A STUDY OF THE PREVALENCE OF MENSTRUAL SYNCHRONY IN THE DORlYiITORIES OF BALL STATE U1TIVERSIry
An Honors Thesis (ID 499)
by Kandice Welch
Thesis Director Dr. Anne Cartwright
Ball State University Muncie, Indiana May, 1978 Sf(.c \1 ·1\\eSI~> L ..') :.t1lti . -z.!t 11'6
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author wishes to express her appreciation for her thesis director, Dr. Anne Cartwright, for the valuable, but sometimes frustrating learning experience of writing an acceptable scientific paper. I would also like to thank the teachers Nho allowed me to canvas their classes for volunteers, and the subjects
themselves wi thout ~Thom there would be no paper. The author "t'Tould like to acknowledge Dr. McComish for the use of his calculator. Special thanks are in order for my indispensable husband, Mike.
ii TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS • • • ...... ii LIST OF APPE~IDICES ...... iv CHAPTER
I. INTRODUCTION...... • • 1 II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE • . . 2 III. MATERIALS AND METHODS ...... 14 IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION • . . . . . 17 - V. SUMMARY A~ID CONCLUSIONS ...... 22 LITERATURE CITED • • • • • • • • • ...... 23
iii LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
1. Ball State University assurance and certifica- tion of revie't'j of a single project involving human subjects · · · · · • · · · • • · • · · • · 25 2. Packet of forms used in study • · · • • · • · · 28 3. Ba clc ground information on control subjects · • · 34 4. Background information on experimental subjel~ts 35 5. First day of menses for control subjects, August through April • · · • · • · • · · · • • • 36 6. First day of menses for experimental subjects, August through April · • • · · · • • · · · • • · 37 7. Differences between onset of menses for sub- - ject pairs • • · · · · • · · • • · · • • · • • • 38 8. t-test results · · · · · · • · · · · · • • • • · 39
iv INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this study was to determine l'rhether a relationship existed betw"een two ';'mmen rooming together in a Ball State University dormitory and the timing of their menstrual cycles. NcClintock (1971) condu.cted a similar study in an eastern all women college and found that within a period of four monthes the time of menses for roommates and close friends began to synchronize. The present study differed from that of McClintock i,n that the basic environnent was a co-educational instituti.on. Similar reproductive phenomenona to that observed - by HcClintock have been observed among other mammals, and the causes are believed to be pheromonal in nature. Pheromones are odors which carry messages from one individ ual to another. The 'ltvord itself is derived from the Greek pherein, to transfer; hormon, to excite. There is much current speculation on the possible role of pheromones in both nonhuman and human primate behavior. REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE
Karlson and Luscher (1959:55) defined pheromones as "substances which are secreted to the outside by an ind ividual and received by a second individual of the same species, in which they release a specific reaction, for example, a definite behaviour or a developmental process." Law and Regnier (1971) in their review article su'bdi vided pheromones into two divisions; releasers and prim1ers. Releasers had an immediate effect on the behavior of the recipient whereas primers had a delayed effect. 'rhese definitions were originally applied to insect pheromones. Pheromones were first discovered in 1896 when it was found that live female moths in cardboard traps could be used to attract male moths (Comfort, 1972). Sinee that time many different insect pheromones l'fi th many different functions have been identified. Law and Regnier (1971) cited examples of recruitment pheromones to increase foraging efficiency and alarm pheromones which sig;naled flight or aggression both of which were found in social insects. The sting apparatus of bees contained alarm pheromones which induced other bees to sting at the same location. Ants were also often attracted by alarm pher omones. The queen honeybee secreted a pheromone 'I'1'hich prevented the development of worker ovaries. 3 The majority of the studies on insect pheromones concentrated on those compounds vThich were responsible for sexual attraction. Many compounds which have the same attractive effect have been synthesized, and they may prove vA.luable in controlling harmful insects. Since pheromones are interspecific they do not have the broad spectrum effect of most insecticides which destroy both the useful as well as the harmful insects (Comfort, 1972). At this time pheromones have not proven to be feasible in controlling heavy insect infestations; how"ever, they have been useful in the control of light infestations. Pheromones have also been useful as an assay tool for measuring the size of insect populations, and the communica tion disruption effect of pheromones has been studied as a possible method of regulating population growth. Communica tion disruption consisted of spraying large doses of the male attractant pheromone over infested areas during the breeding season in order to confuse the males in their attempts to find the true females (Marx, 1973). The effect of olfactory stimuli such as the attraction of males to estrous females, have been observed in mammals for centuries. However, it was not until the early 1950's
