1 Table 1 Occurrence of Animal Groups in Dung Pads Surveyed From

Table 1 Occurrence of animal groups in dung pads surveyed from the Western Ghats of Pune district. Sr. Group of Number of Dung pad Total

No. Organisms number

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

1 Earthworm 15 15 12 20 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 12 164

2 Round worm 0 0 0 5 2 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10

3 Snail 0 0 3 0 0 0 4 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10

4 Ants 25 20 10 5 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 10 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 69

5 Dung beetle 10 9 5 7 10 15 5 2 3 2 15 11 10 2 1 16 2 30 25 16 196

6 Hister beetle 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 5 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14

7 Earwigs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 10

8 Rove beetle 2 1 0 0 3 4 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 13

9 Solider fly 5 3 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 0 0 4 0 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 32

10 Green 2 2 2 1 2 2 4 2 2 1 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 29

bottle fly

11 Wood louse 15 10 20 15 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 12 11 0 15 0 0 0 0 105

12 Pseudo 3 2 4 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 17

scorpion

13 Carrion beetle 6 4 7 5 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 2 12 0 0 5 0 0 42

14 Drosophila 20 15 30 11 5 7 0 0 0 6 7 0 8 9 0 0 0 5 4 5 132

15 Damselfly 0 0 0 0 2 4 3 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 4 0 0 0 0 17

16 Mites 50 20 30 10 12 0 0 0 15 20 30 15 0 0 12 10 11 19 0 0 254

17 Centipede 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 3 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 10

18 Millipede 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 1 0 2 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 10

19 Toad 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 8

20 Bird 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8

Table 2:- Dung beetle diversity in Western Ghats of Pune district (2008-2012).

Tribe Tribe Name Genus Sp.No. Species

No.

I. Scarabaeini 1. Scarabaeus L. 1 Scarabaeus andrewsi (Felsche) ( 6 species)

2 Scarabaeus devotus (Redt)

3 Scarabaeus sanctus (F.)

4 Scarabaeus gangeticus.( Cast)

5 Scarabaeus erichsoni (Har)

6 Scarabeus sacer (L.)

2. Gymnopleurus 1 Gymnopleurus gemmatus (Harold)

Iliger ( 10 species)

2 Gymnopleurus parvus. ( Macl.)

3 Gymnopleurus koenigi ( Fabricus)

4 Gymnopleurus flagellates (F.)

5 Gymnopleurus cyaneus (F.)

6 Gymnopleurus bombayensis (Arrow)

7 Gymnopleurus spilotus (Macl.)

8 Gymnopleurus xthiopes ( sharp)

9 Gymnopleurus dejeani ( Cast)

10 Gymnopleurus sumptuosus. (Cast.)

II Sisyphini Sisyphus Latr (1 species) 1 Sisyphus neglectus (Gery)

III Coprini 1. Liatongus (Reitt) 1 Liatongus rhinoceros (Sp.n.) ( 4 species) 2 Liatongus indicus (Arrow)

