Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited

OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION LIMITED

Environmental Impact Assessment Report for Installation of Dual Sub- sea Pipeline and Umbilical for Odalarevu Facility, East Godavari

District, Andhra Pradesh

EIA Report

Asian Consulting Engineers Private Limited, New Delhi

MAY 2013 EIA Report for installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical for Odalarevu facility

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND …………………………………………………………………………………... 1-1 1.1.1 Project Benefits and Objectives …………………………………………………………. 1-3 1.1.2 Project Proponent ………………………………………………………………………... 1-3 1.1.3 EIA Consultant …………………………………………………………………………... 1-3 1.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE DUAL SUBSEA PIPELINES ……..…………………………………… 1-4 1.3 LEGAL AND OTHER REQUIREMENTS …………………..…………………………………… 1-4 1.4 SCOPE OF THE EIA STUDY ……………………………………………………….……………. 1-5 1.5 APPROACH & METHODOLOGY OF EIA STUDY …………………………………………….. 1-8 1.5.1 Approach of the EIA Study ……………………………………...………………………. 1-8 1.5.2 Establishment of Baseline Environmental Status …………………..……………………. 1-8 1.5.3 Field Study/Monitoring for Generation of Primary Data ………………………………... 1-8 1.5.4 Environmental Impact Assessment ……………………………………………………… 1-8 1.6 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT …………………………………………………………………. 1-12

CHAPTER-2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 KEY BLOCK INFORMATION …………………………………………………………………… 2-1 2.2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES ………………………………………………………………………...... 2-1 2.3 PIPELINE AND SUBSEA STRUCTURES ……………………………...... 2-1 2.3.1 Subsea Structures and their Arrangement ……………………………………………….. 2-3 2.4 DESIGN DETAILS OF VASHISHTA AND S-1 PRODUCTION PIPELINES ………………….. 2-4 2.5 PIPELINE MATERIAL DETAILS ………………………………………………………………... 2-4 2.6 STAFFING ………………………………………………………………………………………… 2-5 2.7 RESOURCE REQUIREMENT ….…………………...…….………………………..……………. 2-5 2.8 NOISE, AIR EMISSIONS, EFFLUENTS, AND SOLID WASTE GENERATION ………...... 2-5

CHAPTER-3: DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

3.1 INTRODUCTION …………………………………………..……………………………………... 3-1 3.2 STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT ……….………………………………………………………. 3-3 3.2.1 Seismic Considerations…………………………………………………………………... 3-3 3.2.2 Climate and Meteorology ……….……………………………………………………..... 3-4 3.2.3 Micro-Meteorology ……………...………………………………………………………. 3-4 3.2.4 Bathymetry and Seabed Topography…………………………………………………….. 3-5 3.2.5 Waves and Tides.…………………………………………………………………….…... 3-6 3.2.6 Cyclones………….……………………………………………………………………..... 3-6 3.2.7 Circulation……….. …………………………………………………………………….... 3-7 3.2.8 Land Use………...……………………………………………………………………...... 3-8 3.3 MARINE ENVIRONMENT ………………………..…………………………...... 3-9 3.3.1 Marine Water Quality ….………………………………………………………………… 3-9 3.3.1.1 Physico-chemical characteristic...………….………….………...... 3-11 3.3.1.2 BOD and COD ………….………….………….………….………...... 3-11 3.3.1.3 Heavy Metals ……..….………….………….………….………….………...... 3-11 3.3.1.4 PAHs 3-12 3.3.2 Sediments Quality ……………………………………………………………………...... 3-12 3.3.2.1 Sediments quality monitoring results…..…….………….………...... 3-13 3.3.3 Biological 3-14 Characteristics……………………………………………………………...... 3.3.3.1 Primary productivity and phytoplankton…….………….………...... 3-15 3.3.3.2 Zooplankton… ………….………….………….………….………...... 3-20 3.3.3.3 Benthos……. ……..….………….………….………….………….………...... 3-23 3.3.3.4 Fisheries ……………………………………………………………………… 3-24 3.4 TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT ……………………………………………………………...... 3-24 3.4.1 Soil Characteristics … ………………………………………………………………...... 3-24 Asian Consulting Engineers Pvt. Ltd. i

EIA Report for installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical for Odalarevu facility

3.4.2 Water Environment ……. ……………………………………………………………….. 3-29 3.4.3 Air Environment ……………………………………………………………………...... 3-35 3.4.4 Noise Environment…………………….. …………………………………………...... 3-39 3.4.5 Biological Characteristics……….………………………………………………...... 3-43 3.5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ………………………………………………………...... 3-46 3.5.1 Demography………………………...………………………………………………...... 3-48 3.5.2 Occupation ………………………………………………………………………………. 3-49 3.5.3 Livestock ………………………………………………………………………………… 3-54 3.5.4 Educational Facilities ……………………………………………………………………. 3-54 3.5.5 Health Care Facilities ……………………………………………………………………. 3-55 3.5.6 Drinking Water Facility …………………………………………………………………. 3-56 3.5.7 Communication Facility …………………………………………………………………. 3-56 3.5.8 Post, Telephone & Electricity Facilities …………………………………………………. 3-56 3.5.9 Architectural Monuments ………………………………………………………………... 3-57 3.5.10 Environmental Concern ………………………………………………………………….. 3-58 3.5.11 Man Animal Conflict ……………………………………………………………………. 3-58

CHAPTER-4: ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS & MITIGATION MEASURES

4.1 INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………….…….………….………….. 4-1 4.2 IMPACT PREDICTION …………………………….…….………….……………….……...... 4-2 4.2.1 Air Environment ….………….………….………….………….………….………...... 4-2 4.2.2 Impact on Noise Quality …….………….………….………….………….……..…...... 4-3 4.2.3 Impact on Water Quality ….………….………….………….……………..……..……… 4-3 4.2.4 Impact on Sediment and Soil Quality ……….………….……………..……..……...... 4-4 4.2.5 Ecological Impacts ……………………….……………..……..……..……..……...... 4-4 4.2.6 Impact on CRZ ………………….………….………….……………..……..…………. 4-5 4.2.7 Socio-Economic Environment ...….………….………….……………..……..…………. 4-7 4.3 IMPACT EVALUATION …….………….………….………….………….…………..……..…… 4-8 4.4 IMPACT SIGNIFICANCE …….………….………….……………..….………………..…..…...... 4-9 4.5 IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES …….………….………….……………..……………...... 4-10 4.5.1 Air Environment …………………………………………………………………………. 4-10 4.5.2 Water Environment ……………………………………………………………………… 4-10 4.5.3 Noise Quality ……………………..…….………………………………………………... 4-10 4.5.4 Subsea Infrastructure………………………………..………………………………...... 4-11 4.5.5 Impact on Ecological Environment …………………………………………………….. 4-11 4.5.6 Waste Generation and Management …………………………………………………….. 4-11

CHAPTER-5: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM

5.1 INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………….…….………….………….. 5-1

CHAPTER-6: ADDITIONAL STUDIES

6.1 INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………..……………….……...... 6-1 6.2 SUBSEA PIPELINE AND ONSHORE PIPELINE ………………………..……………….…… 6-2 6.3 RISK ASSESSMENT …………………………………………..……………….…………………. 6-3 6.3.1 Hazards --Nature and sensitivity of impact zones ……………………………………….. 6-3 6.3.2 Failure Scenarios (Likely) ……….………….……………………………………...... 6-5 6.3.3 Sensitive Receptors and Impact ……….………….……………………………………... 6-11 6.3.4 Subsea Pipeline layout impacts…… ….…………………………………………………. 6-11 6.3.5 Onshore Pipeline Installation Impact Zone ……………………………………………... 6-11 6.3.6 Control Measures for Major Hazards …………..……….………….………………….. 6-11 6.3.7 Fire Fighting Facility …….………….………………………………………………...... 6-11 6.3.8 Occupational Health …….………….………………………………………………...... 6-12 6.4 DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN AND EERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN …………………... 6-13 6.4.1 Emergency Classification ………………………………………………………………... 6-14 6.5 EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN ……………………………………………………………...... 6-15 6.5.1 On Scene Coordinator ………………………………………………………………….... 6-16 6.5.2 Site Control Room …………………………………………………………………...... 6-17 Asian Consulting Engineers Pvt. Ltd. ii

EIA Report for installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical for Odalarevu facility

6.5.3 Communication …………………………………………………………………...... 6-17 6.5.4 Communicating with Employees ………………………………………………………... 6-19 6.5.5 Communicating with Media ……………………………………………………………... 6-20 6.5.6 Warning System …………………………………………………………………………. 6-20 6.5.7 Emergency Procedures …………………………………………………………………... 6-20 6.5.8 Accident site cleanup ……………………………………………………………………. 6-21 6.5.9 Emergency response personal safety …………………………………………………….. 6-21 6.5.10 All Clear Signal and Public Statement …………………………………………………... 6-21

CHAPTER-7: PROJECT BENEFITS

7.1 PROJECT BENEFITS …………………………………………………………...... 7-1

CHAPTER-8: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

8.1 PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES OF THE EMP …………………………………………….…...... 8-1 8.2 WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN …………………………………….………………………….. 8-5 8.3 CAPITAL AND RECURRING COST FOR POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES ……...... 8-6 8.4 ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS TRAINING ………………………………………………... 8-7

CHAPTER-9: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

9.1 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION …………………………………………………………...... 9-1

CHAPTER 10: DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS ENGAGED

10.1 INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………………………. 10-1 10.2 QUALITY OF SERVICES …………………………………….…………………………………... 10-1 10.3 AREA OF SPECIALIZATION …………………………………………………………….……… 10-1 10.4 RESOURCES …………………………………………………………………………….………... 10-2

ANNEXURE - I……………………………………………………………………………………………..………. ANNEXURE - II…………………………………………………………………………………………….………. ANNEXURE - III…………………………………………………………………………………………...………. ANNEXURE - IV…………………………………………………………………………………………...……….. ANNEXURE - V…………………………………………………………………………………………….………. ANNEXURE - VI…………………………………………………………………………………………...……….. ANNEXURE - VII……………………………………………………………………………………….....……….. ANNEXURE - VIII…………………………………………………………………………………………………. ANNEXURE - IX…………………………………………………………………………………………...……….. ANNEXURE - X…………………………………………………………………………………………….………. ANNEXURE - XI…………………………………………………………………………………………...……….. ANNEXURE - XII…………………………………………………………………………………………..………. ANNEXURE – XIII………………………………………………………………………………………...……….. ANNEXURE – XIV...………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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EIA Report for installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical for Odalarevu facility

LIST OF TABLES Table No. Title Page No. Table 1.1 Applicable Acts and Guidelines ………………………………………………...... 1-4 Table 1.2 TOR Compliance Status …………………………………………………………… 1-8 Table 3.1 Key Location Distances …………………………….……………………………… 3-2 Table 3.2 Major Earthquakes Recorded ……………………………………………………… 3-3 Table 3.3 Meteorological Data of Area of Proposed Onshore Pipeline ……………………… 3-4 Table 3.4 Historical records of severe Cyclones/Tsunami which formed in the Bay of Bengal ……………………………………………………………………………… 3-7 Table 3.5 Land Use Distribution of the Onshore Pipeline Section ………………………….. 3-8 Table 3.6 Water Quality Monitoring Results……..…………………………………………... 3-10 Table 3.7 Depth of Sampling Locations………………………………………….…………... 3-12 Table 3.8 Sediments Quality Monitoring Results……………..……………………………... 3-13 Table 3.9 Concentration of Chlorophyll from 2002 to 2011…………………………………. 3-15 Table 3.10 Observed Values of Chlorophyll……….………..…………………...... 3-27 Table 3.11 Identified phyto-planktons in Offshore Pipeline Section ……………….…………. 3-28 Table 3.12 Identified Zooplanktons in Offshore Pipeline Section …………………………...... 3-20 Table 3.13 Identified Benthos in Offshore Pipeline Section ……………………………...... 3-23 Table 3.14 Soil Quality Sampling Locations………..………………………...... 3-25 Table 3.15 Standards Soil Classification……………………………………………………… 3-26 Table 3.16 Analysis Results of Soil Sampling………………………………...... 3-27 Table 3.17 Location of the Sampling Stations for Surface Water & Ground Water...... 3-31 3.18 Table Surface Water Quality in the Study Area…………………………...... 3-32 (a) 3.18 Table Ground Water Quality in the Study Area………….………………………...... 3-32 (b) Table 3.19 Summary of PM10 Levels Monitored in the Study Area………………………...... 3-37 Table 3.20 Summary of PM2.5 Levels Monitored in the Study Area.....………………………... 3-37 Table 3.21 Summary of SO2 Levels Monitored in the Study Area……….……………………. 3-38 Table 3.22 Summary of NOx Levels in the Study Area…………….………………………...... 3-38 Table 3.23 Summary of HC Levels in the Study Area…………………………………….…… 3-39 Table 3.24 Summary of VOC Levels in the Study Area……….………………………………. 3-39 Table 3.25 Locations of the Noise Monitoring Stations….…………………...... 3-40 Table 3.26 Ambient Noise Quality Standards………………..………………………...... 3-42 Table 3.27 Summary of Ambient Noise Levels Monitored in the Study Area...... 3-42 Table 3.28 Fauna Species Existing within the Surrounding Study Area…………………...... 3-45 Table 3.29 Mandals with the number of habitations under the Study Area...... 3-46 Table 3.30 Revenue Villages and habitations under the Study Area...... 3-47 Table 3.31 Summary of Demographic Profile of Revenue Villages under the Study Area...... 3-49 Table 3.32 Area under Crops of the Study Area (Mandal-wise)...... 3-50 Table 3.33 Inland Fish Production of East Godavari...... ……………...... 3-51 Table 3.34 Marine Fish Production of East Godavari District...... 3-51 Table 3.35 Area under Fish & Prawn Culture…..………...... 3-53 Table 3.36 Mandal-Wise Livestock and Poultry Population – 2007…………………………… 3-54 Table 3.37 Schools in Mandals………………………………………………………………… 3-54 Table 3.38 Medical Facilities in Mandals……………………………………………………… 3-55 Table 3.39 Drinking Water Facilities in Mandals…………………………………………….... 3-56 Table 3.40 Post Offices in Mandals……………………………………………………………. 3-57 Table 3.41 Telephone Connections in Mandals………………………………………………... 3-57 Table 3.42 Environmental Concerns………….………………………………………………... 3-58 Table 3.43 Man-Animal Conflict…………….………………………………………………... 3-58 Table 4.1 Identification of Potential Impacts: Activities – Impacts/Risks Interaction ……… 4-1 Table 4.2 Shoreline shift near Project Site from 1977 to 2009……………………………….. 4-6 Table 4.3 Impact Significance Criteria ……………………………………………………….. 4-9 4.4 Potential Environmental Impacts of Proposed Project Activity (Without Table 4-10 Mitigation Measures) ……………………………………………………………… 4.5 Potential Environmental Impacts of Proposed Project Activity (With Mitigation Table 4-11 Measures) ………………………………………………………………………….. 5.1 Recommended Environmental Monitoring/Audit Protocol During site preparation Table 5-1 and Installation of Pipeline………………......

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EIA Report for installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical for Odalarevu facility

Table 6.1 Occupational Health Hazards and Mitigating Measures …………………………... 6-13 8.1 Environmental Management Plan - Mitigation Management Matrix (onshore and Table 8-1 offshore pipeline installation and operation) …………………...... Table 8.2 Waste Management Plan …………………………………………………………... 8-6

LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. Title Page No. Figure 1.1 Project Location of Proposed Peipeline ……………...... 1-2 Figure 2.1 Pipeline Layout Map ………………………………..………………...... 2-2 Figure 3.1 Location Map of Project Site …………………………………...... 3-1 Figure 3.2 Layout Map of Pipeline Route …………………………………………………… 3-2 Figure 3.3 Seismic Zoning Map of India ………………………………………………...... 3-3 Figure 3.4 Sea Surface Temperature………………. …………………………………………. 3-4 Figure 3.5 Wind-Rose Diagram ……………………………...... 3-5 Figure 3.6 Bathymetry Map with proposed pipeline route…………………………...... 3-6 Figure 3.7 Wind and Cyclone Hazard Map – Andhra Pradesh...... 3-7 Figure 3.8 Land Use and Land Cover of the Study Area ……………………………………... 3-8 Figure 3.9 Pipeline route with sampling locations...... 3-9 Figure 3.10 Sampling Locations of Phytoplanktons, Zooplanktons and Benthos …………….. 3-14 Figure 3.11 Concentration of chlorophyll in study area from 2002 to 2011 …………………… 3-16 Figure 3.12 Sampling Locations in the Study Area ……………………………………………. 3-25 Figure 3.13 Triangular Classification of Soil …..………………………………………………. 3-28 Figure 3.14 Water Sampling Locations ……………………………………..………………….. 3-31 Figure 3.15 Air Monitoring Location Map……………………………………………………... 3-35 Figure 3.16 Noise Sample Location Map……………………………………………………….. 3-40 Figure 3.17 Ambient Noise Levels Monitored in the Study Area (Day Time)...... 3-42 Figure 3.18 Ambient Noise Levels Monitored in the Study Area (Night Time)...... 3-43 Figure 3.19 Aerial distance between Odalarevu facility and Coringa National Park...... ……… 3-44 Figure 3.20 Location of Villages in the Study Area...... 3-47 Figure 3.21 Fish Landing Centres in the study region...... 3-53 Figure 3.22 Aerial distance between Buddha Stupa and Odalarevu facility ...... ……… 3-57 Stallite Images Showing the Shoreline of the Project Site in 1977-1989, 1989- Figure 4.1 4-7 2000 and 2000-2009 ……………………………………………..………...... Figure 6.1 Layout of the Proposed Pipeline Route ………………………………...... 6-1 Figure 6.2 Actions taken during Emergencies ………………………………………...... 6-15 Figure 6.3 Communication Flow Chart (First Information) …………………………...... 6-18 Figure 6.4 Offshore communication flow chart……………..………………………...... 6-19

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

AAS Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ACE Asian Consulting Engineers BBL Barrels BCM Billion Cubic Meter BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand BWPD Barrel Water Per Day CEC Chief Executive Coordinator COD Chemical Oxygen Demand CPCB Central Pollution Control Board CSR Corporate Social Responsibility DG Diesel Generators DMP Disaster Management Plan ECR Emergency Control Room EQ Earthquake ERP Emergency Response Plan GDP Gross Domestic Product HC Hydrocarbon

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EIA Report for installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical for Odalarevu facility

Hmax Maximum Wave Height Hs Significant Wave Height HSD High Speed Diesel HSE Health, Safety and Environment IS Indian Standard KG Krishna-Godavari KLD Kilo Litres Per Day LFP Land Fall Point MEQ Milliequivalent MMSCM Million Standards Cubic Meter MMSCMD Million Standards Cubic Meter Per Day MODU Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forest MPN Most Probable Number NGL Natural Gas Liquid NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Unit OISD Oil Industry Safety Directorate ONGC Oil and Natural Gas Corporation OSC On-Scene Commander/Coordinate PAH Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbon PLEM Pipeline End Manifold PLET Pipeline End Termination PM Particulate Matter PPM Parts Per Million QRA Quantitative Risk Assessment SCR Site Control Room SITREPS Situation Reports STEL Short Term Exposure Limit TDS Total Dissolved Solids TSS Total Suspended Solids TUTU Terminal Umbilical Termination Unit VOC Volatile Organic Compound

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EIA Report for installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical for Odalarevu facility

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

The Krishna Godavari Basin is a proven petroliferous basin of continental margin located on the east coast of India. The basin area covers an area of 15000 sq.km and the offshore part covers an area of 25,000 sq.km up to 1000 m isobath. ONGC is currently involved with the exploration in several deep sea fields off the East Coast of India in water depth from 250 meters and up to 3000 meters. Exploration of area to the east and south of G-1 filed in KG offshore had resulted in discovery of hydro-carbons (natural gas) bearing sands in Vashishta and S-1 prospects in the year 2005 and 2006 respectively. Vashishta field is located at a distance of 35 km off Amalapuram Coast in water depth ranging between 500-700m on the southern plunge of the rollover structure and located south of G-1 field and comprises a vertically stacked channel system. The well VA-DA and VA-DB have encountered the gas reservoir developed in Godavari clay of Pliocene age. The survey shows different gas water contacts for VA-DA and VA-DB wells suggesting both the wells are in different blocks. S-1 field, located in Bay of Bengal at a water depth of approximately 250m - 600m, is 26 kilometers from onshore terminal and East of G-1 field. Geological & Geophysical studies (G&G studies) were carried out and static/dynamic models were generated. Based on the models, in-place hydrocarbon volumes have been estimated to the tune of 23.29 BCM and production profiles generated. Based on these GIIP, the envisaged cumulative gas production from both the fields at the end of nine years, works out to 15.8 BCM with a peak gas rate of 5.75 MMSCMD for a period of first five years and overall recovery factor envisaged as around 68%. As the development of these fields entails the entire spectrum of activities from drilling to production and setting up of facilities, various options were analyzed by internationally reputed integrated consultant (M/s Pegasus International) for each of the major components of the facilities i.e. Drilling & Completion, Subsea System & Controls, Well Fluid Pipelines (offshore & onshore) up to Onshore Terminal at Odalarevu and Onshore Terminal Facilities and the development scheme was firmed up. The salient features of the proposed development scheme are as under: 1. Expansion of onshore terminal at Odalarevu to handle VA and S-1 well fluids. 2. Drilling, re-entry and completion of 4 wells in Vashishta and S-1 fields. 3. Sub-sea tie back of these four wells to onshore terminal with 14 inch dual pipeline through a daisy chain architecture. Based on above development strategy EIA and RA studies were carried out in three volumes (Vol-I, Vol-II & Vol-III). Present studies (Vol-III) are for installation for dual 14 inch sub-sea pipelines, which are used to evacuate production fluids from VA and S-1 fields to proposed onshore terminal at Odalarevu. The length of the pipeline (Onshore and Offshore section) is approximately 45 km. Figure 1.1 shows the project location map.

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EIA Report for installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical for Odalarevu facility

Figure 1: Project Location and Proposed Pipeline

Based on the details of the CAPEX (accuracy +25%) indicated by the Integrated Consultant in its report, the total capital cost of the project (including marine survey, consultancy, PMC, TPI, service tax, etc.) for the integrated development of Vashishta and S-1 fields works out to be USD 724.93 million (including the costs associated with the expansion of onshore terminal at Odalarevu and offshore drilling works). Based on the aggregated OPEX per annum estimated by Integrated Consultant, the operating expenditure including service tax has been worked out to USD 18.03 million per annum. Design of all facilities required for the Vashishta and S-1 development shall be carried out in accordance with all recognised applicable international industry codes, standards & guidelines, local regulations, safety and environmental stipulations.

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EIA Report for installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical for Odalarevu facility

1.1.1 Project Benefits and Objectives

As per International Energy Outlook 2010, the GDP of India will grow from 2918 Billion USD in 2007 to 4847 Billion USD in 2015. To sustain the growth, the consumption of petroleum products will also increase. As per the estimate by the same agency, the demand of Natural Gas in India will increase from 116 MMSCMD in 2007 to 240 MMSCMD in 2015. However, the current indigenous production of gas is 140 MMSCMD. Petroleum, especially gas, being a swing fuel, any shortfall in production of other energy resources like coal, hydro or nuclear power could increase the demand for petroleum products. In view of above, there will be a gap between domestic production of gas and actual requirement of natural gas. To reduce this gap, production from some discovered oil/gas fields and through additional development of existing fields are being contemplated. On this backdrop, the present proposal for the integrated development of VA & S-1 fields is being contemplated. India is net importer of oil and is energy deficient country. As natural gas is relatively clean fuel, so production of gas from VA & S-1 fields will reduce the dependence on imports to the extent of such production. The implementation of the project will also benefit the area around Odalarevu by way of creation of attendant infrastructure facilities like roads, drainage, etc and also by providing direct/indirect employment to the local population.

1.1.2 Project Proponent

Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC), a premier Govt. of India Undertaking and the major National Oil Company, is a vertically integrated company producing crude oil, natural gas and value added products like LPG, NGL, Petrol, HSD etc. Operations of ONGC extend over both onshore as well as offshore within India and outside India. ONGC has a strong and experienced management and technical expertise and has already built a portfolio of onshore, offshore and international assets (through ONGC Videsh Ltd.). ONGC’s domestic production stands at 26.92 MMT of crude and 25.51 BCM of gas during FY 2011-12 with an annual turnover of Rs. 76130 crore with a net profit of Rs. 25123 crore. 1.1.3 EIA Consultant

ONGC now proposes for development of Vashishta and S-1 field of KG Offshore and Expansion of Odalarevu Onshore Terminal. In line with the industry’s best practices and the regulatory obligations on environmental protection, ONGC has proposed to conduct Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the proposed project, for which it has engaged Asian Consulting Engineers Private Limited to carry out Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environmental Management Plan (EMP) studies. This report pertains to the EIA study for Installation of Dual 14” Subsea Pipelines from Vashishta and S-1 development to the new onshore gas processing facility at Odalarevu.

Asian Consulting Engineers Pvt. Ltd. (ACE) is QCI-NABET accredited EIA consulting organization (Certificate No.: NABET/EI/1013/012) for varied sectors including offshore and onshore oil and gas exploration, development, production & oil and gas transportation

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EIA Report for installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical for Odalarevu facility

pipelines. The Quality Management system of ACE is ISO 9001:2008 Certified. ACE has provided its consulting services and has successfully completed projects in India and other countries including Mongolia, U.A.E., Vietnam, etc. ACE has carried out EIA and EMP studies for Oil & Gas, infrastructure and industrial developmental sectors; HSE compliance audits; and has also been involved in design of water supply, wastewater management, industrial waste treatment, solid wastes and hazardous wastes management systems.

1.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE DUAL SUBSEA PIPELINES

Sub-sea tieback to onshore Odalarevu Terminal has been proposed by installation of dual pipelines (2x14” pipelines of approximately 45 km), designed to transport 10 MMSCMD of gas with suitable infield sub-sea architecture including subsea umbilical. The current field architecture provides suitable tie-in locations at both S-1 and Vashishta locations. The pipeline has been split into two sections for determination of wall thickness: subsea (355.6mm OD x 20.6mm WT) and landfall (365.2mm OD x 25.4mm WT). The landfall section of pipe has higher integrity requirements and therefore higher wall thickness. Maintaining a constant bore throughout the pipeline is preferable to allow for pigging. Hence, pipe with non-standard outer diameter is selected for the landfall sections, with bore matched to the subsea section.

