapping of CO2 gas,  Collection of waste yeast sludge from fermentation section in a closed system and its immediate and proper disposal.  Reduced volume of effluents (spentwash, spent leese) by adopting strategic approaches such as use of the effluents back in process under Reduce-Reuse-Recycle planning.  Closed drains carrying spentwash to the treatment units, minimization of fugitive emissions from treatment units.  Proper collection & handling of excess sludge generated from the aerobic treatment units.  Minimum retention of raw / concentrated spentwash in the storage lagoons.  Adoption of GMPs (Good management practices).  Use of mill sanitation biocides to minimize the growth of aerobic/ anaerobic micro organisms.  Regular use of Bleaching powder in the drains  Arranging awareness and training camps for workers.  Steaming of major pipe lines,  Use of PPE like masks by everybody associated with odour potential prone areas.

6.4. OPERATION CONTROL AND EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE

All the equipments and machinery used shall be maintained properly and shall be kept clean. For expansion of distillery, the acid dosing equipments used in the fermentation processes would be checked regularly to prevent any leakages. The fermenters shall be maintained properly and should be kept clean to avoid any contamination that would affect the quality of alcohol.

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The quality of stack emission depends very much on the operating parameters of plant. Improper combustion of fuel in the boilers increases unburnt carbon particles in the exhaust flue gases therefore proper maintenance is an important factor.

The lubricants used for various equipment and fuel-handling areas would contribute to the pollution aspect. It would be taken care of, at the source, by looking after possible spillage, drippings, leakage etc. in the plant.

6.5. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH & SAFETY MEASURES

The following measures are been taken up by the existing unit –

• As per the requirement of Factory Act, there is provision of Occupational Health Centre. There under, a qualified visiting doctor has been appointed. • Regular medical check-up of employees is carried out and records are maintained. • An ambulance is provided on site 24x7 to deal with emergencies if any. • Workmen Compensation Policy as well as Mediclaim Health Policy has been done for all the workers (temporary and permanent) in the Industry and which is renewed every year.

The following measures shall be taken after expansion activity -

• The infrastructure of existing Occupational Health Centre shall be enhanced in order to provide medical facilities to all the workers as well as nearby village/town people. • An ambulance shall be is available all the time i.e. 24x7 will be used. • Regular medical check-up of newly employed workers under expansion shall also be done and record shall be maintained. • Provision of workmen compensation policy as well as mediclaim health policy shall be done for the workers under expansion (temporary and permanent) and shall be renewed every year. • Display of sigh boards in hazard areas in local language. • Provision of PPE to all workers. Table 6.2 Health Care Facility Equipment

No. Instrument Use 1 Stethoscope Used to hear sounds from movements within the body, like heart beats, intestinal movement, breath sounds, etc. 2 Reflex testing hammer (padded) To test motor reflexes of the body 3 Sphygmomanometer To record the patient's blood pressure (Blood pressure meter) 4 A thin beam electric torch To see into the eye, body's natural orifices, etc., and to test for pupillary light reflex, etc. 5 A watch / stopwatch Used in recording rates like heart rate, respiratory rate, etc.; for certain tests of hearing 6 A measuring tape For size measurements 7 A weighing machine To record the weight 8 Tuning forks To test for deafness and to categorize it 9 Kidney dish As a tray for instruments, gauze, tissue, etc. 10 Thermometer To record the body temperature 11 Gas cylinders Supply of oxygen, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, etc. 12 Oxygen mask or tubes Delivering gases up to the nostrils to assist in oxygen intake or to administer aerosolized or gaseous drugs 13 Vaporizer To produce vapours

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No. Instrument Use 14 Instrument sterilizers Used to sterilize instruments in absence of autoclave 15 Dressing drums Storage of gowns, cotton, linen, etc. 16 Syringe of different sizes & For injections and aspiration of blood or fluid from the needles body 17 Otoscope To look into the external ear cavity

6.6. MEASURES FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

6.6.1. Better Employment Opportunities

In order to run the existing and expansion projects, in all about 1,343 nos. of skilled and unskilled workers are required. Out of these total workers, about 1,143 workers have already been hired from local areas. Additional manpower of 200 workers is to be inducted for commencing the expansion activities. Local persons shall be given preference while appointing the extra employees.

6.6.2. Corporate Environmental Responsibility (CER) Plan

• The planning for CER shall be started with the identification of the activities/projects and may be undertaken in the periphery of Industrial area. • CER Action Plan shall be prepared based on the casual approach to the project based accountability approach, integrated with the social and environment concerns related to the business of the integrated project complex. • Selection of activities under CER shall be made to ensure that the benefits reach the smallest unit i.e. village, panchayat, block or district. CER planning shall be done for long- term sustainable approach. • The long term CER plan shall be broken down into medium term and short term plans. Each of these plans shall clearly specify: i. Requirements relating to baseline survey; ii. Activities to be undertaken; iii. Budgets allocated; iv. Time-lines prescribed; v. Responsibilities and authorities defined; vi. Major results expected.

Implementation

• The time-frame and periodic milestones should be finalized at the outset. • CER activities shall help in building a positive image of the company in the public Perception. • CER projects shall be closely linked with the principles of sustainable development.

6.6.2.1. Proposed Corporate Environmental Responsibility (CER) Plan by SCSSSKL

Rs. 2.75 Cr. (2.5% of Capital Investment - 110 Cr.) has been earmarked for CER activities to be undertaken under CER have been considered based on SE survey conducting in study area.

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Table 6.3 Proposed CER activities for SCSSSKL

No. CSR Activity Details Total Amount 1 Tree Plantation and No of Trees per village = 1000 Rs. 32

Maintains Cost of Tree Plantation Per Village = 8.00.000 Lakh Total cost of Tree Plantation in 4 villages = 32.00.000 (Kogil, Kagal, Kasaba Sangav, Kaneri)

Note: A resolution between Industry and respective Grampanchayat will be done for maintenance trees. 2 Awareness Camps on Awareness Camps on Environmental Protection for Rs. 30 Nature Schools, Colleges, Women Bachat gats by Industry in Lakh coordination with local NGO 3 Implementation of rain Roof Top harvesting in 5 Villages at 36 Households / Rs. 50 water harvesting Village – Vadgaon, Lignur Dumala, kaneri, Lakh measures in nearby Halasavade, Siddhanerali villages Total 180 RWH Sets, Each with 500 lit RCC Tanks Piping, Plumbing & Filter etc. Total 180 Sets X Rs. 25,000/- Set = Rs. 50 Lakh 4 Distribution of Bio- Distribution of bio-fertilisers, saplings at subsidize Rs. 35 fertilizers rate in 6 villages. Lakhs 5 Education Education Infrastructure-1Village Rs. 30 Infrastructure Construction of Class Rooms and allied school Lakhs infrastructure (1000 Sq.Ft) at New High School Ghotan; Tal. Shevgaon. 6 Primary Health Centre Primary Health Centre (PHC) & Ambulance - PHC at Rs. 50 (PHC) Village Chore Lakh 7 Water Conservation Drip Irrigation on 50 Ha Rs. 50 “Drip Irrigation” system on 50 Ha of land of farmers Lakh in command area. Total Amount (2.50 % of total investment ) Rs. 277 Lakhs

Table 6.4 CSR Implementation Schedule

No. CSR Activities Year Year Year Year Year Total Year of 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Completion Amount in Rs Lakh 1 Tree Plantation and 2024 5 5 2 10 10 32 Maintains 2 Awareness Camps on Nature 6 6 6 6 6 30 2024 3 Implementation of rain water 2024 harvesting measures in 10 10 10 10 10 50 nearby villages 4 Distribution of Bio- 7 6 8 7 7 35 2024

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fertilizers 5 Education Infrastructure 10 12 8 30 2022 6 Primary Health Centre 2024 10 10 10 10 10 50 (PHC) 7 Water Conservation 10 10 10 10 10 50 2024 Total 58 59 54 53 53 277 --

6.6.2.2. Measures for Improvement of Ecology

Following steps should be taken.

 Afforestation program under proposed expansion program.  Keeping noise levels under control at night time.  Keeping operation of APC equipments and sufficient height of stacks.  Provision of appropriate effluent treatment facilities.

General Guidelines -

1. Green belt of adequate width and density would be provided to mitigate the effects of noise. 2. Plantation activities shall be done according to naturally occurring vegetation. Exotic species shall be avoided. 3. Provision of shrubs and thick trees at storage and disposal places of the solid waste would be made. 4. Trees would be planted along the roads, around solid waste storage area as well as along the periphery. 5. All the necessary steps would be taken for proper maintenance of the industrial premises. 6. Use of e-mail and other modern communication systems would be followed to conserve the papers and attain speedy interaction in daily business activities. 7. Use of recyclable papers, if possible, would be done. 8. Promoting measures of energy and water conservation, wherever possible, would be adopted. 9. Activities like slide shows or expert’s lectures on Local Biodiversity shall be arranged for the staff to make them aware about the plant and animal species found nearby; also it will reduce unnecessary human-wild conflict. This will eventually reduce the damage to biodiversity by the employees.

In the existing unit, the monitoring in respect of Air, Water and Noise is done regularly and records of the same are maintained.

6.7. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROG RAM SCHEDULE

Following routine monitoring program as detailed in Table - 6.5 shall be implemented at site. Besides to this monitoring, compliances to all EC conditions and regular permissions from CPCB /MoEFCC shall be monitored and reported periodically.

Table 6.5 Plan For Monitoring of Environmental Attributes within Industrial Premises

No. Description Location Parameters Frequency Sampling Person Conducted Number Responsible by

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No. Description Location Parameters Frequency Sampling Person Conducted Number Responsible by 1 Ambient Air Upwind-1, Downwind- PM10, Monthly Quality 2 (Near bagasse yard, PM2.5, (3 nos. X 9 Near compost yard, SO2, Months) 27 Nos. Near main gate, cane NOx, yard.) CO 2 Work Zone 4 Locations (Mill PM , Monthly or 10 Environmental Air Quality section, Fermentation PM , CPCB / SPCB 2.5 Engineer section, Sugar bagging SO2, requirement 36 Nos. section, Distillation NOx, (4 locations X section) CO 9 months) 3 Stack Boiler – 2 Nos. SPM, Monthly MoEFCC Emissions (Distillery and Co-gen SO2, (6 nos. X 9 54 Nos. and NABL boiler) D.G – 4 Nos. NOx Months) Approved 4 Ambient 5 Locations - Spot Noise Monthly External Noise (Near main gate, Near Level (5 locations X Lab. ETP, near Sugar recording; 9 months) 45 Nos. godown, Near compost Leq(n), area, Near Leq (d), fermentation section) Leq (dn) Environmental Work zone Premises –5 Nos Spot Noise Monthly Engineer Noise (Mill section, Level (5 locations X Distillation section, recording; 9 months) 45 Nos. Boiler, DG set, Leq(n), Turbine section) Leq(d), Leq(dn) 5 Effluent • Treated pH, SS, Monthly • Untreated TDS, (2 samples X COD, 9 months) BOD, 18 Nos. Chlorides, Sulphates, Environmental MoEFCC Oil & Engineer and NABL Grease. Environmental Approved 6 Drinking Factory canteen, Parameters Monthly Engineer External water Canteen, School Hostel as per (1 sample X Lab drinking months) 9 Nos. water Std IS:10500 7 Fugitive Ethanol storage area, VOC Monthly Emissions Bagasse yard & (3 sample X 27 Nos. Distillation column 9 months) 8 Waste Implement waste Records of Twice in a management management plan that Solid year Identifies and Waste --- characterizes every Generation waste associated with , Treatment Environmental By proposed & expansion and Engineer SCSSSKL activities and which Disposal identifies the shall be procedures for maintained collection, handling &

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No. Description Location Parameters Frequency Sampling Person Conducted Number Responsible by disposal of each waste arising. 9 Emergency Fire protection and On site Twice a year --- Preparednes safety measures to take Emergency s care of fire and Plan, such as fire explosion hazards, to Evacuation Safety Officer fighting be assessed and steps Plan, fire taken for their fighting prevention. mock drills 10 Health Employees and All Once in a --- Check up migrant labour health relevant Year check ups health check-up Safety parameters Officer as per factories act. 11 Green Belt Within Industry Survival In -– Environmental premises as well as rate of consultation Engineer/ nearby villages planted with DFO. Safety Officer sapling

Table 6.6 Environmental Monitoring Schedule within Industrial Premises

No Description Schedule of Monitoring Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May June July August 1 Ambient Air Quality √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 2 Workzone Air √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 3 Stack Emissions √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 4 Noise √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 5 Effluent √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 6 Drinking water √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 7 Fugitive Emissions √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 8 Waste management √ 9 Emergency √ preparedness, such as fire fighting 10 Health √ 11 Green Belt √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Note: - Sugar Factory Operation period – 150 Days, Co-gen Operation period – 180, Days During Season, Distillery eration period – 270 Days

Table 6.7 Environmental Monitoring Schedule Surrounding the Industrial Premises

No Description Schedule of Monitoring Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May June July August Sep Oct 1 Ambient Air √ √ √ Quality 2 Noise √ √ √ 3 Soil √ 4 Ground & √ √ √

169 Surface water 5 CSR √ √

6.8. COMPLIANCE TO THE RECOMMENDATIONS MENTIONED IN THE CREP GUIDELINES

The MoEFCC has launched the Charter on "Corporate Responsibility for Environmental Protection (CREP)” with the purpose to go beyond the compliance of regulatory norms for prevention & control of pollution through various measures including waste minimization, in- plant process control & adoption of clean technologies. The Chapter has set targets concerning conservation of water, energy, recovery of chemicals, reduction in pollution, elimination of toxic pollutants, process & management of residues that are required to be disposed off in an environmentally sound manner. The Chapter enlists the action points for pollution control for various categories of highly polluting industries. The Task Force was constituted for monitoring the progress of implementation of CREP recommendations/ action points. The following activities are being undertaken by SCSSSKL and will be continued after proposed expansion under CREP norms.

1. Bagasse as fuel is used in co-gen boilers, which generates significant amount of particulate matter, causing air pollution. ESP is installed as APC equipment to achieve particulate emission well below 150 mg/Nm3. 2. Adequate storage capacity of molasses is provided and molasses is not stored in kutcha lagoon to avoid groundwater pollution. 3. Priority is given to distillery for lifting of press-mud for compost making with the spent wash. 4. Operation of ETP is started at least one month before starting of cane crushing to achieve desired MLSS so as to meet the prescribed standards from day one of the operation of mill. The biomass in ETP after the end of crushing season can also be kept alive by operating ETP throughout the year from the colony wastewater and washing of mills so that sufficient biomass is available at the time of start of ETP. 5. Sugar wastewater generation is 100 liters per tone of cane crushed. 6. Provision of a 15 days storage capacity tank for treated effluent during no demand for irrigation. 7. Under existing unit spentwash is primarily treated in Biomethanation and then forwarded to bio-composting. Moreover under expansion project the spentwash shall be Bio- methanated & send for bio-composting after concentrated in MEE and thereby achieving ZLD for distillery effluent.