3 Liatongus vertagus (F.)

4 Liatongus rhadamistus (F.)

2. Onthophagus 1 Onthophagus sagittarus (F.) Latr.( 29 species)

2 Onthophagus catta (F.)

3 Onthophagus amplexus ( Sharp)

4 Onthophagus descedens ( Sharp)

5 Onthophagus mirandus (Arrow)

6 Onthophagus imperator ( Cast)

7 Onthophagus productus (Arrow.)

8 Onthophagus gagets ( Hope)

9 Onthophagus ochreatus (d’ Orb)

10 Onthophagus cavia ( Boue)

11 Onthophagus oculatus (Arrow)

12 Onthophagus pacificus (Lanb)

13 Onthophagus dynastoides (Arrow)

14 Onthophagus grriscosotosus (Arrow)

15 Onthophagus amphinasus (Arrow)

16 Onthophagus pactolus (F.)

17 Onthophagus variegates (F.)

18 Onthophagus fuscopunctatus (F.)

19 Onthophagus orientalis (Har)

20 Onthophagus bonasus (F.)

21 Onthophagus seniculus (F.)

22 Onthophagus madoqua (Arrow)

23 Onthophagus rana (Arrow)

24 Onthophagus andrewesi (Arrow)

25 Onthophagus cervus (F.)

26 Onthophagus regalis ( Arrow)

27 Onthophagus coeruleicollis, (Arrow.)

28 Onthophagus pygmeus (Sechall)

29 Onthophagus vividus (Arrow.)

3. Chironitis Lanb. 1 Chironitis indicus (Lanb.) ( 1 species) 4. Onitis Fab. 1 Onitis excavatus (Arrow) ( 3 species) 2 Onitis humerosus (Pallas)

3 Onitis philemon (F.)

5. Heliocopris Burn 1 Heliocopris gigas (Linnaeus) ( 3 species) 2 Heliocopris tyronus (Thoms)

3 Heliocopris dominus (Bates)

6. Copris Geoffroy 1 Copris delicatus (Arrow) ( 8 species) 2 Copris indicus (Gill)

3 Copris repertus (Walk)

4 Copris numa (Lansb)

5 Copris andrewesi (Wat)

6 Copris cribratus (Gill)

7 Copris furciceps (Felsche)

8 Copris davisoni (Wat)

7. Phalops Er. 1 Phalops candezei (Lansb) ( 4 species) 2 Phalops divisus (Wied)

3 Phalops cyanescens (d’Orb)

4 Phalops olivaceus (Lansb)

8. Cacobius Thoms 1 Cacobius diminutivus (Walk) ( 8 species) 2 Cacobius torticornis (Arrow)

3 Cacobius unicornis (F.)

4 Cacobius intermis (Arrow)

5 Cacobius gallinus (Arrow)

6 Cacobius meridionalis (Bouc.)

7 Cacobius vuleanus (F.)

8 Cacobius denticolis (Har)

9. Cassolus Sharp 1 Cassolus humeralis (Arrow) ( 1 species)

10. Oniticellus Serv 1 Oniticellus pallipes (F.) ( 4 species) 2 Oniticellus pallens (Oliv)

3 Oniticellus spinipes (Roth)

4 Oniticellus cinctus (F.)

11. Drepanocerus 1 Drepanocerus sinicus (Har) Kirby( 3 species) 2 Drepanocerus runicus (Arrow)

3 Drepanocerus exsul (Sharp)

Table 3:- Diversity, feeding and nesting behavior of dung beetles from Western Ghats of Pune District.

Sr. No. Genus No. of Feeding Nesting species behavior behavior 1 Scarabaeus L. 6 D R

2 Gymnopleurus Iliger 10 D R

3 Sisyphus Latr 1 D R

4 Liatongus (Reitt) 4 D D

5 Onthophagus Latr 29 C, D T . 6 Chironitis Lanb. 1 D D

7 Onitis Fab. 3 D T

8 Heliocopris Burn 3 D T

9 Copris Geoffroy 8 D T

10 Phalops Er. 4 D D

11 Cacobius Thoms 8 C, D D

12 Cassolus Sharp 1 D D

13 Oniticellus Serv 4 D T

14 Drepanocerus Kirby 3 D D

Legend –Feeding behavior: D = Dung, C= Carrion. Nesting behavior: R= Roller, D=Dweller, T=Tunneler.

Table 4: Abundance of dung beetles in study area (2008-2012) using ANOVA test.

Region Mean 95% confidence SD Range Median Average interval for mean absolute deviation from median Bhimashankar 324.17 191.0 thru 457.4 264 760-0.00 319.0 222

Junnar 281.08 147.9 thru 414.3 238 654.0- 0.000 279.0 203

Maval 257.67 124.5 thru 390.9 226 619.0 - 0.000 236.5 194

Paud 223.42 90.21 thru 356.6 204 558.0 -0.000 194.5 176

Velhe 235.00 101.8 thru 368.2 214. 580.0 -0.000 209.0 183

Bhor 280.00 146.8 thru 413.2 236 658.0 -2.000 268.0 200

Table 5A: Aerobic gut Bacteria (Average) in dung beetles from Western Ghats of Pune district.