1.3 LEGAL AND OTHER REQUIREMENTS

ONGC activities will conform to all National and International legislations, regulations, conventions, etc., relating to aspects of hydrocarbon operations in India. The project shall abide by the Oil Industry Safety Directorate (OISD) guidelines and standards. Recognizing the need of environmental safety, operator has established an HSE Policy towards environmental protection. A list of applicable Acts and Rules is described in Table 1.1. Table 1.1: Applicable Acts and Guidelines

Issues Applicable Legislation Hazardous 1) The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and Rules there under - Substances & a) Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Trans-boundary Wastes Movement) Rules, 2008 and amendments thereafter; b) Guidelines for disposal of solid wastes by Oil Drilling and Gas Extraction industry as notified, vide notification dated GSR 546 (E) August2005; c) Manufacture Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals 1989 and amendments thereafter. 2) The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 and Rules 1991 Water 3) The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, and amendments thereafter 4) The Environment Protection Act, 1986 - Standards for liquid discharge by Oil Drilling and Gas Extraction industry as notified vide notification dated GSR 176 (E) April 1996. Air 5) The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 and amendments thereafter. 6) The Environment Protection Act, 1986 – Guidelines for discharge Asian Consulting Engineers Pvt. Ltd. 1-4

EIA Report for installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical for Odalarevu facility

Issues Applicable Legislation for gaseous emissions by Oil Drilling and Gas Extraction industry as notified vide notification dated GSR 176 (E) April 1996 7) The Environment (Protection) Second Amendment Rules, 2002 – Emission Standards for New Generator Sets. 8) The Factories Act, 1948 and amendments thereafter. Noise 9) The Environment (Protection) Second Amendment Rules, 2002 (Noise Limits for New Generator Sets). 10) The Noise (Regulation & Control) Rules, 2000. Safety and 11) Oil Mines Regulations, 1984. Protection against Pollution 12) Oil Field (Regulation and Development) Act 1948 and The of Environment Petroleum & Natural Gas Rules, 1959 and amendments thereafter.

The EIA process has been undertaken to meet the requirements of Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India.

1.4 SCOPE OF THE EIA STUDY

The scope of the EIA study includes detailed characterization of the existing status of the water and biological environment within the block area, identification of the potential environmental impacts of the project and formulation of an effective Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to prevent, control & mitigate the adverse environmental impacts, and ensuring environmental compliance. The terms of reference for this project were approved by MOEF vide J-11011/591/2012-IA II (I) dated 4th June, 2012 as given below: The Committee prescribed the following TORs for the preparation of EIA/EMP report: 1. Executive summary of the project. 2. Details of existing and proposed activities in tabulated form including drilling wells/Pipeline subsea/Onshore Gas Terminal. 3. No. of development wells for which environmental clearance is accorded and No. of new wells proposed during expansion. Status and No. of the wells which are completed and closed. 4. Compliance to the conditions stipulated in environmental clearance accorded for existing project along with point-wise compliance report. 5. Point-wise compliance reports to the ‘Consent to Establish’, ‘Consent to Operate’ and ‘Authorization’ for the existing units along with all the necessary annexure. 6. Project description for all the on-shore and off-shore activities proposed and Project Benefits. 7. Site details including satellite imagery for 10 km area. Details of National Park/Wildlife Sanctuary/ Eco-sensitive area/ Reserve forests. 8. Permission and recommendation for National Board of wildlife and Chief Wildlife Warden regarding Coringa Forest should be included. 9. Forest Clearance in case the forest land is involved. 10. CRZ Clearance for subsea pipelines from offshore to onshore terminal. 11. Land-use along with maps and cropping pattern, vegetation ecology, Flora& Fauna. 12. Demography and Socio-economics of the area.

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EIA Report for installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical for Odalarevu facility

13. Design details of well head platform, PLQP, Offshore pipeline from PLQP to landfall point (LFP), onshore pipeline for LFP to onshore gas terminal and Onshore Gas terminal including process flow diagram. 14. Baseline data for land subsidence measurement should be incorporated. 15. Baseline data collection for air, water and soil for one season leaving the monsoon season in an area of 10 km radius from onshore and offshore activity.  Action Plan to control ambient air quality as per NAAQES Standards notified by the ministry on 16th September, 2009 at various locations.

 Ambient air quality monitoring at 8 locations for PM10, SO2, NOX.  Background levels of hydrocarbons as HC (Methane and Non Methane) and VOC (5 Samples).  Soil Sample analysis at 10 locations.  Baseline underground and surface water quality in the vicinity of 10 km area.  Climatology & Meteorology including wind speed, wind direction, temperature, rainfall etc.  Measurement of noise levels at 10 locations in the Block 16. Quantity and source of water supply. Permission for the drawl of water from the competent authority. Detailed water balance, wastewater generation, treatment and discharge. Details of treatment scheme for process effluent, utility wastewater, sewage etc along with process flow diagram and characteristics of influent and effluent. 17. Treatment and utilization of produced water. 18. Detailed solid waste generation, collection, segregations, its recycling and reuse, treatment and disposal 19. Estimation and computation of air emissions resulting out of offshore, OGT etc. 20. Assessment of impact on air, water, soil, solid/hazardous waste and noise levels. 21. Evaluation of the adequacy of the proposed pollution control measures to meet the air quality emission standards, water discharge norms, solid/ hazardous waste generation and disposal. 22. Estimation of noise level due to operation of drilling, process machine, its associated equipments and vehicular movement & prediction and evaluation of impacts due to increase in noise levels arising out of the proposed activities on the surrounding environment. Proposed mitigation measures for noise pollution 23. Storage of chemicals at the site, proposed preventive measures for spillage and accidents 24. Environmental Management Plan 25. Risk Assessment and Disaster Management Plan  Identification of Hazards  Consequence Analysis  Risk Presentation and proposed mitigation measures for risk reduction  Disaster Management Plan (DMP)  Oil Spill Contingency Plan and Emergency Response Plan

26. H2S emissions control plans. 27. Details of all environment and safety related documentation within the company in the form of guidelines, manuals, monitoring programmes including Occupational Health Surveillance Programme etc.

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28. Restoration plans and measures to be taken for decommissioning of the rig and restoration of on-shore support facilities on land. Measures for decommissioning of the rigs and projects. 29. Post project closure and Monitoring Programme. 30. Documentary proof for membership of TSDS for disposal of Hazardous waste, if any. 31. Details of proposed occupational Health Surveillance program for the employees and other labour. 32. Environmental Monitoring program while operation is undertaken. 33. Any issue related to land subsidence. 34. Total Capital and recurring cost/ annum for environmental pollution control measures. 35. Any litigation pending against the project or any directions/order passed by any Court of Law against the project. If so, details thereof. 36. Public hearing issues raised and commitments made by the project proponent on the same should be included separately in EIA/EMP Report in the form of Tabular Chart with financial budget for complying with the commitments made. The following general points should be noted: (i) All documents should be properly indexed, page numbered. (ii) Period/date of data collection should be clearly indicated. (iii) Authenticated English translation of all material provided in Regional languages. (iv) The letter/application for EC should quote the MOEF file No. and also attach a copy of the letter. (v) A copy of the letter received from the Ministry should be also attached as an annexure to the final EIA-EMP Report. (vi) The final EIA-EMP report submitted to the Ministry must incorporate the issues in this letter. The index of the final EIA-EMP report must indicate the specific chapter and page no. of the EIA-EMP Report where the above issues have been incorporated. (vii) Certificate of Accreditation issued by the QCI to the environmental consultant should be included. The present scope of the EIA will describe various components of the environment of the area(s) to be affected or created by the alternatives under consideration. The studies carried out within 10 km study area of onshore pipeline and also along the proposed offshore pipeline route. The onshore section studies include collection of soil, surface & ground water samples and air & noise quality monitoring and stakeholder consultations at different places within 10 km study area. The offshore section studies include samples of sea water, sediments, phytoplanktons, zooplanktons and benthos collection along the proposed offshore pipeline route. Also, the analysis of chlorophyll concentration at different sampling points of proposed pipeline route. Based on the collection of baseline data and analyses in the EIA will be commensurate with significance of the impact. The EIA will include discussions of direct effects and their significance; indirect effects and their significance and conservation potential of alternatives and mitigation measures. For each significant adverse impact, the studies will identify proposed mitigation measures and suggest required management and monitoring plan.

1.5 APPROACH & METHODOLOGY OF EIA STUDY

1.5.1 Approach of the EIA Study

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EIA Report for installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical for Odalarevu facility

The EIA study basically includes establishment of the present environmental scenario within the study area. EIA report consists of study of the specific activities related to the project and evaluation of the probable environmental impacts, thus, leading to the recommendations of necessary environmental pollution control measures. The entire EIA study has been carried out on the basis of the applicable environmental legislation, regulations and guidelines of MoEF. 1.5.2 Establishment of Baseline Environmental Status

A comprehensive database on the baseline environmental status/conditions of the study area has been established through review, compilation & analysis of:  Existing published secondary data/ literature/ information collected, and  Primary data generated/ collected through field study, survey and monitoring.

1.5.3 Field Study/Monitoring for Generation of Primary Data

The collected secondary data has been appropriately supplemented by conducting the necessary primary data generation/ collection through field study/monitoring. The field monitoring has been carried out as per the guidelines of CPCB & BIS and requirement of the MoEF. Water Quality Monitoring: For drawing up the baseline data on water quality, water quality monitoring has been conducted at representative locations in the study area. Water samples have been collected and analyzed for important relevant physical and chemical parameters. Ecological survey: Survey which will includes terrestrial flora and fauna and following marine classes of organisms: Phytoplankton, Zooplankton, Macro benthos and Marine mammals including fishes. 1.5.4 Environmental Impact Assessment

This will include collection of primary data through field investigations, environmental monitoring and secondary data from sources like maps, reports, scientific literatures etc. The collected data will be then analyzed for identification of impacts and to arrive at cost effective mitigation measures. The environmental impact assessment has been conducted in accordance with the norms and guidelines of the Govt. of India. Table 1.2: TOR Compliance Status

S. No Terms of Reference Status 1. Executive Summary of the Project Prepared 2. Details of existing and proposed activities in Chapter 2, section 2.1 tabulated form including drilling wells/Pipeline subsea/Onshore Gas Terminal. 3. No. of development wells for which Covered in EIA report of environmental clearance is accorded and No. of drilling and completion new wells proposed during expansion. Status and operations (Vol-II); Chapter 2, No. of the wells which are completed and closed. section 2.1. 4. Compliance to the conditions stipulated in Environment Clearance for environmental clearance accorded for existing existing G-1 and GS-15 project along with point-wise compliance report. facilities are attached as Annexure-VII. Asian Consulting Engineers Pvt. Ltd. 1-8

EIA Report for installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical for Odalarevu facility

S. No Terms of Reference Status 5. Point-wise compliance reports to the ‘Consent to CFE, CFE extension and CFO Establish’, ‘Consent to Operate’ and copies for existing G-1 and GS- ‘Authorization’ for the existing units along with 15 facilities are attached as all the necessary annexures. Annexure-VI (a), VI (b) and VI (c) respectively. 6. Project description for all the on-shore and off- Chapter 2, section 2.3; Chapter shore activities proposed and Project Benefits. 7, section 7.1. 7. Site details including satellite imagery for 10 km Chapter 3, section 3.1. There are area. Details of National Park/Wildlife Sanctuary/ no national park/wildlife Eco-sensitive area/ Reserve forests. sanctuary/ eco-sensitive area/ reserve forests within 10 km study area. 8. Permission and recommendation for National Chapter 3, section 3.4.5. The Board of wildlife and Chief Wildlife Warden aerial distance between Coringa regarding Coringa Forest should be included Forest and Project Site is approximately 51 km. 9. Forest Clearance in case the forest land is Chapter 3, section 3.2.8. Copy involved. of proof of application for diversion of forest land for pipeline is attached as Annexure-V. 10. CRZ Clearance for subsea pipelines from Chapter 4, section 4.2.6 offshore to onshore terminal. 11. Land-use along with maps and cropping pattern, Chapter 3, section 3.2.8; section vegetation ecology, Flora & Fauna. 3.4.5. 12. Demography and Socio-economics of the area. Chapter 3, section 3.5 13. Design details of well head platform, PLQP, Chapter 2, section 2.3 and 2.4 Offshore pipeline from PLQP to landfall point (LFP), Onshore pipeline for LFP to onshore gas terminal and Onshore Gas terminal including process flow diagram. 14. Baseline data for land subsidence measurement Covered in EIA report of should be incorporated. onshore terminal (Vol-I); Chapter 3, section 3.3.7. 15. Baseline data collection for air, water and soil for Chapter 3, section 3.2.2 & one season leaving the monsoon season in an area section 3.2.3 and section 3.4.1, of 10 km radius from onshore and offshore 3.4.2, 3.4.3, 3.4.4. activity.  Action Plan to control ambient air quality as per NAAQES Standards notified by the ministry on 16th September, 2009 at various locations.  Ambient air quality monitoring at 8

locations for PM10, SO2, NOx.  Background levels of hydrocarbons as HC (Methane and Non Methane) and VOC (5

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EIA Report for installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical for Odalarevu facility

S. No Terms of Reference Status Samples).  Soil Sample analysis at 10 locations.  Baseline underground and surface water quality in the vicinity of 10 km area.  Climatology & Meteorology including wind speed, wind direction, temperature, rainfall etc.  Measurement of noise levels at 10 locations in the Block. 16. Quantity and source of water supply. Permission Chapter 2, section 2.8. Chapter for the drawl of water from the competent 4, section 4.5.2. authority. Detailed water balance, wastewater generation, treatment and discharge. Details of treatment scheme for process effluent, utility wastewater, sewage etc. along with process flow diagram and characteristics of influent and effluent. 17. Treatment and utilization of produced water. Covered in expansion of onshore terminal (Vol-I); Chapter 2, section 2.3.2; section 2.3.4.7; section 2.5. 18. Detailed solid waste generation, collection, Chapter 2, section 2.8. segregations, its recycling and reuse, treatment No hazardous solid waste is and disposal envisaged to be generated. Small quantity of used papers, cartons, etc shall be generated which will be disposed off through proper recyclers. 19. Estimation and computation of air emissions Chapter 4, section 4.2.1 resulting out of offshore, OGT etc. 20. Assessment of impact on air, water, soil, Chapter 4, section 4.2. solid/hazardous waste and noise levels. 21. Evaluation of the adequacy of the proposed Chapter 4, section 4.5. pollution control measures to meet the air quality emission standards, water discharge norms, solid/ hazardous waste generation and disposal. 22. Estimation of noise level due to operation of Chapter 4. Section 4.2.2. drilling, process machine, its associated equipment and vehicular movement & prediction and evaluation of impacts due to increase in noise levels arising out of the proposed activities on the surrounding environment. Proposed mitigation measures for noise pollution. 23. Storage of chemicals at the site, proposed Chapter 2, section 2.7; Chapter preventive measures for spillage and accidents. 8, section 8.1. 24. Environmental Management Plan Chapter 8

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S. No Terms of Reference Status 25. Assessment and Disaster Management Plan Chapter 6, section 6.3; section  Identification of Hazards 6.4; section 6.5.  Consequence Analysis  Risk Presentation and proposed mitigation measures for risk reduction.  Disaster Management Plan (DMP)  Oil Spill Contingency Plan and Emergency Response Plan

26. H2S emissions control plans. Covered in EIA report of drilling and completion operations (Vol-II); Chapter 6, section 6.3.5.4. 27. Details of all environment and safety related HSE guideline given in Chapter documentation within the company in the form of 8, section 8.4. ONGC policy for guidelines, manuals, monitoring programmes periodic medical examination is including Occupational Health Surveillance attached as Annexure-XI. Programme etc. 28. Restoration plans and measures to be taken for Covered in EIA report of decommissioning of the rig and restoration of on- drilling and completions shore support facilities on land. Measures for operations (Vol-II); Chapter 8, decommissioning of the rigs and projects. section 8.5. 29. Post project closure and Monitoring Programme. Chapter 5, Section 5.1. 30. Documentary proof for membership of TSDS for As no solid waste is being disposal of Hazardous waste, if any. generated in the Odalarevu Plant, TSDF membership is not required at this moment. 31. Details of proposed occupational Health Chapter 6, section 6.3.8. Surveillance program for the employees and other labor. 32. Environmental Monitoring program while Chapter 5 operation is undertaken. 33. Any issue related to land subsidence. Covered in EIA report of onshore terminal (Vol-I); Chapter 3, section 3.3.7. 34. Total Capital and recurring cost/ annum for Chapter 8. Section 8.3 environmental pollution control measures. 35. Any litigation pending against the project or any No litigation or court case is directions/order passed by any Court of Law pending against this particular against the project. If so, details thereof. proposal as on date. However, there is a separate writ petition filed by an NGO in the High Court of Andhra Pradesh on the problem of land subsidence and other hazards due to large scale exploitation in KG Basin.

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EIA Report for installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical for Odalarevu facility

S. No Terms of Reference Status 36. Public hearing issues raised and commitments Public hearing report for made by the project proponent on the same existing G-1 and GS-15 should be included separately in EIA/EMP facilities at Odalarevu is Report in the form of Tabular Chart with attached as Annexure–XII. financial budget for complying with the commitments made.

1.6 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT

Chapter 1 : Introduction - Provides a background to the project, the project proponent and environmental legislations / permits applicable to the project; TOR for the EIA study - provides the terms of reference for the Environmental Impact Assessment study for the proposed project.

Chapter 2 : Project Description - Describes the operations associated with the project.

Chapter 3 Description of the - Describes the background environmental Environment characteristics and the other economic activities in the area.

Chapter 4 : Anticipated - Identifies potential environmental impacts due to Environmental the Proposed Project and applicable mitigation Impacts & measures. Mitigation Measures

Chapter 5 : Environmental - Describes the mechanism to address the adverse Monitoring environmental impacts during different phases Programme of the project.

Chapter 6 : Additional Studies - This chapter includes Risk assessment and Disaster Management Plan. Risk assessment section will accentuate the types of risks associated with exploratory drilling operations and their assessment. Disaster management section illustrates about the emergency preparedness and disaster management plan.

Chapter 7 : Project Benefits - This chapter details the benefits associated with the project to the local community as well as to the nation.

Chapter 8 : Environment - Provides delivery mechanism to address the Management Plan potential environmental impacts.

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EIA Report for installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical for Odalarevu facility

Chapter 9 : Summary & - This chapter summarizes justification for Conclusion implementation of the project with mitigation measures.

Chapter 10 : Disclosure of - The name of the Consultants engaged with their Consultants engaged brief resume and nature of consultancy engaged.

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PROJECT 2 DESCRIPTION

2.1 KEY PIPELINE INFORMATION

Name of the Project : Installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical for Odalarevu facility Location : Odalarevu, Andhra Pradesh Size of the project : Proposed sub-seapipeline length is approx 45 km. Onshore section of pipeline is approx. 4km Existing Pipeline Facility : Dual 10 inch sub-sea pipeline to evacuate production fluid from G-1 and GS-15 fields to existing onshore terminal. Length: 25 km approx. Proposed Pipeline Facility : Dual 14 inch sub-sea pipeline to evacuate production fluid from Vashishta and S-1 Fields to Proposed Onshore Terminal. Length: 45 km approx. Expected Cost of the Project : USD 354.57 million (INR 1666Crores @ Rs 47/$)

2.2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES

ONGC plans to develop Vashishta& S1 gas fields for which dual 14 inch subsea pipelines are to be laid to evacuate production fluid from Vashishta and S-1 fields to proposed onshore terminal at Odalarevu. A control umbilical also needs to be laid for injection of chemicals for inhibition of hydrates, scale & corrosion in the pipelines and to exercise control over the subsea production system.

2.3 PIPELINE AND SUBSEA STRUCTURES

The proposed project of Vashishta and S1 development comprises of four production wells: VA-DA and VA-DB at the Vashishta field and S1-A and S1-B at the S1 development. Production fluids shall be evacuated to the onshore processing facilities via dual14 inch nominal bore (NB) production pipelines in a daisy chain arrangement between the onshore terminal and the four wells. The dual pipeline shall tie-in to the new onshore terminal at the South side and will be routed to the East at a location that will allow them to cross and run parallel (on the Northward side) to the existing G1 and GS-15 pipelines and follow the existing route to the landfall location. The pipeline layout map is shown in Figure 2.1.

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EIA Report for installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical for Odalarevu facility

Figure 2.1: Pipeline Layout Map

The approximate length of the pipeline between the VA-DA well (approx. 550 m depth) and landfall is 38.7km. The onshore section of pipeline betweenlandfall and the terminal ESDVs is approximately 4km. The pipelines shall extend between VA-DA and the VA-DB well location, approximately 4.4km distant in 700m water depth. At the S1 field location, within each of the dual pipelines, inline tees shall be installed to facilitate tie-in of the S1-A and S1- B wells and to provide for potential future expansion of the S1 field.

The proposed pipeline has been split into two sections for determination of wall thickness: subsea (355.6mm OD x 20.6mm WT) and landfall (365.2mm OD x 25.4mm WT). The landfall section of pipe has higher integrity requirements and therefore higher wall thickness. Constant bore has been maintained through the pipeline to allow pigging. Pipe with non-

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EIA Report for installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical for Odalarevu facility

standard outer diameter is selected for the landfall sections, with bore matched to the subsea section.

2.3.1 Subsea Structures and their Arrangement

 The major subsea equipment/facilities, other than the pipeline include: Subsea tees, On tree flow meters (multiphase), Subsea Controls (comprising of Subsea Distribution Unit (SDU’s), Umbilical Termination Assemblies (UTA’s),Onshore ENS, HDU, Master Control System (MCS)/Electric Power Unit (EPU) and Topside Umbilical Termination Unit (TUTU), Main and infield umbilical and Diver less connectors.  Inline tees shall be installed as part of the pipeline, at the S1-A and S1-B locations and shall facilitate tie-in of the S1 wells. Spare inline tees between S1-A and S1-B wells will be provided to allow future expansion.  At VA-DA location the main dual pipelines shall terminate with Pipeline End Terminations (PLETs), 14 inch NB spools shall facilitate connection between the PLETs on the main dual pipelines and PLETs on dual extension pipelines to the VA-DB location. The PLETs at VA-DA shall also facilitate tie-in of the VA-DA well.  At VA-DB location the 14 inch dual extension pipelines shall terminate at PLETs, which are connected by 14 inch tie-in spools to a Pipeline End Manifold (PLEM). The PLEM will provide a means of round trip-pigging of the pipelines and allow for potential future expansion of the pipeline system. Provision will be made in PLEM at VA-DB for adding any future well in the area through an infield pipeline. The PLETs at VA-DB shall facilitate tie-in of the VA-DB.  The tie-back distance between landfall and the VA-DA location is approximately 38.7km. The tie-back distance between VA-DA and VA-DB is approximately 4.4km. There is also an approximately 4km onshore section of pipeline between landfall and ESDVs.  All tees and PLEM shall allow for the production fluids from the associated well to be diverted to either, or both of the dual pipelines. All infield jumper spools between PLETs, PLEM, tees and wells shall be rigid 6 inch pipe, with the exception of the VA-DA spools where 8 inch NB pipe shall be required. All connections shall be via vertical diverless connectors.  Master control system (MCS), Hydraulic Power Units (HPU), Electrical Power Unit (EPU) and Chemical Injection System shall be provided at the onshore terminal. These components shall be connected to the subsea system via a static umbilical, approximately 33 km long, and terminated in an Umbilical Termination Distribution Assembly (UTDA) at Vashishta well cluster.  A main umbilical shall be installed from the onshore terminal at Odalarevu to an SDU located at the S1 field centre, approximately 28.3km. A further umbilical shallextend from the S1 SDU to a second SDU located at the VA field centre,approximately 9.8km.  Infield umbilicals (each approximately 2.3km) shall connect the VA SDU to the VA-DA and VA-DB Xmas trees. Hydraulic flying leads shall connect the VA-DA wellhead to the VA-DA PLETs and VA-DB wellhead to the VA-DB PLETs, and from VA-DB to PLEM. Infield umbilicals and flying leads for connection of the S1 wells aredetailed.  All subsea umbilical and flying lead connections shall be diverless make-up.

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EIA Report for installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical for Odalarevu facility

2.4 Design Detailsof Vashishta and S-1 Production pipelines

 Vashishta and S-1shall be produced via 14 inch NB dual pipelines routed from VA- DA to terminal.  Pipeline Design Conditions- The pipelines shall be designed according the following parameters: Parameter Vashishta/S-1 Water Depth Max (m) 689 Water Depth Min (m) 0 Pipeline Length (m) 42,700 Maximum Design Temperature ( C) 65 Minimum Design Temperature ( C) -75 Design Pressure (barg) 255

 Pre-trenching; burial along with concrete weight coatingfor protection of pipeline shall be done as follows: - 2.5 metres burial for the onshore section. - 2.5 metres burial and 60mm concrete coating up to 27 metres water depth. This will be approximately up to two thirds of the way along the first leg of the pipeline. - 1.0 metre burial and 60mm concrete coating up to 79 metres water depth. This shall be just after the first deviation away from the G-1 pipelines. - 30mm concrete coating up to 200 metres water depth. - Three layer polypropylene (3LPP) coating and surfaced laid for the remainder of the development.  The pipelines shall be protected from external corrosion by a combination of coatings and cathodic protection via bracelet anodes, fitted along the length of the pipeline. A 3LPP is the recommended anti-corrosion coating for the gas production pipeline.  The corrosion inhibitor selected shall achieve a minimum of 95% inhibitorefficiency for the basic process condition of Vashishta and S1 produced fluids andcompatibility with MEG injection shall be ensured.  Vashishta and S1 pipelines shall be designed to permit the use of pigs, with dueconsideration to be taken of transitions in bore between the flowline, pipelines and manifold piping. Any tees within the main production flowline system shall be piggable with the inclusion of pigging bars and any bends shall have a minimum radius of 5D.