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Chapter 7

Additional Studies

7.1 PUBLIC CONSULTATION

Industry has granted standard ToRs vide Letter No. J-11011/225/2015-IA II (I) dated 06.09.2018. (Enclosure -I) An Application was submitted for amendment in ToR on 10.09.2018 for exemption of Public hearing and Amended ToR was received on 06.02.2019 vide letter no. J-11011/225/2015-IA II (I) (Enclosure -II). The same was in light of Ministry’s OM vide no. J-11013/ 41/ 2006- IA–II (I) dated 29.08.2017.

The Public Hearing for our earlier expansion project (Sugar Factory from 4950 to 7000 TCD, Co-gen from 12.5 MW to 28 MW & Molasses based Distillery unit from 45 KLPD up to 60 KLPD.) was conducted on 08.11.2016 and EC was granted on 28.03.2017. The minutes of the same are enclosed at Appendix - K

7.2 R & R ACTION PLAN

There is no R & R action plan because proposed expansion shall be taken up in existing premises of SCSSSKL complex located at Tal.: Kagal, Dist.: Kolhapur, Maharashtra.

7.3 POTENTIAL AND MAJOR HAZARDS IN SUGAR FACTORY

Process for manufacturing and refining sugar is a standard process. The risk assessment and hazard management study for expansion of sugar factory from 7000 TCD to 10000 TCD & Co-gen 28 MW to 38 MW and distillery 60 KLPD to 90 KLPD by Mr. Vinod Sahasrabude who is FAE for RH in respect of EEIPL. Areas of concern from hazard and risk points of view in the plant manufacturing of sugar are as follows-

7.4 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE RH REPORT:

7.4.1 Objective of the Risk and Hazard analysis

1) Identify hazards and nature of hazard in the process, storage and handling of hazardous chemicals. 2) Carry out Qualitative risk analysis for the process and suggest mitigation measures. 3) Carry out Quantitative risk analysis of the storage of hazardous chemicals and estimate the threat zones for Most Credible and Worst case scenarios 4) Suggest mitigation measures to reduce the risk/probability of the accident to the minimum. 5) Incorporate these measures for ensuring safe operations and safe layout and for effective preparation of On-site and Off-site emergency plans 6) Suggest Guidelines for on-site and off - site emergency plan

7.4.2 Methodology

7.4.2.1 Identify hazards based on

• Processes description received based. • Identify Hazardous Chemicals handled and stored. • Inventory of Hazardous chemicals

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7.4.2.2 Hazard Assessment

• By Qualitative Risk Assessment • By Quantitative Risk Assessment by Hazard index calculations and estimate threat zones by using ALOHA

7.4.2.3 Recommendations

• Recommend mitigation measures based upon the above • Recommending guidelines for the preparation of On-site Emergency plan.

7.5 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION IN SUGAR INDUSTRY

Potential hazardous areas and the likely accidents with the concerned area have been enlisted below-

Table 7.1 Possible Hazardous Locations onsite

No. Hazardous Hazard Mitigation Mitigation Comments/ Area identified measures measures in place Additional measures 1 Boiler Area Explosion IBR rules for These measures design, are in place as the maintenance and boiler is in operation of operation for the boilers by certified existing capacity. boiler attendants in mandatory 2 All over the Lightening To design and Lightening Additional are plant install adequate arrestors at critical required for increased number of best locations like area of operations available bagasse yard, Co – these will be installed. lightening gen plant distillery Additional lightening arrestors. section are arrestors will be installed. installed in the new additional distillery area required for the expansion, as per the requirement of electrical rules and guidelines 3 Electrocutio Lose fitting Regular These are in place To be checked and n maintenance, for the operation inspected regularly internal safety of the existing and corrective action audit, and external capacity to be taken safety audit at immediately. regular intervals. 4 Electrical Fire and Regular These are in place Strictly not to be used rooms electrocutio maintenance, for the operation as store and/or rest MCC n internal safety of the existing rooms for workers. rooms audit, and external capacity safety audit at regular intervals. 5 Transforme Fire and Regular These are in place r area electrocutio maintenance, for the operation n internal safety of the existing

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No. Hazardous Hazard Mitigation Mitigation Comments/ Area identified measures measures in place Additional measures audit, and external capacity safety audit at regular intervals. 6 Cable Fire and Regular These are in place To be checked and tunnel electrocutio maintenance, for the operation inspected regularly n internal safety of the existing and corrective action audit, and external capacity to be taken safety audit at immediately. regular intervals.

7 Bagasse Fire Fire hydrant Fire hydrant Other Detailed storage area around Bagasse piping around the measures have been Storage area. Bagasse storage is suggested in the not maintained in report, in the later the condition part. which will enable to be used it immediately and effectively to control and extinguish fire. It should be checked periodically and maintained in proper condition. 9 Sulphur Dust Fire extinguishers, Fire extinguishers Other detailed Storage Explosion water hose should be in place mitigation measures & Fire connection are suggested in the report 10 Molasses Spillage Dyke walls around Temperature Dyke walls must be Storage & Tank the Storage tanks. Control in place. built around the Tanks Explosion Or gutter of 2 M Tanks are existing tanks and width and 3 M provided with around the additional depth around the external cooling tanks to be installed storage tanks for arrangements. after expansion. collection of Company has Minimum concrete Molasses in case gutter around the gutter of 2 meter wide of leakage, in tanks for 1.5 to 2 meter depth addition to pump collection of to be provided with for pumping leakage. concrete pit collection leaked Molasses This must be and with a pumping back to the tank in improved as arrangement to pump good condition. suggested. molasses leaked into Temperature the other tank. Control

7.5.1 Mitigation Measures to avoid accidents

(A) Preventive Measures for Electricity Hazard

• All electrical equipment is to be provided with proper earthing. Earthed electrode are periodically tested and maintained.

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• Emergency lighting is to be available at all critical locations including the operator’s room to carry out safe shut down of the plant. • Easy accessibility of fire fighting facilities such as fire water pumps and fire alarm stations is considered. • All electrical equipments to be free from carbon dust, oil deposits, and grease. • Use of approved insulated tools, rubber mats, shockproof gloves and boots, tester, fuse tongs, discharge rod, safety belt, hand lamp, wooden or insulated ladder and not wearing metal ring and chain. • Flame and shock detectors and central fire announcement system for fire safety are to be provided. • Temperature sensitive alarm and protective relays to make alert and disconnect equipment before overheating is to be considered • Danger from excess current due to overload or short circuit is to be prevented by providing fuses, circuit breakers, thermal protection

(B) Fuel Storage

In the Coal storage yard for stacking of coal in heaps the following care must be taken

• Adequate dust suppression measures, like water sprinkling, shall be provided to prevent fugitive emission and also risk of fire. Similar measures are also adopted for loading/unloading operations. • Coal ash transported in tankers is to be covered and closed and so that there is no chance of spillage during transportation. • Workers to be trained to be vigilant and keep water hose with ready water supply to extinguish small fires during hot season. • Fire fighting measures, alarm measures and fire hydrant line to be provided around the coal storage area to immediately and effectively deal with fire. This is already in place. • Measures are taken to control the air pollution during loading/handling coal.

7.6 BOILER SECTION

Presently One boiler of capacity 70 TPH & 60 TPH with 45 kg/cm2 as well as 40 TPH is in working condition. Boiler ash after the ESP is directly stored in tractor and transported to brick manufacturers.

7.6.1 Establishing a Fire Fighting Group

A small spark of fire may result into loss of lives, machines and the damage by fire may result in high economic losses. This type of losses can be avoided by preventing and controlling the fire instantly for which fire–fighting group will be established. The fire fighting group would house and keep in readiness, the following types of equipment and arrangements. Fire extinguisher details & photographs are enclosed in Appendix L

• CO2 extinguishers • Dry powder chemical extinguishers • 80 mm. spray hoses • Fire brigade

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7.7 Hazard Identification: Sugar Manufacturing Section

Amongst the hazards identified above the area of major concern for fire, explosion and exposure to and release of toxic liquids and gases and there is risk of persons, outside the factory limits getting affected are identified below: I. Bagasse storage: Fire hazard II. Production and handling of SO2 III. Molasses Storage tanks: Leakage of molasses due to tank failure

7.7.1 Bagasse Production and Storage:

7.7.1.1 Present Scenario:

At present capacity for 7500 TCD, 63,000 MTPM of Bagasse is produced. Present Baggase storage area is Yard No 1 = 2500 Sq. M and Yard 2 = 2200 Sq. M is provided and the same will be used after expansion.

Present scenario of safety measures

• There is fire hydrant piping laid around the Baggase storage area. • Fire hydrant system is provided and maintained to cover up entire baggase yard as per the drawing No. MISC / 107-R1, provided by the company.

Suggested measure

Fire hydrant system appeared that it was not maintained in the conditions, which will enable to use it immediately and effectively to control and extinguish fire. It should be checked periodically and maintained in proper condition. 1. The fire- hydrant system has to be continuously charged with water pressure of 7 Kg/sq.cm. 2. Hydrant points must be always approachable, even during night. 3. Fire hose and fire hose boxes have to be in good ready to use condition.

Table 7.2 Details of fire fighting line operating pumps

Pump Make Power R.P.M Type Source to Discharge Head( Location no. KW/HP operate (M3/hr) M) 1 Kirloskar 110/150 1450 DSM Electricity 273 88 At reservoir 125/40 2 Kirloskar 15/20 2900 CPHM Electricity 11 88 At reservoir 32/26 3 Kirloskar 93/133 1800 CPHM1 Diesel 273 88 At reservoir 25/45 4 Kirloskar 15/20 2900 KDS Electricity 15 44 At reservoir 1555 5 Kirloskar 11/15 2900 KPI Electricity 75.5 62 Distillery 1388H 6 Kirloskar 11/15 2900 KPI Electricity 75.5 62 Bagasse 1388H storage yard

Recommendations

1. Fire hydrant and fire fighting system will be augmented during the implementation of expansion.

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2. Updated fire hydrant piping layout will be included in the drawings during the expansion. 7.7.1.2 Additional Mitigation Measures for safe storage: Following mitigation measures to eliminate the fire hazard are in place and some additional measures are suggested as below:

1. It should be ensured while routing high tension voltage lines to avoid storage of bagasse storage below & near high voltage (H.T.) transmission lines. 2. Avoid routing of electric supply cables & cable trenches near to bagasse storage and if unavoidable locate these as far away from stored bagasse or bagasse heaps. 3. Always keep other raw materials & useful material far away from storage of bagasse area. 4. Creating awareness among workers about sudden bagasse fire and emergency action plan will definitely avoid risks of heavy fire. In this way we can save a valuable fuel & life of human being working near bagasse. 5. Posting of proper supervision staff with necessary communication facility. 6. Hot work, like welding, gas cutting should not be carried out near Bagasse storage. Or only after issue of proper work permit and making necessary arrangements. 7. Daily record of Bagasse storage data must be maintained and proper review of storage conditions must be taken by higher authority. 8. Training of all the involved staff in firefighting in normal & emergency operating system. 9. Proper Planning & Maintenance of the fire hydrant system around the bagasse storage yard and not depending exclusively on fire tender for fire fighting. 10. Creating awareness among workers about sudden bagasse fire and emergency action plan will definitely avoid risks of heavy fire. In this way we can save a valuable fuel & life of human being working near bagasse. 11. Goggle and mask should be provided for workers in bagasse yard to prevent ill effect on eyes and inhalation of fine Bagasse dust on the workers in the area. 7.7.2 Hazard Identification : Sulphur Storage At present Sulphur is stored in a closed shed. There no electrical connections /lighting points inside the Sulphur warehouse. And it was informed that all Sulphur required is transferred to the SO2 generation site during daytime only. Location of SO2 generation unit is shown in Appendix -M Following are the hazards in storage and handling Sulphur. 1. Dust Explosion 2. Fire 7.7.2.1 Dust Explosion Sulphur is stored and handled in granular form, there is always some dust formation, which can lead to dust explosion. A dust explosion occurs when a fine dust in suspension in air is ignited, resulting in a very rapid burning, and the release of large quantities of gaseous products. This in turn creates a subsequent pressure rise of explosive force capable of damaging plant and buildings and injuring people. It is generally considered that a dust explosion can only be initiated by dust particles less than 500 microns diameter. Lower explosive limit for Sulphur is reported to be 280 mg/m3

176 CONDITIONS FOR A DUST EXPLOSION

Following conditions are necessary before a dust explosion can take place.

(a) The dust must be combustible. (b) The dust cloud must be of explosive concentration, i.e. between the lower and upper explosion limits for the dusts. (c) There must be sufficient oxygen in the atmosphere to support and sustain combustion. (d) A source of ignition must be present. (e) The dust must be fine enough to support an explosion.

7.7.2.2 Mitigation Measures

Explosion Prevention: Dust explosions can be prevented by ensuring that the following conditions are met: a. Formation and Suspensions of Sulphur dust in air are avoided. b. To prevent dust formation during the storage and handling of Sulphur, it is necessary to take necessary precautions to avoid spillage and crushing of granular Sulphur during bulk loading and unloading in the storage area. c. Storage shed should be constructed with a minimum number of horizontal surfaces to avoid dust must accumulation. d. Bulk accumulations of fine Sulphur may also be removed using soft push brooms, having natural bristles and non-sparking scoops or shovels before vacuum cleaning equipment is used. e. The use of compressed air to remove dust from any surface, vigorous sweeping or any other method of cleaning which may raise a dust cloud is prohibited. f. All sources of ignition are excluded. g. Presence of moisture helps in preventing dust explosion. Hence, Sulphur heaps can be kept slightly wet by spraying water.

7.7.2.3 Fire in Sulphur storage

There is a risk of fire in Sulphur storage as ignition temperature is low 190 deg C. Solid and liquid sulphur will burn to produce sulphur dioxide gas, which is extremely irritating and toxic. The effects of the fire hazard itself are slight.

7.7.2.4 Mitigation Measures

• Smoking and the use of matches shall be prohibited in all areas where Sulphur dust is likely to be present. Prominent NO SMOKING signs shall be placed around such areas. • Naked flames or lights and the use of gas cutting or welding equipment are prohibited during the normal operation of the plant. Repairs involving the use of flames, heat, or hand or power tools in areas where sulphur may be present shall be made only after getting hot work permit from the authorities. • Where this is not possible the sulphur shall be wetted down. • Adequate number of Fire extinguishers have been provided inside the warehouse.

7.7.2.5 Safety and fire fighting tips

 Always use Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA). Sulphur fires produce hazardous sulphur dioxide gas. Sulphur dioxide gas is heavier than air and will accumulate in the vapour spaces of the rail car.