Sr.No. Bacteria Percentage 1 Rhodobacteriales 5.26% 2 Neisseriales 5.26% 3 Methylophillales 5.26% 4 Rhizobiales 5.26% 5 Actinomycetales 5.26% 6 Rhodospirillales 10.52% 7 Methylococcales 10.52% 8 Pseudomonadales 15.78% 9 Bacillales 15.78% 10 Lactobacillales 21.05%

n=5

Table 5B: Anaerobic gut Bacteria (Average) in dung beetles from Western Ghats of Pune district.

Sr.No. Bacteria Percentage 1 Clostrdiales 75%

2 Methanosarcinales 25%

n=5

Table 6A: Aerobic gut Bacteria (Average) in carnivore beetles from Western Ghats of Pune district.

Sr.No. Bacteria Percentage 1 Burkholderiales 3% 2 Actinomycetales 3% 3 Rhizobiales 10% 4 Pseudomonadales 13% 5 Lactobacillales 26% 6 Bacillales 45% n=2 Table 6B: Anaerobic gut Bacteria (Average) in carnivore beetles from Western Ghats of Pune district.

Sr.No. Bacteria Percentage

1 Clostridiales 100%

n=2

Table 7A: Aerobic gut Bacteria (Average) in herbivore beetles from Western Ghats of Pune district.

Sr.No. Bacteria Percentage

1 Methanobacteriales 30%

3 Lactobacillales 30%

3 Bacteroidales 40% n=2

Table 7B: Anaerobic gut Bacteria (Average) in herbivore beetles from Western Ghats of Pune district.

Sr.No. Bacteria Percentage

1 Clostridiales 100%

n=2

Table 8: Bacterial fauna in cow dung and gut of dung beetles.

Bacteria Cattle Gymnopleurus Sisyphus Onthophagus Copris Heliocopris dung Pseudomonadales - + - + - + Lactobacillales + + + + + + Bacillales + + + + + + Rhodobacterales - - - + + + Neisseriales - - - + - + Methylophillales - + + + + + Rhodospirillales - + - - + + Methylococcales + + + + + + Rhizobiales - - + + + + Actinomycetales + + + + - + Clostridiales + + + + + + Methanosarcinales + + + + + + Total order of bacteria 6 9 8 11 9 12 present

Table 9: Average number of gut bacteria in five different genera of dung beetles and dung.

Sr. Sample Average number of gut bacteria No. (Total Viable Count) 1 Cattle dung 0 .85 × 106/ ml 2 Sisyphus neglectus 0.85 × 106/ ml 3 Gymnopleurus illiger 0.92 × 106/ ml 4 Copris indicus 1.00 × 106/ ml 5 Onthophagus catta 1.58 × 106/ ml 6 Heliocopris gigas 2.99 × 106/ ml n=2 Note –Sisyphus and Gymnopleurus are rollers, while Copris, Onthophagus and Heliocopris are tunnelers.

Table 10:Presence of fungal colonies (isolated) in cow dung and gut of dung beetles.

Fungal Cattle Gymnopleurus Sisyphus Onthophagus Copris Heliocopris Colonies dung Saccharomycetales + + - + - + Eurotales + - - - + - Mucorales + - - - - + Total fungal 3 1 0 1 1 2 colonies present

Table 11: Mite species and their association with the dung beetle genera reported from the Western Ghats of Pune district.

Sr. No. Mite species Association with Dung beetle Genus 1 Glyptholaspis fimicola Onitis 2 Holostaspella berlesei Onitis 3 Macrocheles hallidayi Onthophagus Onitis Heliocopris Copris Oniticellus 4 Macrocheles kraepelini Onthophagus Onitis Copris 5 Macrocheles limue Scarabaeus Liatongus Onthophagus Onitis Heliocopris Copris Oniticellus

6 Macrocheles oigru Gymnopleurus Onthophagus Onitis Oniticellus 7 Macrocheles subbadius Onthophagus 8 Macrocheles glaber Onthophagus 9 Macrocheles merdarius Onthophagus