2.5 Pipeline Material Details

Item Material Gas Production Linepipe- Seamless carbon steel line pipe API 5L X52/ X56 with 3.0 Flowline mm corrosion allowance. Tie-in spools Linepipe/Bends- UNS S32760 or equivalent super dulex with 1.0 mm corrosion allowance. PLEM Piping System- Seamless carbon steel line pipe API 5L X52/ X56 with 6.0 mm corrosion allowance or corrosion resistance alloy (duplex/super duplex stainless steel) if any uncertainties over inhibitor efficiency in the PLEM System.

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EIA Report for installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical for Odalarevu facility

Item Material PLET Piping- Seamless carbon steel line pipe API 5L X52/ X56 with 6.0 mm corrosion allowance or corrosion resistance alloy (CRA) (duplex/super duplex stainless steel) if any uncertainties over inhibitor efficiency in the PLET System. Valve The valve body system shall match the piping material: 25% Cr Duplex/ Carbon Steel body with UNS N06625 overlay. The valves internals from all valves shall be manufactured from CRA ad comply with BS EN ISO 15156. Seat and ball/gate faces shall be hard faced with tungsten carbide Connectors The connector hubs shall match the piping material Structural Steel Primary Members- BS EN 10225 grade 355 minimum or equivalent Secondary Steel- BS EN 10025 grade 275 minimum or equivalent.

2.6 STAFFING

The total number of personnel involved during the pipeline laying works is expected to be 65 (approximately). Accommodation shall be provided at onshore base.

2.7 Resource requirement

i) Construction Material Construction materials such as Sand, Stone and cement shall be required during construction activities. ii) Fuel Fuel requirements will be mainly for the purpose of electricity generation during construction and operational activities of the pipeline shall be met from supply of 8869 m3/day of natural gas required for operating Gas Turbine Generators. Approximately one month will be required for installation of the pipeline. iii) Water Water requirement during construction activities shall be met through 120 KLD of water supply from surface and canal water. iv) Chemicals Chemicals such as Corrosion inhibitors, scale inhibitors and degreasing agents shall be required during pre-commissioning phase of the pipeline and shall be stored at existing onshore Odalarevu Terminal.

2.8 Noise, Air Emissions, Effluents, and Solid Waste Generation

i) Noise Noise is likely to be generated from the operation of generator sets, construction machinery, earthing equipment etc during construction and installation of onshore and offshore pipeline. Underwater sound is likely to be generated due to usage of equipments (such as flowlines, subsea valves etc) during pipeline installation. Transportation activitiesmayalso contributeto onshore and offshore noise levels.

ii) Air

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EIA Report for installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical for Odalarevu facility

iii) Effluent and Solid Waste

 Water generated from hydraulic testing of pipelines shall be reused for multiple tests. In case of discharged into sea, discharge of water shall be ensured at a suitable location to minimise adverse impacts.  Sewage- Sewage generated shall be treated in the Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP). The treated effluent shall be reused for the purpose of irrigation within and around the plant area.  Construction waste- Solid waste consisting of recyclable waste and non recyclable generated from construction activities, shall be segregated in appropriated bins and shall be disposed off to approved contractors for their final disposal.  Solid waste including domestic waste (from kitchen, gallery, laundries etc), combustible and recyclable waste generated shall be collected, segregated and stored in specified containers and shall be transferred to authorized contractors for its disposal.  Hazardous wastes such as waste lube/system oil from machinery, used oil from D.G set (in case of operation) are likely to be generated. The waste shall be handled as per Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Trans-boundary Movement) Rules, 2008. The waste will be carefully stored in drums and transported to MoEF approved recyclers for its final disposal. All precautions will be taken to avoid spillage from the storage.

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EIA Report for installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical for Odalarevu facility

DESCRIPTION OF THE 3 ENVIRONMENT

3.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter presents an overview of the aspects of the environment related to the proposed dual subsea pipeline route from Vashishta and S-1 field to proposed onshore terminal at Odalarevu in East Godavari District of Andhra Pradesh (India). Knowledge of the characteristics of the local biological environment allows an understanding of the potential for the operations to interact with the flora and fauna so that appropriate controls can be adopted to mitigate negative impacts. Figure 3.1 shows the location map of dual sub-sea pipelines from Vashishta and S-1 fields to Odalarevu onshore facility.

Figure 3.1: Location Map of Proposed Project

The baseline description includes collection of primary and secondary data through field investigations, environmental monitoring and secondary sources viz. maps, reports, scientific literatures, etc. The obtained data has been analyzed for identification of impacts and arrive at

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EIA Report for installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical for Odalarevu facility

mitigation measures for minimizing any environmental impact due to the project activities. The activities that are likely to be studied for each environmental component are described in subsequent sections. The proposed dual 14 inch subsea pipelines are used to evacuate hydrocarbons from wells in VA and S-1 field to proposed onshore terminal at Odalarevu. The sub-sea pipeline length is approximately 43 km. The length of pipeline from landfall point to onshore terminal is 4 km approximately. The aerial distance of the key locations of the pipelines are given in Table 3.1. The layout map of proposed pipeline route is given in Figure 3.2. Table 3:1 Key Location Distances

S. Approximate From To No. Distances (in km) 1 Odalarevu Facility Landfall Point 3 2 Landfall Point VA 31 3 Landfall Point S-1 26 4 VA-DA VA-DB 4.5 5 S-1-A S-1-B 1.4 6 S-1 VA 9

Figure 3.2: Layout Map of Pipeline Route

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EIA Report for installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical for Odalarevu facility

3.2 STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT The environmental status of the proposed project includes the studies of both onshore and offshore section of environment (Terrestrial and Marine Environment) and has been studied during the months of September, October and November 2012 and the details are given in the following sub-sections:

3.2.1 Seismic Considerations According to the Seismic-zoning Map of India [IS 1893: 2002], the state of Andhra Pradesh lies in Zones II and III. The onshore section of pipeline falls in Zone III of the seismic zoning map of India. The Seismic Zoning Map is shown in Figure 3.3. Study of Historical records of the Earthquakes in Andhra Pradesh shows that it is a continuous board of mild earthquakes. The major earthquakes that affected Andhra Pradesh in the past are listed in Table 3.2 below.

Source: http://ndma.gov.in/ndma/disaster/earthquake/eq-india.pdf) Figure 3.3: Seismic Zoning Map of India

Table 3.2: Major Earthquakes recorded

S. Name of the Magnitude Occurrence No. Earthquake 1. Vizianagaram EQ 5.5 17 April, 1917 2. Ongole, Prakasam EQ 5.4 27 March, 1967 3. Bhadrachalam EQ 5.7 13 April, 1969 Source: http://disastermanagement.ap.gov.in/website/100yrs%20eq.htm

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3.2.2 Climate and Meteorology The climate is mainly governed by the presence of Bay of Bengal. The climate of the area is hot and humid. Presence of sea also plays a significant role resulting diurnal variation of climatic condition. The landward sea breeze in the evening keeps the temperature at a pleasant range. The meteorological data during the study period is given in Table 3.3. Sea surface temperature along the Indian coastline is given in Figure 3.4. Table 3.3: Meteorological Data of the Area of Proposed Onshore Pipeline

Mean Max. Min. S. Precipitation Month Year Temperature Temperature Temperature No (mm) (°C) (°C) (°C) 1 September 2012 29.06 38 25 0.40 2 October 2012 28.44 36 24 0.18 3 November 2012 26.64 34 21 0.92 Source: Amalapuram, worldweatheronline.com

Figure 3.4: Sea Surface Temperature

3.2.3 Micro-Meteorology The meteorological data of Amalapuram town, which is approx. 10 km far from onshore pipeline section is used for interpretation of the baseline information as well as input for air quality simulation models. The hourly based meteorological data during the study period is given in Annexure-I. The wind rose diagram for the study area of onshore pipeline section is shown in Figure 3.5. The analysis of the average wind pattern shows predominant winds blowing from SW to NE. The calm wind (wind speed < 3.39 m/s) conditions prevailed for 3.80 % of the total time.

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Figure 3.5: Wind rose Diagram

3.2.4 Bathymetry and Seabed Topography The proposed dual sub-sea pipeline route off the river of Godavari-Vashistha having a maximum bathymetry up to 700 m. Geologically, the area is characterized by major NE-SW running fault. The northern boundary of the fault is same extension of Ponnamanda- Adavipalem fault. The pipeline route falls in the Bay of Bengal off the east coast of India in East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh State. The approximately length of pipelines between the VA-DA is 38.7 km distant in approx. 550 m water depth. The pipeline shall extend between VA-DA to VA-DB well location, approximately 4.4 km (approx. 700m water depth). The detailed bathymetry of study area with the pipeline route is shown in Figure 3.6.

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Source: Rao, B.R (2010) Ramaypatnam to Sacramento Shoal, Dehradun: National Hydrographic office Figure 3.6: Bathymetry Map with proposed pipeline route

3.2.5 Waves and Tides The maximum wave height (Hmax) in the area varied between 0.45 m to 4.40 m and the significant wave height (Hs) varied between 0.3 to 2.8 m at 90 m of water depth. During the Months of June, July and August the Hmax exceeded 4 m and Hs exceeded 2.5 m. The directional distribution of waves in the form of wave power is relatively high during June, July and August months and is predominantly contributed from the sector between South West (SSW) and West South West (WSW). As per the Kakinada port authorities, during the October-December the wave Height exceeds 2 m for 32% of the time and 58% of the waves approach from North-Northwest direction. The tides in this region are characterized as predominantly semi-diurnal. Based on the Kakinada port tidal data for the year 2000 the spring tidal range is about 1.34 m and the neap tidal range is about 0.53 m. (Source: N. S. N. Raju, K. Ashok Kumar, R. Gowthaman, V. Sanil Kumar & S. Jaya Kumar, 2004, Coastal Processes Along North Kakinada Coast, Andhra Pradesh Based on Short- Term Study, NIO-Goa, Technical Report: NIO/TR- 02/2004)

3.2.6 Cyclones The region of proposed project is one of the most disaster prone areas of the Andhra Pradesh due to its physio-graphic and climatic conditions. It is the one of the most vulnerable region to Asian Consulting Engineers Pvt. Ltd. 3-6

EIA Report for installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical for Odalarevu facility

windstorms and frequent severe cyclonic storms, which originates in the Bay of Bengal as low pressure zones. Table 3.4 below gives the historical records of Severe Cyclones which formed in the study region, Bay of Bengal and made landfall at the eastern coast of India during the period from 1964-1996. The wind and cyclone hazard map of Andhra Pradesh is shown in Figure 3.7. Table 3.4: Historical records of Severe Cyclones/Tsunami which formed in the Bay of Bengal

Name of Year of S. No. the Event Occurrence Severe Cyclonic Storm Crossed Andhra Pradesh coast near 1. 1964 Machilipatnam 2. Super Cyclone, Andhra Pradesh November,1977 Super Cyclone, Crossed Andhra coast at about 40 km south west 3. May, 1990 of Machilipatnam Very Severe Cyclonic Storm, Crossed Andhra coast near 4. November, 1996 Kakinada 5. Tsunami December 2004 6. Cyclone Nilam, covered few districts of Andhra and Tamil Nadu October, 2012 Source: 1. National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP), 2005 2. Indian Tsunami Early Warning Centre • Incois Hyderabad (ITEWC), NTWC- INCOIS-20120411 1408-04 (TYPE - III Supplementary 01), Wednesday 11 April 2012(http://www.incois.gov.in/DSSProducts/Product_NTWC/Web/dss120411083800_Bulletin4_box_p ub_M.htm)

Source: http://disastermanagement.ap.gov.in/website/cyclone.htm Figure 3.7: Wind and Cyclone Hazard Map – Andhra Pradesh 3.2.7 Circulation The dynamics of circulation nearby the study area is plain and even. During high tide the sea water enters the coastal plain and thereby the salinity level increases on the adjacent area. The

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EIA Report for installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical for Odalarevu facility

hinterland is protected with the recently laid tar road from the waves during monsoon. Some tidal creeks are also present. Casurina plantations are present for certain stretch of this coastline. During the spring at low tide time the bay is exposed, the continental shelf off the bay area is dominantly silted till 1.8 m depth. 3.2.8 Land Use The 10 km study area of proposed onshore pipeline section is dominated by agricultural fields and plantation. The proposed pipeline (Onshore Section) passes through forest area in Odalarevu for a stretch of only 245m, on the south western fringe. ONGC has applied to the state forest department for diversion of 0.44 hectares of forest land for laying of pipeline. Copy of application is given in Annexure V.

The land use within the study area of proposed pipeline route (onshore section) have been studied and it can be broadly classified into seven major categories viz., plantation, mangrove, water, agriculture, aquaculture, fallow land and built up using IRS LISS III satellite image . The land use distribution in the study area is as follows in Table 3.5 and Figure 3.8. Table 3.5: Land Use Distribution of the Onshore Pipeline Section

S. No. Land Use Area (sq km) Percentage 1 Plantation 59.68 31.11 2 Mangrove 1.03 0.54 3 Water 13.61 7.09 4 Agriculture 52.93 27.59 5 Aquaculture 56.65 29.53 6 Built Up 3.36 1.75 7 Fallow Land 4.57 2.38 Total 191.81 100

Figure 3.8: Land Use Land Cover of the Onshore Pipeline Section Asian Consulting Engineers Pvt. Ltd. 3-8

EIA Report for installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical for Odalarevu facility

3.3 MARINE ENVIRONMENT Sea Water and Sediments quality sampling was carried out to study the water and sediment quality at proposed sub-sea pipeline route, which are shown in Figure 3.9.

Figure 3.9: Pipeline route with sampling locations

3.3.1 Marine water quality The area of the pipeline is largely oceanic and therefore not expected to undergo significant changes in water quality, temporally as well as spatially. The sampling points at offshore pipeline route as surveyed by ACE are considered to represent the baseline for the offshore section. The sea water quality data is given in Table 3.6. Photo Plate 3.1 shows the water and sediments collection along the proposed pipeline route.

Photo Plate 3.1: Sea water collection at different points of proposed pipeline route

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Table 3.6: Sea Water Quality Monitoring Results

Sampling Points Minimum Methods S. Instrument Parameter Unit Detection for No. SWS SWS SWS SWS SWS SWS SWS SWS SWS SWS SWS SWS SWS Used -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -10 -11 -12 -13 Limit Analysis IS:3025 1. Turbidity NTU <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 2.0 Turbidity Meter (P-47) IS:3025 2. pH - 7.8 7.36 7.81 7.92 7.81 7.66 7.86 7.24 7.9 7.16 7.69 6.83 7.86 - pH meter (P-49) Total IS:3025 3. Hardness mg/l 5852 6297 6489 5935 6421 6515 6119 6672 5978 6316 6076 5921 5883 1.0 Titration apparatus (P-52) (as CaCO3) IS:3025 4. Iron (as Fe) mg/l 0.30 0.21 0.19 0.21 0.20 0.19 2.56 0.18 0.24 0.23 0.25 0.19 0.22 0.1 AAS (P-55) Chloride Titration IS:3025 5. mg/l 16596 17794 18396 19796 9547 13195 11196 11396 14994 16194 10596 11646 12396 1.0 (as CI) apparatus (P-23) Fluoride (as IS:3025 6. mg/l 2.74 2.01 2.16 2.14 2.59 2.71 2.56 2.89 1.76 2 2.74 2.68 2.38 0.6 Spectrophotometer F-) (P-54) Copper (as IS:3025 7. mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 0.05 AAS Cu) (P-41) IS:3025 8. Lead (as Pb) mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 0.05 AAS (P-58) IS:3025 9. Zinc (as Zn) mg/l <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 0.5 AAS (P-44) Chromium IS:3025 10. Total mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 0.05 AAS (P-39) (asCr+6) Aluminium APHA - 11. mg/l <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 0.03 AAS (as Al) 2520 B Alkalinity(as IS:3025 12. mg/l 315 375 281 351 389 392 373 384 379 311 361 377 383 1.0 Titration apparatus CaCO3) (P-48) Nickel (as APHA - 13. mg/l <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 1.0 AAS Ni) 6440 B Cadmium IS:3025 14. mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 AAS (as Cd) (P-47) IS:3025 15. COD (as 02) mg/l 12.5 11.8 10.7 13.5 9.1 10.7 13.3 11.5 13.2 11.9 13.2 12.5 9.9 0.2 Titration apparatus (P-49) BOD (3 Titration IS:3025 16. days at 27 mg/l 6.2 5.2 4.9 5.2 5.2 4.9 5 5.3 4.6 4.1 3.7 4.8 4.6 0.2 apparatus, (P-52) deg. C) BOD incubator 17. Oil &Grease mg/l <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 4.0 Gravimetry IS:3025

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EIA Report for installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical for Odalarevu facility

Sampling Points Minimum Methods S. Instrument Parameter Unit Detection for No. SWS SWS SWS SWS SWS SWS SWS SWS SWS SWS SWS SWS SWS Used -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -10 -11 -12 -13 Limit Analysis (P-55) IS:3025 18. Salinity mg/l 36530 36518 36390 36250 37160 36460 36670 37440 39510 37860 37650 37930 35890 - Salinometre (P-23) Mercury (as IS:3025 19. mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.001 AAS Hg) (P-54) Gas IS:3025 20. PAH mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.1 Chromatography (P-41)

3.3.1.1 Physico-chemical characteristic The observed pH value in the along the proposed offshore pipeline route during the period of study is in the range of 6.83 to 7.92. The changes in pH are marginal as expected for natural marine waters sustaining low primary productivity. The total hardness of water in all the sample is in the range of 5852 to 6672 mg/L. The turbidity of water were below detectable limit in all the samples. The observed salinity in the range of 35890 to 39510 mg/L. The observed values showed that all the sampling locations revealed narrow variation in the level of salinity content. The value of alkalinity (as CaCO3) was in the range of 281 to 392 mg/l. The concentrations of Chloride and Fluoride in all the sample were in the range of 9547 to 19796 mg/L and 1.76 to 2.89 mg/L respectively. The contents of oil & grease in all sample was below the detectable limit in all the sampling locations. 3.3.1.2 BOD and COD The BOD and COD were in the range of were in the range of 3.7 to 6.2 and 9.1to 13.3 mg/L. 3.3.1.3 Heavy Metals Heavy metals namely mercury, chromium, lead, cadmium, aluminum, copper and chromium were below the detectable range in all the sampling locations. The concentration of iron was detectable in all the sampling locations, which was in the range of 0.18 to 2.56 mg/L.

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3.3.1.4 PAHs Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) namely, acenaphthylene, bromo-naphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorene, pyrene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene and indeno (1,2,3) pyrene were found to be below detectable range in the water collected from all the sampled locations. 3.3.2 Sediments Quality Sediment Sample were collected using van-veen grab sampler. The grab is lowered vertically from the stationary boat till it touches the bottom. Sediment sample were collected and preserved for sediment texture analysis and physico-chemical analysis. Photo Plate 3.2 shows the collection of sediment at different locations of pipeline route. Table 3.7 shows the depth of sampling locations. Sediments Quality Monitoring Results is given in Table 3.8.

Photo Plate 3.2: Sediments sample collections at different sampling locations

Table 3.7: Depth of Sampling Locations

S.No. Sampling Locations Depth (in meters) 1 SSS-1 9.9 2 SSS-2 8.5 3 SSS-3 11 4 SSS-4 19 5 SSS-5 29.5 6 SSS-6 49 7 SSS-7 99 8 SSS-8 175 9 SSS-9 205 10 SSS-10 243

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Table 3.8: Sediments Quality Monitoring Results

S.No. Parameter Unit SSS-1 SSS-2 SSS-3 SSS-4 SSS-5 SSS-6 SSS-7 SSS-8 SSS-9 SSS-10 Test Method 1 pH - 8.10 8.12 8.08 7.76 7.24 7.86 7.28 7.18 7.24 7.31 IS-2720 (Part 26) 2 EC µS/cm 1121 1075 989 653 547 672 608 515 535 621 IS-2720 (Part 21) 3 Phosphorous (as P) mg/100gm 6.64 8.29 6.46 6.67 6.08 7.43 7.30 7.11 7.34 7.83 Lab SOP-SOIL-S/41 4 Total Khejdal Nitrogen % by Mass 0.67 0.1 0.84 0.74 0.68 0.66 0.74 0.92 0.81 0.76 Lab SOP-SOIL-S/36 5 Potassium (as K) mg/100gm 4.1 6.1 4.2 3.8 4.6 4.9 4.51 4.62 4.18 5.72 Lab SOP-SOIL-S/38 Sand %by Mass 14 74 13 12 44 27 35 41 38 48 TM-S/32 6 Texture Clay %by Mass 10 16 11.2 11 29 43 47 24 19 14 TM-S/32 Silt %by Mass 76 10 75.8 77 27 30 18 35 43 38 TM-S/32 7 Particle Size (<0.002mm) % by Weight 10 16 11.2 11 29 43 47 24 19 14 TM-S/49 8 Particle Size (2.0-0.05) mm % by Weight 14 74 13 12 44 27 35 41 38 48 TM-S/49 9 Particle Size (0.005-0.002 mm) % by Weight 76 10 75.8 77 27 30 18 35 43 38 TM-S/49 10 Iron (as Fe) mg/Kg 10.4 11.7 8.5 7.6 12.7 8.3 11.44 9.35 8.36 12.87 USEPA-SW-846 11 Zinc (as Zn) mg/Kg 8.48 7.6 6.8 5.9 8.1 8 9.33 7.48 6.49 8.36 USEPA-SW-846 12 Lead (as Pb) mg/Kg <10.0 <10.0 <10.0 <10.0 <10.0 <10.0 <10.0 <10.0 <10.0 <10.0 USEPA-SW-846 13 Nickel (as Ni) mg/Kg <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 USEPA-SW-846 14 Chromium Total (as Cr) mg/Kg <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 USEPA-SW-846 15 Cadmium (as Cd) mg/Kg <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 USEPA-SW-846 16 Aluminum (as Al) mg/Kg <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 TM-S/25

3.3.2.1 Sediments quality monitoring results

 The sediments are loam in nature along the sampling locations, which is evident from textural analysis.  The value of pH is in the range of 7.18 to 8.12.  The value of EC is in the range of 515 to 1121 µS/cm.  The content of total phosphorous and potassium were in the range of 6.08 to 8.29 and 3.8 to 6.1 mg/100g respectively.

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 The concentration of total khejdal nitrogen was in the range of 0.1 to 0.92 %.  The concentrations of heavy metals namely, Cadmium, Chromium, lead, Nickel and Aluminum is found to be below detectable limit in all sampling locations. The content of Iron and Zinc were in the range of 7.6 to 12.87 and 5.9 to 9.33 mg/Kg of soil respectively.

3.3.3 Biological Characteristics The occurrence of marine species - both plants and animals has largely been controlled by the physico-chemical properties of ocean water. Water discharges from the surrounding river catchments carry huge influx of sediments full of nutrients to the Bay, particularly along the near shore region. This has turned the Bay into a fertile marine fishing ground of the region. The near-shore up-welling zone not only has a high yield of nutrients, but also is a high primary production area for the phytoplankton and related zooplankton zones. The Bay of Bengal, harbour a variety of ecosystems and habitats, such as estuaries; intertidal foreshore- rocky, sandy and muddy areas; coastal lagoons and backwaters; coral reefs and patchy corals; seagrass beds; continental and deltic islands; neritic and oceanic regions extending through bathyal, abyssal and hadal depths. In view of wide variations in biological production in a marine ecosystem, the biological parameters considered for the present evaluation are phytoplankton (pigments, population and dominant genera), zooplankton (biomass, population and faunal groups), macro benthos (biomass, population and faunal groups), status of mangroves, seaweeds and sea grasses, corals, fishery, marine reptiles, mammals and birds. Figure 3.10 shows the sampling locations of phytoplanktons, zooplanktons and benthos along the proposed offshore pipeline route.

Figure 3.10: Sampling Locations of Phytoplanktons, Zooplanktons and Benthos

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3.3.3.1 Primary productivity and phytoplankton Primary productivity, which involves conversion of inorganic materials into living biomass, is the foundation block of all the processes in the biosphere. The eastern part of the Bay of Bengal including the area of sub-sea pipeline route is one of the high productive zones. Table 3.9 presents a annual average of chlorophyll concentration in the surface layer of the offshore pipeline route from 2002 to 2010, which are also shown in Figure 3.11. Table 3.9: Concentration of Chlorophyll (mg/m3) in Offshore Pipeline Section from 2002 to 2011

Chlorophyll Content (mg/m3) Sampling Locations Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 1 3.80438 4.38197 2.82293 3.35177 4.13524 4.11238 3.89812 3.34586 4.05393 3.91478 2 3.00267 3.79827 2.33132 2.67459 3.40499 3.55239 3.19306 2.56419 3.48609 3.44298 3 2.47991 3.05362 1.54919 2.13829 2.81668 3.33558 2.40975 1.78892 2.65707 2.57136 4 1.7513 2.5381 1.23481 1.63834 2.44364 2.82044 1.98888 1.49944 2.78956 1.96244 5 0.87348 1.59369 0.75903 0.86664 1.39436 1.648 0.96432 0.96672 2.78956 0.87359 6 1.06773 1.70081 0.75903 0.71914 1.22831 1.19235 0.91618 0.83694 2.21391 0.63338 7 1.06773 1.70081 0.57379 0.71914 1.22831 1.14244 0.66235 0.74238 1.86564 0.4983 8 0.62903 1.0051 0.4824 0.81078 1.08204 0.96155 0.66235 0.73523 1.52538 0.49602 9 0.62903 1.0051 0.4307 0.76126 0.94488 0.96155 0.52488 0.73523 1.25563 0.49602 10 0.62903 1.0051 0.4307 0.76126 0.94488 0.96155 0.52488 0.73523 1.25563 0.49602 11 0.5349 0.79367 0.41101 0.74946 0.78533 0.89634 0.5124 0.53436 1.02939 0.48481 12 0.42625 0.67373 0.41341 0.56405 1.11567 0.46462 0.40802 0.43787 0.6448 0.36166 13 0.38926 0.64206 0.40523 0.45972 0.76646 0.44356 0.40819 0.41768 0.4927 0.25122

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EIA Report for installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical for Odalarevu facility

Figure 3.11: Concentration of chlorophyll in Offshore Pipeline Section from 2002 to 2011

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MODIS Data products of chlorophyll-a concentration [CHL, mg/m3] in the surface layer of the global ocean have been obtained for the period of 2002 to 2011 (annual composite) from the Ocean Color Web of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) of the United States. Spatial resolution of the MODIS instruments is 4km. Of the 36 spectral bands, 9 were customized for the ocean, with higher sensitivity and digitization bits and a narrow band at 678-nm is used to detect chlorophyll fluorescence. Band ratios between 443, 488, and 551-nm are used to derive CHL empirically. The observed Chlorophyll a content varies along the proposed offshore pipeline route from range of 0.310-5.146 mg/m3 (given in Table 3.10). The analysis of diversity of species is based on Shannon‟s Diversity Index. The Shannon diversity index (H) that is commonly used to characterize species diversity in a community. s H = ∑ - (Pi * ln Pi) i=1 where: H = the Shannon diversity index

Pi = fraction of the entire population made up of species i S = numbers of species encountered ∑ = sum from species 1 to species S To calculate the index: 1. Divide the number of individuals of species #1 you found in your sample by the

total number of individuals of all species. This is Pi. 2. Multiply the fraction by its natural log (P1 * ln P1) 3. Repeat this for all of the different species that you have. The last species is species “s”

4. Sum all the - (Pi * ln Pi) products to get the value of H

Phyto-Planktons The diversity index value of phytoplankton varies in the range of 3.1 to 4.7. The phytoplankton density (i.e. individual / litre) varied widely from 194 to 410 individual /litre. Observed detail values are in the Table 3.11 along with identified phytoplankton along the proposed offshore pipeline route.