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 Automatic sprinkler systems which comply with relevant Indian Standards and provide a fine spray or mist are recommended as the most satisfactory extinguishing system for bulk stores. Fire hoses and extinguishers must be fitted with fine spray nozzles to ensure that Sulphur dust clouds are not raised, as these can explode on contact with the fire.  Small Sulphur fires are easily extinguished by adding more sulphur on top of the burning Sulphur. This depletes the oxygen and smothers the fire.  For larger Sulphur fires use a light water fog or CO2 to extinguish. Do not use heavy water streams as this may create Sulphur dust which could potentially explode.

7.7.2.6 Exposure to SO2 gas produced by burning Sulphur

• SO2 gas is used for the purification of Sugar juice, in stirred tank closed vessel designed for complete absorption of SO2 gas. • SO2 gas is produced, in SO2 gas generators by charging Sulphur granules in the melter and producing SO2 gas by reacting with air in standard burners, followed by cooling to around 70 deg C. And gas is supplied for the treatment of Sugar juice. There is practically no intermediate storage of the gas and supplying the gas. • The SO2 gas hold up is the pipeline of 200 mm diameter and length of maximum 30 meters for calculation purpose length of 50 meters is assumed at maximum pressure of 0.5 kg/sq. cm • In case of abnormal conditions, air blowers can be switched off.

QRA for Sulphur dioxide is done and is appended at Appendix - N

7.7.2.7 Mitigation Measures based on QRA

There is a SOP to shut off the Air compressor in case of leakage or emergency. Following instructions must be added for workers to follow: 1) Gas masks and SBA must be available near the generation unit for the workers to attend the leakage in case of emergency 2) All the workers (normally 3) working in that area should vacate the area and go against the wind to a safer location. 3) Assembly point should be designated near the SO2 production area. 4) Higher authorities should be informed and if the leakage is serious, alarm should be sounded and procedure given in Onsite Emergency Plan should be followed. 5) Detailed Procedure, based on the above should be included in the plan. 6) Procedure for shutting down the generation unit and actions to be taken in case of gas leakage should be clearly displayed on the board, in local language. 7) Clear passage must be available for people to leave the area easily. 8) Before the plant start up and every six months, pressure test and thickness test of all the equipments and piping carrying SO2 must be carried out to avoid leakage. 9) Provision to sound an alarm must be installed near the operating area, in case; SO2 leakage is suspected and detected by smell, to warn all workers of the leakage. 10) SO2 leak detectors with alarm should be installed. 11) All operators must be aware of Emergency Shutdown procedure and action to be taken to warn authorities to sound alarm. 12) Emergency Shutdown procedure and action to be taken should be displayed in the SO2 production area in the local language. 13) It should form an important part of mock drill to be carried out as per on-site emergency plan. 14) In case major leakage is envisaged in MCA of flange joint leakage, area around SO2

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production unit and part of the main plant must be vacated immediately. 15) Failure frequencies for pipe systems.

Table 7.3: Pipe Failure Scenario

Above ground pipeline Underground pipeline Type of failure Failure frequency Type of failure Failure frequency [/year] [/m.year] Small leak deq = 0.1 D Crack deq = 10 mm 7.9 X 10-8 Medium leak deq = 0.15 2.8 X 10-7 L/D 1.2 10-7 L/D D -8 -8 Large leak deq = 0.36 D 5.0 X 10 L/D Large Leak deq =0.5D 6.9 X 10 Rupture 2.2 X10-8 L/D 2.8 X 10-8

L= to pipe length minimum 10 meters D= inner pipe diameter in mm For assumed length of 50 meters and 200 mm pipe diameter frequency failure rate calculated for small leak deq = 0.1, D= 0.1 X 200 = 20 mm We have done QRA for 2 mm and 5 mm leak. Failure frequency calculated = 7 X 10-5 Another reference quotes frequency failure rate for 4 mm leak in 150 to 300 mm diameter as 1X 10-6 These frequency failure rates are low.

7.7.3 Hazard Identification : Molasses Storage

There are two areas of concern are: 1. Molasses storage: Heavy leakage of Molasses, total breakage of tank, leading to loss of life and pollution.

7.7.3.1 Present Scenario

Four numbers of molasses tanks having capacities of 400 Cu. M & 4500 Cu.M each are installed for storage of molasses. Two in the sugar plant and 2 are located in the distillery plant area. Cooling system for tank is provided for safety purpose. The same tanks will be used after expansion of Distillery. The drawing will also clearly show the provision of gutter around the tanks, collection pit and the pump.

7.7.3.2 Mitigation Measures

It is necessary to take following mitigation measures to prevent bursting of tanks, and heavy leakage and loss of life.

Storage of molasses

1. Molasses should be stored in good quality and leak proof mild steel tanks. 2. Adequate safety factor should be incorporated into the design of wall thickness considering deterioration that will occur due to corrosion over a period of time. 3. Regular internal and external inspection should be scheduled for checking wall thickness of the tanks. 4. Dyke/ Bund walls should be constructed around the tanks with a pumping arrangement to pump dyke wall contents to another tank and eliminate the possibility of spillage and spread inside the factory.

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5. It must be ensured while finalizing the dyke dimensions and that thickness that clear volume inside the dyke walls is equal or more than 1.2 x volume of tank storage capacity. 6. At least, as suggested gutter around the tanks, with pumping arrangement must be constructed. 7. Continuous mixing of molasses through external pump circulation should be done. 8. If there is increase in temperature beyond 300C external cooling of tanks shall be provided by heat exchanger in the circulation line. 9. Frequent Temperature monitoring, manually or by recorder is strongly advised. If there is leakage – a. Leakage should be washed out and diluted and should be recycled as far as possible or must be properly treated in Effluent treatment plant. b. Replacing of leaky gaskets, joints, should be done strictly by following work permit system. c. Leakage of pipelines, welding repairs should be attended / carried out outside the plant. The necessary hot work permit should be issued after taking necessary precautions and fire fighting measures for onsite hot work, by the concerned authority before any hot work in undertaken d. Leakage through pump gland shall be reduced to the minimum by installing mechanical seals. e. To attend all major leakage in tanks the following procedure should be followed (i) Transfer the material to other tank. (ii) Prepare the tank for welding repairs by making sure that it is positively isolated with blinds from other vessels and ensuring that it is free of the chemicals and gases by purging air and carrying out air analysis before any hot work is undertaken and this should be done by skilled workers. For this purpose safety permit should be given.

7.7.3.3 Hazard quantification

Following are the toxic properties of SO2 NFPA rating N (H) =3, N (F) =0 and N(R) =0, TLV= 2 ppm

Toxicity Index

Toxicity Number: The toxicity number (Th) is derived from the NFPA health factor Nh. Nh is an integer number ranging from 0 to 4.

Table 7.4 Toxicity Number

Nh 0 1 2 3 4 Th 0 50 125 250 350

PENALTY FACTOR: The Penalty Factor (Ts) is the second toxicity parameter used to determine the TI. The Ts value is derived from the ‘Threshold Limit Values (TLV)’.

The TLV-values are drawn up by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. TLV represents a time weighted average (TWA) air concentration to which workers can be exposed during a normal working week of 6 days at 8 hrs per day, without ill effects. The penalty factor is determined from the table below:

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Table 7.5 TLV Level

TLV <5 5-50 >50 Penalty factor Ts 125 75 5

Toxicity Index TI= Th+Ts/100 X (1+1.75+2.4) TI= 250+125/100 (5,15) = 3.75X 5.15, which is equal to 19.3

Resulting TI values are ranked into three categories: 1-5 Light 6-9 Moderate 10-up High

Hence Toxicity index is in HIGH range. Sulphur di oxide is produced by oxidation of molten Sulphur in situ in a standard readymade unit as described above and is used in Sulfitation of Sugar cane juice. There is no storage of Sulphur di oxide, as it is produced at the consumption rate and when required.

7.8 CO-GENERATION PLANT

Company has existing 28 MW Co-gen plant. The same will be expanded by additional 10 MW to have total 38 MW generation Capacity. i. The company’s present plant is standard DCS controlled and operated to take care of all safety related issues with all instrumentations, alarms and interlocks. Details of the same are provided in Appendix O. ii. Similar system will be in place for expansion plant as it is standard. iii. In addition, all the employees working in this area on the shop floor are provided with ear plugs to prevent ill effects of high noise in this area.

7.9 DISTILLATION PLANT

Existing Distillation Plant of 60 KLPD Alcohol production capacity shall be modified for 90 KLPD productions.

7.9.1 Suggestion for minimization of Hazard in the process

1. Major hazard identified in the production unit is release of alcohol vapours and fire. 2. It is recommended that, the company should insist in the process know–how and basic engineering supply agreement to include HAZOP study. It is desirable to associate technical and production staff in these studies for better understanding of the process and instrumentation philosophy and other technical aspects of the process and plant. 3. Detailed engineering should ensure that all the recommendations on safety measures are implemented.

7.9.2 Hazard Identification: Production of Alcohol

Major hazard is leakage and fire in storage of Alcohol.

4 number of ethanol storage tanks are located as per the PESO rules. Approval from PESO for the 3rd tank of 750 Cu.M. has also been obtained. It is appended in Appendix - P

Mitigation Measures recommended

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1. For the Alcohol storage, tank layout, tank-farm layout, pump locations etc will be as per the requirements of PESO latest rules and regulations. 2. Statutory approvals for the storage of Alcohol will be obtained, before the plant start up. 3. All tanks will be provided with flame arrestors, moisture traps, and over head condensers with chilled water for prevention of Alcohol loss and environment protection. NFPA rating for Alcohol is NH (Health Factor) NF (Fire Factor) NR (Reactivity) NF= 3, NH = 2 and NR=0, indicating fire as the major hazard in handling and storage of Alcohol 4. For unloading pump, earthing sensor should be provided for safe handling.

7.9.2.1 Qualitative Risk analysis

For the storage of alcohol Fire and Explosion index has been calculated to be 72 based on the Material Factor MF= 16 and storage conditions (Degree of Hazard is rated based on of Fire and explosion index as follows )

Table 7.6 Risk analysis

DEGREE OF HAZARD AND F&EI INDEX F&EI INDEX RANGE DEGREE OF HAZARD 1-60 LIGHT 61-96 MODERATE 97-127 INTERMEDITE 128- 158 HEAVY MORE THAN 159 SEVERE

F&EI index is in the range of moderate

7.9.2.2 Mitigation Measures

1. Based on standard recommendations for moderate hazard is it is recommended to have Alcohol storage tanks should be in open in dyke walls and must have spill collection and control (recycle) arrangement to pump into another tank. 2. As indicated the storage should be in open with dyke walls. 3. If applicable and if storage of Alcohol equals or exceeds 5000 KL following must be done. 4. Clear distance between tanks will be provided as per the requirement of Petroleum Rules Table 1 SCHEDULE II. 5. Location of pumps, location of tank farm in the factory should be as per the requirements of PESO Petroleum rules. 6. Necessary approval /LICENCE from Chief Controller of Explosives has been obtained for the for obtained for the alcohol storage for the Alcohol storage 7. Proper firefighting system, inside the plant and around the storage tanks will be designed as per IS or international code. And Fire NOC will be obtained. 8. Fire fighting around Alcohol storage for expansion will be as per OIS 117 or equivalent standard with sprinkler system and foam based fire fighting arrangement AS PER AS PER THE CHAPTER V. 9. For Transportation of Alcohol, Class A flammable solvent, rules as given in Petroleum act will be followed.

7.9.2.3 Quantitative Risk Analysis

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F&EI index can also be used for estimating the damage that would probably result from the accident/fire. And it is converted to radius of exposure by multiplying it by 0.84 to feet. Thus radius of exposure in this case will be 0.84X72= 60 feet or 18 meters QRA for alcohol storage has been calculated and results as well as conditions assumed are appended at Appendix - N

DMP (Disaster Management Plan) and modified off-site emergency plan will be in place before commissioning of distillery.

7.10 ON-SITE EMERGENCY PLAN

The company has an on-site emergency plan for the existing facilities. But this will be updated by inclusion of recommendation from the RH report and also include the description and maps threat zones calculated. These should be imposed on the plant/factory layout. The same will have to be modified with inclusion of Mitigation measures and quantitative Risk analysis results given above for Sugar manufacturing section and other suggestions. This will have to be suitably modified to include distillery safety measures and results of QRA studies to be carried out and modify the same. Appendix – Q DMP (Disaster Management Plan) and modified off-site emergency plan will be in place before commissioning of distillery.

Safety Measures during regular and shut-down

It must be remembered that shutdown plant are also and sometimes more prone to accidents. Hence it is suggested that all workers, regular and contract workers should be issued proper PPE, like helmet, safety shoes etc. as necessary. All work, hot work, working at height etc. during working and shutdown period should be carried out with proper work permit and under proper supervision.

7.11 Bio-Gas generation Plant

The company has bio gas generation plant. Appendix – R is attached specific to the plant being operated. General note on Bio-gas with respect to Bio-gas plant:

General Properties of Biogas Biogas consists essentially of methane (50 to 80% vol.), carbon dioxide (20 to 50% vol.), hydrogen sulphide (0.01 to 0.4% vol.), and traces of ammonia, hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon monoxide. However, the actual composition for the particular plant has to be confirmed by actual analysis.

Hazard Identification Hazard Assessment The basis for the development of a hazard assessment is to protect and to reduce the exposure to risk and hazards of employees. There is fire and explosion hazard in case of biogas leakage and health hazard in case of exposure as it contains Hydrogen Sulphide. The hazard assessment must be continuously updated according to the current state of knowledge and new operating conditions.

Mitigation Measure normally installed and suggested Normally following safety systems and corresponding instrumentation is part of standard gas production plant and gas storage (Holder) 1. Flashback arrester

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2. Condenser 3. Flame detector 4. Gas sensors 5. Level monitors 6. Pressure monitors 7. Gas condensate system 8. Under and over-pressure.

Mitigation Measure

1. There should be regular check for gas leak either manually or by gas leak detector. 2. Gas leakage should be immediately attended after taking all necessary pre cautions like hot work permit system and under proper supervision. 3. All Ignition source should be totally eliminated like • Hot surfaces (Example: > 500°C (turbocharger)) i. Open flames (Example: Fire, flames, embers) No smoking zone ii. No smoking or open flames should be allowed near biogas digesters and gas storage tanks, especially when checking for gas leaks • Mechanically generated sparks (Example: Rubbing, beating, grinding) • Electrically generated sparks (Example: Switching operations, loose contacts, equalizing currents) • Exothermic reactions (Example: Spontaneous ignition of dusts) • Lightning • Electrostatic discharges Explosion hazards must be determined and assessed. 4. For repair of gas holder or any closed vessel that might have Biogas, vessel permit system must be followed. With one additional person outside the vessel. 5. Accumulation of gas should be prevented. 6. Always maintain a positive pressure in the system 7. Never allow negative pressure in a biogas system. This normally occurs when gas withdrawal rate is more than generation

7.12 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH ASPECTS AND MEDICAL PROVISION IN THE FACTORY

7.12.1 Effects of Alcohol on health

It reacts vigorously with oxidizing materials. TLV for 8 hr. is 1000 ppm (ACGIH). Minimum identifiable concentration has been reported as 350 ppm. Exposure to concentrations of 5000 - 10000 ppm results in irritation of eyes and mucous membranes of the upper respiratory track. Effects of exposure to higher concentration of Alcohol in the atmosphere are given in the following table

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Table 7.7 Effect of Ethyl Alcohol

mg/l Ppm Effects in human 10-20 5300 – 10,640 Some transient coughing and smarting of eyes and nose, not tolerable 30 15,960 Continuous lacrimation and marked coughing; Could be tolerated with discomfort. 40 21,280 Just tolerable for short period > 40 >21,280 Intolerable

• To prevent injury to workers, standard PPEs will be provided. In addition, sufficient number of Self-contained breathing apparatus will be provided to be used in case of major alcohol leakage to avoid exposure to higher levels of Alcohol. All precautionary methods will be adopted by the company to reduce the risk of exposure of employees to occupational safety and health hazards.