when olfactory influence on the reproductive cyclE~s of laboratory mice were observed that mammalian pheromones attracted serious scientific interest. Lee and Boot (1956) found that when female mice were grouped together in the absence of a male, many of the mice 4 became anestrous. These mice also exhibited a high rate of
pseudopregnancies. Lee and .~ suspected that the stimulus was olfactory in nature, for neither phenomenon oecurred among mice in which the olfactory bulb had been removed. A few years after the discovery of what is now known as the Lee-Boot effect, Whitten (1959) found that grouped anestrous female mice would come into estrous when exposed to a male mouse or his urine. Furthermore, if all of the mice were exposed to this stimulus at the same time, the presence of the male served to synchronize their estrous cycles. A third pheromonal effect on the reproductj.ve pro cess in mice was discovered by Bruce (1959). When pregnant females were exposed to an unfamiliar male or his urine they reabsorbed their developing fetuses. The sexual maturation of mice may also be tnflu
enced by pheromones. Drict~mer (1977) discovered that the first estrous of young female mice was delayed by exposure to either grouped females or their urine. Physical contact and social interaction with grouped females produeed no more delay in the sexual maturation of the young than did
exposure to the urine of the grouped females alonE~. Another study discovered that there was an andr6gen dependent urinary pheromone in male mice which aceelerated sexual maturation in young females (Lombardi, 197(,). This pheromone appeared to be suppressed in both juvenile and - adult males when they were placed in a subordinatE~ social 5 - role to a . more dominant male. Production of this pheromone may be suppressed by the presence of pregnant or lactating females. Lombardi suggested that in high density populations the intense male-male interactions and the presence of preg nant and lactating females may have partially accounted for suppressed fertility in populations where males are abundant. Pheromones may have played a role in developing
mother-young bonds in some rodents. r101 tz and LE~idahl (1977) suggested that in lactating female rats the prolactin in some manner altered the composition of the bile. This alteration effected the chemistry of the cecum of the rat which resulted in production of a maternal pheromone. This pheromone was secreted with the female's feces. After
receiving injections of bile taken from lactatine~ female rats, males were also able to release this young··attractant pheromone. Doty (1976) reviewed several studies which indicated that pheromones may have played a role in the nursing activity, ,nest location, and clumping behavior of rodent young. Doty (1976) cited many other examples of the role of pheromones in non-primate mammalian behavior, both among
domestic and feral animal populations. Many un~llates had special scent gland which were used to mark off terri tory. Odor might also have been important in the identifica tion of offspring by many female ungulates. The presence of
male pigs ~vas able to hasten sexual development in prepubertal 6 females although it has hot been shmm whether the stimulus
~ras olfactory in nature. There TTaS also data that the pre sence of a ram was able to induce synchronized estrous in female sheep and that this stimulus was at least partially olfactory (Morgan et al., 1972). Michael and Keverne (1968) :round that anosmic male rhesus monkeys could not distinguish between attractive estrogenized females and unatrractive ovariectomi.zed females. Later (1970) these authors discovered that the previously unattractive oVariectomized females could be made attractive to normal ma,les when their genital areas were pai.nted with the washings from the vagin3.s of estrogenized females. They postulated that there were attractive chemicals ln the
vaginal secretions of the estrogenized females ~.J'hich stim ulated both male interest and overt male sexual behavior
(mounting and ejaculation) even though the ovariE~ctomized female l.;as not aroused and i'.J'as not giving the appropriate behavioral cues.