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Table: 3.10: Observed Values of Chlorophyll

Observed Values Parameters Sampling Points 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Chl (mg/m3) 5.034 5.146 5.089 4.787 4.125 3.325 2.458 1.896 1.065 0.894 0.674 0.310 0.489

Table: 3.11: Identified Phyto-Planktons in Offshore Pipeline Section

S. Name of the Observed Values of Phyto-Planktons No. Phyto-Planktons PP-1 PP-2 PP-3 PP-4 PP-5 PP-6 PP-7 PP-8 PP-9 PP-10 PP-11 PP-12 PP-13 1 Spermatophyta (i) Azolla Sp. x x x x x x x x x x x x x (ii) Spirodela Sp. y y y x y y x x y y y y x (iii) Wolffia Sp. x y y y x x y y y y x x y 2 Chlorophyta

(i) Westella x y y y x x y x y x x x y (ii) Selenastrum x x x x x y x x y x x x x (iii) Zygnema Sp. x x x x x x x x y x x x x (iv) Chlorella Sp. x x x x x x x x y y x x x (v) Clostrium Sp x x x x x x x x y y x x x (vi) Mougeotia Sp y x x x x x x y x x x x x (vii) Oocystis Sp. y x x x x x x y x x x x x (viii) Sitchococcos Sp. x y y y x x y x x x x x y (ix) Tetrastrum Sp. x y y y x x y x x x x x y (x) Crucigenia Sp. x y y y x y y x x x x x y (xi) Pithopora Sp. x y y y x x y x x x x x y (xii) Chalamydomonas Sp. x x x x y x x x x x y y x (xiii) Pediastrum Sp. x x x x y x x x x x y y x (xiv) Volvox Sp. x x x x y x x x x x y x x

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EIA Report for installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical for Odalarevu facility

S. Name of the Observed Values of Phyto-Planktons No. Phyto-Planktons PP-1 PP-2 PP-3 PP-4 PP-5 PP-6 PP-7 PP-8 PP-9 PP-10 PP-11 PP-12 PP-13 (xv) Zygnema Sp. x x x x y x x x x y y x x (xvi) Ulothrix Sp. x x x x y x x x x x y y x (xvii) Dictyosphaerium Sp. x x x x x y x x x x x y x (xviii) Schizomeris Sp. x x x x x y x x x x x x x (xix) Euastrum Sp. x x x x x x x x x y x x x (xx) Actinastrum Sp. x x x x x x x x x y x x x (xxi) Nitella Sp. x x x x x x x x x x x y x 3 Cyanophyta

(i) Gloetrichia Sp. x x x x x y x x y x y x x (ii) Phormidium Sp. y y y y y x y y y y x y y (iii) Lingbya Sp. x y y y y x y x y y x y y (iv) Oscillatoria Sp. y y y y y x y y y y y y y (v) Fragelira Sp. y x x x x x x y x x x x x (vi) Althrospira Sp. y x x x y x x y x x x y x (v) Cylindrospermum Sp. x y y y x x y x x y x x y (vi) Anabena Sp. x x x x x x x x x x y x x (vii) Anacystis Sp. x x x x x x x x x x y x x 4 Diatoms (Bacillareophyceae)

(i) Tabellaria Sp. y y y y y y y y y y y y y (ii) Synedra Sp. y y y y y y y y y y y y y 5 Chrysophyta

(i) Cocconeis Sp. y y y y y y y y y y y y y (ii) Achnanthes Sp. y y y y y y y y y y y y y (iii) Cyclotella Sp. y y y y y y y y y y y y y (iv) Rhizosolenia Sp. y y y y y y y y y y y y y 6 Xanthothytea

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EIA Report for installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical for Odalarevu facility

S. Name of the Observed Values of Phyto-Planktons No. Phyto-Planktons PP-1 PP-2 PP-3 PP-4 PP-5 PP-6 PP-7 PP-8 PP-9 PP-10 PP-11 PP-12 PP-13 (i) Botryococcus Sp. y y y y y y y y y y y y y 7 Rhobophyta

(i) Gracilaria Sp. x y y x x x y x x y x x x (ii) Champia Sp. x y y x x x y x x y x x x

Diversity Index 3.1 3.2 4.4 3.9 3.2 3.4 4.2 4.2 4.6 3.1 4.2 4.7 3.5 Density (individual/litre) 194 210 310 282 210 286 300 298 310 195 264 410 235 Note: x denotes species not found in area and y denotes species present in area. 3.3.3.2 Zooplankton The observed values of zooplankton diversity index and their density along the proposed offshore pipeline route are in range of 1.74 to 4.6 and 101 to 302 individual /litre respectively, given in Table 3.12 along with identified zooplankton. Table: 3.12: Identified Zooplanktons in Offshore Pipeline Section

S. Name of the Observed Value of Zooplanktons No. Zooplanktons ZP-1 ZP-2 ZP-3 ZP-4 ZP-5 ZP-6 ZP-7 ZP-8 ZP-9 ZP-10 ZP-11 ZP-12 ZP-13 1 Amoebas (i) Naegleria Sp. y x x x x y x x x x y x x (ii) Actinophrys Sp. x y y y x x y x x x x x x (iii) Acanthamoeba Sp. x x y x x x y x x x x x y 2 Coelenterates (i) Hydra Sp. y x x x x y y x x y y x x (ii) Anthopleura Sp. y x x x y y x y x y y x x (iii) Obelia Sp. x x x x x x x x y x x y x 3 Rotifers (i) Philodina Sp. y x y x x y x y y y y y x

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EIA Report for installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical for Odalarevu facility

S. Name of the Observed Value of Zooplanktons No. Zooplanktons ZP-1 ZP-2 ZP-3 ZP-4 ZP-5 ZP-6 ZP-7 ZP-8 ZP-9 ZP-10 ZP-11 ZP-12 ZP-13 (ii) Euchlanis Sp. y x x x x y y y y y y y y (iii) Proales Sp. y x x x x y x y x y y x x (iv) Flagellates Sp. y x x x x y x y x y y x x (a) Ceratium y x x x x y x y x y y x x (b) Peridinium y x x x x y x y x y y x x (v) Filinia Sp. x x y x x x x x x x x x x (vi) Keratella Sp. x x y x x x x x x x x x x (vii) Epiphanas x x x x x x y x x x x x y (viii) Monostyla x x x x x x y x y x x y y (ix) Kellicottia Sp. x x x x x x x x y x x y x (x) Brachionus Sp. x x x x x x x x x x x x x 4 Cladocera (i) Daphnia Sp. y y y y y y y y x x y x y (ii) Alona x x x x x x x x x y x x x 5 Ostracoda (i) Ostracod Sp. y x x x y y x y y y y y x 6 Mysidacea (i) Holmesimysia Sp. y y y y y y y y x y y x y 7 Cirripedia (i) Balanus Sp. y y y y y y y y x y y x y 8 Flagellaes (i) Haematococcus Sp. x y x y x x x x x x x x x (ii) Chromulina Sp. x y y y x x x x x x x x x (iii) Ochromonas Sp. x y x y x x x x x x x x x (iv) Astasia Sp. x y x y x x x x x x x x x

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EIA Report for installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical for Odalarevu facility

S. Name of the Observed Value of Zooplanktons No. Zooplanktons ZP-1 ZP-2 ZP-3 ZP-4 ZP-5 ZP-6 ZP-7 ZP-8 ZP-9 ZP-10 ZP-11 ZP-12 ZP-13 (v) Lobomonas Sp. x x y x x x x x x x x x x (vi) Petromonas Sp. x x x x x x x x x x x x x (vii) Non Pigmented Sp. x x x x x x x x x x x x x (a) Dinomonas Sp. x x x x x x x x x x x x x 9 Leptostraca (i) Epinebalia Sp. x y x y y x x y x x x x y 10 Cumacea (i) Oxyurostylis Sp. x y y y y x y y x x x x y 11 Ciliates (i) Lionotus Sp. x y x y y x x x y x x y y (ii) Pleuronenema Sp. x y x y y x x x y x x y y (iii) Colpoda Sp. x y x y y x x x x x x x y (iv) Aspidisca Sp. x y x y y x x x x x x x y 12 Cladophora x x x x x x x x y x x y x 13 Copepoda (i) Diaptomus y x x x x x x x y x x y x 14 Crustacea (i) Daphnia Sp. x x x x x x x x y x x y x (ii) Cyclops Sp. x x x x x x x x y x x y x

Diversity Index 3.4 2.93 3.46 2.93 4.6 3.24 4.46 2.74 2.68 3.1 3.24 2.74 1.74 Density (individual/litre) 291 101 302 101 468 276 459 176 168 280 276 194 206 Note: x denote species not found in area and y denote species present in area

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EIA Report for installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical for Odalarevu facility

3.3.3.3 Benthos Benthos, the seafloor biota, contributes substantially to the secondary production as also to the potential and sustainability of demersal or near bottom living fishable resources. The sub tidal benthic standing stock in terms of diversity index and density varied from 1.02 to 1.57 and 95 to 253 individual /litre respectively, given in Table 3.13 along with identified benthos along the proposed offshore pipeline route. Table: 3.13: Identified Benthos in Offshore Pipeline Section

S. Name of the Observed Values of Benthos No. Benthos BS-1 BS-2 BS-3 BS-4 BS-5 BS-6 BS-7 BS-8 BS-9 BS-10 1 Decapods y y x y x y y y x y 2 Bivalvos y x x y y y y x x y 3 Polychaetos

(i) Nameneris quadraticeps Sp. y x y y y y y y y x (ii) Nephthys oigobranchia Sp. y x y y y x x x x x (iii) Nereis lamellose Sp. x x x x x y y y x x 4 Amphipods y x y y y y y y y y 5 Gastopods

(i) Bellamya Crassa Sp. y y y y y x y x y y (ii) Bellamya bengalensis Sp. x x x x y y y x y y 6 Prionospio y y y x y x x x x x 7 Ostrecods y y y y y y y x y y 8 Cermaceans y y y y y y y y x x 9 Microbenthos

(i) Nitzschia Sp. y x y y x y x y y y (ii) Navicula Sp. y x x y y y y x x y (iii) Thalassiosira Sp. x x y x y x x y y x (iv) Pleurosigma Sp. x x y y x y y y y x 10 Macrobenthos

(i) Tonne Sp. y x x y x y x x x y

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EIA Report for installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical for Odalarevu facility

S. Name of the Observed Values of Benthos No. Benthos BS-1 BS-2 BS-3 BS-4 BS-5 BS-6 BS-7 BS-8 BS-9 BS-10 (ii) Turritella Sp. y x x x x x x y x x (iii) Catelysica Sp. x y y x x x x x x y (iv) Amussium Sp. x x x y x y y x x x 11 Codentrates x y x x x x x y x y 12 Diaparta naepolitane x x x y x x x x x x Diversity Index 1.57 1.02 1.5 1.4 1.17 1.42 1.56 1.45 1.38 1.52 Density (individual/litre) 222 95 173 186 147 230 253 205 190 207 Note: x denote species not found in area and y denote species present in area 3.3.3.4 Fisheries The region of offshore pipeline route is endowed with rich Marine inland and Brackish Water Fishery Resources. Apart from this, in these areas prawn seed resources in general and those of P. monodon and P. indlcus in particular are abundantly available. Post-larvae of these species are commercially exploited in various places such as Ichapuram (Srikakulam District), Vakapadu (Visakhapatnam District), Kakinada and adjacent mangrove areas of Godavari estuary (East Godavari District), Perumpalom (West Godavari District), Kruthivenu and Machilipatnam (Krishna District) and Repalle (Guntur District). The marine species in KG basin coastal stretch listed in Annexure – IV.

3.4 TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT Soil, Water, Air and Noise quality sampling was carried out with 10 km study area of proposed onshore pipeline. Also, the status of existing flora and fauna and stakeholder consultations were also be done.

3.4.1 Soil Characteristics Soil samples were collected from the field to assess its physico-chemical characteristics in the study area of onshore pipeline section. The sampling locations are given in Table 3.14 which can also be seen in Figure 3.12. Table 3.15 shows the standard classification of soil by Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). The monitoring results in Table 3.16. Photo Plates 3.3 to 3.6 shows the soil sample collections at different locations.

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EIA Report for installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical for Odalarevu facility

Figure 3.12: Soil Quality Sampling Locations

Methodology The soil samples at all location were collected at the depth of 0.5 to 1.0 meters. A number of parameters were determined which are indicative of physical, chemical and fertility characteristics. The soil samples were analysis as per established standards and procedure prescribed in IS: 2720. The soil samples were collected from following places and labeled accordingly: Table 3.14: Soil Quality Sampling Locations

S.No. Sampling Locations Code 1 Odalarevu SS-1 2 Existing Pipeline Route SS-2 3 Proposed Facility Expansion Area SS-3 4 Komaragiripatnam SS-4 5 Makanapalem SS-5 6 Turupalem SS-6 7 Karavaka SS-7 8 Allavaram SS-8 9 Challapalle SS-9 10 Godilanka SS-10

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EIA Report for installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical for Odalarevu facility

Table 3.15: Standard Soil Classification

S.No. Soil Test Classification 1 pH <4.5 Extremely acidic 4.51-5.50 Very strongly acidic 5.51-6.00 Moderately acidic 6.01-6.50 Slightly acidic 6.51-7.30 Neutral 7.31-7.80 Slightly alkaline 7.81-8.50 Moderately alkaline 8.51-9.00 Strongly alkaline >9.00 Very strongly alkaline 2 Salinity Electrical Upto 1.00 Average Conductivity (ppm) 1.01-2.00 Harmful to germination (1 ppm = 640 µS/cm) 2.01-3.00 Harmful to crops (sensitive to salts) 3 Organic Carbon Upto 0.20 Very less 0.21-0.40 Less 0.41-0.50 Medium 0.51-0.80 On an avg. sufficient 0.81-1.00 Sufficient >1.00 More than sufficient 4 Nitrogen (Kg/ha) Upto 50 Very less 51-100 Less 101-150 Good 151-300 Better >300 Sufficient 5 Phosphorus (Kg/ha) Upto 15 Very less 16-30 Less 31-50 Medium 51-65 On an avg. sufficient 66-80 Sufficient >80 More than sufficient 6 Potash (Kg/ha) 0-120 Very less 120-180 Less 181-240 Medium 241-300 Average 301-360 Better >360 More than sufficient Source: Handbook of Agriculture, ICAR, New Delhi

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EIA Report for installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical for Odalarevu facility

Table 3.16: Analysis Results of Soil Quality Sampling S. No. Parameter Unit SS-1 SS-2 SS-3 SS-4 SS-5 SS-6 SS-7 SS-8 SS-9 SS-10 Test Method IS-2720 (Part 1 pH - 8.0 8.24 8.23 7.28 7.34 7.88 7.32 7.86 6.94 7.1 26) Light Light Light Light Dark 2 Color - Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown TM-S/23 Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown IS-2720 (Part 3 EC µS/cm 945 1070 1015 545 643 683 579 665 495 527 21) Organic IS-2720 (Part 4 % by Mass 0.64 0.78 0.64 0.84 1.06 0.94 1.04 0.92 0.87 1.14 Carbon 22) Lab SOP- 5 Phosphorous mg/100gm 6 5.92 5.65 8 7.1 6.46 5.22 6.89 7.43 8.02 SOIL-S/41 Total Khejdal Lab SOP- 6 % by Mass 0.94 0.90 0.84 0.89 0.96 0.84 0.84 0.83 0.97 0.91 Nitrogen SOIL-S/36 Lab SOP- 7 Calcium mg/100gm 164 181 176.8 154 201.6 194 256.7 230.4 216.8 269.7 SOIL-S/39 Lab SOP- 8 Magnesium mg/100gm 31.8 32.6 31 27.8 41 38 43.7 52.3 41 39.4 SOIL-S/40 Potassium Lab SOP- 9 mg/100gm 6.4 6.3 5.8 4.6 5.8 5.2 7.4 8 7.1 7.2 (as K) SOIL-S/38 Lab SOP- 10 Sodium mg/100gm 18.6 18.4 18.9 11.8 15 17.4 14.6 17.3 18.9 15.9 SOIL-S/37 Cation- 11 Exchanged meq/100g 0.89 0.83 0.75 0.73 0.99 0.94 0.88 0.85 0.93 0.76 TM-S/14 capacity (CEC) Sand % by Mass 74 88 82 30 64 60 71.2 82 79 74 TM-S/32 12 Texture Clay % by Mass 18 8 10 16 12 30 12.4 10 13 15 TM-S/32 Silt % by Mass 8 4 8 54 24 10 16.4 8 8 11 TM-S/32 Particle Size 13 % by Weight 74 88 82 30 64 60 71.2 82 79 74 TM-S/49 (2.0-0.05) mm Particle Size 14 % by Weight 8 4 8 54 24 10 16.4 8 8 11 TM-S/49 (0.005-0.002 mm) Particle Size 15 % by Weight 18 8 10 16 12 30 12.4 10 13 15 TM-S/49 (<0.002mm)

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EIA Report for installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical for Odalarevu facility

Photo Plate 3.3: Soil Sample Collection at Photo Plate 3.4: Soil Sample Collection at Turupalem Village Odalarevu Village

Photo Plate 3.5: Soil Sample Collection at Photo Plate 3.6: Soil Sample collection at Komarigipatnam Village Proposed Facility Expansion Area

Figure 3.13: Triangular Classification of Soil

The soil samples collected from the study area reveal sandy loam characteristics which can be determined by correlating the results of soil samples (as given in Table 3.16) with the given „Triangular Classification of Soil‟ (as depicted in Figure 3.13). It has neutral pH and brownish appearance. The following conclusions could be made from the data generated above.

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EIA Report for installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical for Odalarevu facility

 Soil pH varied in the range 6.94 to 8.24, which was neutral in the nature. The soil of the study area is sandy loam. The soil sample collection from location near the shoreline, namely SS-1, SS-2 and SS-3 were slightly alkaline in nature. This might be due to proximity to the marine water, which is saline in nature.  Electrical conductivity was in the range of 495 to 1070 µS/cm. Soil collected from SS- 1(945 µS/cm), SS-2 (1070 µS/cm) and SS-3 (1015 µS/cm) locations had high range of EC, due to its saline nature.  The organic carbon and total khejdal nitrogen in the soil of study area was in the range of 0.64 to 1.14% and 0.84 to 0.94 % respectively.  The available phosphorous, potassium, magnesium, calcium and sodium in the range of 5.22 to 8.02, 4.6 to 7.4, 27.8 to 52.3, 154 to 269.7 and 11.8 to 18.6 mg/100 gm respectively.  The cation exchanged ration (CEC) was in the range of 8.3 to 14.2 meq/100g and was found to be high in SS-1, SS-2 and SS-3 locations, which denote the saline nature of the soil. 3.4.2 Water Environment The water resources, both surface and groundwater plays an important role in the development of an area. Likewise, the water resources of the area have been studied to establish the current status of water quality in the area. Surface Water River Vainateya, one of the branches of Godavari River is present within the study area. The river discharges their silt into the Bay of Bengal. Several irrigation and drainage canals flow through study area, which are used for irrigating the agriculture fields. Five surface water samples were collected from different places within the study area. Photo Plates 3.7 to 3.10 shows the surface water collections at different locations.

Photo Plate 3.7: Water Sample Collection Photo Plate 3.8: Water Sample Collection from drain at Komaragiripatnam Village from drain at T. Challapalle Village

Photo Plate 3.9: Water Sample Collection Photo Plate 3.10: Water Sample Collection from drain at Makanapalem Village from drain at Kesanapalli Village

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EIA Report for installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical for Odalarevu facility

Ground Water Ground water is an important source of water for the villages in the study area. It is utilized by the villagers for cooking, washing and other purpose. The ground water is seldom used for drinking purpose owing to its saline nature. However, there are a few villages in the study area which consume ground water for drinking purpose. Generally, every village has hand pumps and few open wells to draw water for domestic use. The villages receive water from the Panchayat supply and in case of non-availability of water; tankers are sent by the corporation to fulfill the water demand. Ground water samples were collected from seven locations. Photo Plates 3.11 to 3.14 shows the ground water sample collections at different locations.

Photo Plate 3.11: Ground water sample Photo Plate 3.12: Ground water sample collection at Odalarevu village collection at Karavaka village

Photo Plate 3.13: Ground water sample Photo Plate 3.14: Ground water sample collection at Adurru village collection at Kesanapalli village

Water Quality Assessment & Methodology Water samples were collected from ground and surface waters within the study area as shown in Figure 3.14. A total of eleven samples were taken from different locations including surface and ground water bodies. The samples were analyzed for physio-chemical parameters. The sampling and analysis of water were carried out as per standard methods of water and waste water analysis in IS: 3025. The results of water analysis have been compared with IS: 10500-1993 drinking water standard to assess their suitability for drinking purpose. Sampling locations for water samples are detailed in Table 3.17 below and the analytical results of the water samples are shown in Table 3.18 (a) & Table 3.18 (b).

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EIA Report for installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical for Odalarevu facility

Figure 3.14: Water Quality Sampling Locations

Table 3.17: Water Quality Sampling Locations

Station No Name of the Sampling Location Surface Water Samples SW1 Vainateya River SW2 Komaragiripatnam SW3 Challapalle SW4 Makanapalem SW5 Kesanapalli Ground Water Samples GW1 Odalarevu GW2 Karavaka GW3 Kesanapalli GW4 Mulkipalli GW5 Adurru GW6 Komaragiripatnam GW7 Allavaram

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EIA Report for installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical for Odalarevu facility

Table 3.18 (a): Surface Water Quality Monitoring Results Test Desirable Limits as S.No. Parameter Unit SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 SW-5 Method per IS:10500 1 Color Hazen <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 IS:3025 (P-4) 5.0-25 2 pH - 7.81 6.93 6.84 7.29 6.86 IS:3025 (P-11) 6.5 – 8.5 Total Hardness (as mg/L 3 304 172 102 132 156 IS:3025 (P-21) 300-600 CaCO3) 4 Calcium (as Ca) mg/L 48.1 30.5 22.4 28.9 34.5 IS:3025 (P-40) 75-200 5 Chloride (as CI-) mg/L 419.85 234.9 76.0 92.5 147.8 IS:3025 (P-32) 250-1000 6 Fluoride (as F-) mg/L <0.6 <0.6 <0.6 <0.6 <0.6 IS:3025 (P-60) 0.6-1.2 7 Total Dissolved Solids mg/L 920 482 242 180 123 IS:3025 (P-16) 500-1000 8 Manganese (as Mn) mg/L <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 IS:3025 (P-59) 0.10-0.30 9 Nitrate (as NO3-) mg/L 1.16 0.64 0.94 1.16 1.08 IS:3025 (P-34) 45 10 Phenoic Compounds mg/L <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 IS:3025 (P-43) 0.001-0.002 11 Mercury (as Hg) mg/L <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 IS:3025 (P-48) 0.001 mg/L 12 Alkalinity(as CaCO3) 170.4 136 108 112.4 132.8 IS:3025 (P-23) 200-600 13 Potassium (as K) mg/L 9.98 7.5 2.9 1.94 4.75 IS:3025 (P-45) -- 14 Sodium (as Na) mg/L 112.9 41.8 20.5 19.35 33.2 IS:3025 (P-45) -- 15 BOD (3 days at 27 deg. C) mg/L 8.8 7.1 7.4 8.0 8.2 IS:3025 (P-45) -- 16 Oil & Grease mg/L <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 IS:3025 (P-39) -- -- ﴿Total Suspended Solids mg/L 14.6 13.2 9.8 11.4 13.8 IS:3025 ﴾P-17 17 18 Coliforms MPN/100 ml 73 20 15 17 22 IS:5401 (P-2) --

Table 3.18 (b): Ground Water Quality Monitoring Results Desirable Limits S.No. Parameter Unit GW-1 GW-2 GW-3 GW-4 GW-5 GW-6 GW-7 Test Method as per IS:10500 1 Color Hazen <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 IS:3025 (P-4) 5.0-25 2 pH - 8.28 7.92 8.19 7.76 7.68 7.84 7.76 IS:3025 (P-11) 6.5 – 8.5

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EIA Report for installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical for Odalarevu facility

Desirable Limits S.No. Parameter Unit GW-1 GW-2 GW-3 GW-4 GW-5 GW-6 GW-7 Test Method as per IS:10500 Total Hardness (as mg/L 3 712 682 641 372 412 743 380 IS:3025 (P-21) 300-600 CaCO3) 4 Calcium (as Ca) mg/L 124.2 148.1 136.3 78.9 82.1 140.9 70.9 IS:3025 (P-40) 75-200 5 Chloride (as CI-) mg/L 439.9 409 599.8 219.9 177.9 339.9 163.9 IS:3025 (P-32) 250-1000 6 Fluoride (as F-) mg/L <0.6 <0.6 <0.6 <0.6 <0.6 <0.6 <0.6 IS:3025 (P-60) 0.6-1.2 7 Total Dissolved Solids mg/L 1480 806 1580 1360 1508 640 668 IS:3025 (P-16) 500-1000 8 Manganese (as Mn) mg/L <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 IS:3025 (P-59) 0.10-0.30 9 Nitrate (as NO3-) mg/L 0.98 0.84 0.81 0.74 0.46 0.38 0.39 IS:3025 (P-34) 45 10 Phenoic Compounds mg/L <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 IS:3025 (P-43) 0.001-0.002 11 Mercury (as Hg) mg/L <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 IS:3025 (P-48) 0.001 mg/L 12 Alkalinity(as CaCO3) 415 480 428 246 280 348 236 IS:3025 (P-23) 200-600 13 Potassium (as K) mg/L 52.7 60.7 40.1 11.1 12.6 60.8 14.6 IS:3025 (P-45) -- 14 Sodium (as Na) mg/L 468.5 380 365.2 130.8 154 310 168 IS:3025 (P-45) -- 15 BOD (3 days at 27 deg. C) mg/L <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 IS:3025 (P-45) -- 16 Oil & Grease mg/L <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 IS:3025 (P-39) -- -- ﴿Total Suspended Solids mg/l 7.1 5.3 6.6 5.4 4.2 5.1 6.4 IS:3025 ﴾P-17 17 18 Coliforms MPN/100 ml Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent IS:5401 (P-2) --

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Monitoring Results Surface water quality in the Study Area- The data can be summarized as follows:  The samples of surface water shall be taken from Vaniteya River and drains flows through the study area. The surface water is commonly used for irrigation purpose.  All the water samples had less than 5 Hazen units, which is within the desirable limit.  pH of all samples was in the range of 6.84 to 7.81, which is within the desirable limit.  SW-1 is located near the mouth of Vaniteya River and SW-2 is located near the coast, hence the TDS, Chloride, Potassium and Sodium values were higher in these stations, when compared with other locations.  Hardness of the samples is found in the range of 132 to 304 mg/L, which is also within the desirable limit.  Chloride values of the samples range from 76.0 to 419.85 mg/L, which are under the desirable limit.  Calcium values varied in a significantly wide range of 22.4 to 48.1 mg/L.  Total Dissolved Solids in the samples vary from 123 to 920 mg/L. which are under the desirable limit.  Total Suspended Solids values were in the range of 9.8 to 14.6 mg/L.  The value of Coliforms varied in the range of 15 to 73 MPN/100ml.  Alkalinity of the samples is found in the range of 108 to 170.4 mg/L, which is within the desirable limit.  Fluoride, Phenloic compounds, Manganese, Mercury and Oil & Grease content of all samples was in below detection limit.  Sodium, Potassium and Nitrate is found to be in the range of 19.35 to 112.9, 1.94 to 9.98 and 0.64 to 1.16 mg/l respectively.  BOD was in the range of 7.1 to 8.8 mg/l. Ground Water Quality Monitoring: The data can be summarized as follows:  The water samples have less than 5 Hazen units, which is within the desirable limit.  GW-1, GW-2, GW-3 and GW-6 are located on the coastal area, hence the value of pH, TDS, Chloride, Sodium and Potassium were higher in these stations, when compared with other stations.  pH of the samples was in the range of 7.68 to 8.28, which is within the desirable limit.  Hardness of the samples is found in the range of 372 to 743 mg/l. The TDS value is above the desirable limits at the locations of GW-1 (712 mg/l), GW-2 (682 mg/l), GW-3 (641 mg/l) and GW-6 (743 mg/l), due to the coastal region.  Total dissolved solids and Alkalinity of the samples also found to be above the desirable limits in Odalarevu, Kesanapalli, Mulkipalli and Adurru village.  Total Suspended Solids values were in the range of 4.2 to 7.1 mg/L.  The Coliforms were found to be absent in all the samples.  Chloride and Calcium are also under the desirable limit.  Fluoride, Manganese, Phenloic compounds, Mercury, BOD and Oil & Grease content of all samples are below detection limit.  Nitrate, Potassium and Sodium are in the range of 0.38 to 0.98, 11.1 to 60.8 and 130.8 to 468.5 mg/L.