7.12.2 Medical check-up

Pre & post medical check-ups will be done of all the employees. Employees will be regularly examined and the medical records will be maintained for each employee. Pulmonary function test and periodical medical checkup shall be done once in every year. For existing sugar factory & Co-gen plant medical checkup of the employees are carried out; refer Appendix S for latest health check up report.

The following tests will be conducted for each worker: • Lung Function Test • Radiology – X-ray • Pulmonary Function Test • Audiometric Test • General clinical examination with emphasis on respiratory system • Pre employment examinations • Periodical medical examinations at the time of employment and after completion of employment. • Periodical medical examinations at the time of employment and after completion of employment.

7.12.3 Occupational Health Center: OHC

The company has OHC center for the existing sugar plant. The facilities of the present OHC and the periodic tests to be carried out will be modified for distillery workers and officers in view of the above details and in consultation with the registered medical practitioner. The location of OHC with dimensions is clearly193 shown in the factory layout drawing; refer appendix A for the same. It will be ensured that the exiting OHC and other medical facilities at the site as per the factories act, and number of employees. Consulting physician will be retained to attain the factory. The same will be augmented before the Distillery start up. The company will have OHC and other medical facilities at the site as per the factories act, and number of employees. Some guide lines are given below: Under rule 73 W All factories carrying out hazardous processes must have OHC with services and facilities A) For factories employing up to 50 workers: i) Medical officer on retainer ship basis, ii) minimum 5 workers trained in first aid, at least one shall be available during all

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working hours. iii) Fully equipped first aid box (What it should contain is also specified later) B) For factories employee 51 to 200 workers i) OHC with min. floor space of 15 sq. meters ii) part time medical officer iii) one qualified and trained dresser-cum- compounder throughout all working hours. iv) equipped first aid box C) For factories employing more than 200 workers, i) Full time medical officer up to 500 workers, and one more full time medical officer for every additional 1000 workers or part thereof ii) OHC with 2 rooms iii) One compounder and one ward boy 24 by 7 iv) OHC to be equipped all emergencies With what facilities OHC should be equipped with is given in details in schedule. Requirement of Ambulance van for any factory carrying on hazardous process shall be provided and maintained is defined under 73-X. For factories with less than 200 workers, management must have an arrangement for getting ambulance van at short notice it also details out what facilities ambulance Van should have Other important requirements are: company must have, MSDS for all hazardous chemicals at site, Pre-employment medical checkup and six monthly medical check-up for all employees, including contract workers. And record must be available. Since the operation involve storage and handling of toxic chemicals, affecting liver, kidneys, lounges, medical test must include the specific teats to check functioning of these vital organs. The company carries out medical checkup for workers as per the requirement; the health check up parameters can be modified in consultation with the qualified medical doctor.

Standard Medical facilities as required by Factory rule are expected to have been provided in the OHC for the existing plant, some important are illustrated below: 1. Well equipped First Aid Boxes will be provided in each Section of the factory. 2. Snake bite Lancet 3. In case of need, factory will be having dispensary to give effective medical facility to workers. In dispensary, sufficient stock of medicines will be available to provide to workers in case of any major emergent situation. 4. A vehicle will be always available to shift the sick/injured person to District Hospital. 5. Ambulance will be made available 24X7 in the factory to deal and take the injured workers to the district hospital.

7.13 EHS POLICY:

The Company will prepare well define EHS policy and will displayed as per the norms.

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Chapter 8 Project Benefits

8.1 INTRODUCTION Any industrial activity helps in improving the social status of the locality. The existing project by SCSSSKL has held in improvement of infrastructure and social structure in the command area and has lead to sustainable development. Also, after expansion the community that inhabit in the nearby areas will be benefited directly or indirectly by the project. Following benefits due to the proposed expansion project are expected. 8.1.1 Improvement in the Physical Infrastructure:- • The industry has constructed well paved roads for easy access to the workers that has helped in easy transportation of raw materials and products for industry. • The industry shall adopt the rain water harvesting systems that will improve the ground water table. As no any groundwater is utilized for the proposed expansion project it will be indeed useful to the surrounding farmers in their fields. • Augmentation of existing green belt and plantation of additional trees in the industrial area and its surrounding shall help in improving the aesthetic beauty of the surrounding environment giving a pleasant look and improvising the air quality. Also green belt will help in arresting dust emissions as well as noise. • Villages in study area would be benefited from CER activities to be undertaken by industry especially in respect of sanitation through provision of toilets and MSW management actions. 8.1.2 Improvement in the Social Infrastructure:- • Industry has its own grantable primary and secondary school. The people residing in the nearby areas will be benefited by the educational facility that will help in enhancing the literacy rate and safety in that area. • Due to expansion, the frequency of the local transportation will increase in this area. This will help shorten the time reaching destination and utilize it for some fruitful productive work • Industry made available government approved grain shop at factory site for workers and nearby people. • Industry aids for depot of drought affected animals for sheds and drinking water tanks. • Industry assists financially to nearby people for medical treatment in case any major diseases found. 8.2 ACTIVITIES DONE BY SCSSSKL UNDER CER:- Table 8.1 Activities Done By SCSSSKL under CER Financial Year wise Cost (Rs.) Total No. Details Cost 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 (Rs.Lakhs) Expenses for Education 1 130.21 13.93 77.22 84.12 65.36 370.84 and Scholarship 2 Expenses for Sports 22.59 16.68 20.97 21.04 26.95 108.23 Expenses for medical 3 0.255 0.35 0.20 0.15 0.96 Assistance Expenses for Cultural 4 0.93 2.96 0.65 1.95 3.30 9.78 Programs

187 Financial Year wise Cost (Rs.) Total No. Details Cost 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 (Rs.Lakhs) 5 Grants for Biogas 0.43 0.57 0.34 0.36 0.21 1.91 Expenses for plantation 6 0.99 1.26 0.88 1.33 1.54 5.99 of fruit plants & other Expenses for Garden 7 3.63 1.50 0.94 1.50 3.16 10.74 Developments Expenses for Sakhar 8 3.51 2.91 4.99 5.60 9.10 26.11 school Expenses for Labour 9 5.59 5.49 5.43 5.75 5.73 27.99 Insurance Expenses Labour 10 6.87 9.05 13.55 13.75 16.81 60.03 welfare Total 175.00 54.71 125.17 135.40 132.31 622.57

For photographs of existing CER activities; Refer Appendix T and for Proposed CER activities are listed under Chapter 6, Section 6.6.2.1.

8.3 EMPLOYMENT POTENTIAL

In any industrial activity all three types i.e. skilled, semi skilled and unskilled people are required. Preference is given for employment to local people based on qualification and requirement. The existing sugar factory has provided Direct & Indirect Employment to local people. When the production of sugar, alcohol and power manufacturing becomes stable expansion may become possible further and then employment availability may further enhance. Hence, it can be stated that by this activity employment potential is certainly increasing in all walks of life – skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled. Refer Table. 2.1 from Chapter 2 for more details.

8.4 OTHER TANGIBLE BENEFITS

After execution of the project the above mentioned benefits shall accrue. Apart from this other tangible benefits are mentioned below.

• After expansion of the industry, the industry will meet the national interest of economical growth through sustainable development, as sugar and alcohol has been a great source of revenue through excise duty levied by the Government. • First Aid Training and fire safety training will be given to all the workers. • Insurance Policies for the workers will be made available. • Improvement in the aesthetic through green belt development. • The ground water recharging shall be done by arresting rain water.

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Chapter 9 Environmental Management Plan

9.1 INTRODUCTION

Environment Management Plan (EMP) is required for ensuring sustainable development. It should not affect the surrounding environment adversely. The management plan presented in this chapter needs to be implemented under proposed expansion of sugar factory, distillery and co-gen plant.

EMP aims at controlling pollution at source with available and affordable technology followed by treatment measures. Waste minimization and waste recycling measures are emphasized. In addition to the Industry specific control measures, the proposed and expansion activities should adopt following guidelines-

• Application of Low and Non Waste Technology in the production process • Adoption of reuse and recycling technologies to reduce generation of wastes and to optimize the production cost of the industry.

Recycling and reuse of industrial waste not only reduces the waste generation but also can be an economic gain to the industry. For expansion activity the management of the SCSSSKL will take all the necessary steps to control and mitigate the environmental pollution in the designing stage itself. Moreover, while implementing the project the management will follow guidelines issued by CPCB. EMP is prepared based on the existing environmental status of the project location and the anticipated impacts of the project activities on environment.

9.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CELL (EMC)

As a part of the EMP, it is essential to formulate an EMC. The SCSSSKL is already having a cell functioning under its existing sugar factory, co-gen plant and distillery projects. The cell works under Managing Director of the Industry and is responsible persons from certain departments have been taken as members. The EMC is responsible for all the activities, actions, outputs and management of entire infrastructure provided for control and abatement of pollution in the SCSSSKL project complex. Further, the cell is also active in protecting state of environment in the study area around existing campus of SCSSSKL. Various programs and tasks towards conservation, awareness, promotion, review etc. are undertaken and implemented through the existing environmental management cell of SCSSSKL. This cell will also be responsible for taking care of actions and implementations subsequent to the expansion program of the distillery. Further, the EMC will be adequately expanded by incorporation of certain new members since the work load on existing ones is going to be increased substantially subsequent to commissioning of expansion projects. Following table gives details about EMC in the industry.

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Table 9.1 Environmental Management Cell

No. Name of Member Designation Number of Working Person(s) 1 Mr. Jitendra Anandrao Chavan Managing Director 1 2 Dr. Sangram Ghugare Env. Consultant 1 Equinox Environments (I) Pvt. Ltd. 3 Mr. Saif Naikawade Environmental Engineer 1 4 Mr. Mansing Sankpal Asst. Env. Engineer 1 5 Mr. Ajay Ghorpade Environmental Chemist 1 6 Mr. Niwas Chougule Environmental Chemist 1 7 Mr. B.G.Ghatge Safety officer 1 8 Mr. Ramesh Ningure Lab attendants 1 9 Mr. Sagar Gurav Lab attendants 1 10 Mr. M. B. Sankpal Supervisor 1 Total 10

Figure 9.1 Environmental Management Cell and Responsibilities

Managing Director Effective implementation of EMP

Sugar Factory Team Co-gen Team Distillery Team Responsible for all activities in Responsible for all activities in Responsible for all activities in this unit related to Safety, Health this unit related to Safety, this unit related to Safety, Health and Environment (SHE) Health and Environment (SHE) and Environment (SHE)

Health and Safety Manager Reporting the Vice President, Operational Risk

Committee and the Board on matters regarding SHE performance, SHE Management System performance and the SHE risk position in the Industry

Environmental Engineer Environmental Chemist Developing & implementing Providing technical advice Collecting and analyzing occupational health & safety policy, on implementation of the samples and program and procedure, increasing SHE management plan. developing remediation health and safety awareness at all programs. levels within the organizations.

Members of the Environmental cell would be well qualified and experienced in the concerned fields. Some of the routine tests of wastewater such as pH, solids, temperature etc. will be

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carried out in the laboratory that would be established at the site. However, for additional tests of water, wastewater, soil, air etc., services of accredited laboratories as well as that of a consultant would be hired.

9.3 WORKING OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

Figure 9.2 Environmental Management Plan

Environmental Policy

Management Review Planning

Preparing Environmental • Environmental Aspects

Plan and Policy • Objectives & Targets • Environmental Management Plan

Checking / Corrective Action Implementation • Monitoring & Measurement • Implementation of EMP in all the three • Non-conformance & Corrective & plants i.e. Sugar factory, Co - gen & Preventive Action Distillery • Records • Document Control • EMS Audits • Operational Control • Emergency Preparedness /Response

9.4 RECOMMENDATION AND IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE

Mitigation measures suggested in Chapter 4 would be implemented. This will reduce the impact on environment due to the expansion as well as establishment of project. To facilitate easy implementation, recommendations suggested are grouped in different phases. Most important measures are accommodated in earlier phase whereas the lesser important ones are grouped in later phase.

9.4.1 Summary of Recommendations

Table 9.2 Summary of Recommendations

No Aspect Description Recommendations & Proposed Actions 1. Water a) SCSSSKL project complex has fresh water a) Considering the permission of water Consumption permission of 90,625 M3/Season as granted consumption granted by Irrigation by irrigation Department. Department; Govt. of Maharashtra It has b) Water required for entire project complex been suggested to the Project Proponents after Expansion of Sugar factory, co-gen and (PP) to make maximum use of cane distillery is 6,078 CMD. condensate by installing CPU in distillery. b) Out of total water consumption for industrial purpose i.e 5976 CMD: 5664 CMD is recycled water from sugar cane condensate, Distillery CPU and STP treated water and only 322 CMD is fresh water taken from Dudhaganga river which is in limit of the permission granted by Irrigation Dept. c) Fresh water consumption for industrial purpose in sugar factory is 0 Lit/MT of sugarcane crushed against the CPCB norm of 100 Lit/MT of cane crushed.