Keverne and ~1ichael (1970) called these hypothesized chemicals "copulins." Copulins were isolated from female monkeys in 1971 (Michael et a1., 1971). They proved to be short chain aliphatic acids and were tentatively identified as acetic, propionic, isobutyric, isovaleric, and isocaprioc aCids. In tests with four males these aliphatic acids, when separated from the vaginal secretions and applied to oVariectomized females, caused a substantial increase in overt male sexual behavior. 7 The question still remains unanswered of how large a part learning plays in these reproductive behaviors. Goldfoot, et a1. (1978) attempted to repeat l\1ichael's exp eriments using sexually experienced males which he made anosmic. Their monkeys continued to exhibit normal sexual interest and behavior over a course of several reproductive cycles. They (Goldfoot et, al., 1978:1096) concluded that "Detection by the male of olfactory cues from the female is not a .. necessary condition either for the occurance or for the cyclicity of copulatory behavior of the pair over a course of several ovulatory cycles." The role of pheromones in primate olfaction is not limited to sexual attraction and reproduction. Kaplan and Russell (1974) studied the role of olfaction in the dev elopment of social attachment in the young squirrel' monkey.
~Vhen young monkeys were given choices between their own surrogate mother and its associated smells, clean surrogates, and surrogates of other young monkeys they definitely pre ferred their own. In contrast, when given the choice between surrogates of the same color as their surrogate or different colors, their response varied from one session to another with no definitive preference. The authors con cluded that at an early age squirrel monkeys are m,ore responsive to odors than to visual stimuli. They also felt that a greater dependence on olfaction for identification
-.. of the mother may have evolved from the fact that the infants 8 - were carried on their mothers' backs (their eyes and noses buried in their mothers' coats). Comfort (1971:432) listed a number of facts which would support the possibility of the existance of pheromones in man: (1) Pheromonal primer effects are near universal in social mammals, including primates. (2) Releaser pheromone effects exist in man, at least in larval forms, and some involve pheromones of other mammals (musk, civetone) ••• (3) In mammals as against insects, functional and species specificity do not seem to depend on a multiplicity of special sub stances. Cross-specific reactions are common (humans react to musk; bulls, goats, and mon keys to the odour of women) •.• The physiological effect of similar molecules is likely to be similar between man and other mammals ••• (4) Humans have a complete set of organs which are traditionally described as non functional, but which, if seen in any other mammal, would be recognized as part of a pher omonal system. These include apocrine glands associated"with conspicuous hair tufts, some of which do not produce sweat and must presumably produce some other functioning secretion, a dev eloped prepuce and labia, and the production of smegma. One approach to determining the role of pheromones in human behavior involved the study of odor thresholds for various compounds. Attempts were made to discover whether there was a sex difference in odor perception and whether the odor threshold changed in relationship to the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. Doty (1976) reviewed many of these experi ments, but found that different studies gave conflicting and puzzling results. In a study conducted with 24 European couples, Hold and Schleid t (1977) found that these couples could distin-.· 9 between personal odors. The subjects wore clean .cotton undershirts for seven nights in a row. They were then given three opportunities to identify their own and their mate's shirts from a group of ten shirts. They were also required to lable each shirt as male or female and to rate its odor as pleasant, indifferent or unpleasant. The results showed that 31 percent of the subjects were able to identify their own odor, and 33 perc,ent could identify the shirts of their partners; 46 percent incorrectly identified a stranger's shirt as their partner's or their own, while 18 percent could not distinguish between the shirts. The female subjects gave more correct responses than the males. Another interesting outcome was that neither length of marriage nor sleeping arrangements seemed to influence the number of correct responses. Hold and Schleidt found that the couples associated specific emotional attributes with the odors. Most of the subjects ranked the odor of their mate's shirt as pleasant. Of the subjects 32 percent were able to correctly identify male and female odors. Both sexes more often labled female odors as pleasant and male odors as unpleasant. 