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3.4.3 Air Environment Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Eight monitoring stations were set up for this purpose to monitor ambient air quality. In selecting the monitoring stations, the main considerations were the ready accessibility, topography, security, availability of reliable power supply, dominant wind direction and even distribution of sampling locations in the Study Area. The main sources of air pollution in the study area are vehicular emission, fuel burning for domestic requirements and burning of agriculture fields for next crop. Based on the above, eight (8) sampling locations were selected which are Odalarevu, Allavaram, Makanapalem, Murgmullu, Adurru, Karavaka, Challapalle and Kesanapalli. The AAQM sampling locations are shown in Figure 3.15. Photo Plates 3.15 to 3.22 show the air quality monitoring at different locations.

Figure 3.15: Air Quality Monitoring Location Map

Photo Plate 3.15: Installation of Air monitoring Photo Plate 3.16: RDS sampler reading noted sampler at Allavaram village at Adurru Village

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Photo Plate 3.17: Filter paper for monitoring Photo Plate 3.18: Collection of PM10 filter the PM10 at T.Challapalle village paper sample at Odalarevu Village

Photo Plate 3.19: Installation of Air Sampler at Photo Plate 3.20: On site measurement of Makanapalem village temperature at Karavaka village

Photo Plate 3.21: Solution for monitoring the Photo Plate 3.22: Filter paper for monitoring NOx at Mogallamuru village the PM 2.5 at Kesanapalli village

Parameters, Frequency and Monitoring Methodology The following parameters were measured for the duration of 5 weeks.

 Particulate Matter (PM10)

 Particulate Matter (PM2.5)

 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)

 Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)

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Ambient air quality monitoring for the above parameters was conducted over five weeks (September 2012 to October 2012) at a frequency of twice a week at each station adopting a 24-hours schedule. Methods suggested by CPCB, New Delhi, were used (IS: 5182, Gravimetric and Digital Gas analyzer) for sample collection and analysis. Respirable dust samplers and impingers with absorbing solution were used to collect samples. Monitoring and analysis of hydrocarbons (methane and non-methane) and VOC were conducted for five samples as per the TOR approved by the MoEF. Monitoring Results

The monitoring results of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, and NOx are presented in Annexure-II. Monitoring station-wise statistical analysis (minimum, maximum, average) for measured

level of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx , HC (Methane & Non-Methane) and VOC in the study area are tabulated in Table 3.19 to 3.24. Ambient Air Quality in the Study Area Particulate Matter (PM 10 and PM 2.5)

3 The 24-hourly average of PM10 and PM2.5 levels varied station wise between 48.4 µg/m - 95.3 µg/m3 and 24.5 µg/m3 – 46.0 µg/m3 respectively. The overall ranges of values for the

entire period of measurement are well within the prescribed limits. The summary of PM10 and

PM2.5 levels monitored in the study area has been given in Table 3.19 and 3.20.

Table 3.19: Summary of PM10 Levels Monitored in the Study Area

24-hourly Average PM (μg/m3) Location Area 10 Station Location Limit as per Code Category Min Max Average NAAQS AS1 Odalarevu Residential 54.3 110.3 82.3 100 AS2 Allavaram Residential 62.3 128.3 95.3 100 AS3 Makanapalem Residential 39.5 84.3 62 100 AS4 Murgmullu Residential 57.8 119.3 88.5 100 AS5 Adurru Residential 34.5 62.3 48.4 100 AS6 Karavaka Residential 44.3 117.5 76 100 AS7 Challapalle Residential 54.3 107.8 81 100 AS8 Kesanapalli Residential 41.3 113.5 77.4 100

Table 3.20: Summary of PM2.5 Levels Monitored in the Study Area

24-hourly Average PM (μg/m3) Location Area 2.5 Station Location Limit as per Code Category Min Max Average NAAQS AS1 Odalarevu Residential 21.3 42.3 31.8 60 AS2 Allavaram Residential 24.3 55.4 39.8 60 AS3 Makanapalem Residential 29.8 62.3 46.05 60 AS4 Murgmullu Residential 25.4 58.9 42.1 60 AS5 Adurru Residential 19.4 43.2 31.3 60 AS6 Karavaka Residential 16.8 31.5 24.5 60 AS7 Challapalle Residential 21.4 48.7 35.0 60

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24-hourly Average PM (μg/m3) Location Area 2.5 Station Location Limit as per Code Category Min Max Average NAAQS AS8 Residential Kesanapalli 23.5 43.2 33.3 60

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) 3 3 The 24-hourly average values of SO2 varied between 2.8 µg/m and 3.9 µg/m . The SO2 concentration levels were found within the prescribed standard limits for rural & residential

area. The summary of SO2 levels monitored in the study area has been shown below in Table 3.21.

Table 3.21: Summary of SO2 Levels Monitored in the Study Area

24-hourly Average SO (μg/m3) Location Area 2 Station Location Limit as per Code Category Min Max Average NAAQS AS1 Odalarevu Residential 2.5 5.4 3.9 80 AS2 Allavaram Residential 2.4 4.2 3.3 80 AS3 Makanapalem Residential 2.4 3.7 3.1 80 AS4 Murgmullu Residential 2.8 4.2 3.5 80 AS5 Adurru Residential 2.2 4.7 3.2 80 AS6 Karavaka Residential 2.7 4.8 3.6 80 AS7 Challapalle Residential 1.7 3.5 2.8 80 AS8 Kesanapalli Residential 2.5 4.6 3.4 80

Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) The 24-hourly average NOx level measured in the study area ranged between 4.3 µg/m3 and 6.2 µg/m3. The concentration levels were found well within the prescribed limits for residential area. The summary of NOx levels monitored in the study area has been shown in Table 3.22.

Table 3.22: Summary of NOx Levels in the Study Area 24-hourly Average NO (μg/m3) Location Area X Station Location Limit as per Code Category Min Max Average NAAQS AS1 Odalarevu Residential 4.6 7.8 6.2 80 AS2 Allavaram Residential 3.9 5.4 4.6 80 AS3 Makanapalem Residential 2.8 5.7 4.3 80 AS4 Murgmullu Residential 3.2 6.2 4.7 80 AS5 Adurru Residential 3 6.4 4.3 80 AS6 Karavaka Residential 4.2 7.4 5.7 80 AS7 Challapalle Residential 3.5 5.4 4.4 80 AS8 Kesanapalli Residential 3.8 6.6 5.2 80

Hydrocarbons (HC) The samplings of HC were carried out at 5 locations. The concentration of methane, non methane hydrocarbons in the study area varied between 0.32 to 1.20 and 0.25 to 0.95

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respectively, which is depicted in Table 3.23 below. The detection limit of the instrument used for analyzing the samples has 1.0 ppm as its lowest detection limit. Table 3.23: Summary of HC Levels in the Study Area

Location Area HC (in PPM) Code Category Methane Non-Methane AS1 Residential 1.20 0.95 AS2 Residential 0.44 0.31 AS3 Residential 0.46 0.34 AS4 Residential 0.32 0.25 AS5 Residential 0.48 0.42

VOC The samplings for VOC were carried out at 5 locations. The concentration observed was below 0.1 µg/m3 level in all the sampling stations which is depicted in Table 3.24 below. The detection limit of the instrument used for analyzing the samples has 0.1 µg/m3 as its lowest detection limit Table 3.24: Summary of VOC Levels in the Study Area

Location Area VOC Code Category (μg/m3) AS1 Residential <0.1 AS2 Residential <0.1 AS3 Residential <0.1 AS4 Residential <0.1 AS5 Residential <0.1 BDL: Below Detection Limit

3.4.4 Noise Environment Major sources of noise in the study area:  Noise made by normal human activities;  Noise made by vehicles, carts, etc.;  Noise made by occasional movement of machineries, operation of pumps, etc; and  Natural noise, consisting of sounds made by birds, animals and insects.

The purpose of noise monitoring at different locations is to obtain baseline noise levels for future reference. Ambient Noise Monitoring Ambient noise monitoring was conducted to assess the background noise levels in the study area. A total of 13 locations within the study were selected for the measurement of ambient noise levels. Noise monitoring was carried out on a 24-hour basis to assess the baseline noise- levels and to evaluate the impact, if any. The locations selected for the study are given in Table 3.25 and Figure 3.16. Photo Plate 3.23 to Photo Plate 3.26 shows the noise monitoring at different locations. The national ambient air quality standards in respect of noise are given in Table 3.26. The monitoring results are given in Table 3.27, followed with the graphical representation in Figure 3.17 and 3.18.

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Table 3.25: Location of the Noise Quality Monitoring Stations

Monitoring Project w.r.t Project Site Name of the Location Location Direction Distance (km) NS-1 Odalarevu N 0.809 NS-2 Allavaram N 9.74 NS-3 Mogallamuru WSW 6.06 NS-4 Kesanapalli N 7.20 NS-5 Makanapalem NW 8.90 NS-6 Mulkipalli NW 8.80 NS-7 Adurru NW 7.29 NS-8 Turupalem WSW 8.56 NS-9 T.Challapalle NNE 11.73 NS-10 Komaragiripatnam NNE 3.65 NS-11 Godilanka N 6.65 NS-12 Entrance Gate of Existing facility - 0 NS-13 Existing Pipeline Route E 2.40

Figure 3.16: Noise Quality Sampling Locations

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Photo Plate 3.23: On site noise monitoring at Photo Plate 3.24: On site noise monitoring at Makanapalem Village Mulkipalli Village

Photo Plate 3.25: On site noise monitoring T. Photo Plate 3.26: On site noise monitoring at Challapalle Village Kesanapalli Village

Methodology Ambient noise level or sound pressure levels (SPL) were measured by a portable sound level meter having built in facilities to read noise level directly in dB (A). A-weighted equivalent

continuous sound pressure level (Leq) values were computed from the values of A-weighted SPL measured with the help of noise meter. Noise Measurement was carried as per IS: 4954 standards as given by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). At each location, noise

monitoring was conducted continuously over a period of twenty-four hours to obtain Leq values at uniform time intervals of one hour.

Day time Leq has been computed from the hourly Leq values between 6.00 a.m. and 10.00 p.m.

and night time Leq from the hourly Leq values between 10.00 p.m. and 6.00 a.m. using the following formula: L 1 16 i 1 8 Li L 10log 1010 10 eqday  L 10log 10 16 eqnight  i1 8 i1

Where, Li = Leq value of the ith hourly time interval Area category: I-Industrial, C-Commercial, R-Residential, S-Silence zone Day time: 6.00 a.m. to 10.00 p.m. Night time: 10.00 p.m. to 6.00 a.m. Permissible Ambient noise standards in dB (A):

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Table 3.26 : Ambient Noise Quality Standards

Area Category of Limits in dB (A) Leq Code Area/Zone Day Time Night Time A Industrial 75 70 B Commercial 65 55 C Residential 55 45 D Silence 50 40

Table 3.27: Summary of Ambient Noise Levels Monitored in the Study Area Location Station Area Day Night Code Location Category Leq Limit Leq Limit N1 Odalarevu Residential 54.5 55 46.2 45 N2 Allavaram Residential 53.8 55 45.8 45 N3 Mogallamuru Residential 51.0 55 39.2 45 N4 Kesanapalli Residential 53.2 55 44.3 45 N5 Makanapalem Residential 48.6 55 38.1 45 N6 Mulkipalli Residential 51.1 55 42.4 45 N7 Adurru Residential 52.6 55 39.7 45 N8 Turupalem Residential 53.3 55 42.1 45 N9 T.Challapalle Residential 50.7 55 43.5 45 N10 Komaragiripatnam Residential 52.4 55 45.9 45 N11 Godilanka Residential 52.1 55 39.5 45 N12 Existing Facility Entrance Gate Industrial 56.1 75 48.5 70 N13 Existing Pipeline Route Silence 43.6 50 36.5 40

Figure 3.17: Ambient Noise Levels monitored in the Study Area (Day time)

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Figure 3.18: Ambient Noise Levels Monitored in the Study Area (Night time)

The minimum and maximum sound levels at the existing site and the existing pipeline route were recorded on a hand held sound level meter for five minutes during day time. The sound level meter was held 1.2 to 1.5 m above ground level and at least 3m away from sound reflecting sources like trees in the surrounding environment. Given below are the readings observed:

Location Day time Location Code Min. Max. N12 Entrance gate of existing facility 42.3 67.8 N13 Existing pipeline route 31.5 52.3

Analysis of the Data Assessment of noise level was carried out at various places to evaluate the ambient noise level in the residential area as well as possible impact due to project activities. The values of noise level, which are recorded lies between 48.6-54.5 dB (A) at day time and 38.1-46.2 (A) at night time. The noise level in the day time as well as in night time within the permissible limit except for the noise levels at N1, N2 and N-10 are slightly high in the night because of cultural programme were taken place in the area. The marine (sea-water, sediments and biological parameters) and terrestrial (air, noise, water and soil) environment sample testing and analysis was carried out by EKO Pro Engineers Pvt. Ltd. laboratory as per regulatory standards and norms. EKO Pro is QCI-NABET Accredited laboratory located at Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh. 3.4.5 Biological Characteristics There are no eco-sensitive or forest or wildlife sanctuaries within the 10km study area. The Coringa Forest/National Park which is near to Kakinada is approximately 51 km (aerial distance) far from Odalarevu onshore facility. The aerial distance of Coringa national park and Odalarevu onshore terminal is shown in Figure 3.19.

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Figure 3.19: Aerial distance between Odalarevu facility and Coringa national park

Flora A floral enlistment of trees, shrubs and climbers with their scientific names, common names and the family to which they belong is presented in Annexure -III. Also floral species observed through quadrate sampling during field visit has been depicted under the Photo Plate 3.27 to 3.29. A total of 272 plants species have been observed in the area. This includes 184 species of trees, 47 species of shrubs and 41 species of climbers. From all the species observed in the area, Casuarina equisetifolia, Rhizophora mucronata and Grewia populifolia are very common (Source: 1. Kakinada Forest Division, Forest Range Office, Wharf Road.2. Local Enquiry and field investigation).

Photo Plate 3.27 : Quadrate study at Photo Plate 3.28 : Palm and Coconut Tree at Odalarevu Bendamurulanka village

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Photo plate 3.29 : Identification of floral species

Fauna The area supports varied habitats viz. open space, agricultural fields, and human settlements. The information on the fauna, which are present in and around the study area, is gathered from various sources like interview with forest officials, local villagers, as well as by detail survey of these areas by EIA study team. During the field survey fauna species were recorded by direct observation as well as indirect evidences such as calls, nests, burrows, droppings, scats, tracks etc., which confirms the presence of the animals in the area. A faunal enlisting of invertebrates, mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians with their scientific prepared from various secondary sources as well as direct and indirect evidences by EIA team is presented in Table 3.28.

Table 3.28: Fauna Species Existing Within the Surrounding Study Area

Sl. No. Common Name Scientific Name 1. Bonnet Macaque Macaca radiata 2. Common langur Semnopithecus 3. Common mongoose Herpestes edwardsii 4. Five striped palm squirrel Funambulus pennantii 5. Indian Hare Lepus nigricollis 6. Indian Bison/Gaur Bos gaurus 7. Mouse deer Tragulus meminna 8. Rhesus Macaque Macaca mulatta 9. Three striped squirrel Funambulus palmarum 10. House Sparrow Passer domesticus 11. Common Myna Acridotheres tristis 12. House Crow Corvus splendens 13. Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus 14. Black Headed Cuckoo Coracina melanoptera 15. Pigeon Columbidae 16. Crane Gruidae 17. Black Eagle Ictinaetus malayensis 18. Cobra Ophiophagus Hannah 19. Rat Snake Elaphe obsoleta Source: 1. Kakinada Forest Division, Forest Range Office, Wharf Road. 2. Local Enquiry and field investigation

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3.5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT The socio-economic profile of the study area is based on 2001 Census of India (As 2011 Census not available at the time of report preparation). The study of socio-economic components of environment incorporates various features viz., demographic structure, availability of basic amenities such as housing, education, medical facilities, drinking water facilities, post, telegraph and telephone facilities, communication facilities, recreational, cultural facilities, approach to villages etc. The study of these parameters helps in identifying, predicting and evaluating the likely impacts due to the proposed project activity in that region. The study area includes five mandals namely, Allavaram, Mamidikuduru, Malikipuram, Razole and Uppalaguptam. The geographical area of mandals and the number of habitations under the study area is given in Table 3.29. Mandals and their revenue villages with their habitations found in the study area are as shown in Figure 3.20 and listed in Table 3.30. Table 3.29: Mandals with the number of habitations under the Study Area

S. No. Mandals Geographical Area (Sq.Kms) Habitations under study area 1 Allavaram 105 25 2 Mamidikuduru 80 6 3 Malikipuram 90 2 4 Razole 77 4 5 Uppalaguptam 118 1 Total 470 38

Source: Hand Book of Statistics, East Godavari District, 2012 Figure 3.20: Locations of Villages in the Study Area

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Table 3.30: Revenue Villages and habitations under the Study Area Mandals Revenue Villages Habitations Allavaram 1. Allavaram 2. Rebbanapalli Bendamurulanka 3. Vodalarevu 4. Bendamurlanka 5. D.Ravulapalem Devaguptam 6. Gundipudi 7. Devaguptam 8. Godipalem 9. Godithippa Godi 10. Gopailanka 11. Godi Godilanka 12. Godilanka Allavaram 13. Lakshmaneswaram 14. Rameswaram Komaragiripatnam 15. Thummalapalle 16. Komaragiripatnam 17. Rebabanapalli Peta Mogallamuru 18. Sirigatlapalle 19. Mogallamuru 20. Veluvalalanka Rellugadda 21. Rellugadda 22. Adiandhra Peta Samanthakuru 23. Pallipalem 24. Samanthakuru Thurupulanka 25. Thurupulanka 26. Adurru Adurru 27. Moripalem Gogannamattam 28. Karavaka Mamidikuduru Lutukurru 29. Lutukurru Magatapalle 30. Magatapalle Makanapalem 31. Makanapalem 32. Kesanapalli Malikipuram Kesanapalle 33. Turpupalem Mulikipalle 34. Mulikipalle 35. Giduguvaripalem Razole Ponnamanda 36. Merkapalem 37. Ponnamanda Uppalaguptam T.Challapalle 38. T. Challapalle Source: http://www.apagri.gov.in/villagedetails.htm

It is envisaged that the proposed project will have certain positive impacts and insignificant negative impact as activities will be temporary on the surrounding areas with reference to socio-economic environment due to influx of population and strain on existing infrastructure for a short period of time. The data on baseline status of the study and basic information about the socio-economic profile has also been collected during the site visit and from secondary sources. Baseline information was collected to define the socio-economic profile of the study area. The database, thus generated in the process includes:

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 Economic attributes;  Health status; and  Socio-economic status with reference to Quality of Life

3.5.1 Demography

The summary of the demography profile of mandals with their habitations surveyed in and around the proposed project site is given in Table 3.31. Table 3.31: Summary of Demographic Profile of Revenue Villages under the Study Area As per Census 2001 Total S. Revenue Total Population Literates Working Population Population, Mandals No. Villages Household Femal 2011 Male Total Male Female Total Male Female Total s e (Projected) 1 Allavaram 2484 5020 5006 10026 3449 2857 6306 2817 1219 4036 11,138 2 Godilanka 448 853 859 1712 644 577 1221 519 221 740 1,902 3 Godi 1002 1986 2036 4022 1372 1169 2541 1168 559 1727 4,468 4 Mogallamuru 631 1350 1383 2733 976 800 1776 769 486 1255 3,036 5 Devaguptam 2079 4317 4016 8333 2916 2201 5117 2426 1160 3586 9,258 Allavaram 6 Bendamurulanka 1975 4413 4297 8710 3020 2364 5384 2381 1023 3404 9,676 7 Komaragiripatnam 3236 6876 6861 13737 4821 4034 8855 3915 1586 5501 15,261 8 Samanthakurru 867 1794 1839 3633 1000 855 1855 1137 442 1579 4,036 9 Rellugadda 239 463 471 934 331 318 649 267 165 432 1038 10 Thurupurlanka 396 741 773 1514 589 524 1113 421 216 637 1628 11 Adurru 940 1918 1878 3796 1491 1225 2716 1050 480 1530 4,217 12 Makanapalem 372 720 713 1433 552 475 1027 418 261 679 1,592 13 Mamidikuduru Lutukurru 798 1594 1556 3150 1184 1024 2208 960 360 1320 3,499 14 Magatapalle 1017 2043 2061 4104 1495 1311 2806 1229 508 1737 4,559 15 Gogannamattam 1391 3216 3112 6328 2178 1693 3871 1799 570 2369 7030 16 Malikipuram Kesanapalle 3299 7173 7047 14220 5305 4458 9763 4069 1786 5855 15,798 17 Mulikipalle 613 1156 1232 2388 874 781 1655 687 497 1184 2,653 Razole 18 Ponnamanda 1994 3878 3821 7699 2828 2356 5184 2145 1076 3221 8,553 19 Uppalaguptam T.Challapalle 2207 4719 4687 9406 2786 2180 4966 2918 1899 4817 10,450 Total 25,988 54,230 53,648 1,07,878 37,811 31,202 69,013 31,095 14,514 45,609 1,19,792 *Census2001

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3.5.2 Occupation

The major occupation of surveyed population was involved in agriculture. The main crops of the area are Coconut and Paddy. Some people also work as labourers in the agricultural field. The residents in the coastal villages were mainly occupied with fishing related activities, which was their main source of income. Their main catch was white promfrets, prawns, crabs, ribbon fishes etc. Aquacultures are also prominent occupation in the survey area apart from fishing and agriculture. Some of them involved in other activities like businesses (shop owners), service job, labour work etc. a) Agriculture The study area is dominated by agricultural fields. Main crops of the study area are paddy, coconut, food grains, food crops, pulses, black gram, non-food crops, fresh & Dry Fruits. The mandal-wise area under the crops of the study area is given in Table 3.32. Photo Plate 3.30 and 3.31shows the agricultural field in the study area. Table 3.32: Area under Crops of the Study Area (Mandal-Wise)