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No Aspect Description Recommendations & Proposed Actions d) As far as distillery is concerned, 3.6 KL/KL of fresh water is required for industrial purpose in distillery unit as against 10KL/KL of alcohol produced as per the ToR issued. 2. Effluent a) Sugar Factory & Co-gen plant: a) Entire trade effluent from existing & Treatment Total effluent generated from sugar factory expansion activities of sugar factory and & Co-gen plant shall be 867 CMD which Co-gen would be treated in sugar factory will be forwarded to the existing Sugar ETP. ETP which is upgraded under expansion Treated effluent from same (372 CMD) will project. be given to farm land for irrigation purpose. b) Raw spentwash shall be by concentration in b) Distillery Unit: MEE (Five effect). Concentrated The effluent generated from 90 KLPD spentwash shall be used for bio-composting distillery would be in the form of raw along with filler material. Condensate from spentwash to the tune of 667 M3/Day. MEE forwarded to distillery CPU along Spentwash shall be subjected for bio- with spent and other effluents like cooling methanation followed by concentration in blow down, lab & washing effluent 39 MEE (Five effect). Concentrated spentwash M3/day for treatment. Treated water from to the tune of 287 M3/day shall be used for CPU reused in process thereby achieving bio-composting along with filler material. ‘Zero Liquid Discharge’ for process Condensate from MEE forwarded to effluent. For more details w.r.t effluent distillery CPU along with spent lees to the generation Section tune of 180 M3/day and other effluents like c) Storm water drains would be kept separate cooling blow down, lab & washing effluent from other drains. Natural drains if found, 39 M3/day for treatment. Treated water from would not be altered under any CPU reused in process thereby achieving circumstances. ‘Zero Liquid Discharge’ for process effluent. d) No drains will be kept open in the plant. For more details w.r.t effluent generation e) The treated water from sugar factory ETP Section 2.7.1.3 of Chapter 2 may be referred will be given to nearby farmers for Total Domestic effluent generated from irrigation purpose. exiting and expansion activity of SCSSSKL f) Also, spentwash generation in distillery is is 73.2 M3/Day 7.4 KL/KL of alcohol the standard mass balance and effluent generation details chapter 2nd may be referred. 3. Air Pollution a) Existing activities 2 boilers of capacities 70 a) Regular self-monitoring of the AAQ and Control TPH & 60 TPH are already installed. work zone air quality to be done by the b) The same are provided with ESP as APC industry through approved labs to check equipment followed by stacks of 70.5 M and control dust levels / concentrations at heights for 70 TPH & 60 TPH certain places so that same could be kept c) SCSSSKL has granted permission for always below the stipulated norms. installation of 40 TPH boiler under its b) Efficiencies of dust control equipment in previous expansion project. This is installed the industry shall be monitored regularly under expansion. (at least once a month) under performance d) Also, two D.G. sets of 500 KVA each & two evaluation. sets of 300 KVA each are installed in c) Inlet and outlet of pollution control existing unit on site which are only used equipment shall be provided with all during Turbine tripping. No new DG will necessary sampling arrangements as per install during expansion activity. guidelines of CPCB. d) The distillery should regularly monitor quality of stack emissions, AAQM and work zone air quality through self- monitoring practices, interlocks and OCMS should be fitted and properly operated. e) For details w.r.t Monitoring chapter 6th may be referred. a) Solid Waste a) Sugar Factory and Cogen Plant: The solid a) Recommendations have been made toward Management waste generated under existing as well storage of ash in silo of and transportation expansion activities would be in the form of of same disposal site through covered

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No Aspect Description Recommendations & Proposed Actions boiler ash and ETP sludge. Boiler ash is vehicles. partially mixed in composting process & rest b) Adequate storage, disposal shall be done. is given to brick manufacturers and ETP c) The distillery shall have to operate & sludge is used as manure in own farm. This maintain composting facility as per CREP same method of disposal will be followed norms and stipulations of CPCB and under proposed expansion activity. MoEFCC.

b) Distillery Unit: Solid waste that would be generated under distillery unit is boiler ash is sold to farmers/brick manufacturers, fermentation residues is Mixed in composting process b) Ecological & Proposed expansion of sugar factory, co-gen and a) Industry has been advised to undertake Socio- distillery will not have negative impact on implementation of green belt plan. There economic ecology and socio-economic status. The details under, a time bound program shall be Aspects. of ecology and biodiversity (flora, fauna, fishes, prepared for plantation of trees along the etc.) observed in existing unit are described in periphery and along the roads of proposed Chapter 3 Section 3.12 unit. b) Awareness camps in study area. c) The Industry would always take lead in contributing towards community development. d) Noise Control 1. In the Sugar factory and co-gen; noise a) Provision and use of earmuffs in High Measures generating sources generally are the boiler Noise Area. house, turbine rooms, cane crushing section b) Providing separate sitting and control room and mill house, etc. for workers. 2. The expected noise levels in these sections c) Changing of shifts and exposure time to would be in the range of 65 to 70 dB (A). high Noise Area would be reduced d) CER 1. The implementations under CER shall be a) Industry, by involving workers and locals, done in a time bound manner. shall demonstrate, encourage, and promote 2. Planning for CER shall be started with the suitable eco-friendly alternatives and green identification of activities/ projects and may technologies in the villages in the vicinity be undertaken in periphery of industrial area. such as water harvesting, solar lighting, co- toilets, organic farming etc.

9.5 ENVIRONMENTAL POST MONITORING PROGRAMMES

After commissioning of the project, regular monitoring of Environmental Attributes such as AAQ, Stack Emissions, Noise and Effluent would be done on regular basis

Table 9.3 Implementation Schedule

No Recommendation Time Period Implementation Schedule Immedia Progres As per Time Schedule te sive of Proposed Unit 1 Air Pollution Control (2 Stacks of Before Expansion of * - - Co-gen and 1 Distillery) the industry 2 Water Pollution Control (Execution Already Implemented under Existing unit of Sugar & Co-gen ETP) 3 Water Pollution Control Before establishment (Construction of CPU at proposed of distillery distillery) 4 Noise Control (isolation and Before Expansion of * - - Insulation, Provision of PPE’s) the industry 5 Ecological aspects (Additional Stage wise * * - Green belt development)

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No Recommendation Time Period Implementation Schedule Immedia Progres As per Time Schedule te sive of Proposed Unit 6 Solid and hazardous waste Already Implemented under Existing unit Management 7 Socio-economic aspects (Corporate Stage wise - - * Social Responsibility) Note:-‘*’ indicates implementation of recommendations

9.6 POST ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE COMPLIANCE

After commissioning of the project, regular monitoring of Environmental Attributes such as Ambient Air Quality, Stack Emissions, Noise and Effluent would be done on regular basis. Refer Chapter 6 for details w.r.t Post Monitoring Program to be conducted.

Following compliance against the consent conditions after commissioning of project would be observed under the Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act 1981, Hazardous Waste (Management, Handling & Transboundary Movement) Rules 2010.

Table 9.4 Compliance against EC & Consent Condition

No. Description Frequency Remark 1. Post EC Compliance -- Submitted to RO, MoEFCC Nagpur. RO visited to SCSSSKL on 06.02.2019 for inspection of EC condition compliance. Site visit report is presented at Appendix – V for reference. 2. Submission of six Twice in a Two compliance reports per Year. monthly reports to R.O., Year MoEFCC, Nagpur towards EC conditions 3. Renewal of Consent Once in a Application for renewal shall be done 60 year days before the expiry date. 4. Environmental Statement Once in a Would be submitted for every financial year year before 30th September of next year. 5. Hazardous Waste Returns Once in a Would be submitted for every financial year year before 30th June of next year. 6. Routine Environmental Monthly SCSSKL is doing monthly environmental Monitoring monitoring through MoEFCC and NABL accreditated laboratory.

9.6.1 Monitoring Equipment

Air Quality and Meteorological Instruments

1. Fine Dust Sampler 2. Weather station with Wind Vane, Anemometer, Thermometer, Dry/ Wet Bulb Thermometer, Rain-gauge 3. Spectrophotometer 4. Single pan balance up to 0.0001gms detection levels. 5. Relevant chemicals as required

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6. Oven Water and Waste Water Quality 1. BOD Incubator 2. COD reflux assembly 3. Refrigerator 4. Thermometer 5. pH meter 6. Stop watch 7. Distilled water plant 8. Pipette box 9. Titration set 10. Relevant chemicals and glass wares Noise Levels Sound level meter in different scales like A, B and C with slow and fast response options Soil Characteristics Soil samplers (auger) to collect soil samples.

195 Chapter 10 Summary and Conclusion

10.1 INTRODUCTION

This EIA report has been prepared for expansion of sugar factory from 7,000 TCD to 10,000 TCD, co-gen plant from 28 MW to 38 MW and distillery from 60 KLPD to 90 KLPD in the existing premises of Shree Chhatrapati Shahu Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana Ltd. (SCSSSKL) located at Kagal Taluka, Kolhapur, Maharashtra.

The above mentioned expansion project attracts the condition of prior Environmental Clearance procurement as per the EIA Notification No. S. O. 1533 (E) dated 14.09.2006 and amendments thereto. Accordingly, it has been listed under Category – A; Item No.: 5(j), 5(g) and 1(d). Table 10.1 Project Investment Details

Capital Investment (Rs. Cr.) No. Industrial unit Existing Expansion Total 1 Sugar Factory, Co-gen Plant & Distillery Rs. 350.86 Cr. Rs. 110 Cr. Rs. 460.86 Cr.

10.2 PROJECT AT A GLANCE

Table 10.2 Project Sitting & Environmental Settings

No. Particulars Details 1 Name and Address of the Shree Chhatrapati Shahu Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana Ltd. Industry (SCSSSKL). Survey. No.: 144/1/B, 144/2, 148-151, 153-157, 159-161, 164-172, 186, 244/B, 247/2/3, 61/32, Kagal Taluka, Kolhapur, Maharashtra. 2 Total Land Acquired 14,00,000 Sq.M. (140 Ha) (Sugar, Co-gen & Distillery) 3 Elevation 553 M above MSL 4 Nearest Habitation • Kagal Town 1.20 Km • Quarters provided for industry officers are about 800 M away from main manufacturing plant. Populations of 300 nos. of people reside therein. • Also, school hostel of SCSSSK is located about 700 M from main manufacturing plant. About 96 Nos. students reside therein. 5 Nearest City Kolhapur (14 Km) 6 Nearest Highway NH-4 (1 Km) & SH-129 (1.80 Km) from manufacturing units.) 7 Nearest Railway Track from Gandhinagar railway station (12.80 Km) Project Site Kolhapur railway station (14.6 Km) 8 Nearest airport Ujalaiwadi airport (8.30 Km). 9 Nearest tourist places Kaneriwadi 4.30 Km 10 Defense installations Nil within 10 Km radius 11 Archaeological important Nil within 10 Km radius 12 Ecological sensitive zones Nil within 10 Km radius 13 Reserved /Protected forest / Nil within 10 Km radius National Parks/ Wildlife Sanctuary (from Project Site) 14 Nearest streams / Rivers / water Dudhganga river (3 Km) bodies (from Project Site) 15 Nearest Industrial Area 5 Star Kagal MIDC 6.20 Km

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No. Particulars Details Gokul Shirgaon MIDC 6 Km 16 Interstate Boundary Maharashtra–Karnataka interstate boundary @4.40Km. 17 Site Co-ordinates (all corners) 16°35'29.57"N 74°18'11.73"E 16°35'00.88"N 74°18'18.00"E 16°34'53.81"N 74°17'45.81"E 16°35'46.80"N 74°17'41.76"E

10.3 PROCESS DESCRIPTION

10.3.1 Product and Raw Material

The details of raw materials and products that are being manufactured under existing as well as those to be manufactured under expansion are presented in following table-

Table 10.3 List of Products for Integrated complex

Industrial unit Product & By- Quantity product Existing Expansion Total (7,000 TCD) (3,000 TCD) (10,000 TCD) Sugar Factory Sugar (13%) 163380 70620 234000 (MT/ M) Molasses (4%) 50400 21600 72000 (Days: 180) Bagasse (30 %) 378000 162000 540000 Pressmud (4%) 50400 21600 72000 Co-Gen Product Existing Expansion Total (MW) (Days: 180) Electricity 28 10 38 Distillery Product Existing Expansion Total (KLPD) (60 KLPD) (30 KLPD) (90 KLPD) (Days: 270) Rectified Spirit 60 30 90 (RS)/ ENA Ethanol 30 30 60 Sugar Refinery Product Total after exp. (Days: 180) Refined Sugar - 234000 234000

Table 10.4 List of Raw Materials for Integrated complex

Industrial Name of Raw Quantity Source Unit Material Sugar Existing Expansion Total Factory (7,000TCD) (3,000 TCD) (10,000TCD) (MT/M) Sugarcane 21000 90000 300000 Member farmers Lime 425 200 625 Purchase from suppliers Purchase from Sulphur 120 54 174 Suppliers Lubricants 3 2 5 Purchase from suppliers Co-gen Raw Existing Expansion Total Source (MT/M) Materials (28 MW) (10 MW) (38 MW) Bagasse 40000 14000 54000 Own Sugar Factory Distillery Raw Existing Expansion Total Source (MT/M) Materials (60 KLPD) (30 KLPD) (90 KLPD) Molasses 6750 3250 10000 Own Sugar Factory Oil & Grease 900 300 1200 Purchase from suppliers DAP 2400 600 3000 Urea 2400 600 3000

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Figure 10.1 Integrated Manufacturing Process Operations

10.4 SOURCES OF POLLUTION AND MITIGATION MEASURES

10.4.1 Water Pollution

• Total water requirement for SCSSSKL integrated project complex after expansion shall be to the tune of 6,078 M3/Day. • The sugar factory and co-gen plant would need 5,148 M3/Day out of which 5,121 M3/Day (99.4%) would be condensate water available from sugar cane condensation & STP treated water. Hence it could be observed that no any fresh water would be required for industrial purpose in sugar factory & co-gen plant except for drinking & gardening purpose @ 27 M3/Day. • The water requirement for expansion of distillery would be 930 M3/Day. Out of this, 606 M3/Day (65.1 %) shall be met from the MEE condensate & STP treated water, remaining 324 M3/Day (34.9%) shall be taken from Dudhganga river. Moreover, for domestic purpose out of total requirement of 9 M3/Day, 7 M3/Day shall be treated water from STP & used for flushing. For more details refer Section 2.7.1.3 of Chapter 2 • Effluent from sugar factory & co-gen plant to the tune of 867 M3/Day would be treated in to its existing sugar factory ETP which is upgraded under expansion. Treated water from sugar factory ETP would be reused for various processes. • Raw spentwash to the tune of 667 M3/Day shall be primarily treated in Bio-methanation Plant followed by concentration in Multiple Effect Evaporator (Five Effect).

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Concentrated Spentwash of 287 M3/Day shall be forwarded for Bio-composting along with pressmud, boiler ash and yeast sludge. Other Effluents viz. MEE condensate, spent lees, cooling blow down, lab & washing shall be forwarded CPU to be provided under proposed expansion. Treated effluent would be used for dilution in the process. • Total domestic effluent after expansion to the tune of 73.2 M3/day would be treated in STP.

10.4.2 Air Pollution

• Existing activities 2 boilers of capacities 70 TPH, 60 TPH & 40 TPH are already installed. Permission was granted by MoEFCC, New Delhi for installation of 40 TPH boiler under previous expansion project. The same are provided with ESP as APC equipment followed by stacks of 70.5 M heights for 70 TPH & 60 TPH boiler and 40 M height for 40 TPH boiler. • Also, two D.G. sets of 500 KVA each & two sets of 300 KVA each are installed in existing unit on site which are only used during Turbine tripping. No new DG will installed during expansion activity

For More details w.r.t boiler and Stack details refer Table 2.27 from chapter 2.

10.4.3 Noise Pollution

• In the Sugar factory, co-gen and distillery, very high noise generating sources do not exist. Boiler house, distillation & fermentation section would be the minor sources of noise. • The noise levels, as measured at various points in the boiler house, are not more than 85 dB (A). Adequate care shall be taken under expansion process also so that the noise from all the concerned sections shall be properly attenuated and controlled through insulation, isolation, separation techniques. • Green belt to be developed further shall play an important role to attenuate the noise levels from industry to surroundings.