'rhe majority of the males were indifferent to their own odor whereas the majority of the women ranked their own odor as pleasant. As a result of this study, Hold and Schleidt felt that human odor played an important role in non-verbal communication. Russell (1976) conducted a similar study using college students and the undershirts that they had worn for 24 hours. 10 - Of his subjects 75 percent were able to correctly identify their own shirt from among three undershirts. Thl9 subjects were also able to correctly identify the two remaining shirts as either male or female with 75 percent accuracy,. No data were taken as to the relative pleasantness or unpleasantness of the odors. Russell (1976;52) stated that the tests show that "at least the rudimentary communications of sexual discrimination and individual identification can "be made on the basis of olfactory cues." Benjamin Brody (1975) presetmed an interesting article on the sexual significance of the axillae or under arms. He felt that their significance had been tacidly over- by- present day psychologists, but that their imp- ortance was illustrated in folklore, art, and lit'9rature. He,like Comfort,mentioned the fact that the apocr:i.ne sweat glands have been found only in the anogenital reg:i.on, the axillae, and near the naval. These glands remain,9d nearly dormant until the onset of puberty when they became fully active until old age. Brody (1975:279) view'red the axillae with their hair, and the arms hanging over them as "scent boxes." The scent is released 1Ilhen a \'Toman provaca ti vely raises her arms above her head. This pose was depicted in the nudes of artists such as Hatisse, Bonnard, Titian, Courbet, and Ingres. Short-chain aliphatic acids (acetiC, propionic, butyriC, and isobutyriC) that have been shmm to be sex
attractant pheromones in rhesus monkeys (Michael !~t, al., 11 - 1971) have been isolated from the vaginal secretions of humans (Sokolovet_ al., 1976). These compounds were gathered over the length of the menstrual cycle. It was found that their concentration did not peak near ovulation, but rather between the period of ovulation and menses. However, if these compounds had an attractant role in reproductive behavior their concentration would have been expected to peak near ovulation, the most fertile time in a woman's cycle (Sokolov et- al., 1976). Sokolov et. ale found that the surge in fatty acids appeared to parallel the post-ovulatory surge of progesterone rather than the estrogen concentration as is the case in rhesus monkeys (Michael and Keverne, 1970). 1. concluded that "it is unlikely that humans Can USE~ vaginal 12 - odors reliably to determine the general time of oyulation" (Dot yet al., 1975:1317). This study also indicated that pheromones w'ere probably not serving as sexual st:lmulants encouraging intercourse at the most fertile period df the menstrual cycle. EVidence indicated that pheromones were active in the formation of the mother-young bond in non-human mammals (Kaplan and Russell, 1974'; .Iv1oltz and Leidahl, 1977). A similar study by Russell (1976) used human infantl=: and breast pads from their mothers. The study showed that at an early age (at least by six 't'-Teeks) infants were able to differentiate between the pad from their mother, that from another nursing woman, and a control pad. It was not clear whether the infants were responding to their mother's odor or their own odor whi:bh they had placed on their mother's breast. Menstru8.1 synchrony has been reported by friends, roommates, sisters, and mother-daughter pairs, but the phe nomenon was not actually studied until the 1970's. Martha McClintock (1971) studied the menstrual cycles of 135 women in an all female college and found that there was a signi ficant increase in synchronization between roommates and close friends. The greatest degree of synchronization occurred in the first four monthes of the study. Subjects were also asked how many times a week they saw males, and it was found that those who saw males less than three times a ~Teek had significantly longer cycles than those who saw males more often. This is somewhat analogous to the Lee-Boot effect observed in mice, (McClintock, 1971). 