Area (In Hectares) S. Crops Mamidikuduru Razole Malikipuram Allavaram Uppalaguptam No. Kharif Rabi Total Kharif Rabi Total Kharif Rabi Total Kharif Rabi Total Kharif Rabi Total 1 Rice 1799 493 2292 3413 1301 4714 1314 1070 2384 3859 2844 6703 5834 5429 11263 2 Green gram 0 110 110 0 150 150 0 146 146 0 161 161 0 120 120 3 Black gram 0 1236 1236 0 1210 1210 0 293 293 0 527 527 0 138 138 4 Red gram 0 62 62 0 18 18 0 50 50 0 1 1 0 75 75 5 Pulses 0 1408 1408 0 1378 1378 0 489 489 0 689 689 0 333 333 6 Total Food Grains 1799 1901 3700 3413 2679 6092 1314 1559 2873 3859 3533 7392 5834 5762 11596 7 Condiments and spices 0 0 0 4 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 Sugarcane 0 0 0 4 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 Fresh and Dry Fruits 232 0 232 117 0 117 364 0 364 151 82 233 1 0 1 10 Food Crops 2545 1901 4446 3566 2685 6251 1678 1559 3237 4010 3615 7625 5835 5762 11597 11 Groundnut 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 Coconut 4045 0 4045 2807 0 2807 3328 0 3328 2538 0 2538 994 0 994 13 Oil Seeds 4045 0 4045 2807 0 2807 3328 3 3331 2538 0 2538 994 0 994 14 Fodder Crops 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 457 457 0 110 110 0 0 0 15 Green Manure Crop 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 28 0 45 45 0 0 0 16 Non Food Crops 4050 0 4050 2808 0 2808 3438 488 3926 2647 155 2802 994 0 994 Total 18515 7111 25626 18939 9421 28360 14764 6145 20909 19602 11762 31364 20486 17619 38105 Source: Hand Book of Statistics, East Godavari District, 2010

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Photo Plate 3.30: Paddy field at Photo Plate 3.31: Coconut farm at Bendamurulanka village Kesanapalli village

b) Fishing activities Fishermen of the study area were engaged in inland and marine fishing activity. Inland Fisheries cover the river (Vaniteya), drains and village ponds. Marine Fisheries cover the entire coastal area of Bay of Bengal. Fish landing centers in the study area are Odalarevu, Karavaka and Turupalem. ACE team also cover the Antervedipali palem fish landing center in Sakhinetipalle Mandal, which is out of the study area. The inland and marine fish productions of East Godavari district are given in Table 3.33 and 3.34. Photo Plate 3.32 and 3.33 shows the fishing activities at different locations. The fish landing centres covered by ACE Team during the stakeholder‟s consultation are shown in Figure 3.21. Table 3.33: Inland Fish Production of East Godavari

S. Name of the Quantity (Tonnes) No. Species 2008-09 2009-10 1 Barbus 750.00 367.00 2 Carps (Catla/Rohu/Mrigal) 8800.50 8887.00 3 Cat Fishes 25.60 15.00 4 Common Carbs 0.00 0.00 5 Murrel 110.00 476.00 6 Mullets 1413.00 1475.00 7 Prawns 8889.11 6793.30 8 Hilsa 1029.00 195.00 9 Miscellaneous 3051.45 8354.00 Total 24068.66 26562.30 Source: Hand Book of Statistics, East Godavari District, 2010 Table 3.34: Marine Fish Production of East Godavari District

S. Name of the Production (in Tonnes) No. Species 2008-09 2009-10 1 Elasmorbranches a) Sharks 2456.00 100.00 b) Skates 634.00 75.00 c) Rays 1640.00 110.00 2 Eels 2016.00 140.00 3 Cat Fish 2272.00 275.00 4 Clupeidaeis a) Wolf Herrings 0.00 0.00 b) Sardines 2157.00 1428.00 c) Hilsa Shades 0.00 1857.00 Asian Consulting Engineers Pvt. Ltd. 3-50

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S. Name of the Production (in Tonnes) No. Species 2008-09 2009-10 d) Anchovies 3096.00 1695.00 e) Other Clupeidaeis 1447.00 0.00 5 Bombay Duck 0.00 0.00 6 Half & Full Beaks 0.00 0.00 7 Flying Fish 0.00 0.00 8 Perches 2516.00 1250.00 9 Goat Fish 2362.00 0.00 10 Thread Fins 2237.00 0.00 11 Ribbon Fish 2081.00 2560.00 12 Carangids 2552.00 840.00 13 Silver Bellies 2253.00 0.00 14 Big Jawed Jumpet 0.00 0.00 15 Promfrets 4225.00 650.00 16 Mackerel a) Kanagurta 2162.00 620.00 b) Other Mackerles 2169.00 850.00 17 Seer Fish 2253.00 1470.00 18 Tunnies 0.00 0.00 19 Baracudas 0.00 0.00 20 Mullets 2643.00 0.00 21 Flat Fish 0.00 300.00 22 Miscellaneous 9746.00 37937.00 Total 52914.00 52157.00 23 Shrimp a) Panaeid Shrimp 9952.00 5445.00 b) Non-Panaeid Shrimp 2104.70 2756.00 Marine Shrimp 12056.70 8201.00 Marine Fish 52844.00 52157.00 Total 129871.40 120716.00 Source: Hand Book of Statistics, East Godavari District, 2010

Photo Plate 3.32: Fishing activities at Photo Plate 3.33: Odalarevu fish landing Karavaka village centre

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Figure 3.21: Fish Landing Centres in the study region c) Fish & Prawn Culture The local fishermen of the study area are also engaged in aquaculture. They have aquaculture ponds which are being used for fish or prawn culture. Table 3.35 shows the mandal wise area under the fish & prawn culture. Photo Plate 3.34 and 3.35 shows the aquaculture fields at different locations. Table 3.35: Area under Fish & Prawn Culture S. Fish & Prawn % to Geographical Mandals No. Culture Area 1 Mamidikuduru 251 3.10 2 Razole 0 0 3 Malikipuram 249 2.80 4 Allavaram 812 7.70 5 Uppalaguptam 767 6.50 Total 2079 Source: Hand Book of Statistics, East Godavari District, 2010

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Photo Plate 3.34: Aquaculture farm at Photo Plate 3.35: Aquaculture farm at Adurru Village Rameshwaram village

3.5.3 Livestock

The study area is dominated by domestic animals. Cattles, Buffaloes, Sheep, Goats, Pigs, and Dogs are dominating animals at various places in study area. The livestock and poultry population of mandals are given in Table 3.36. Table 3.36: Mandal-Wise Livestock and Poultry Population – 2007

S. Mandals Cattle Buffaloes Sheep Goats Horses Pigs Dogs Poultry Total No. 1 Mamidikuduru 3774 5509 2354 1593 1 428 225 23338 37222 2 Razole 3580 32096 3512 91 0 330 184 39207 79000 3 Malikipuram 6127 26166 2324 4015 0 161 446 69373 108612 4 Allavaram 3764 7197 5789 825 0 306 368 44276 62525 5 Uppalaguptam 4112 10669 2997 581 2 744 488 73971 93564 Total 21357 81637 16976 7105 03 1969 1711 250165 380923 Source: Hand Book of Statistics, East Godavari District, 2010

3.5.4 Educational Facilities

All the villages within the study area have primary educational facilities. Most of them have the educational facilities upto primary. Within the study area, there is one engineer collage, BVC Engineering Collage located in Odalarevu village. The management wise schools in mandals are given in Table 3.37. Photo Plate 3.36 to 3.38 shows the educational institutes at different locations. Table 3.37: Schools in Mandals

Management Wise Schools S. Mandals Mandal Parishad Private Aided Private Unaided State Govt. No. Total P U.P H P U.P H P U.P H P U.P H 1 Mamidikuduru 61 1 12 1 0 0 2 1 3 0 0 0 81 2 Razole 64 5 9 0 0 0 3 6 4 0 0 1 92 3 Malikipuram 63 7 10 0 0 1 5 1 4 0 0 0 91 4 Allavaram 71 7 9 0 0 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 92 5 Uppalaguptam 74 5 7 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 90 Total 333 25 47 1 0 2 12 14 11 0 0 1 446 *P=Primary School, U.P=Upper Primary School, H=High School Source: Hand Book of Statistics, East Godavari District, 2010 Asian Consulting Engineers Pvt. Ltd. 3-53

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Photo Plate 3.36: BVC Engineering College at Photo Plate 3.37: Primary School at Odalarevu village Makanapalem village

Photo Plate 3.38: High School at Poonamada village

3.5.5 Health Care Facilities

All the Revenue Villages have primary health care centre under National Rural Health Mission (NRHM). Komarigipatnam village have homeopathy medical facility and there is one animal hospital in Allavaram village. General ailments prevailing in the area are malaria, lung infection, joints pain, fever, diarrhea etc. The medical facilities in mandals are given in Table 3.38. Table 3.42: Medical facilities in Mandals

Medical Facilities S. Mandal Govt. No. Hospitals P.H.Cs Others Total Doctors Beds Dispensaries 1 Mamidikuduru 0 1 1 0 2 3 6 2 Razole 0 1 0 0 1 1 6 3 Malikipuram 0 1 0 0 1 2 6 4 Allavaram 0 1 1 0 2 6 6 5 Uppalaguptam 0 2 0 0 2 3 6 Total 0 6 2 0 8 15 30 Source: Hand Book of Statistics, East Godavari District, 2010

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3.5.6 Drinking Water Facility

Drinking water facility provided by Municipal Corporation under the Rural Water Scheme (RWS) and Panchayat Water Scheme (PWS). Some of the villages have ponds and open wells, which are used for drinking water purpose. Kesanapalli village have RO plant, “Suzala Jeevdhara” for providing safe drinking water within the village and their habitations. Drinking water facilities in mandals is given in Table 3.39. Table 3.39: Drinking Water Facility in Mandals

Drinking water facility S.No. Mandal P.W.S Bore Wells Open Wells Others 1 Mamidikuduru 8 0 0 0 2 Razole 7 60 0 0 3 Malikipuram 0 0 0 0 4 Allavaram 5 17 2 0 5 Uppalaguptam 7 30 0 0 Total 27 107 2 0 Source: Hand Book of Statistics, East Godavari District, 2010

3.5.7 Communication Facilities

All the villages are accessible through roads, either pakka or kachha. Given below in Photo Plate 3.43 is the usual construction of bus stops in the region while Photo plate 3.39 to 3.40 depicts the condition of majority of road condition in the area.

Photo Plate 3.39: Allavaram to Bendamurlanka Photo Plate 3.40: Road Conditions in Village Mamidikuduru Mandal

3.5.8 Post, Telephone & Electricity Facilities

Most of the villages in the study area are connected with landline telecommunication facilities and also they have the accessibility to cell phones. Post offices are available in almost every village. Almost all the villages have the electricity. Every village in the study area face 50 to 60% power cut problem. The post offices and telephone connections in study area (mandal- wise) is given in Table 3.40 and 3.41.

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Table 3.40: Post Offices in Mandals

Post Offices S. Mandal Head Sub- Branch No. Total Post Offices Offices Office 1 Mamidikuduru 0 1 14 15 2 Razole 1 4 11 16 3 Malikipuram 0 2 12 14 4 Allavaram 0 3 13 16 5 Uppalaguptam 0 0 13 13 Total 1 10 63 74 Source: Hand Book of Statistics, East Godavari District, 2010

Table 3.41: Telephone Connections in Mandals

Telephones S. Mandal Telephone No. of No. Connections Exchange 1 Mamidikuduru 2562 3 2 Razole 3701 2 3 Malikipuram 3712 4 4 Allavaram 2197 3 5 Uppalaguptam 1912 4 Total 14084 16 Source: Hand Book of Statistics, East Godavari District, 2010

3.5.9 Architectural Monuments

The study area has one archaeological site, Buddha Stupa in Adurru Village. The stupa was constructed during the time of Emperor Ashoka. In 1955, Buddha Stupa was declared as a protected monument by Archaeological Department of India. The aerial distance between the stupa and Odalarevu onshore facility is approximately 7 km which is shown in Figure 3.22. Photo Plate 3.41 shows the Buddha Stupa in Adurru Village.

Figure 3.22: Aerial distance between the Buddha Stupa and Odalarevu onshore facility

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Photo Plate 3.41: Buddha Stupa in Adurru Village

3.5.10 Environmental Concern

The ACE team through their field observations and public interactions found few minor environmental concerns in the study area. It was observed that these concerns are more in the coastal villages. They are listed in Table 3.42 below: Table 3.42: Environmental Concerns Comments Village Name Degradation of air quality Mogallamuru, Odalarevu Degradation of drinking water quality Karvaka, Antervedipalipalem, Mogallamuru, Odalarevu Ground water is salty Makanapalem, Karavaka, Komaragiripatnam, Odalarevu Soil Quality Degradation Karvaka, Komarigipatnam, Odalarevu Decrease in fish catch Karvaka, Antervedipalipalem, Odalarevu Source: Local Enquiry and field investigation

Based on the analytical results of air, soil, surface and ground water quality, it is observed that

the values of PM10, PM2.5, SOX and NOx) are within the prescribed standards, Hence, the quality of air is better in the study area due to the absence of major emission source and the area is well covered with plantation. The soil is moderately alkaline at coastal villages due to proximity to the marine water. Similarly, the water quality in respect of total dissolved solids and hardness is higher in those villages, which are located near to river & sea confluence point and near to coast.

3.5.11 Man animal conflict

There is no such major incident of man-animal conflicts. Some instances of man-animal conflict were discovered during the public interactions during the field visit. They are listed below in Table 3.43. Table 3.43: Man-Animal Conflict

Comments Village Name Snake and scorpion bites during work in field Allavaram, Odalarevu, Mogallamuru, Adurru, Turupalem, Komaragiripatnam, T.Challapalle, Mulkipalli

Photo Plate 3.42 to 3.55 picturises the field surveys carried out in and around the study area to assess and understand the baseline environment and socio-economic profile. Asian Consulting Engineers Pvt. Ltd. 3-57

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Photo Plate 3.42: Interaction with Fishermans Photo Plate 3.43: Discussion with Villagers in in Odalarevu Fish Landing Centre Odalarevu Village

Photo Plate 3.44: Discussion with villagers in Photo Plate 3.45: Interaction with Mogallamuru Village Fishermans in Antaravedi Pallipalem Village

Photo Plate 3.46: Discussion with villagers in Photo Plate 3.47: Interaction with villagers in Karavaka Village Turupalem Village

Photo Plate 3.48: Discussion with Photo Plate 3.49: Discussion with T.Challapalle Panchayat Members Komarigipatnam Panchayat Members

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Photo Plate 3.50: Discussion with canal fishing Photo Plate 3.51: Discussion with Villagers in fishermen N.Rameshwaram Village

Photo Plate 3.52: Interaction with villagers in Photo Plate 3.53: Discussion with Kesanapalli Mulkipalli Village Panchayat Members

Photo Plate 3.54: Discussion with Villagers and Photo Plate 3.55: Discussion with Village Revenue officer in Adurru Village Amalapuram revenue division office members

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ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL 4 IMPACTS & MITIGATION MEASURES

4.1 INTRODUCTION

This section presents the likely impacts identified and recommends mitigation measures based on the analysis of the information collected from the following:

 Project information provided by ONGC (described in Section 2)  Baseline information and reconnaissance visits of the area (described in Section 3)  ACE’s past experience in similar projects; and  Standard international environmental protection and management practices in Oil and Gas sector.

Actual and foreseeable events, including operational events and typical events are discussed in this section. Processes that may create risks to the natural environment are considered first and are analysed in terms of key potential environmental impacts which are covered in this chapter. Information is also provided on proven existing management techniques for minimising the impact due to project activities.

The anticipated qualitative potential impacts related to the proposed project activities and risk interaction based on the environmental sensitivities/ resources available in the project area and surroundings has been provided in interactive matrices in this chapter.

The impact analysis performed is intended to cover the impacts due to installation and operation of sub-sea and onshore pipeline for evacuation of gas from Vashishta and S-1 fields to Odalarevu Terminal.

Based on the proposed project activities and the baseline information provided in Chapter 3, the activities have potential to impact the following environmental resources:

Table 4.1: Identification of Potential Impacts: Activities –Impacts/Risks Interaction

Environmental Sensitivities

Physical Biological Socio-Economic

Impacts/ Risks

Flora and

Noise Fauna

Fishery

Economy

Air Air Quality Soil Quality

QualityWater

General Safety General Sediment Quality

Activities Terrestrial

Aquatic Flora and Fauna Aquatic and Flora OccupationalExposure & Site Preparation & Pipeline Installation          Pipeline Operation   Atmospheric emissions    Noise levels     

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Environmental Sensitivities

Physical Biological Socio-Economic

Impacts/ Risks

Flora and

Noise Fauna

Fishery

Economy

Air Air Quality Soil Quality

QualityWater

General Safety General Sediment Quality

Activities Terrestrial

Aquatic Flora and Fauna Aquatic and Flora OccupationalExposure & Wastewater generation       Solid/Hazardous waste generation       Transportation of personnel and material       Socio-economic impacts   Note:  denotes likely impact  denotes positive impact Based upon the above interaction matrices following potential impacts have been identified:

A. Physical

 Air Quality  Noise  Water Quality  Sediment and Soil Quality

B. Biological

 Terrestrial Flora and Fauna  Aquatic Flora and Fauna

C. Socio-economic

 Fishery  Occupational Exposure & General Safety  Economy

4.2 IMPACT PREDICTION

4.2.1 Air Environment

Construction Phase

The air environment is likely to get affected due to emission of particulate matter during pipe- laying works (involving activities such as earth moving, excavation etc) on land, generator sets and vehicles operating. However, the impacts due to construction phase shall be temporary, marginal and shall be restricted to the construction site and immediate environs. With increase in distance, these impacts shall be considered insignificant due to dilution of finer particles and settlement of larger particulate matter.

Operation Phase

Air quality is likely to get affected due to emissions from generator sets and vehicles operating during the maintenance period of the operational phase. Impact to the air quality during operational phase of the pipeline may also be attributed to gas leakages from onshore Asian Consulting Engineers Pvt. Ltd. 4-2

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pipelines. However, adoption of good design, construction and operational practices shall minimize the risk of gas leakages and reduction of air pollution.

4.2.2 Impact on Noise Quality

Construction Phase

Noise generated from the operation of generator sets, construction machinery, earth work equipments, digging, pipe handling, vehicles movement etc during construction and installation phase of onshore and offshore pipeline may affect the land environment. However, impacts due to these activities have been envisaged to be local, marginal and shall last for shorter duration of time. Impacts on marine fauna due to these sources shall be insignificant. However, marine fauna has been envisaged to be temporarily and marginally affected due to under water sound generated from the equipments such as flowlines and subsea valves during installation phase of the offshore pipeline.

Operation Phase

Noise impacts due to movement of heavy vehicles, medium vehicles and automobiles during operational phase of the pipeline shall be marginal to be considered for their impacts on nearby human settlement. However, good conditions of road shall minimize the impact of transportation generated noise.

Marine fauna is also likely to get affected due to noise generated from the transportation vessels and ships. However, these impacts shall not cause any physical damage to the marine organisms as the propagation of sound through water is generally affected by spreading (distance) losses and attenuation (absorption) losses with sound energy decreasing with increasing distance from the source. Moreover, it is also evident that marine organisms get gradually accustomed to the predictable noise levels from ships and transportation vessels that follow a constant source. Therefore, the impacts on the marine fauna shall be temporary and low.

4.2.3 Impact on Water Quality

Construction Phase

Sources of surface and ground water contamination due to onshore pipeline installation and operation may be attributed to discharge of construction wastewater, domestic wastewater (sewage water, wastewater from kitchen, laundries, etc), surface run-off from construction site and discharge of hydro test water utilized during precommissioning phase of pipeline. However, it has been envisaged that water quality degradation due to these sources shall be negligible as wastewater generated from construction activities; kitchen and toilets shall be subjected to appropriate treatment to meet the stipulated standards prior to its final disposal. The treated wastewater shall be used for irrigation purpose to the maximum extent. Precautionary measures shall be adopted to mitigate the risk of water contamination due to run off. Apart from this, hydro test water shall be collected and reused for multiple tests.

Offshore installation of pipeline has been envisaged to cause short term and local increase in turbidity levels due to disturbance of seabed sediments. Displacement of sea bed sediments may lead to oxidation of anoxic intertidal and offshore mud. This shall lead to local chemical changes in water quality by a subsequent decrease in pH (due to oxidation of sulphides to sulphate) and increase in BOD levels. However, these impacts have been envisaged to be local and temporary and water is expected to regain its original characteristics. Asian Consulting Engineers Pvt. Ltd. 4-3

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Operation Phase

The potential impacts on water quality during operational phase of the pipeline may be attributed to usage of maintenance and cleaning chemicals such as corrosion inhibitor, scale inhibitors and mono-ethylene glyol, which shall be subjected into the pipeline at the platform and will be discharged at the produced water discharge point from the gas terminal. The anticipated extent of water pollution level in marine water through this discharge will be very less. However, this risk shall be mitigated by formulation of waste management plan, wherein wastewater generated from operational activities of the project shall be subjected to suitable treatment prior to its final disposal.

4.2.4 Impact on Sediment and Soil Quality

Construction Phase

Temporary and short term disturbance to soil ecology and top soil loss may occur during land clearance, earth works, site grading and other construction activities for onshore pipeline installation. However, these impacts shall be minimized by separate stockpiling of top soil layer, which shall be utilized in backfilling of the trench to restore the original soil conditions. Contamination of soil environment may also result from release of hazardous wastes such as leakage of diesel oil from generator sets and vehicular movement. However, suitable safety and control measures shall be adopted to mitigate the risk of soil contamination from these sources.

Impacts on marine sediments will be largely during installation of sub-sea pipeline. Installation of pipeline shall cause localized disturbance to sea bed sediments. Physical obstruction owing to installation of pipeline shall lead to local change in hydrology and sea bed morphology.

Operation Phase

Operation phase of the pipeline is likely to cause contamination of soil and sediments due to discharge of chemicals such as cleaning agents and degreasing solvents. However, these impacts shall be reduced to minimal by ensuring appropriate collection and disposal methods. 4.2.5 4.2.5 Ecological Impacts

Construction Phase

Impact on terrestrial flora and fauna may occur due to changes in habitat or habitat modification during land clearance activity in construction phase. However, this activity shall be restricted to limited land area and therefore the impact shall be local and minimal. Moreover, it was found during the survey that owing to be an expansion project, the site is already clear from any type of wildlife habitation. Hence, reducing the possible impact on the local environs. Emission of particulate matter during onshore construction activity is also likely to impact terrestrial ecological environment. However, these impacts have been envisaged to be low as the construction phase is a temporary phase. Impacts on terrestrial environment due to emissions from operating generator sets and vehicles have been envisaged to be negligible as suitable mitigation measures shall be adopted to minimize the impacts from these sources.

Noise generated from construction activities, operation of equipments, machinery and vehicles shall have negligible impacts on terrestrial fauna.

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Significant impacts on terrestrial flora and fauna shall also occur due to dumping of solid waste and wastewater discharges from construction and operation of the pipeline. However, these impacts shall be minimized by adoption of waste management plan, wherein solid waste and wastewater generated shall be subjected to appropriate treatment prior to their final disposal.

Impacts to marine ecology are likely to occur during installation phase of the subsea pipeline. Installation of the sub sea pipeline shall cause physical obstruction to marine organisms and displacement of marine species in immediate vicinity leading to direct habitat loss and modification of regional species. It may also affect the benthos in the vicinity leading to their destruction, smothering or displacement. Although, impacts during initial phase of pipeline installation have been envisaged to be significant but owing to adaptable nature of marine organisms, the region is likely to regain its ecological stability within short span of time.

Marine fauna is also likely to get affected due to noise generated from the transportation vessels and ships during installation and operational phase of the pipeline. However, it has been envisaged that these impacts shall not cause any physical damage to the marine organisms as the propagation of sound through water is generally affected by spreading (distance) losses and attenuation (absorption) losses with sound energy decreasing with increasing distance from the source. Moreover, it is also evident that marine organisms get gradually accustomed to the predictable noise levels from ships and transportation vessels that follow a constant source. Therefore, the impacts on the marine fauna shall be temporary and low.

Operation Phase

Impacts on terrestrial environment due to emissions from operating generator sets and vehicles during maintenance period have been envisaged to be negligible as these are temporary and suitable mitigation measures shall be adopted to minimize the impacts from these sources.

Gas leakages during pipeline operation may impose adverse impacts to the marine environment. However, adoption of good design, construction and operation practices shall mitigate the risk of gas leakages.

4.2.6 Impact on CRZ

The proposed pipeline route at Odalarevu, East Godavari District is near to shoreline and comes under Coastal Regulation Zone. The project area is characterized by different coastal geomorphological features like smaller spits, shoals, offshore bars etc. Shoreline is not a fixed line and its position is dynamic as the change in the shoreline is a natural phenomenon because of the suspension of sediment and transportation of the same due to current (littoral drift) during the monsoon season and deposition in calm non-monsoon season. If this natural cycle is disturbed by anthropogenic intervention, an unbalanced sediment transport cycle will occur, which may lead to an unusual and irreversible shoreline dynamic.

Cyclones and storm surges frequently affect the district coastline accompiying with high rate of erosion. Considering the total of 757 km coastline of AP is under accretion and out of 344 km of coastline is under erosion, 239 km is under low erosion and 105 km of the coastline under high erosion. [Source: 1. Ministry of Earth Sciences, ICMAM Project Directorate, Chennai and Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), Hyderabad (October 2009) Report Asian Consulting Engineers Pvt. Ltd. 4-5

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on use of Satellite data for detection of violation of land use along the Coastal Regulation Zone and Impact of Port structures on Shoreline changes 2. Kumari P. Dr. (2012) Shoreline morphometric change analysis using Remote sensing and GIS in the coastal part of East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India. International Journal of Civil Engineering applications Research Volume 03 (Issue 02) 129-136] The satellite imagery in the coastal stretch of study area was carried out for detailed analysis of shoreline changes Asian Consulting Engineers Pvt. Ltd. for a period of 32 years (1977 to 2009). Objective was to assess the condition and nature of the shoreline in the project stretch. The Shorelines are extracted using satellite imageries dated 1977 (LANDSAT MSS), 1989 & 2000(LANDSAT TM 4-5) and 2009 (LISS III). The comparative analysis of the chronological study of shorelines reflects that the changes is inward i.e. erosion effect is dominant for this area. After 1989, Accretion Effect is observed to the west of the river. But the shoreline near the project site has been eroded and shoreline is shifted about 450-480 m during the 32 years as shown in Figure 4.1. Table 4.2 shows the changes in shoreline for a span of 32 years (1977 to 2009).