10.4.4 Solid Waste Table 10.5 Solid Waste Details

No. Type of After Disposal Existing Waste Expansion 1 1393.2 1717.2 Partially mixed in composting process & rest Boiler ash MT/M MT/M is given to brick manufacturers free of cost. 2 ETP Sludge 3.0 MT/M 5.0 MT/M Used as manure in own farm 3 Fermentation 30 MT/M 45.0 MT/M Mixed in composting process Residues

10.4.5 Hazardous Waste Table 10.6 Hazardous Waste Details

No. Hazardous Waste Quantity (MT/ M) Disposal Category Existing After Expansion 1 5.1- Used Oil 0.45 0.5 Burnt in own boiler as fuel

10.4.6 Odour Pollution

There are number of odour sources in existing distillery and sugar factory, which include molasses handling and storage, fermentation and distillation, bio-methanation, secondary effluent treatment, bio-composting and storage of effluents, stale cane, bad mill sanitation, 199

bacterial growth in interconnecting pipes & unattended drains. The measures adopted under existing unit for controlling the same are proper housekeeping, sludge management in biological ETP units, steaming of major pipe lines, regular use of bleaching powder in the drains, efficient handling, prompt & proper disposal of pressmud to compost yard. Spentwash is being carried through closed pipeline for concentration in MEE. Under expansion same practices shall be carried out. Hence, odour nuisance due to spentwash storage and bio- composting activity shall be entirely eliminated.

For more details towards mitigation of odour problems, Chapter 2 (Section 2.7.6) may be referred.

10.5 GREEN BELT DEVELOPMENT

Total plot area of SCSSSKL (including existing sugar factory, co-gen plant & distillery) is 14, 00,000 Sq. As per MoEFCC norms, green belt should be developed on 33% of the total plot area of industry. Under existing setup of SCSSSKL an area of 3, 70,000 Sq. M. is under green belt which is only 26.43% of total plot area. Existing Green belt is less than required norms of 33%. Hence, under present expansion project green belt additionally an area of about 92,000 Sq. M area would bedeveloped. Hence, ultimately total green belt after expansion will be 4, 62,000 Sq. M which would be 33 % of total plot area. For more details w.r.t Green belt development plan chapter 2, section 2.8 may be referred.

10.6 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM

Monitoring of various environmental parameters will be carried out on a regular basis to ascertain the following:

The project management will carry out the monitoring regularly and record shall be maintained of the same. For details w.r.t post monitoring program to be conducted; refer Chapter - 9 (Table 9.5).

10.7 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN

The Environment Management Plan aims at controlling pollution at source with available and affordable technology followed by treatment measures. Under the existing sugar factory, co- generation plant and distillery, SCSSSKL has effectively implemented the EMP. As a part of the EMP, it is essential to formulate an Environmental Management Cell (EMC). The SCSSSKL is already having a well functioning EMC under its existing sugar factory and distillery projects. EMC will be adequately expanded by incorporation of certain new members subsequent to commissioning of expansion project. For more details, the separate chapter on EMP may be referred.

10.8 CONCLUSION

The proposed expansion of sugar factory, co-gen plant and distillery by SCSSSKL will help to elevate the economic growth at the local level as well as national level. It will also generate the employment in the study region, thereby improving the standard of living of people in the area. The expansion activity shall not disturb the land use pattern in the study area of 10 Km. No Rehabilitation is involved under this project since expansion is to be done in the existing 200 unit. While undertaking this expansion activity the farmers shall also be partially benefitted as their farm lands will be irrigated by the treated water from sugar ETP. Moreover, the compost produced can also be used as soil conditioner in the fields. Thus, the SCSSSKL expansion project is beneficial for society without hampering the environment and thereby accomplishing the aim of sustainable development.

201

201(a) Chapter 11 Disclosure of Consultants

11.1 THE ORGANIZATION

Equinox Environments (India) Pvt. Ltd. (EEIPL) is a major company under the 'Equinox Group'. It is one of the leading environmental consultants in the country and renders all the environmental services, under one roof, needed by various industries. EEIPL is an ISO 9001:2015 certified organization (DNV-GL) that has been duly accredited through QCI – NABET for the Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change (MoEFCC); New Delhi as recognized and approved ‘Environmental Consultant’ at the National Level. EEIPL operates through its offices located in Kolhapur, Pune, New Mumbai, New Delhi, Hyderabad and Baltimore (US). Through the organization, various services are offered that are related to environmental engineering, pollution control & its abatement, industrial safety, health & hygiene. EEIPL's set up comprises of engineers, eminent scientists, chemists, technicians & associates. Moreover, organization is having back up of a most modern laboratory infrastructure. NABL accredited lab, also approved by Govt. of India through the MoEFCC; New Delhi has received OHSAS 18001:2007 certifications from DNV GL.

The 'Equinox Group' is in the environmental business for last nineteen years and have rendered services as well as expert consultation to a number of industries such as sugar factories, power plants, distilleries, foundries, sponge iron & steel plants, textile industries, bulk drug manufacturing units and chemical industries, food processing & beverage manufacturing units, asbestos products & roofing, timber and particle board Industries etc.Further our website – www.equinoxenvi.com – may be visited for additional details regarding our activities, achievements and list of our esteemed clients as well as our Key Personnel.

202

27/04/2019 Equinoxenvi Mail - Stage III scheduled - Equinox

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Dear Sir/ Madam,

This has reference to the office assessment for your organization scheduled for May 06-09, 2019. Please find here the travel plan for the assessors for your kind reference and booking the tickets for same:

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Also, attached are the attendance sheet, feedback form to be filled and sent to NABET office within one week of the assessment. The QMS matrix (attached) may please be sent prior to the assessment. The assessment plan shall be sent shortly for your ready reference. 203 https://mail.google.com/mail/u/1?ik=38e940b351&view=pt&search=all&permmsgid=msg-f%3A1631509081690411614&simpl=msg-f%3A16315090816… 1/3 27/04/2019 Equinoxenvi Mail - Stage III scheduled - Equinox DĂǇǁĞĂůƐŽ͕ƌĞƋƵĞƐƚǇŽƵƚŽůĞƚƵƐŬŶŽǁǁŚŝĐŚĂůůĞŵƉĂŶĞůůĞĚĞǆƉĞƌƚƐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶƌĞĐĞŶƚůǇĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚĂŶĚ ĂƉƉƌŽǀĞĚĞŝƚŚĞƌǁŝƚŚƋƵŝŶŽǆŽƌĂŶǇŽƚŚĞƌKŝ͘ĞǁŝƚŚŝŶůĂƐƚϲŵŽŶƚŚƐ͘<ŝŶĚůǇŝŶĨŽƌŵƚŚĞƐĞĐƚŽƌͬ&Ɛ ĂƉƉƌŽǀĞĚ͕ĂƚĞŐŽƌǇ͕DŽDƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŶĂŵĞŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝǌĂŽŶƐ͘

With best regards,

WƌĞĞW ĂǁĂƌŝĂ<ŚĂƚƌŝ ĐĐƌĞĚŝƚĂŽŶKĸĐĞƌͮEd EĂŽŶĂůĐĐƌ ĞĚŝƚĂŽŶŽĂƌ ĚĨŽƌĚƵĐĂŽŶĂŶĚd ƌĂŝŶŝŶŐ YƵĂůŝƚǇŽƵŶĐŝůŽĨ/ŶĚŝĂͮwww.qcin.org /dW/ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ͕ϲƚŚ&ůŽŽƌ͕ϰͲ͕ I P Estate, Ring Road, New Delhi - 110002, India tŽƌŬ͗нϵϭͲϭϭͲϮϯϯϮͲϯϰϭϲʹϮϯ͕ǆƚ͗ϭϱϬͮ&Ăǆ͗нϵϭͲϭϭͲϮϯϯϮͲϯϰϭϱ &ĂĐĞďŽŽŬͮ>ŝŶŬĞĚ/Ŷͮdǁŝ Ğƌ

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Dear Madam,

Thank your for your mail. We will forward you the list of ĂůůĞŵƉĂŶĞůůĞĚĞǆƉĞƌƚƐƐŚŽƌƚůǇ͘

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On Fri, 12 Apr 2019 at 09:40, Ms. Preeti Pawaria Khatri wrote: Dear Sir,

Further to the trailing mail, please note that the office assessment for your organization has now been rescheduled for May 06-09, 2019. You are requested to pay the fee for stage III on the portal at the earliest.

Also, please send the soft copy of the following 2 EIAs: ϭ͘Expansion through capacity utilization of exiating bulk drugs & intermidiate manufacturng unit,123.5 MTPM to 492.5,21 and A , M/s. Smruthi Organics Ltd. Ϯ͘Proposed 45 KLPD Molasses based Distillery,45 KLPD,22 and A

May we also, request you to let us know which all empanelled experts have been recently assessed and approved either with Equinox or any other ACO I.e within last 6 months. Kindly inform the sector/ FAs approved, Category, MoMs and the name of organizations. 204 https://mail.google.com/mail/u/1?ik=38e940b351&view=pt&search=all&permmsgid=msg-f%3A1631509081690411614&simpl=msg-f%3A16315090816… 2/3 27/04/2019 Equinoxenvi Mail - Stage III scheduled - Equinox

With best regards,

&ƌŽŵ͗sĂŝďŚĂǀƋƵŝŶŽǆф[email protected]х ^ĞŶƚ͗DŽŶĚĂǇ͕Ɖƌŝůϴ͕ϮϬϭϵϭ͗ϬϬWD dŽ͗DƐ͘WƌĞĞW ĂǁĂƌŝĂ<ŚĂƚƌŝ Đ͗^ƵůĂŬƐŚĂŶĂǇĂƌĞŬĂƌ͖WĂǁĂŶ͖DƐ͘^ĂŵƌĂ<ŚĂŶ ^ƵďũĞĐƚ͗ZĞ͗^ƚĂŐĞ///ƐĐŚĞĚƵůĞĚͲƋƵŝŶŽǆ

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206 Scheme for Accreditation of EIA Consultant Organizations ^ĐŽƉĞŽĨĐĐƌĞĚŝƚĂƚŝŽŶ ƐƉĞƌEd^ĐŚĞŵĞ WƌŽũĞĐƚ Žƌ ĐƚŝǀŝƚǇ ĂƐ ƉĞƌ ^ĐŚĞĚƵůĞ ŽĨ ^͘EŽ͘ ŽŶƐƵůƚĂŶƚKƌŐĂŶŝǌĂƚŝŽŶ DŽ& EŽƚŝĨŝĐĂƚŝŽŶ ^ĞĐƚŽƌ EĂŵĞŽĨ^ĞĐƚŽƌ ĂƚĞŐŽƌǇ ĚĂƚĞĚ ^ĞƉƚĞŵďĞƌ ϭϰ͕ EƵŵďĞƌ ϮϬϬϲ ĂŶĚ ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚ ŵĞŶĚŵĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚĚƌĞĚŐŝŶŐ ϯϰ ,ŝŐŚǁĂǇƐ ϳ;ĨͿ ŽŵŵŽŶDƵŶŝĐŝƉĂů^ŽůŝĚtĂƐƚĞ ϯϳ DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ &ĂĐŝůŝƚǇ ϳ;ŝͿ ;D^tD&Ϳ ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚŝŽŶ ϯϴ ϴ;ĂͿ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ dŽǁŶƐŚŝƉƐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĂ ϯϵ ϴ;ďͿ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ DŝŶŝŶŐ ŽĨ ŵŝŶĞƌĂůƐ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ϭ ϭ;ĂͿ;ŝͿ ŽƉĞŶĐĂƐƚͬƵŶĚĞƌŐƌŽƵŶĚŵŝŶŝŶŐ ƋƵŝŶŽǆŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞƋƵŝŶŽǆŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐ;/ŶĚŝĂͿWƌŝǀĂƚĞ>ŝŵŝƚĞĚŶƚƚƐ;/ŶĚŝĂͿWƌŝǀĂƚĞ>ŝŵŝƚĞĚ ϰ dŚĞƌŵĂůƉŽǁĞƌƉůĂŶƚƐ ϭ;ĚͿ DĞƚĂůůƵƌŐŝĐĂů ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĞƐ;ĨĞƌƌŽƵƐ ĚĚƌĞƐƐ͗ &Ͳϭϭ͕ EĂŵĚĞǀ EĞƐƚ͕ ϭϭϲϬͲ ͕͟͞tĂƌĚ͕^ŬǇĞƐ ϴ ŽŶůǇͿ Ͳ ďŽƚŚ ƉƌŝŵĂƌǇ Θ ϯ;ĂͿ ǆƚĞŶƐŝŽŶ͕KƉƉ͘<ĂŵĂůĂŽůůĞŐĞ͕<ŽůŚĂƉƵƌͲϰϭϲϬϬϭ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌǇ ƐďĞƐƚŽƐ ŵŝůůŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĂƐďĞƐƚŽƐ ϭϮ ϰ;ĐͿ Ğ͘ŵĂŝů͗ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐΛĞƋƵŝŶŽǆĞŶǀŝ͘ĐŽŵ͕ ďĂƐĞĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ ϲϱ ĞŝĂΛĞƋƵŝŶŽǆĞŶǀŝ͘ĐŽŵ͕ĞĞŝƉůƚĚΛĞƋƵŝŶŽǆĞŶǀŝ͘ĐŽŵ͕ ϭϯ ŚůŽƌͲĂůŬĂůŝŝŶĚƵƐƚƌǇ ϰ;ĚͿ WĞƐƚŝĐŝĚĞƐ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌǇ ĂŶĚ dĞů͗͘ϬϮϯϭͲϮϱϯϭϮϯϭͬϮϱϮϲϯϯϳ ϭϳ ƉĞƐƚŝĐŝĚĞ ƐƉĞĐŝĨŝĐ ŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐ ϱ;ďͿ ϬϵϴϮϮϬϰϱϬϴϯ͕ϬϵϴϴϭϭϮϭϱϮϮ ;ĞǆĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵƵůĂƚŝŽŶƐͿ WĞƚƌŽͲĐŚĞŵŝĐĂů ĐŽŵƉůĞǆĞƐ Conditions apply ;ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĞƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐ ϭϴ ϱ;ĐͿ ŽĨ ƉĞƚƌŽůĞƵŵ ĨƌĂĐƚŝŽŶƐ Θ ŶĂƚƵƌĂůŐĂƐĂŶĚͬŽƌƌĞĨŽƌŵŝŶŐƚŽ