13 Although one cannot definitely say that the synchrony - was due to pheromones, McClintock ruled out many of the other possibilities. She eliminated diet changes and a similar life style with similar stresses as the cause of menstrual synchrony by showing that random pairs of woman in the dormitory, who were eating there and supposedly l:lving a similar life style, did not show· significant synchrony. Another possible cause of synchronization might have been the common light-dark cycles, but McClintock felt that this was not an influence since roommates who presumably had the same light-dark cycle showed slightly less synchronization than did close friends. It was unlikely that know-ledge of others' cycles effected the subjects as 47 percent were not conscious of their friends' cycles and another 48 percent were only vaguely aware. If human pheromones were shown to play a role in our behavior it would be interesting to speCUlate how they might be used. Comfort (1972) suggested their possible use in controlling the reproductive cycle as much smaller concentrations would be needed in comparison to the hormone concentrations now used in contraceptive pills. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study involved human subj ects thereforE~ it was necessary to meet HEW requirements and obtain clearance from the University's Office of Research A committee c.hosen by the Department of Biology and the Office of Research reviewed the proposal and ascertained that the risks to the! subj ects were negligable. An informed consent form was prepared meeting HEW's requirement stating that the subject is aware of what the study reqUires, aware of any possible risks, and the subject voluntarily agrees to participate. One concern of the review committee was that questions - relating to menstruation might prove embarrassing to some sUjects. It was hoped that this problem could be avoided by allowing the subjects to answer the questions anonymously. In order to identify the subjects for such purposes as pair ing roommates (experimental), noting distribution of control subjects, and contacting students tardy in returning data sheets, the subjects were aSSigned identification numbers. The faculty advisor for the study held the key to the students' names and numbers. All data sheets handled by this author contained only the numbers. The experimental group was chosen from womE~n living - in the Honors Dormit~~y at Ball State University. The 15 rationale behind this choice was that all honor students are required to do a senior project; therefore, it might be easier to find pairs of students (roommates) interested and willing to cooperate in another's honors project. The contol group was selected from students living in other dormitories on the campus. It was presumed that these various residence halls would provide a similar e:nvironment to that of the Honors Dormitory. The study was limited to those students who intended to remain in their residence halls throughout the 1977-78 school year. It was also initially limited to those women who were not at that time taking any medication which might effect their menstrual cycle such as thyroid medication or any medication containing estrogen and/or progestl~rone. At the beginning of the study each student was given a previously numbered packet containing all the q11estionnaires which ~Tould be used in the study. The cover sheet briefly explained the study and its purpose. It was followed by the informed consent sheet. The next page, an information sheet, was divided into two parts. The bottom as}~ed for the subject's name, address, and phone number while the top asked for background information on her menstrual cycle. The remainder of the packet consisted of four data sheets each requesting the dates of menses for a period of two monthes (campus mail envelopes w"ere included for the return of these bimonthly forms). 