Figure 4.1: Satellite Images Showing the Shoreline of the Project Site In 1977-1989, 1989-2000 and 2000-2009

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Table 4.2: Shoreline shift (in Meters) near project site from 1977 to 2009 Year 1977 1989 2000 2009 0 (+) 200 to (+) 220 to (+) 450 to 1977 (+) 230 m (+) 250 m (+) 480 m 0 (+)20 to (+) 220 to 1989 (+)25 m (+) 250 m 0 (+) 250 to 2000 (+) 270 m 2009 0 *Erosion (+), Accretion (-)

4.2.7 Socio-Economic Environment

The proposed project is likely to have the following impacts on the existing socio-economic profile of the area:

 The proposed activity shall generate employment in the region due to the requirement of workers for supply and transport of equipment, auxiliary and ancillary works etc. This shall give temporary relief to the people of the locality and their socio-economic conditions shall improve.  The activities shall also result in enhancement of the local skill levels through exposure to project activities and technology and shall help in capacity building for future employment opportunities.  The project shall facilitate infrastructure development, improvement of transportation and communication facilities in the area, which will further improve the standard of living.  The project activities shall negatively affect the fish catch and fish quality of the region. However, the impacts have been envisaged to be temporary and shall not irreversibly hamper fish activity and fish quality of the region.

4.3 IMPACT EVALUATION Emissions from the construction phase of proposed project shall be minimal and temporary and therefore the impacts on air quality during this phase will not be of much significance. Also, the net impacts of fugitive emissions from the generator sets and vehicular movement has been anticipated to be marginal due to the adoption of suitable mitigation measures. Moreover, the impacts due to secondary pollutants in the region have been envisaged to be negligible as the terrain is plain and sufficient amount of atmospheric mixing is available in the region. Thus, the point and fugitive emissions are not likely to affect human health and vegetation.

The impact of noise on nearby villages due to proposed project activities shall be insignificant as the nearest habitation is about 1km away from the site. Noise level during construction activities has been envisaged to increase in and around the onshore project site but the impacts shall be considered low as the construction phase is a temporary phase, which shall last for shorter duration of time. Underwater noise is likely to be generated due to the usage of equipments (such as flowlines and subsea valves) and movement of transportation vessels and ships. However, the impact of noise on marine fauna is expected to be marginal and local as the noise levels is likely decay with increasing distance from the source. Moreover, the marine organisms show avoidance reaction to larger vessels and high noise

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generating sources and therefore, are unlikely to intentionally approach towards them. Hence, no physical damage has been anticipated on the marine organisms.

Impacts on surface and groundwater quality has been envisaged to be insignificant as the wastewater and solid waste generated from the project activities shall be treated to meet requirements of stipulated standards prior to its disposal. The treated water shall be reused to maximum extent. It has also been envisaged that there will be no changes in groundwater quality due to proposed facility as the ground water is already saline and not fit for drinking purpose. Offshore installation of pipeline shall temporarily increase the turbidity levels of the local marine environment. However, the region is expected to regain its original characteristics in short span of time.

The proposed project shall temporarily affect the soil environment due to minimal land clearance and other construction activities during onshore pipeline construction and installation. However, suitable measures shall be adopted to restore the original site conditions. Disturbance to sea bed sediments is also likely to occur during installation of offshore pipeline. However, these impacts shall be temporary and the sea bed is likely to regain its original stability in short span of time.

The net impacts on terrestrial ecology shall be minimal and of shorter duration, mainly likely to result from habitat loss or modifications in habitat during onshore construction activities. Initial impacts on local marine ecology due to offshore pipeline installation are likely to be significant. However, owing to adaptable nature of marine organisms the affected region shall regain its original stability.

The proposed project shall have limited and temporary effect on the fishing activity and fishermen community. However, in long term it shall prove to be beneficial in terms of generating employment opportunities and overall development of the area.

4.4 IMPACT SIGNIFICANCE Evaluation of impacts signifies the potential impacts in terms of its likelihood nature as per the following criteria: a. The impacts are further classified based on their spatial distribution, i.e. local, when impacting an area of approximately 1 km radius from the project area, moderate spread, when impacting an area of 1 to 2 km radius and regional beyond 2 km; b. The impacts are classified as short term, moderate term and long term in terms of their existence in temporal scale. Impacts less than 1 year existence as short term, while those with 1 to 3 years as moderate term and more than 3 years as long term; c. The negative impacts are termed as adverse impacts while positive impacts as beneficial; The significance of environmental impacts of various involved activities has been evaluated based on the criteria outlined in Table 4.3.

Table 4.3: Impact Significance Criteria

Impact Significance Criteria Major Adverse When the impact is of high intensity with high spread and high duration or of high intensity with medium spread and medium duration. Moderate Adverse When the impact is of moderate intensity with high spread and high

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Impact Significance Criteria duration or of high intensity with low/ moderate spread and low duration Minor Adverse When the impact is of low intensity but with moderate spread and moderate duration or of moderate intensity Insignificant Adverse When the impact is of low intensity, low spread and low duration Beneficial When the impacts are positive

Based on the above-specified criteria, Tables 4.4 and 4.5 describes potential environmental impacts due to proposed expansion, with or without mitigation measures respectively. It is important to note that one activity may have varying impacts on different receptors i.e. different components of the environment. To avoid repetitions, this section describes various activities, which may have wide impacts on many receptors. For example, waste generation and disposal will have impacts on land, water bodies, odour nuisance etc, therefore, the impacts of waste generation and disposal have been considered as one of the key areas of impacts. Similarly, gaseous emissions may be adverse to air quality; which on exposure may impact upon health of individuals and ecology in the surroundings. Table 4.4: Potential Environmental Impacts of Proposed Project activity (Without Mitigation Measures) Environmental Nature of Likely Impacts Impact

Sensitivities Significance

Low Low

High High

Term

Local

Major

Mino

Spread

Adverse

Intensity Intensity Intensity

Regional

Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate

Beneficial

Long Term Long

ShortTerm Insignificant Air Quality      Noise      Water Quality      Soil Quality      Sediment Quality      Terrestrial Flora& Fauna      Aquatic Flora and Fauna      Local Economy     Note: For colour coding refer Table 4.3

4.5 IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES

4.5.1 Air Environment

 Good operational controls and high level of monitoring shall be built into the design operational aspects of the project.  Regular maintenance of engines and generators shall be done to keep the environment impact minimum.  Dry and dusty materials shall be stored in the containers.  Emissions during transportation shall be minimized by ensuring regular maintenance of vehicles and marine vessels.

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4.5.2 Water Environment

 Wastewater generated from the construction sites shall be treated as per industry norms.  Sewage generated from onshore facility shall be treated in the Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP). The treated effluent shall be reused for the purpose of irrigation within and around the plant area for green belt.  Water generated from hydraulic testing of pipelines shall be discharged into sea at a suitable location to minimise adverse impacts.

4.5.3 Noise Quality

 Good working practices shall be implemented to minimize the noise levels.  Generator sets, construction machinery and other equipments shall be provided with acoustic enclosures.  Vehicles involved in transportation of personnel and material shall be maintained regularly.  Mobile noise sources such vessels shall be routed in such a way that there is minimum disturbance to receptors.  Vessels to be well maintained and idling of vessels or equipment shall be avoided when not in use.

4.5.4 Subsea infrastructure

 The layout of the subsea infrastructure shall be designed to avoid sea bed features considered to be geo-hazards. This will also protect areas with potentially more diverse habitats and species.  Most subsea flowlines shall be laid directly on the sea bed and flowline burial using methods such as dredging and jetting shall be avoided.

4.5.5 Impact on Ecological Environment

All precautionary measures shall be adopted to minimize the disturbance to terrestrial and aquatic flora and fauna due to construction and installation of onshore and offshore pipeline. The baseline information on terrestrial and aquatic flora and fauna shall be obtained from state/district/regional level authorities in an effort to reduce the potential adverse impacts of the project and future activities on marine mammals.

4.5.6 Waste Generation and Management

The site would develop and adopt proper system for the management, storage and disposal of the hazardous and non-hazardous waste, including measures such as:

 Solid waste consisting of recyclable waste and non recyclable generated from construction activities, shall be segregated in appropriate bins and shall be disposed off.  Solid waste including domestic waste (from kitchen, gallery, laundries etc), combustible and recyclable waste generated shall be collected, segregated and stored in specified containers and shall be transferred for its disposal.  Hazardous waste such as waste lube/system oil from machinery, used oil from D.G set (in case of operation) is likely to be generated. The waste shall be handled as per Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Trans-boundary Movement) Rules, 2008. The waste

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will be carefully stored in drums and transported to MoEF approved recyclers for its final disposal. All precautions will be taken to avoid spillage from the storage. Table 4.5: Potential Environmental Impacts of Proposed Project activity (With Mitigation Measures) Environmental Impact Nature of Likely Impacts

Sensitivities Significance

t t

Low Low

High High

Term

Local

Major

ortTerm

Minor

Spread Spread

Adverse

Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity

Regional

Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate

Beneficia

Long Term Long

Sh Insignifican Air Quality      Noise      Water Quality      Soil Quality      Sediment Quality      Terrestrial Flora &      Fauna Aquatic Flora & Fauna      Local Economy     Note: For colour coding refer Table 4.3

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ENVIRONMENT 5 MONITORING PROGRAM

5.1 INTRODUCTION

An environmental monitoring program provides a delivery mechanism to monitor any adverse environmental impacts of a project during its execution/operation, to enhance project benefits, and to introduce standards of good practices to be adopted for all project works. An environmental monitoring program is important as it provides useful information and helps to:

 Assist in detecting the development of any unwanted environmental situation, and thus, provides opportunities for adopting appropriate control measures;  Define the responsibilities of the project proponents, contractors and environmental monitors and provides means of effectively communicating environmental issues among them;  Define monitoring mechanism and identify monitoring parameters;  Evaluate the performance and effectiveness of mitigation measures proposed in the Environment Management Plan (EMP) and suggest improvements, if required; and  Identify training requirement at various levels.

An environmental monitoring program is suggested to monitor environmental parameters during the project period Table 5.1 below.

Table 5.1: Recommended Environmental Monitoring/Audit Protocol-During Site Preparation and Installation of Pipeline

Monitoring Monitoring and Receptor Location Reporting Mechanism Frequency Water  Surface water and pH, conductivity, TSS, Monthly Quality ground water sources at TDS, heavy metals, and nearby onshore BOD, COD, Oil & project site. Grease etc.  Marine water Quality at every 3 km stretch along the offshore pipeline and locations within 1km radius of the pipeline. Noise At project site and three  Noise level At hourly interval Levels locations within 500 m of monitoring; for 24 hrs. Machine the project site  Machineries maintenance may maintenance; be done once in a  Use of ear plug by week workforce

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Monitoring Monitoring and Receptor Location Reporting Mechanism Frequency Soil At Onshore project site pH, , moisture content, Monthly Quality Texture, oil & grease and Organic matter Sediment At offshore project site Texture, Organic matter, Monthly Quality Nitrogen, Phosphorous, oil & grease and Heavy metal concentration

The post operational monitoring programme will be under the supervision of the ONGC and the monitoring shall be get carried out by recognized laboratories/ institutions/by ONGC.

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6 ADDITIONAL STUDIES

6.1 INTRODUCTION

As discussed is earlier chapters, Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC) is currently involved with the exploration in several deep sea fields off the east coast of India. As a part of the overall development plan, ONGC intends to develop the Vashishta and S-1 fields off the east coast of India through development activity on an integrated basis to produce gas within the shortest feasible time in the Krishna–Godavari (KG) Offshore Basin.

The gas from Vashishta and S-1 fields shall be transported through dual 14‖ subsea pipelines to the new onshore terminal at Odalarevu. The new onshore processing terminal at Odalarevu will be located adjacent to the existing onshore processing terminals. The layout of the proposed pipeline route is given in Figure 6.1.

This chapter includes the studies of risk assessment, disaster management plan and emergency response plan in following sections.

Figure 6.1: Layout of the proposed pipeline route

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6.2 Subsea Pipeline and Onshore Pipeline

a) Subsea pipe line for transfer of NG product from Wells to ‘landfall point’

Pipeline routing will follow the existing G1 pipeline system as much as possible and therefore has a minimal impact on the seabed and surrounding environment. The system has been designed so that pigging can be undertaken fromonshore; this negates the need to for offshore intervention and therefore reduces the overall operating carbon footprint of the asset.

The use of horizontal trees means that a light intervention vessel is required for any well work over rather than a drill rig. This saves on vessel mobilization and therefore assists in maintaining a minimal carbon footprint.

Daisy chain development with midline tees and crossovers located at S1 wells, VA-DB and PLETs at VA-DA. PLEM at VA-DB will allow pigging for future expansion.

The pipeline has been split into two sections for determination of wall thickness: subsea and landfall. The landfall section of pipe has higher integrity requirements and therefore higher wall thickness. Maintaining a constant bore through the pipeline (to allow for pigging) is preferable. Hence, pipe with non-standard outer diameter is selected for the Subsea pipeline (2 X 14‖ pipelines of 45 km long; including infield sub-sea architecture –subsea umbilical).

Subsea Pipeline details:

Pipeline Length (m) : ~43,000 Design Capacity : 6 MMSCMD Maximum Design Temperature (oC) :65 Minimum Design Temperature (oC) : -75 Design Pressure (barg) : 255 Operating Pressure : ~ 60 bar G

b) Onshore Pipeline details:

Pipeline Length (m) : ~4,200 Pipeline Length (Dia. ’’) : 14 Design Capacity : 6 MMSCMD Maximum Design Temperature (oC) : 30 Minimum Design Temperature (oC) : 15 Operating Pressure (Receiving) : ~ 9 to 24 bar G Operating Pressure (Discharge) : ~ 67.5 bar G

 2.5 meters burial and 60mm concrete coating up to 27 meters water depth. This will be approximately up to two thirds of the way along the first leg of the pipeline.  2.5 meter burial and 60mm concrete coating up to 79 meters water depth. This is just after the first deviation away from the G-1 pipelines  30mm concrete coating up to 200 meters water depth.  3LPP coating and surfaced laid for the remainder of the development.  2.5 meters burial for the onshore section. [Additional precautions may be taken if any railway or road crossings are involved.]

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For the first two stages, the pipeline is protected against the likely forms of risk (on shore- surface movement of man/ vehicle; off shore- Coastal movement of crafts/fishing vessels). As the water depth increases the protection provided is mainly against mechanical risks such as fishing gear and dropped objects. Once the water depth is greater than 200metres the overall risk to the field is as low as reasonably practicable and therefore no additional protection is provided.

6.3 RISK ASSESSMENT

Hydrocarbon operations are generally hazardous in nature by virtue of intrinsic chemical properties of hydrocarbons or their temperature or pressure of operation or a combination of them. Fire, explosion, hazardous release or a combination of these are the hazardous associated with hydrocarbon operations. These have resulted in the development of more comprehensive, systematic and sophisticated methods of safety engineering such as identification and analysis of hazards and Risk assessment to improve upon the integrity, reliability and safety of hydrocarbon operations.

The RA studies are based on Quantative Risk assessment Analysis (QRA). The analysis based on ALOHA (Aerial locations of Hazardous Atmosphere), which is developed jointly by NOAA and the environment protection agency (EPA), US. ALOHA is a program designed to model chemical release for emergency responders and planners. It can estimate how a toxic cloud might disperse after a chemical release & also features served fires & explosions scenarios. A sample sheet of QRA modeling analysis of S-1 and VA is given in Annexure- XIV.

6.3.1 Hazards - Nature and sensitivity of impact zones

Subsea Pipeline:

1) Natural hazards - Landslides

The generation of landslides that could potentially affect the pipeline integrity has beenqualitatively evaluated at the outset of the project for the entire pipeline route. It was concluded that the pipelines are not threatened by landslide. The occurrence of a landslide is due to the coexistence of various conditions such as:  Thick layers of very soft sediments lying on steep slopes  Slope angles able to trigger the development of soil instability  Triggering mechanisms causing the landslides (e.g. seismic loads, wave loads, rapid accumulation of soft sediments)

No such conditions have been found along the pipeline routes. In addition the proposed pipeline support system is designed after conducting on-bottom stability tests and maximum free span lengths totake care of the subsea soil erosion (if any) and regular inspection of pipeline route will caution of any likely damage.

2) Natural hazards - Extreme Storm

The following met ocean design conditions are used for the detailed design of the system

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 Air temperature extremes and climate at landfall locations  Persistence of storm and calm conditions for onsite operations  Variability of the sea level  Hydrological sea water parameters (temperature, salinity and density)

Bay of Bengal is known for rough weather; since the production operational system and Subsea pipeline will be near the sea bottom, it is unlikely to be affected much with rough weather.

3) Heavy Impact and Damage to pipeline due to dropping of heavy objects

A situation is considered for the risk assessment for the impacts on ―Subsea Pipeline‖ by heavy falling objectsfrom otherdrill ships or other marine vessels working nearby or passing by it.

The following possibilities have been taken into consideration:

 Vessels which passes through the pipeline route may accidently release some heavy objects/ anchors and it hits the Pipeline.

Consequences and Effects

The analysis of consequences is generally based on the principle of conservation ofenergy. The impact of a complete contact with the object may however be more severe and may lead to damage to the pipeline such as rupture or leak from the pipeline resulting in a process leak.

Risk Ranking

Likelihood Ranking - C Consequence Ranking - 3 Risk Ranking - 3C (Medium)

KG Basin Operations:

Any heavy pipeline leakage (if occurs) at a depth of ~ 250 - 600 m and at maximum pressure (nonoperation; design) of 3242 psia (220 atm.). This will cause tremendous stirring/ agitation at sea bottom/may result in shock waves causing damage to adjoining (pipeline) installations and also to nearby installations. The high pressure gas will be directed as jet in the direction of leaky point and rise to the surface and will blow out as gas / water shower combination. It may catch fire also (less likely as it is with sea water and cool) and burn. The gas rate can be very large (depending well pressure and other pipeline /operational conditions)

Onshore Pipeline:

Onshore pipeline will be laid at a depth of ~ 2.5 m. The line may pass through inhabited areas (uninhabited now but may get inhabited after some period) and also some road / railway crossings may come later. Any opening in the operating pipe line (due to any damage or any other cause) will result in gas leakage.

Leaking gas will come out at pressure from underground and disperse to surface in a wide area. The area of dispersion will depend upon depth of pipeline and weather etc. If ignition source is found it may catch fire.

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6.3.2 Failure Scenarios (Likely)

Subsea Pipeline

Subsea pipeline will be laid at sea surface at a depth varying from > 600 m to shore. The sea water will exert pressure on the line which can be as high as 60 bars. Any opening in the operating pipe line (due to any damage or any other cause) will result in gas leakage.

Leaking gas will disperse (to some extent) due to wave motion and come to surface in a wide area. The area of dispersion will depend upon depth of pipeline, current / sea roughness, weather etc. However for modeling (60 %) part of the leakage have been considered as concentrated at one place and catch fire,

The rate of leakage will depend upon pipe line pressure, depth and opening size. Considering these key parameters four scenarios /cases are envisaged.

Onshore Pipeline

Onshore pipeline will be 2.5 m buried. Additional precautions may be taken if any railway or road crossings are involved. Any leakage in the pipeline (if small) will seep through soil and come out and catch fire if any source of ignition is there. It may start domino effect if any other inflammable material is there (dry grass or else). In case of major damage and consequential fire the heat radiation zone can be large as given below.

For modeling purpose worst possible conditions (line pressure 220 atm. and 60 atm. is taken) which may occur due to major system failure.

Scenario 1. a. Pipe Line opening (Leakage source)~ 50% of inlet cross section; Vertical b. Depth ~ 500 m c. Line Pressure ~ 220 bar

Scenario 2. a. Pipe Line opening ~ 50% of inlet cross section; Vertical b. Depth ~ 500 m c. Line Pressure ~ 220 bar

Scenario 3. a. Pipe Line opening ~ 50% of inlet cross section; Vertical b. Depth ~ 500 m c. Line Pressure ~ 60 bar

Scenario 4. a. Pipe Line opening ~ 50% of inlet cross section; Vertical b. Depth ~ 300 m c. Line Pressure ~ 60 bar

Scenario 5. a. Pipe Line opening ~ 50% of inlet cross section; Vertical b. Depth ~ 200 m c. Line Pressure ~ 60 bar

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Scenario 6. a. Pipe Line opening ~ 50% of inlet cross section; Vertical b. Depth ~ 50 m c. Line Pressure ~ 60 bar

Scenario 7. a. Pipe Line opening ~ 50% of inlet cross section b. Line Pressure ~ 25 bar

Scenario Scenario Impact Zone Remarks No 1 Pipe Line opening ~ 50% of inlet cross section Line Pressure ~ 220 bar [Release  96 m 1st degree Pressure—170 bar burn  Jet fire 2 Pipe Line opening ~ 50% of inlet cross section Line Pressure ~ 220 bar [Release  101 m 1st degree Pressure—190 bar burn  Jet fire 3 Pipe Line opening ~ 50% of inlet cross sectionLine Pressure ~ 60 bar [Release  26 m 1st degree Pressure—10 bar burn  Jet fire 4 Pipe Line opening ~ 50% of inlet cross  42 m 1st degree sectionLine Pressure ~ 60 bar [Release burn Pressure—30 bar  Jet fire 5 Pipe Line opening ~ 50% of inlet cross  48 m 1st degree sectionLine Pressure ~ 60 bar [Release burn Pressure—40 bar  Jet fire 6 Pipe Line opening ~ 50% of inlet cross  56 m 1st degree sectionLine Pressure ~ 60 bar [Release burn Pressure—55 bar  Jet fire 7 Pipe Line opening ~ 50% of inlet cross  38 m 1st degree section; Line Pressure ~ 25 bar burn Jet fire

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Scenario - 1

Scenario - 2

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Scenario – 3

Scenario - 4

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Scenario – 5

Scenario - 6

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Scenario – 7

6.3.3 Sensitive Receptors and Impact

Any adverse incident in the proposed Subsea and Onshore pipeline can have minor or major damage to permanent receptors if the same are coming within the impact zone. Both subsea pipeline and Onshore pipelines are coming in ―Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ)‖ classified as sensitive zone as per Environment Protection Act (1986).

6.3.4 Subsea Pipeline layout impacts

The fire may occur if gas comes in contact with source of ignition.Subsea pipeline do not have any installation nearby. Coastal movement of small vessels/ fishing will be affected. Any off shore equipment/structure or vessel is likely affected by the fire if happened to be within impact zone. There can be domino effect if any sensitive system (fuel transporter or any explosive/inflammable laden vessel) gets trapped in impact zone.

6.3.5 Onshore Pipeline installation Impact Zone

The impact due to accident in the pipeline will be restricted to 56 m (1st degree burn). Terminal may be affected if the incident occurs near the terminal and may initiate a domino effect. However accidents resulting due to domino effect can be more serious. Since the terminal does not have any large storage of inflammable and explosive material there cannot be any major incident. The inhabited areas are far away (> 500 m). Existing ONGC terminal can also be adversely affected. Nearest village isOdalarevu at a distance of 630 m from facility.

6.3.6 Control Measures for Major Hazards

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A Management Plan will be formulated and implemented to reduce contactriskforconsequential fall of heavy objects,vessel–vessel contactand will address the following:

 Mandatory 500 m safety zone around well location;  Operational restrictions on visiting vessels in bad weather;  Defined vessel no-go areas within safety zone; and agreed approach procedures by supply and safety vessels during laying of pipeline.

6.3.7 Fire Fighting Facility

Marine firefighting and medical facilities may be created and stationed at nearest port so as to be available during emergency for offshore pipeline and other installations.

For onshore pipeline, fire engines with other safety devices like fire suits and breathing apparatus/first aid etc. should be stationed at onshore terminal.

6.3.8 Occupational Health

The installation and operational activities of proposed pipeline and umbilical for onshore facility at onshore and offshore section involves many occupational health hazards to the workers at site. Work in offshore can involve exposure to hazardous substances, noise, vibrations, hot or cold conditions, heavy manual handling activities (both at onshore and offshore during the handling and laying of pipes) etc. Installations especially in deep water drilling are isolated, workforce travels to work by helicopter/vessels and perform shift duties. Extended long distance travelling, psychologicalstress resulting from physical isolation due to remoteness of site and shift duty pattern, seasickness and exposure to extreme weather conditions is other hazards. Harsh climate, parasitic diseases and infections may result in respiratory tract diseases.

ONGC will take all health and safety measures in compliance with following rules and procedures:  Storage and handling of Hazardous Materials  TAC 1998 – Fire Protection Manual (Internal Appliances, Fire Engines, Trailer Pumps and Hydrant Systems)  Chief Controller of Explosive Guidelines  Static & Mobile Pressure Vessels Rules  Indian Factories Act 1948 / State Factories Regulations  Gas Cylinder Rules  Indian Electricity Act / Rules  Safety Code for Transportation of Hazardous Substances  Provincial Fire Codes for Buildings  Fire Protection Manual of Tariff Advisory Committee  Petroleum and Natural Gas Rules ( Safety in Offshore operations)  Rules 2008 and OISD 233 and 118 for fire and explosion risk assessment and fire protection/fighting systems

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Health Hazard Control is done by adopting following measures:  Prioritize the health hazards based on their risk potential.  Identify specific work groups affected by each hazard.  Determine the controls required to manage these identified hazards. The cost of each identified control versus benefits of its implementation may be evaluated.  Develop an action plan identifying work to be done.

On board qualified doctor is available 24 hrs on the vesselsduring laying period for the immediate treatment and first aid. For serious injuries and diseases, patient is evacuated by the emergency helicopter, exclusively meant for emergencies to the nearest base.

The health and hygiene of the personnel working at the vesselsfor long period will be monitored through periodic health checks of the persons. All employees undergo a periodic medical examination. The record of the health check-up will be maintained centrally off site in confidential file by the medical section. The medical officer at base recommends appropriate treatment for the persons found to be having any health problems requiring attention.

Majority of the employees on the vessels are trained in first aid. Regular drills and lectures on first aid are carried out at the vessels. Occupational Health Surveillance Program is summarized in Table6.6.

Table 6.1: Occupational Health hazards and mitigating measures

Cause of health hazard Risk Mitigation Measures

Noise (Generators, Cranes, Hearing loss Use of PPEs in high noise area Fire Water pump) and written operational Handling of heavy equipment procedures to be followed. and material (Manual handling Back problem Procedures to be followed as per of material) MSDS of all hazardous chemicals Eye problems and for safe handling. Handling of lubricants and oils chemical ingestion, ERP/DMP to be followed. Ensure Dermal effect the availability of medical Serious Process Leaks/Fire and treatment on site and off site and Injuries/damage to Explosion health written procedure to be followed.