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207 Scheme for Accreditation of EIA Consultant Organizations ^ĐŽƉĞŽĨĐĐƌĞĚŝƚĂƚŝŽŶ ƐƉĞƌEd^ĐŚĞŵĞ WƌŽũĞĐƚ Žƌ ĐƚŝǀŝƚǇ ĂƐ ƉĞƌ ^ĐŚĞĚƵůĞ ŽĨ ^͘EŽ͘ ŽŶƐƵůƚĂŶƚKƌŐĂŶŝǌĂƚŝŽŶ DŽ& EŽƚŝĨŝĐĂƚŝŽŶ ^ĞĐƚŽƌ EĂŵĞŽĨ^ĞĐƚŽƌ ĂƚĞŐŽƌǇ ĚĂƚĞĚ ^ĞƉƚĞŵďĞƌ ϭϰ͕ EƵŵďĞƌ ϮϬϬϲ ĂŶĚ ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚ ŵĞŶĚŵĞŶƚƐ ĂƌŽŵĂƚŝĐƐͿ WĞƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂů ďĂƐĞĚ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐ ;ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ ĐƌĂĐŬŝŶŐ ϮϬ ϱ;ĞͿ ΘƌĞĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŶŽƚ ĐŽǀĞƌĞĚ ƵŶĚĞƌƚŚĞĐŽŵƉůĞǆĞƐͿ ^ǇŶƚŚĞƚŝĐ ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ ĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌǇ ;ĚǇĞƐ Θ ĚǇĞ ŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐ͖ ďƵůŬ ĚƌƵŐƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐ ĞǆĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ĚƌƵŐ Ϯϭ ϱ;ĨͿ ĨŽƌŵƵůĂƚŝŽŶƐ͖ƐǇŶƚŚĞƚŝĐƌƵďďĞƌƐ͖ ďĂƐŝĐ ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ ĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐ͕ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƐǇŶƚŚĞƚŝĐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ ĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐͿ ϮϮ ŝƐƚŝůůĞƌŝĞƐ ϱ;ŐͿ Ϯϱ ^ƵŐĂƌ/ŶĚƵƐƚƌǇ ϱ;ũͿ ŽŵŵŽŶ ŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐ ǁĂƐƚĞ ϯϮ ƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ͕ƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚĚŝƐƉŽƐĂů ϳ;ĚͿ ĨĂĐŝůŝƚŝĞƐ;d^&ƐͿ ŽŵŵŽŶ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂů ƐŽůŝĚ ǁĂƐƚĞ ϯϳ ϳ;ŝͿ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚĨĂĐŝůŝƚǇ;D^tD&Ϳ ƵŝůĚŝŶŐĂŶĚĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚŝŽŶ ϯϴ ϴ;ĂͿ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ dŽǁŶƐŚŝƉƐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĂ ϯϵ ϴ;ďͿ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ůĞĐƚƌŽƉůĂƚŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ DĞƚĂů ϰϬ;ŝŝͿ Ͳ Ͳ ŽĂƚŝŶŐ

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208 Scheme for Accreditation of EIA Consultant Organizations ^ĐŽƉĞŽĨĐĐƌĞĚŝƚĂƚŝŽŶ ƐƉĞƌEd^ĐŚĞŵĞ WƌŽũĞĐƚ Žƌ ĐƚŝǀŝƚǇ ĂƐ ƉĞƌ ^ĐŚĞĚƵůĞ ŽĨ ^͘EŽ͘ ŽŶƐƵůƚĂŶƚKƌŐĂŶŝǌĂƚŝŽŶ DŽ& EŽƚŝĨŝĐĂƚŝŽŶ ^ĞĐƚŽƌ EĂŵĞŽĨ^ĞĐƚŽƌ ĂƚĞŐŽƌǇ ĚĂƚĞĚ ^ĞƉƚĞŵďĞƌ ϭϰ͕ EƵŵďĞƌ ϮϬϬϲ ĂŶĚ ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚ ŵĞŶĚŵĞŶƚƐ ϰϬ;ǀͿ &ŽŽĚWƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐ Ͳ Ͳ DŝŶŝŶŐ ŽĨ ŵŝŶĞƌĂůƐ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ϭ KƉĞŶ ĐĂƐƚͬ hŶĚĞƌŐƌŽƵŶĚ ϭ;ĂͿ;ŝͿ ŵŝŶŝŶŐ KĨĨ ƐŚŽƌĞ ĂŶĚ ŽŶͲƐŚŽƌĞ Žŝů ĂŶĚ Ϯ ŐĂƐĞǆƉůŽƌĂƚŝŽŶ͕ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚΘ ϭ;ďͿ ZD/ŶĚŝĂWƌŝǀĂƚĞ>ŝŵŝƚĞĚ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶ ϯ ZŝǀĞƌǀĂůůĞǇWƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ϭ;ĐͿ ĚĚƌĞƐƐ͗ ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ EŽ͘ ϭϬ͕dŽǁĞƌ ͕ &ŽƵƌƚŚ &ůŽŽƌ͕ >& ϰ dŚĞƌŵĂůƉŽǁĞƌƉůĂŶƚƐ ϭ;ĚͿ ǇďĞƌŝƚǇ͕'ƵƌŐĂŽŶͲϭϮϮϬϬϮ ϴ ^ĞĐŽŶĚĂƌǇ^ƚĞĞůŽŶůǇ ϯ;ĂͿ ϵ ĞŵĞŶƚƉůĂŶƚƐ ϯ;ďͿ Ğ͘ŵĂŝů͗ƐƵďŝƌ͘ŐƵƉƚĂΛĞƌŵ͘ĐŽŵ ϭϯ ŚůŽƌͲĂůŬĂůŝŝŶĚƵƐƚƌǇ ϰ;ĚͿ ϭϲ ŚĞŵŝĐĂů&ĞƌƚŝůŝǌĞƌƐ ϱ;ĂͿ ϲϲ dĞů͗͘ϬϭϮϰͲϰϭϳϬϯϬϬ ϬϵϴϭϬϬϲϴϭϲϭ WĞƐƚŝĐŝĚĞƐŝŶĚƵƐƚƌǇĂŶĚƉĞƐƚŝĐŝĚĞ ϭϳ ƐƉĞĐŝĨŝĐ ŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐ ϱ;ďͿ ;ĞǆĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌŵƵůĂƚŝŽŶƐͿ Conditions apply WĞƚƌŽͲĐŚĞŵŝĐĂů ĐŽŵƉůĞǆĞƐ ;ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĞƐ ďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐ ϭϴ ŽĨƉĞƚƌŽůĞƵŵĨƌĂĐƚŝŽŶƐΘŶĂƚƵƌĂů ϱ;ĐͿ ŐĂƐ ĂŶĚͬŽƌ ƌĞĨŽƌŵŝŶŐ ƚŽ ĂƌŽŵĂƚŝĐƐͿ WĞƚƌŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂů ďĂƐĞĚ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐ ;ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ ĐƌĂĐŬŝŶŐ ϮϬ ϱ;ĞͿ ΘƌĞĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŶŽƚ ĐŽǀĞƌĞĚ ƵŶĚĞƌƚŚĞĐŽŵƉůĞǆĞƐͿ

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209

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ENCLOSURE - I

No.J-11011/225/2015-IA II (I) Goverment of India Minister of Enviroment,Forest and Climate Change Impact Assessment Division ***

Indira Paryavaran Bhavan, Vayu Wing,3rd Floor,Aliganj, Jor Bagh Road,New Delhi-110003 06 Sep 2018

To,

M/s SHREE CHHATRAPATI SHAHU SAHAKARI SAKHAR KARKHANA LTD., KAGAL Shree Chatrapati Shahu S.S.K. Tdt., Kagal Shrimant Jayshingrao Ghatge Bhavan, Kagal, Taluka : Kagal, District : Kolhapur, Kolhapur-416216 Maharashtra

Tel.No.2325-244211; Email:[email protected]

Sir/Madam,

This has reference to the proposal submitted in the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change to prescribe the Terms of Reference (TOR) for undertaking detailed EIA study for the purpose of obtaining Environmental Clearance in accordance with the provisions of the EIA Notification, 2006. For this purpose, the proponent had submitted online information in the prescribed format (Form-1 ) along with a Pre-feasibility Report. The details of the proposal are given below:

1. Proposal No.: IA/MH/IND2/76013/2018

Expansion of Sugar Factory (7000 TCD to 10000 TCD), Distillery (60 KLPD to 90 KLPD) & 2. Name of the Proposal: Co-gen unit (28 MW to 38 MW) by Shree Chhatrapati Shahu Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana Ltd.

3. Category of the Proposal: Industrial Projects - 2

4. Project/Activity applied for: 5(g) Distilleries 5(j) Sugar Industry

5. Date of submission for TOR: 02 Aug 2018

216 In this regard, under the provisions of the EIA Notification 2006 as amended, the Standard TOR for the purpose of preparing environment impact assessment report and environment management plan for obtaining prior environment clearance is prescribed with public consultation as follows:

217 STANDARD TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR) FOR EIA/EMP REPORT FOR PROJECTS/ACTIVITIES REQUIRING ENVIRONMENT CLEARANCE

5(g): STANDARD TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR CONDUCTING ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY FOR DISTILLERIES AND INFORMATION TO BE INCLUDED IN EIA/EMP REPORT

A. STANDARD TERMS OF REFERENCE

1) Executive Summary 2) Introduction i. Details of the EIA Consultant including NABET accreditation ii. Information about the project proponent iii. Importance and benefits of the project 3) Project Description i. Cost of project and time of completion. ii. Products with capacities for the proposed project. iii. If expansion project, details of existing products with capacities and whether adequate land is available for expansion, reference of earlier EC if any. iv. List of raw materials required and their source along with mode of transportation. v. Other chemicals and materials required with quantities and storage capacities vi. Details of Emission, effluents, hazardous waste generation and their management. vii. Requirement of water, power, with source of supply, status of approval, water balance diagram, man-power requirement (regular and contract) viii. Process description along with major equipments and machineries, process flow sheet (quantative) from raw material to products to be provided ix. Hazard identification and details of proposed safety systems. x. Expansion/modernization proposals: a. Copy of all the Environmental Clearance(s) including Amendments thereto obtained for the project from MOEF/SEIAA shall be attached as an Annexure. A certified copy of the latest Monitoring Report of the Regional Office of the Ministry of Environment and Forests as per circular dated 30th May, 2012 on the status of compliance of conditions stipulated in all the existing environmental clearances including Amendments shall be provided. In addition, status of compliance of Consent to Operate for the ongoing Iexisting operation of the project from SPCB shall be attached with the EIA-EMP report. b. In case the existing project has not obtained environmental clearance, reasons for not taking EC under the provisions of the EIA Notification 1994 and/or EIA Notification

218 STANDARD TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR) FOR EIA/EMP REPORT FOR PROJECTS/ ACTIVITIES REQUIRING ENVIRONMENT CLEARANCE

2006 shall be provided. Copies of Consent to Establish/No Objection Certificate and Consent to Operate (in case of units operating prior to EIA Notification 2006, CTE and CTO of FY 2005-2006) obtained from the SPCB shall be submitted. Further, compliance report to the conditions of consents from the SPCB shall be submitted. 4) Site Details i. Location of the project site covering village, Taluka/Tehsil, District and State, Justification for selecting the site, whether other sites were considered. ii. A toposheet of the study area of radius of 10km and site location on 1:50,000/1:25,000 scale on an A3/A2 sheet. (including all eco-sensitive areas and environmentally sensitive places) iii. Details w.r.t. option analysis for selection of site iv. Co-ordinates (lat-long) of all four corners of the site. v. Google map-Earth downloaded of the project site. vi. Layout maps indicating existing unit as well as proposed unit indicating storage area, plant area, greenbelt area, utilities etc. If located within an Industrial area/Estate/Complex, layout of Industrial Area indicating location of unit within the Industrial area/Estate. vii. Photographs of the proposed and existing (if applicable) plant site. If existing, show photographs of plantation/greenbelt, in particular. viii. Landuse break-up of total land of the project site (identified and acquired), government/ private - agricultural, forest, wasteland, water bodies, settlements, etc shall be included. (not required for industrial area) ix. A list of major industries with name and type within study area (10km radius) shall be incorporated. Land use details of the study area x. Geological features and Geo-hydrological status of the study area shall be included. xi. Details of Drainage of the project upto 5km radius of study area. If the site is within 1 km radius of any major river, peak and lean season river discharge as well as flood occurrence frequency based on peak rainfall data of the past 30 years. Details of Flood Level of the project site and maximum Flood Level of the river shall also be provided. (mega green field projects) xii. Status of acquisition of land. If acquisition is not complete, stage of the acquisition process and expected time of complete possession of the land. xiii. R&R details in respect of land in line with state Government policy 5) Forest and wildlife related issues (if applicable): i. Permission and approval for the use of forest land (forestry clearance), if any, and recommendations of the State Forest Department. (if applicable)

219 STANDARD TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR) FOR EIA/EMP REPORT FOR PROJECTS/ACTIVITIES REQUIRING ENVIRONMENT CLEARANCE

ii. Landuse map based on High resolution satellite imagery (GPS) of the proposed site delineating the forestland (in case of projects involving forest land more than 40 ha) iii. Status of Application submitted for obtaining the stage I forestry clearance along with latest status shall be submitted. iv. The projects to be located within 10 km of the National Parks, Sanctuaries, Biosphere Reserves, Migratory Corridors of Wild Animals, the project proponent shall submit the map duly authenticated by Chief Wildlife Warden showing these features vis-à-vis the project location and the recommendations or comments of the Chief Wildlife Warden-thereon v. Wildlife Conservation Plan duly authenticated by the Chief Wildlife Warden of the State Government for conservation of Schedule I fauna, if any exists in the study area vi. Copy of application submitted for clearance under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, to the Standing Committee of the National Board for Wildlife 6) Environmental Status i. Determination of atmospheric inversion level at the project site and site-specific micrometeorological data using temperature, relative humidity, hourly wind speed and direction and rainfall. ii. AAQ data (except monsoon) at 8 locations for PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOX, CO and other parameters relevant to the project shall be collected. The monitoring stations shall be based CPCB guidelines and take into account the pre-dominant wind direction, population zone and sensitive receptors including reserved forests. iii. Raw data of all AAQ measurement for 12 weeks of all stations as per frequency given in the NAQQM Notification of Nov. 2009 along with - min., max., average and 98% values for each of the AAQ parameters from data of all AAQ stations should be provided as an annexure to the EIA Report. iv. Surface water quality of nearby River (100m upstream and downstream of discharge point) and other surface drains at eight locations as per CPCB/MoEF&CC guidelines. v. Whether the site falls near to polluted stretch of river identified by the CPCB/MoEF&CC, if yes give details. vi. Ground water monitoring at minimum at 8 locations shall be included. vii. Noise levels monitoring at 8 locations within the study area. viii. Soil Characteristic as per CPCB guidelines. ix. Traffic study of the area, type of vehicles, frequency of vehicles for transportation of materials, additional traffic due to proposed project, parking arrangement etc. x. Detailed description of flora and fauna (terrestrial and aquatic) existing in the study area shall be given with special reference to rare, endemic and endangered species. If Schedule-I fauna are found within the study area, a Wildlife Conservation Plan shall be prepared and furnished. xi. Socio-economic status of the study area.