16 At the beginning of the year the experimental packets were distributed to volunteers following a hall meeting in the Honors Dorm. The control packets were distributed in several different biology classes. In both situations the study was explained to the students, and they were asked to look over their packets. Those who were willing to par tlcipat~ then signed the informed consent and completed both parts of the information sheet. The top of the infor mation sheet was collected by the author. Those sheets which contained the subjects· names, that is the inform!3d consent and the bottom half of the information sheet, werl3 collected by the biology professor and delivered to the pro;'ect. s faculty advisor. At the beginning of April an additional fOjnD. was mailed to each experimental subject requesting that she list other individuals besides her roommate with which she spent much time. The lists were mailed to the advisor l"1"ho matched the names of those individuals who were already included in the study with their numbers. During the year those students who did not send in their data as expected were phoned and reminded to do so by the faculty advisor. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The control subjects were gathered from several beginning biology classes and one beginning educ,ation course. The experimental group consisted of roommates who were contacted at two separate hall meetings in their dormitory. All subjects were initially given packets containing an information sheet which was completed at that time and four data sheets. The mean age of the controls was 18.2 years with a range of 17-20 years. The age of the experimental subjects ranged between 17 and 21 years with a mean value of 18.9 years. Of the control subjects, 76 percent consldered their menstrual cycle to be regular. In contrast, 92 percent of the experimental group considered their cycles regular. The estimated length of the cycles of the control subjects ranged from 25-40 days. That of the experimental subjects ranged from 26-90 days. Prior to their room assignments 42 percent of the control subjects had known their roommate. Of the experi mental subjects 59 percent of the group had had pre-study contact with their roommates. At the beginning of the study three of the control subjects and five of the experimental subjects were taking 18 some form of medication which would effect the timing of - their menstrual cycles. During the course of the study three additional experimental subjects began taking med ication containing estrogen and/or progesterone. No addi tional control subjects began doing so. 'l'hose subjects who were taking medication were left in the study as it was felt that although their cycle was set, that of their room mate might still be effected. Those students who failed to send in their data were telephoned by the faculty advisor and reminded to do so. By the end of the study nine of the 39 original control subjects had withdrawn from the study: five lost interest, one became pregnant, one moved off campus, and one had no clycle due to medical complications. Of the 41 experimentals six lost in terest and one withdrew from the university. In evaluating the data the control subjects were first randomly placed in pairs. The difference, in days, between the onset of menses for each pair was ca.lculated for both the first month in the study (September) an.d the last month (April). The experimental subjects were paired both as roommates and as close friends. The difference in onset of, menses for each roommate pair was calculated for both the first months' and last months!., Only the difference for the last month of the paired friends was determined. The means and standard deviations of these onset differences were calcUlated for the controls' first month, the controls' last month, the experimentals' last month, and the last month of paired experimental friends (see Appendix 5). 