Occupational Health surveillance of workers shall be done on regular basis and records maintained as per the Factory Act.

6.4 DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN

For meeting the emergencies caused by major accidents, planning response strategies are termed as Disaster Management Plans (DMPs). DMPs cannot be considered in isolation or act as a substitute for maintaining good safety standards in a plant. The best way to protect against major accidents occurrence is by maintaining very high levels of safety standards.

Generally, the following five phases are involved in an emergency:

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 Discovery and Notification: An event with an imminent threat of turning into an accident must first be discovered and the discoverer quickly notifies the same to the plant safety officer and also Duty Officer on shore.  Evaluation and Accident Control Initiation: Based on the evaluation of available information, the safety officer makes a rapid assessment of the severity of the likely accident and initiates the best course of action. If required alert the personnel at shore and Coast Guard.  Containment and Counter Measures: Action is first taken to contain and control the accident by eliminating the causes which may lead to the spread of accident. Measures are also taken to minimize the damage to personnel, property and environment.  Cleanup and Disposal: After the accident is effectively contained and controlled, the cleanup of the site of the accident and safe disposal of waste generated due to the accident are undertaken. Documentation: All aspects of accidents, including the way it started and progressed as well as the steps taken to contain and the extent of the damage and injury, must be documented for subsequent analysis of accident for prevention in future, damage estimation, insurance recovery and compensation payment. It may be noted that some aspects of documentation, such as, photographs of the site of accident and main objects involved in the accident, survey for damage estimation, etc. may have to be carried out before the cleanup and disposal phase. However, the effort in all cases is to recommence the production as soon as possible.

6.4.1 Emergency Classification

Severity of accident and its likely impact area will determine the level of emergency and the disaster management plan required for appropriate handling of an emergency. Emergency levels and the action needed for each level are indicated below:

Level 1 Emergency

A local accident with a likely impact only to immediate surroundings of accident site, such as, local fires and limited release of inflammable material. The impact distance may not be more than 15 m from the site of primary accident and may require evacuation of the site area where accident occurred and utmost the adjacent areas.

Level 2 Emergency

A major accident with potential threats to life and property up to 500 m distance requiring the evacuation of all personnel from the threatened area except the emergency response personnel. Larger fires, release of large quantities of inflammable materials may belong to emergency level 2.

Level 3 Emergency

An accident involving a very serious hazard and with likely impact area is extending beyond the operational area of ―off-shore and onshore pipeline‖, such as, major fire, very large release of inflammable material and big explosion. Major fires will usually have the triggering effect resulting in the propagation of explosion. In a level 3 emergency, evacuation populations near the site area.

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On-site Disaster Management Plan (DMP) will meet the hazards created due to all Level 1 emergencies and most of the Level 2 emergencies. In addition to on-site DMP, off-site DMP may also have to be put into operation for some Level 2 and all Level 3 emergencies.

6.5 EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN In case of emergencies (fire/leakage/failure/other offshore exigencies), the Shift Field/Plant Operator shall immediately inform Shift Console Operator and the Control Room. The shift Console Operator shall inform Well Head Team Leader/ Shift-in- Charge, Shift Maintenance Engineer and Fire Station and act on the basis information received from Shift Operator. The Well Head Team Leader/Resident Engineer acts as On- Scene Coordinator till the Head Operation reach the site.

If the emergencies requires shut down the platform/plant and activate Disaster Management Plan (DMP)/Oil Spill Contingency Plan (OSCP). The Shift-in-Charge (Odalarevu) provides all necessary information regarding safe shutdown of platform/platform and ensure the availability of vessel/helicopter/fire fighting vessel/fire tender/ambulance depending on the situation. Shift in Charge follow duties as per fire order and other requirements under the direction of On Scene Coordinator. Shift Security officer inform central first aid facility and control traffic. OSC shall coordinate with the Shift Security Supervisor and Resident Medical Officer and coordinate the aid within ONGC and from outside agencies as per requirements. Resident Medical officer ensure first aid facility and inform local doctors/hospitals to remain in readiness for attending to serious burns and gas poisoning case.

The On-Scene Coordinator/Commander (OSC) shall maintain communication with Asset Manager, which shall be the Chief Emergency Officer (CEC) and coordinates with I/C of Safety, Fire and Security. The CEC coordinate with On-Scene Coordinator (OSC) and other ECR (Emergency Control Room) members and inform the CMD, Director (HR)-CCEC, Director-Concerned and Director-I/C HSE on the situation. If requires, CEC activate off-site DMP and shall request the intervention of corporate crisis management group for activation of corporate level DMP. The CEC give technical and management advice to other coordinators and take the decision on partial or total evacuation of the site. The actions to be taken during emergency are given in Figure 6.2.

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Fire/Leakage/Failure/Other Offshore Exigencies

Shift Field Operator/Person Noticing First

Actuate Platform Shift-In-Charge/Well Shutdown, if Head Team Leader require Muster In charge Shift-In-Charge Shift-In-Charge Resident Engineer (Security)

(Fire) Medical Officer Shift Maintenance Engineers

I/C Safety

Head Operations/On- ECR (Onsite) I/C Maintenance Scene Coordinator

I/C Security

ECR (Offsite)

Chief Emergency Coordinator- Asset Manager

On Escalation – Offsite DMP will be activated by CEC-AM

Figure 6.2: Actions taken during Emergencies

6.5.1 On Scene Coordinator

 Initial Phase: In the initial phase someone close to the scene of emergency can exercise emergency coordination. Accordingly Well head team leader or Resident Engineer will assume the role of on scene Coordinator (OSC) till On Scene Commander takes over.

 Intermediate Phase: The Chief Emergency Co-ordinator (CEC) at Asset level may appoint a person, normally stationed at base to take over the task of OSC at Site Control Room (SCR). Asian Consulting Engineers Pvt. Ltd. 6-15

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 Function: The OSC will make an assessment of the situation; the type and quantity of assistance required and communicate the same to the Asset ECR. The OSC will mobilize the resources available at scene, deal with the situation and take such actions as directed by the Chief Emergency Coordinator at the Asset/ Basin/ Plant. He will transmit situation reports (SITREPS) at regular interval prefixing a numerical sequence to each message.

6.5.2 Site Control Room

This temporary centre shall be established at a suitable location at offshore on a nearby rig or a vessel stationed nearby or in any building at the base by the Head operations, with the assistance and advice from the Emergency Control Room. Head operations will be the on- scene coordinator. Other Coordinators at the location will be the Fire Fighting, Safety, Security and Maintenance Coordinators who will assist the On Scene Co Coordinator in discharging his duties at the site of emergency.

6.5.3 Communication

As effective communication is crucial for the overall success of the operation, a communication flow-chart for such scenario is outlined herewith. In the event of a terrorist act, timely, accurate communications will be critical for the success and survival. Timely response during emergency is extremely important. Flow chart for first information regarding an emergency is given in the Figure 6.3 and 6.4.

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Figure 6.3: Communication Flow Chart (First Information)

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Figure 6.4: Offshore communication flow chart.

CEC at the work center must communicate immediately as per the flow chart for first information in case any emergency is likely to come to the notice of media. This is to ensure that the management has an authentic update of the emergency to reply to the media.

6.5.4 Communicating With Employees

The following shall be followed for internal communications Head Corporate Communication shall on behalf of CCEC communicate with ONGC employees through intranet or any other communication channel to apprise all ONGC employees on the status of the incident. Chief ER on behalf of CCEC shall establish communication with the family members of the affected employees and contractors.

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6.5.5 Communicating With Media

The following shall be followed while communicating with the media

 CMD, CCEC or Head CC on their behalf shall interact with print/ electronic media. Head CC with the approval of CCEC shall brief the press/ give press release.  No other official at corporate office will interact with Media/ Press unless approved by CMD/ CCEC.  The main purpose of Crisis communication with the media will be o Positive messages with a focus on action taking place o Clarity in all messages delivered o Consistency in all messages repeated o Bias-free messages o Correct any misinformation

6.5.6 Warning System

A high pitch warning system is available at site for announcing the emergency and giving the all clear signals. SMC will declare the emergency level and operational personnel and, if necessary, public in surrounding villages will be notified about the nature of the emergency by using alarm system in the following manner:

Level 1 Emergency – Single beep every five seconds Level 2 Emergency – Double beep every five seconds Level 3 Emergency – Continuous wailing of alarm

6.5.7 Emergency Procedures

Level 1 Emergencies

Accident is small and isolated and does not require the shutdown of evacuation of production fluids. Effort shall be made to arrest its propagation. Level 1 fire may be extinguished with water, sand or fire extinguishers. Level 1 hazardous chemical release, if any, can be contained and controlled quickly without requiring shut down the operation or the evacuation of persons working in the affected area.

Level 2 Emergencies

The affected unit will be brought to a safe shut down while continuing emergency supplies of water and power. Level 2 fires will be extinguished by mobilizing water and foam extinguishers. Level 2 hazardous chemical release, if any, will require evacuation of personnel including those working in downwind direction towards upwind or cross wind direction to minimize the injurious effect of hazardous gas release.

Level 3 Emergencies

Level 3 emergencies are not applicable to off-shore and onshore pipeline.

6.5.8 Accident Site Clean Up

While cleaning the site after explosion and fire accidents, care shall be taken against the probability of leaving any hazardous / or any other materials (which may be dangerous to terrestrial and marine life or obstacle to terrestrial and marine operation) lying buried in the

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land and sea-bed. Information regarding the cleaning up of spills of hazardous materials, if used, is available in material safety data sheets.

6.5.9 Emergency Response Personnel Safety

All emergency response personnel from the ONGC and outside agencies shall enter the accident site under instruction of SIC. These persons shall invariably wear appropriate protective gear, such as, fire suits, helmets, boots, respirators and gas masks, before entering the accident site.

6.5.10 All Clear Signal and Public Statement

For Level 1 and 2 emergencies Site Main Controller will authorize an all clear signal in the form of long high pitched alarm with intermittent pauses, say, two minutes alarm followed by one minute pause repeatedly. Public statements regarding the emergency will be issued only by SMC.

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7 PROJECT BENEFITS

7.1 PROJECT BENEFITS

The proposed project for installation of dual sub-sea pipeline at Odalarevu will lead to the following benefits:

 The Project will enhance reliable gas supplies, which will inturn contribute to country’s economy by enhancing energy security and reducing foreign exchange expenditure.  The project will reduce the gap between domestic production of natural gas and actual requirement of natural gas.  The Project will result in the indirect employment opportunities to the unskilled/skilled local people as well as increase in business opportunities.  The project will benefit the area around Odalarevu by way of creation and improvement of infrastructure facilities like roads.  More assistance from ONGC towards corporate social responsibility (CSR).

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ENVIRONMENT 8 MANAGEMENT PLAN

8.1 PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES OF EMP

An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) provides a delivery mechanism to address the adverse environmental impact of a project during its execution, to enhance project benefits, and to introduce standards of good practice to be adopted for all projects works. The primary objectives of the EMP are to:  Facilitate the implementation of the mitigation measures for the identified adverse impacts;  Define the responsibilities of the project proponents and contractors in order to effectively implement the environmental management plan;  Define a monitoring mechanism and identify monitoring parameters in order to: o Ensure the complete implementation of all mitigation measures; o Ensure the effectiveness of the mitigation measure; o Provide a mechanism for taking timely action in the face of unanticipated environmental situations;  Identify training requirements at various levels.

The Environmental management plan for the installation and operationof onshore and offshore pipeline has beenoutlinedas follows:

Table 8.1: Environmental Management Plan - Mitigation Management Matrix (Onshore and Offshore Pipeline Installationand Operation) Hazard & Proposed Mitigation Required Actions Effect(s) Onshore Site  Ensure that all necessary protocols  Adequate compensation will be Acquisition are followed and legal ensured to the affected requirements implemented. landowners.

Vessel  Sea bed profile assessment in  Sea bed assessment will be Mobilization will be conducted prior to ensured prior to mobilization. for offshore mobilization and installation.

 Adequate training will be  Adequate training sessions provided to the operating will be ensured for personnel personnel. prior to rig operations.  Assessment of any aquatic  Consult with the fisheries species migratory route or department and local NGO feeding/ breeding ground. working for the conservation of aquatic species. Also to consult the Navy, Coast guard officials for sighting of any endangered Asian Consulting Engineers Pvt. Ltd. 8-1

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Hazard & Proposed Mitigation Required Actions Effect(s) species in that area.

Wastewater  Wastewater including wastewater  Wastewater generated from and Effluent generated from construction sites construction activities will be Management and sewage wastewater will be treated in existing ETP of G-1 treated in treatment plant prior to and GS-15 onshore terminal. its disposal. The treated wastewater will be reused for the purpose of

watering green belt in the plant area.  Reuse of the hydro test water will be ensured to maximum extent.

 Maximum dilution and  Hydro test water will be reused for dispersion will be ensured multiple tests. In case of offshore during discharge of hydro test discharge, it will be ensured at a water. suitable location so as to minimize  Hydro-test chemical cocktail adverse impacts. will be selected on the basis of low ecotoxicity and within the constraints of the function for which they are required.

Chemicals,  All fuels, lubricants and chemicals  Checklist of all drums and lubricants will be kept in a well-designed containers located within and fuel storage facility with regular footprint of the storage area will management inventory checking. be ensured.  It will be ensured that storage of chemicals required in the facility will be below the specified threshold for specified

storage permitted under the

Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical rule.  Delivery of fuel and chemicals will  An inventory of all fueling and be executed under strict refueling operations will be supervision and refueling maintained. operations will be carried out in an area with impervious flooring and surface drainage with oil interceptor.

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Hazard & Proposed Mitigation Required Actions Effect(s) Air  All equipments will be operated  Follow up of preventive and Emissions within the specified design scheduled maintenance of all parameters. the equipments as per the procedures given by OEM will be ensured.  Good design, construction and  Use of standard materials and operational practices will be equipments will be ensured. adopted to minimize risk of gas  Regular maintenance of pipeline leakage during operation of will be ensured. pipelines.  Installation of Efficient gas

detection devices will be

ensured.

 High efficiency generator sets will  It will be ensured that be provided with adequate stack stacks/vents height will be height and modern emission provided as per CPCB/APPCB control equipments. Emission can norms. be minimized further by use of low

sulfur diesel (i.e. present sulphur

content of HSD utilized is 150

ppm) and Diesel gen sets are

operated only during emergency

phase as normal power generation

is through gas gensets. The H2S

content in the fuel gas is nil.

 Measures will be taken to  It will be ensured that dry and minimize the dust rise during dusty material will be stored in construction activities. containers.  Water sprinklers will be used to minimize dust rise.  Measures will be taken to reduce  Transportation of raw material emissions during transportation of and other resources will be construction materials. ensured from nearby local sources to minimize transportation impacts and overall carbon footprint.

 Vehicles will be properly

maintained to minimize exhaust

emissions.

 Transportation routes will be

selected such that movement of

vehicles through inhabited villages is reduced.  Personal protective equipments  Sufficient quantities of PPEs

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Hazard & Proposed Mitigation Required Actions Effect(s) (PPEs) will be provided to workers will be made available. at the construction site.

Noise and  Regular maintenance of all  Equipment log books will be Vibration equipments and vehicles will be maintained. ensured.  Good working practices will be  It will be ensured that no implemented to minimize noise machinery is working when not levels. in use.

 Noise mitigation measures such as  Enclosures will be ensured acoustic enclosure will be around the noise generating provided to operating machines sources where the noise levels and engines will be fitted with exceed permissible admissible mufflers. limits.  Installation of generator sets will be ensured in compliance to the norms notified by MoEF.

 Sufficient quantity of PPEs will  PPEs will be provided to the be made available. workers exposed to prolonged noise levels. Solid Wastes  Proper documentation and  Pre-operation inspections will manifestation of all wastes be conducted to ensure that waste disposal facilities are in Non- generated will be ensured. place. Hazardous Wastes  Recyclable construction waste  No dumping of construction includes such as bricks, stone slabs, timber, waste at and around the project organic conduits, plastics, broken glass, site will be ensured. wastes from rubble, brick bats, broken  Provision for on-site waste kitchen, plaster/concrete and fine material segregation and storage will be construction (sand and dust) will be segregated made by providing appropriate waste from non recyclable waste and will bins for different waste be disposed off to approved categories. contractors for their recycle and

reuse.

 Biodegradable waste from kitchen,  Biodegradable can be used for laundries, galleries etc will be composting. collected in separate bins prior to its disposal.

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Hazard & Proposed Mitigation Required Actions Effect(s) Soil and  The top soil recovered during land  Measures will be implemented Sediment clearance will be stockpiled to minimize soil erosion and top Quality separately and will be used for soil losses during construction backfilling the trench in order to phase. restore the original soil condition.  Wastewater discharges and solid  Implementation of waste waste will be subjected to management plan (as described appropriate treatment prior to the in section 8.2) will be ensured. disposal.  Measures will be taken to  Use of pipeline commissioning minimize soil and sediment chemicals will be minimized to contamination due to usage of the extent possible. pipeline commissioning  Disposal of the chemical will be chemicals. ensured as per the engineering package specifications for contractors. Ecological  Measures will be taken to  Implementation of suitable Impacts minimize ecological impacts due measures will be ensured. to air emissions and noise from operation of machineries, equipments and transportation

vehicles during construction and

operational phase of onshore and offshore pipelines.  Waste management plan will be  Formulation and implemented to mitigate adverse implementation of waste impacts on the land and marine management plan (as described environment. in section 8.2) will be ensured.  Intimation to the Fisheries  Visual observations of the Department in case of any unusual aquatic flora & fauna will be phenomenon observed. done in routine through the rig and surveillance vessels on round.

 Intimation to the Fisheries  Same as above. Department and/or Forest Department in case any deceased aquatic species is observed on the sea surface or any behavioral change observed in the avi-fauna.

Socio-  Local people will be recruited  Record of all jobs will be Economic indirectly during project activities. maintained. Monthly feedback Environment on jobs will be given to locals

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Hazard & Proposed Mitigation Required Actions Effect(s) reporting on job profile.  Provision for vocational  Vocational trainings will be training programs will be provided to local people to ensured. enhance their skill and employment opportunities.  Implementation of stringent  Safety measures will be adopted to Health, Safety and minimize Occupation Health Environmental practices will be Hazards during project activities. ensured.  Installation of pipeline will be  Measures will be adopted to ensured during non-fishing minimize effects on fish catch of season. the area.  Implement social welfare project  Undertake social welfare projects as per Company’s CSR Policy. for the local communities through well throughout CSR strategy.

8.2 WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN

To facilitate field level implementation, a waste management plan is framed which will be subject to fine tuning depending on site conditions. This Waste management plan is as presented below in Table 8.2. Table 8.2: Waste Management Plan

Waste Waste Type Proposed Action Category Recyclable waste (such  Recyclable construction waste will be as bricks, stone slabs, segregated and stored in separate bins timber, conduits, from non recyclable waste and will be plastics, broken glass, disposed off to approved contractors for rubble, brick bats, its final disposal. Construction broken plaster / concrete wastes  Wastewater generated from and fine material (sand construction activities will be treated in and dust), non recyclable existing ETP of G-1 and GS-15 facility. waste and wastewater The treated effluent will be reused for from construction the purpose of watering green belt in activities the plant area.

Sewage  Sewage will be treated in effluent Domestic treatment plant and the treated effluent Wastes will be used for irrigation purpose within and around the plant.

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Waste Waste Type Proposed Action Category Combustible Waste  Waste will be properly segregated (no (Paper, Rags, Packing plastics, metal, glass in it) and material) transported to approved recycling contractor.

Recyclable waste such as  Waste will be properly segregated and Tin packs, plastic and stored for its transportation to approved glass bottles etc. recycling contractor.

Waste lube/ system oil  Hazardous waste will be carefully from construction and stored in drums and transported to operational machineries, MoEF approved recyclers for its final Hazardous used oil from D.G sets disposal. The handling, storage and wastes transportation of the waste will be in accordance to Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Trans- boundary Movement) Rules, 2008.

Hydro test water  Hydro test water will be reused for Pre- multiple tests. In case of offshore Commissioni discharge, it should be ensured at a ng Wastes suitable location so as to minimize adverse impacts.

8.3 CAPITALAND RECURRING COST FOR POLLUTIONCONTROL MEASURES

Total Capital Recurring Pollution control measures Cost Cost Wastewater and Effluent Management Water Quality Monitoring 8,00,000 Fuel, Lubricant and Chemical Management 2,50,00,000 25,00,000 Noise and Vibration Mitigation Acoustic enclosure and Personal Protective equipments 87,00,000 Noise Monitoring 5,00,000 Maintenance cost of equipments 40,85,000 Solid Waste management 1,25,00,000 Air emission mitigation Maintenance of D.G. sets 31,50,000 Flora & Fauna survey (both marine and terrestrial) 3,00,000 Soil & Sediment Quality 8,00,000 Training to staff 2,50,000 General awareness in local public 2,50,000 Total 4,62,00,000 1,26,35,000

The costs are calculated based on the current charges of an accredited laboratory/consultant/ contractor to perform the above said work.

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8.4 ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS TRAINING

Environmental Awareness training will help to ensure that the requirements of the EMP are clearly understood and followed by all project personnel throughout the project period. The primary responsibility for providing training as per HSE policy to all project personnel will be that of the HSE Officer. The HSE policy includes following guidelines:  We are committed to maintain highest standards of occupational health, safety and environment protection.  We will comply with all applicable codes and requirements to promote occupational health, safety and environment protection.  We will be always alert, equipped and ready to respond to emergencies.  We will take all actions necessary to protect the integrity of the system in order to avoid accidental release of hazardous substances.  We will enhance awareness and involvement in promotion of Occupational health, safety and environment protection wherever we work and reside. The HSE Officer will train the site staff, the drilling contractor, and other staff engaged by ONGC for the project. Training will cover all staff levels, ranging from the management and supervisory to the skilled and unskilled categories. The scope of the training will cover the requirements of the EIA and the EMP, with special emphasis on sensitizing the project staff to environmental, social, ethnic, and tribal context of the area. The HSE Officer will conduct on-job live risk assessment trainings to the staff (including HSE coordinator & Company man) and the contractor staff to better appreciate environmental risks and their mitigation measures. This will be undertaken after conducting audits on the operations.

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SUMMARY AND 9 CONCLUSION

9.1 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

ONGC plan to develop Vashishta and S-1 gas field in the eastern offshore for which dual 14 inch sub-sea pipelines are to be laid to evacuate production fluid from Vashishta and S-1 field to the onshore terminal at Odalarevu. The length of pipeline on land and sub-sea is about 4 km and 43 km approx. respectively.

The environment status of 10km study area of the onshore pipeline route and along the sub- sea pipeline route is delineated with respect to air, noise, water, biological environment and socio-economic. The different project activities in the construction and operation phase are identified and evaluated on the basis of primary and secondary data collection through field investigation, environment monitoring and from secondary sources viz. maps, reports, scientific literatures etc. A summary of the identified impacts are given in the following paragraphs.

In the construction phase the vehicular & vessel movement, pipe-laying works and operating of generators will have maximum impact, especially on air, noise, vibration and ecological environment. Water quality and geology/soil will be affected due to the discharge of wastewater (construction and domestic) and leakage of oil etc; from generators and other equipments. On the other hand, during the operation phase; usage of maintenance & cleaning chemicals and risk of gas leakages will affect the water, air, noise and biological environment.

With respect to occupational health, impacts are anticipated on the health of the employees during operation phase. Personnel working near the noise generating machines, DG sets and handling of chemicals and lubricants are more susceptible of getting health hazards.

However, all these impacts can be overcome with the proposed mitigation measures proposed in Chapter 4 and EMP. Overall, this project will bring economic benefits, increase energy security of the country and generate employment opportunities.

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DISCLOSURE OF 10 CONSULTANTS ENGAGED

10.1 INTRODUCTION

Asian Consulting Engineers Pvt. Ltd. (ACE) is an independent consulting company in the field of water and environment engineering with its headquarters located in New Delhi, India. ACE provides consulting services and sustainable solutions for infrastructure projects (roads, railways, ports, hydropower, water resources and other urban infrastructural plan outs), industrial projects (refineries, petrochemicals, gas pipelines, offshore and onshore oil & gas exploration, fertilizers, steel plants, power plants, textiles, hotels, distilleries and tanneries) and social development projects.

ACE is committed to provide consultancy services of international quality at local costs to suit its client’s requirements. ACE believes that the key to success is the ability to work effectively with clients to understand, define, and resolve their environmental concerns. ACE offers technical talent, specialized expertise, physical resources, and requisite facilities that are important in responding to water and environmental issues, the world faces today. The quality of work and timely completion of project are of paramount importance in each assignment that ACE undertakes.

We, at ACE, know what makes for a successful project. Clients turn to ACE because

 We understand the issue at hand  Have the required experience and expertise to develop unique solutions  Complete work on time and within budget  Work towards client satisfaction as our ultimate goal ACE offers this combination of quality and performance through its professionals, managers and support personnel. Our people are equipped with state-of-the-art technologies and they are motivated to implement the project to the satisfaction of the client.

10.2 QUALITY OF SERVICES

ACE is committed to providing a high quality consultancy service. As a recognition of same, ACE has been awarded ISO 9001: 2008 certified (Certificate no: 22340/10/S) by RINA, to provide consultancy services for water supply, waste water treatment, municipal solid waste management, environment and social impact assessment, environment impact and audit, remote sensing and geographical information systems. In addition to this, ACE is also accredited with Quality Council of India for preparation of EIA of Onshore and offshore oil and gas exploration and development and transportation of oil and gas through pipelines (Category A).

10.3 AREA OF SPECIALIZATION

 Water Resources Engineering  Water Supply

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 Wastewater Management  Urban Environment Improvement  Environmental Management  Social Development  GIS and Remote Sensing 10.4 RESOURCES

Panel of Experts

ACE has experts in the following specialized areas:  Water supply engineering  Water resources engineering  Wastewater engineering  Solid waste management  Public Health and Sanitation  Environmental Management  Forestry and Wildlife  Environmental modeling  Fisheries  Aquaculture  Social development Infrastructural Resources

Following facilities are available with ACE:

 Air quality models  Noise quality models  Water quality models  Water distribution analysis software  Sewer network analysis software Software Availability

 AERMODE  CALINE 4  Erdas Imagine  Arc GIS  AutoCAD  Map Info

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