220 STANDARD TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR) FOR EIA/EMP REPORT FOR PROJECTS/ ACTIVITIES REQUIRING ENVIRONMENT CLEARANCE

7) Impact and Environment Management Plan i. Assessment of ground level concentration of pollutants from the stack emission based on site-specific meteorological features. In case the project is located on a hilly terrain, the AQIP Modelling shall be done using inputs of the specific terrain characteristics for determining the potential impacts of the project on the AAQ. Cumulative impact of all sources of emissions (including transportation) on the AAQ of the area shall be assessed. Details of the model used and the input data used for modelling shall also be provided. The air quality contours shall be plotted on a location map showing the location of project site, habitation nearby, sensitive receptors, if any. ii. Water Quality modelling - in case of discharge in water body iii. Impact of the transport of the raw materials and end products on the surrounding environment shall be assessed and provided. In this regard, options for transport of raw materials and finished products and wastes (large quantities) by rail or rail-cum road transport or conveyor- cum-rail transport shall be examined. iv. A note on treatment of wastewater from different plant operations, extent recycled and reused for different purposes shall be included. Complete scheme of effluent treatment. Characteristics of untreated and treated effluent to meet the prescribed standards of discharge under E(P) Rules. v. Details of stack emission and action plan for control of emissions to meet standards. vi. Measures for fugitive emission control vii. Details of hazardous waste generation and their storage, utilization and management. Copies of MOU regarding utilization of solid and hazardous waste in cement plant shall also be included. EMP shall include the concept of waste-minimization, recycle/reuse/recover techniques, Energy conservation, and natural resource conservation. viii. Proper utilization of fly ash shall be ensured as per Fly Ash Notification, 2009. A detailed plan of action shall be provided. ix. Action plan for the green belt development plan in 33 % area i.e. land with not less than 1,500 trees per ha. Giving details of species, width of plantation, planning schedule etc. shall be included. The green belt shall be around the project boundary and a scheme for greening of the roads used for the project shall also be incorporated. x. Action plan for rainwater harvesting measures at plant site shall be submitted to harvest rainwater from the roof tops and storm water drains to recharge the ground water and also to use for the various activities at the project site to conserve fresh water and reduce the water requirement from other sources. xi. Total capital cost and recurring cost/annum for environmental pollution control measures shall be included. xii. Action plan for post-project environmental monitoring shall be submitted.

221 STANDARD TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR) FOR EIA/EMP REPORT FOR PROJECTS/ACTIVITIES REQUIRING ENVIRONMENT CLEARANCE

xiii. Onsite and Offsite Disaster (natural and Man-made) Preparedness and Emergency Management Plan including Risk Assessment and damage control. Disaster management plan should be linked with District Disaster Management Plan. 8) Occupational health i. Plan and fund allocation to ensure the occupational health & safety of all contract and casual workers ii. Details of exposure specific health status evaluation of worker. If the workers' health is being evaluated by pre designed format, chest x rays, Audiometry, Spirometry, Vision testing (Far & Near vision, colour vision and any other ocular defect) ECG, during pre placement and periodical examinations give the details of the same. Details regarding last month analyzed data of above mentioned parameters as per age, sex, duration of exposure and department wise. iii. Details of existing Occupational & Safety Hazards. What are the exposure levels of hazards and whether they are within Permissible Exposure level (PEL). If these are not within PEL, what measures the company has adopted to keep them within PEL so that health of the workers can be preserved, iv. Annual report of heath status of workers with special reference to Occupational Health and Safety. 9) Corporate Environment Policy i. Does the company have a well laid down Environment Policy approved by its Board of Directors? If so, it may be detailed in the EIA report. ii. Does the Environment Policy prescribe for standard operating process / procedures to bring into focus any infringement / deviation / violation of the environmental or forest norms / conditions? If so, it may be detailed in the EIA. iii. What is the hierarchical system or Administrative order of the company to deal with the environmental issues and for ensuring compliance with the environmental clearance conditions? Details of this system may be given. iv. Does the company have system of reporting of non compliances / violations of environmental norms to the Board of Directors of the company and / or shareholders or stakeholders at large? This reporting mechanism shall be detailed in the EIA report 10) Details regarding infrastructure facilities such as sanitation, fuel, restroom etc. to be provided to the labour force during construction as well as to the casual workers including truck drivers during operation phase. 11) Enterprise Social Commitment (ESC) i. Adequate funds (at least 2.5 % of the project cost) shall be earmarked towards the Enterprise Social Commitment based on Public Hearing issues and item-wise details along with time

222 STANDARD TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR) FOR EIA/EMP REPORT FOR PROJECTS/ ACTIVITIES REQUIRING ENVIRONMENT CLEARANCE

bound action plan shall be included. Socio-economic development activities need to be elaborated upon. 12) Any litigation pending against the project and/or any direction/order passed by any Court of Law against the project, if so, details thereof shall also be included. Has the unit received any notice under the Section 5 of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 or relevant Sections of Air and Water Acts? If so, details thereof and compliance/ATR to the notice(s) and present status of the case. 13) 'A tabular chart with index for point wise compliance of above TOR.

B. SPECIFIC TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR EIASTUDIES FOR DISTILLERIES

1. List of existing distillery units in the study area along with their capacity and sourcing of raw material. 2. Number of working days of the distillery unit. 3. Details of raw materials such as molasses/grains, their source with availability. 4. Details of the use of steam from the boiler. 5. Surface and Ground water quality around proposed spent wash storage lagoon, and compost yard. 6. Plan to reduce spent wash generation within 6-8 KL/KL of alcohol produced. 7. Proposed effluent treatment system for molasses/grain based distillery (spent wash, spent lees, condensate and utilities) as well as domestic sewage and scheme for achieving zero effluent discharge (ZLD). 8. Proposed action to restrict fresh water consumption within 10 KL/KL of alcohol production. 9. Details about capacity of spent wash holding tank, material used, design consideration. No. of peizometers to be proposed around spent wash holding tank. 10. Action plan to control ground water pollution. 11. Details of solid waste management including management of boiler ash, yeast, etc. Details of incinerated spent wash ash generation and its disposal. 12. Details of bio-composting yard (if applicable). 13. Action plan to control odour pollution. 14. Arrangements for installation of continuous online monitoring system (24x7 monitoring device)

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223 STANDARD TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR) FOR EIA/EMP REPORT FOR PROJECTS/ACTIVITIES REQUIRING ENVIRONMENT CLEARANCE

5(j): STANDARD TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR CONDUCTING ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY FOR SUGAR INDUSTRY INFORMATION TO BE INCLUDED IN EIA / EMP REPORT

A. STANDARD TERMS OF REFERENCE

1) Executive Summary 2) Introduction i. Details of the EIA Consultant including NABET accreditation ii. Information about the project proponent iii. Importance and benefits of the project 3) Project Description i. Cost of project and time of completion. ii. Products with capacities for the proposed project. iii. If expansion project, details of existing products with capacities and whether adequate land is available for expansion, reference of earlier EC if any. iv. List of raw materials required and their source along with mode of transportation. v. Other chemicals and materials required with quantities and storage capacities vi. Details of Emission, effluents, hazardous waste generation and their management. vii. Requirement of water, power, with source of supply, status of approval, water balance diagram, man-power requirement (regular and contract) viii. Process description along with major equipments and machineries, process flow sheet (quantative) from raw material to products to be provided. ix. Hazard identification and details of proposed safety systems. x. Expansion/modernization proposals: a. Copy of all the Environmental Clearance(s) including Amendments thereto obtained for the project from MOEF/SEIAA shall be attached as an Annexure. A certified copy of the latest Monitoring Report of the Regional Office of the Ministry of Environment and Forests as per circular dated 30th May, 2012 on the status of compliance of conditions stipulated in all the existing environmental clearances including Amendments shall be provided. In addition, status of compliance of Consent to Operate for the ongoing Iexisting operation of the project from SPCB shall be attached with the EIA-EMP report. b. In case the existing project has not obtained environmental clearance, reasons for not taking EC under the provisions of the EIA Notification 1994 and/or EIA Notification

224 STANDARD TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR) FOR EIA/EMP REPORT FOR PROJECTS/ ACTIVITIES REQUIRING ENVIRONMENT CLEARANCE

2006 shall be provided. Copies of Consent to Establish/No Objection Certificate and Consent to Operate (in case of units operating prior to EIA Notification 2006, CTE and CTO of FY 2005-2006) obtained from the SPCB shall be submitted. Further, compliance report to the conditions of consents from the SPCB shall be submitted. 4) Site Details xiv. Location of the project site covering village, Taluka/Tehsil, District and State, Justification for selecting the site, whether other sites were considered. i. A toposheet of the study area of radius of 10km and site location on 1:50,000/1:25,000 scale on an A3/A2 sheet. (including all eco-sensitive areas and environmentally sensitive places) ii. Details w.r.t. option analysis for selection of site iii. Co-ordinates (lat-long) of all four corners of the site. iv. Google map-Earth downloaded of the project site. v. Layout maps indicating existing unit as well as proposed unit indicating storage area, plant area, greenbelt area, utilities etc. If located within an Industrial area/Estate/Complex, layout of Industrial Area indicating location of unit within the Industrial area/Estate. vi. Photographs of the proposed and existing (if applicable) plant site. If existing, show photographs of plantation/greenbelt, in particular. vii.Landuse break-up of total land of the project site (identified and acquired), government/ private - agricultural, forest, wasteland, water bodies, settlements, etc shall be included. (not required for industrial area) viii. A list of major industries with name and type within study area (10km radius) shall be incorporated. Land use details of the study area ix. Geological features and Geo-hydrological status of the study area shall be included. x. Details of Drainage of the project upto 5km radius of study area. If the site is within 1 km radius of any major river, peak and lean season river discharge as well as flood occurrence frequency based on peak rainfall data of the past 30 years. Details of Flood Level of the project site and maximum Flood Level of the river shall also be provided. (mega green field projects) xi. Status of acquisition of land. If acquisition is not complete, stage of the acquisition process and expected time of complete possession of the land. xii.R&R details in respect of land in line with state Government policy 5) Forest and wildlife related issues (if applicable): i. Permission and approval for the use of forest land (forestry clearance), if any, and recommendations of the State Forest Department. (if applicable)

225 STANDARD TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR) FOR EIA/EMP REPORT FOR PROJECTS/ACTIVITIES REQUIRING ENVIRONMENT CLEARANCE

ii. Landuse map based on High resolution satellite imagery (GPS) of the proposed site delineating the forestland (in case of projects involving forest land more than 40 ha) iii. Status of Application submitted for obtaining the stage I forestry clearance along with latest status shall be submitted. iv. The projects to be located within 10 km of the National Parks, Sanctuaries, Biosphere Reserves, Migratory Corridors of Wild Animals, the project proponent shall submit the map duly authenticated by Chief Wildlife Warden showing these features vis-à-vis the project location and the recommendations or comments of the Chief Wildlife Warden-thereon v. Wildlife Conservation Plan duly authenticated by the Chief Wildlife Warden of the State Government for conservation of Schedule I fauna, if any exists in the study area vi. Copy of application submitted for clearance under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, to the Standing Committee of the National Board for Wildlife 6) Environmental Status i. Determination of atmospheric inversion level at the project site and site-specific micrometeorological data using temperature, relative humidity, hourly wind speed and direction and rainfall. ii. AAQ data (except monsoon) at 8 locations for PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOX, CO and other parameters relevant to the project shall be collected. The monitoring stations shall be based CPCB guidelines and take into account the pre-dominant wind direction, population zone and sensitive receptors including reserved forests. iii. Raw data of all AAQ measurement for 12 weeks of all stations as per frequency given in the NAQQM Notification of Nov. 2009 along with - min., max., average and 98% values for each of the AAQ parameters from data of all AAQ stations should be provided as an annexure to the EIA Report. iv. Surface water quality of nearby River (100m upstream and downstream of discharge point) and other surface drains at eight locations as per CPCB/MoEF&CC guidelines. v. Whether the site falls near to polluted stretch of river identified by the CPCB/MoEF&CC, if yes give details. vi. Ground water monitoring at minimum at 8 locations shall be included. vii. Noise levels monitoring at 8 locations within the study area. viii. Soil Characteristic as per CPCB guidelines. ix. Traffic study of the area, type of vehicles, frequency of vehicles for transportation of materials, additional traffic due to proposed project, parking arrangement etc. x. Detailed description of flora and fauna (terrestrial and aquatic) existing in the study area shall be given with special reference to rare, endemic and endangered species. If Schedule- I fauna are found within the study area, a Wildlife Conservation Plan shall be prepared and furnished. xi. Socio-economic status of the study area.

226 STANDARD TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR) FOR EIA/EMP REPORT FOR PROJECTS/ ACTIVITIES REQUIRING ENVIRONMENT CLEARANCE

227 STANDARD TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR) FOR EIA/EMP REPORT FOR PROJECTS/ACTIVITIES REQUIRING ENVIRONMENT CLEARANCE

228 STANDARD TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR) FOR EIA/EMP REPORT FOR PROJECTS/ ACTIVITIES REQUIRING ENVIRONMENT CLEARANCE

Social Commitment based on Public Hearing issues and item-wise details along with time bound action plan shall be included. Socio-economic development activities need to be elaborated upon. 12) Any litigation pending against the project and/or any direction/order passed by any Court of Law against the project, if so, details thereof shall also be included. Has the unit received any notice under the Section 5 of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 or relevant Sections of Air and Water Acts? If so, details thereof and compliance/ATR to the notice(s) and present status of the case. 13) 'A tabular chart with index for point wise compliance of above TOR.

B. SPECIFIC TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR EIASTUDIES FOR SUGAR INDUSTRY

1. Complete process flow diagram describing each unit, its processes and operation sinproduction of sugar, along with material and energy inputs and outputs (material and energy balance). 2. Details on water balance including quantity of effluent generated, recycled & reused. Effort stominimize effluent is charge and to maintain quality of receiving water body. 3. Details of effluent treatment plant, inlet and treated water quality with specific efficiency of each treatment unit in reduction in respect to fall concerned / regulated environmental parameters. 4. Numberofworkingdaysof thesugar productionunit. 5. Detailsoftheuseofsteamfromtheboiler. 6. Detailsofproposedsource-specificpollutioncontrol schemes andequipments to meet the national standards. 7. Collection, storage, handling and transportation of molasses, 8. Collection, storage and handling of bagasse and pressmud. 9. Flyash management plan for coal based and bagasse and action plan 10. Details on water quality parameter ssuchas Temperature, Colour, pH, BOD, COD, Total Kjeldhal Nitrogen, Phosphates, Oil & Grease, Total Suspended Solids, Total Coli form bacteria etc. 11. Details on existing ambient air quality and expected, stack and fugitive emissions for PM10, PM2.5, SO2*, NOx*, etc., and evaluation of the adequacy of the proposed pollution control devices to meet standards for point sources and to meet AAQ standards. (*-As applicable) ***

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ENCLOSURE - II