20 contrast, HcClintock (1971), studying an all female college, found that there v'TaS a significant decrease in t.he differ ences between the onset dates of menses for roommates and close friends as opposed to random pairs. HcClintock also found that close friends showed a slightly higher degree of synchrony than did roommates. One explanation for the marked difference in the results of this study and that of HcClintock might be that Ball State University is a co-educational institution. IvIcClintock studied an all female school. The synchronized cycles which she found may have been analogous to the Lee Boot effect of mice in which grouped females exhibit. pro longed anestrous. In fact, HcClintock (1971) found that those women who estimated seeing males less than three times per week exhibited significantly longer cycles than those subjects who had more exposure to males. At Ball State, subjects would have almost; con tinuous exposure to many different males. With the exception of a few physical education courses all classes on campus are co-educational. In addition the dormitory from 'which the experimental subjects were gathered shares both a dining hall and a 24-hour l.ounge with an adjacent all male dorm- i tory. The results of both this study and that of McClintock tend to parallel similar pheromonal effects which have been observed in other mammals. However, the author feels that further testing is needed both in all female popu.lations 21 and in mixed populations in order to determine m.ore con clusively the prevalency of menstrual synchrony under different environmental conditions. SUIlfI1ARY AND CONCLUSIONS In an attempt to study the prevalence of menstrual synchrony in the dormitories of Ball State University comparisons were made of dates of onset of menses for room mat-es,·close friends, and randomly paired control subjects. The results showed no increase in menstrual syn chrony for either randomly paired controls, roo~nates or close friends. The author concluded that there was no direct correlation between an increase in menstrual synchrony and time spent together for either roommates or I~lose friends during the cou~~e of the study. - LITERA.TURE CITED Brody, B. 1975. The sexual significance of the axillae. Psychiatry 38:278-289. Bruce, H. N. 1959. An exteroceptive block to pregnancy in the mouse. Nature 184:105. Comfort, A. 1971. Likelihood of human pheromones. Nature 230:432-433. Comfort, A. 1972. Nature/Science Annual. Time-Life Books, N. Y. 192 Pp. Doty, R. L. 1976. Nammalian olfaction, reproductive processes, and behavior. Academic Press, N. Y. 344 pp. Doty, R. L., M. Ford, and G. Preti. 1975. Changes in the intensity and pleasantness of human vaginal odors during the menstrual cycle. Science 190:1316-1318. Drickamer, L. c. 1977. Delay of sexual maturation in female house mice by exposure to grouped females or urine from .grouped females. J. Reprod. Fert. 51 :77-81. Goldfoot, D. A., S. Essock-Vitale, C. S. Asa, J. E. Thornton, and A. I. Leshner. 1978. Anosmia in male rhesus monkeys does not alter copulatory activity with cycling females. Science 199:1095- 1096. Hold, B. and M. Schleidt. 1977. The importance of human odour in non-verbal communication. Z. Tierpsychol. 43:225-238. Kaplan, J. and M. Russell. 1974. Olfactory recognition in the infant squirrel monkey. Devl. Psychobiol. 7: 15-19. Karlson, P. and N. Luscher. 1959. 'Pheromones': a new term for a class of biologically active substances. Nature 183:55-56. 24 Law, J. H. and F. E. Regnier. 1971. Pheromones. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 40:533-548. Van der Lee, S. and L. M. Boot. 1956. Spontaneous pseudo pregnancy in mice II. Acta Physiol. Pharmacol. Neerl. 5:213-214. Lombardi, J. R. 1977. Pheromonally induced sexual matur ation in females: regulation by the social environ ment of the male. Science 196:545-546. Narx, J. L. 1973. Insect Control (I): use of pheromones. Science 181:736-737. I>IcClintock, M. 1971. Menstrual synchrony and suppression. Nature 229:244-737. ~1ichael, R. P. and E. B. Keverne. 1968. Pheromones in the communication of primate behaviour. Nature 218:746- 749. Michael, R. P. and E. B. Keverne. 1970. Primate sex pher omones of vaginal origin. Nature 225: 84--85. 11ichael, R. P., E. B. Keverne, and R. W. Bonsall. 1971. Pheromones: isolation of male sex attractants from a female primate. Science 172:964-966. Moltz, H. and L. C. Leidahl. 1977. Bile, prolaetin, and the maternal pheromone. Science 196:81-83. Horgan, D. D., G. W. Arnold, and D. R. Lindsay. 1972. A note on the mating behavior of ewes with various senses impaired. J. Reprod. Fert. 30:1.51-152. Russell, M. J. 1976. Human olfactory communication. Nature 260:520-522. Sokolov, J. J., R. T. Harris, and M. R. Hecker. 1976. Isolation of substances from human vagiru~l secretions previously shown to be sex attractant phlsromones in higher primates. Arch. Sex. Behav. 5:269-274. \fuitten, W. K. 1959. Occurance of anoestrous in mice caged in groups. J. Endocrinol. 18:102-107. 1"' ;:we 25 Appendix 1. EfJ..1 J DrlWl'J~ UIJ IVfJ'::~JT,{ N~DurlI'J'JCE !\:JD CL:dl'U' rC!l.T/I):J uF jJ';'lli (0) III O(JlTI!!] j'UIC' "itl} H'tll ;,~laL(' Unl'1l'J',:;Jty policy on the ProtL'eLlon of 1:1JIrl'ljl :;Jlt),jI,'cL~, p~.Q~r:tment ~f..JiiolQ£Y-_____- (bcparLll1CnL, etc.) /1.];:, (,~V:J>l1::II.-,d a cornr:,H.u'I' ('(Jlflpctcnt to "cview tile project or activit,'y ,i'J"nLi('j -d (It'l,wJ. 'lh' conmiLt\c':; lrIl.!rntll;r.:;hip, IinllU'Jty, am! C:'i"I'Li:;,' :1.~,',Ili'C j'(';',P"<":\. fclt' :L1..:-; advi(~~' :IIlU COll1l!:;C,l. 1·10 rr]l.'n~-,' I' Id' \.tIl' "();,[:litL,',,' 11~1;', :t v(';:.L<'d pr'ld'(':';'j'Jtnl lnt('l't~;:;t. l.n Lt\(, fl/'),j,"t. (II' :wLivity Lint, \vilJ cOld'liet. with Ull.' tlt,,'d fIll" 'irld"r"ll,j"111. Ji"'vi,'w j'(ll' tli,' l'UI'I,n;;I: 01' :::ll""~II;lt'dir~~ tht~ t'il'Jlt:; ;[11,] 1'/('.1 r':,,'" (d' ::II:,,iI'CL.:. 'l'I!,' LniLli.ll, r"'vi('W of' th(~ pro.Ject j,;clll i I'j, t·l:'A_,,~tl:!-gY __ 9f:th.~,,~~,feGts._th\J,j;_liyjng._in_clo8e ~oximi ty ha~ _ on_:t)~JL:tj,m.itlE-Q.f _t..~.m.matrua1._~il.1L-______' to . e d it" 's'tt 'd by __ JCa11QicEt ,)rel.c.1L Biology ind i cates Ul3.t: ( ;hmc ) (Dcpar'trncnt ) (1) Tn UI" ()i,jII~"t1 oj' Llti,; l~()mf!iLt"" HI" r'i~~k:; tC) tile r'.if':tlt:~ and wclLlt'(,' ut' til'· ;:ul',jc'cL:; in LtLl:', Pt'C),jC(:t Ill' activity al"c: The risks are negligible. There is a Slight chance of acciden~al loss of confidential~ty. , . Ttl(' Cn''lfliLt,t(-:::~ ,1.,~I'(>n~) U:~It. ttlt' f()11oWllll~ ~;:'lfl',,':u;'lnl~; af~'lJn:;t these 1'1;:/-;:: 'II'" :ldl"III:J1,': 1. To avoid embarrassment G.t'participants all data will be encoded numerically. The supervising faculty mem ber will hold the lcey containing the names of the participants * (?) '311'" r'ic;l-::~ t() Llll' :',ul),jt-ct :U'" ~;() out':"J,~i!:lI('d llj till) GUIll of 1.1;(' benefIt to U 1" : ;l.ItJ, 1,,(: L :11> I l! 1'-' jl:~ )(1':, y ~Ct: () [' LI.,' L t 1('.','.' I , " I( ':(' +.." he ! ':ahlCd as to "/;11"1','1111. ([ c:c'\':i:;jeJ!1 Lu :11 1(I\'i Ih.. :~;Ilb,iect, to :(,','( t't, l1It':;e !·L~k~j. This o~in10n i.:J ,j u:..,; tj fj ed by U~(> i'()llowill;~ r'C:l00U~j; The ri sks are slight as ~~ the questions asked are of minimal embarrassment, and more than 13'1i.J ~~:e~~~i~;e pfZr~~n~~t;F~~lf~~r;K:(~~;~cr~~~~: to prevent loss of ** a. fI fair (~xpl.]n:-ltion of the proccdl1l'(;f) to be follow('d,inGludirli.:'; WI i(iI'nLi fic:!l inlJ rl!' UI";',I' whicll al'l' "XI'('i'irTlt'rlt.:ll; h. {I tI"::"I ll,t 1'111 ,'" \.til' 'I1.L'ltd:IIII, ,1i.',I'''III",,'I,' :11101 ,'1:;1,:;; c. A d",;"I'II'\ illil ,>I' LII" 1)l11,'l'iL;~ I., III' ",-:1""'1.,'11; d. f\ II<' :I;/V:Uti "":,:Ih!:; j'"H' (,:11 ' ,;I!L.,j'·(~L; ('. 1\1101'1'''1' 1.1) :ttL',W",' :1I1,V ;II,plir'j,';', "(,I1I"'I'I!il,' LlI!' r't,(,(, .. 'r!lJt~·;;; I'. /\11 ill 11',1'" i',11 il"IL \,1" ,','lI',j,',:1 i' 1"1"'" LII i'/ILt'''I':lh' Itl,; ('j " I, :' 'I Ji : II "I 1 , 'i i : ',. '1111', i i,ll" I): I r 'I i,' ii' " i ( 1/ I i r I I I jI' 1>1 'lI, I, ",1. 'II' .. " ': i vii, ,'i ,Jl ' It 1.'1 t. i ! III ' • ::Tl :,",lil.i"I~, tI,(, ,'I.'I""!:I"II1., WI'iLL~:!IIII' "I':I!, "ill"r'('.! llIL() tJ,V I,It, ,;ul),j.,;:, ";,:)III !I" *i\" j' , f '/' ., j r I' ,j' I II' . tf I ~"I::;)J f.' ~,1~. _ 0·0 $ 26 1 fn UII' "1'11,1 )11 or \.C11' I' "!~fllLt.I I' UII' r'oll'Mill;' il!1'Il!'IIt'd COIl:;('llt, I)J\)," ,:'11'1' .. vii II lit, :ll11"PI::L, .tiill :tPI'l,,!)/'i:tLt' (tLt:ldl ~"llPP(lJ'Lilll'~ (lOCUli" !ll,IL:Ull): Written informed consent will be obtained from the subjects following explanation of the research procedures, and before participation in the study. A copy of the written informed consent document is attached. (4) 'n lC <:()lilr;Li t, tu' :I,i"J'1 :(,:~ to (lIT~m! ~~' for :1 l!ont i IlU i 11['; C!Xch.:lllj~e of lnfoY1:otj on and (1ri\:icc' b(:t\','~';_'n Ih3cl r ann ti Ie investigator or diPl~('LlIl', p·lrti.(;1I1~lrly to t-,IJ(' C't'i torI;)' c i bxi ahove. 'lhL; oxdl:-U Ii ~I! wi] L !if' impluw'llt;(:d iJy the' Co 11 O\V i lit': Pl'O('t'dl.!Y'e~:;: 1>lodifi cationa in research design and/or procedures will be presented to the Review Cornrni ttee for approval prior to their implementation. The rese:::.rcher will submit a brief final report to the chairperson. '111(' :~i!H'JiIIr'I':", '11111(':;, :ttld U\:('lql:lt,i()lI:~ ()J' 1,11,1(';: of' the fw'rrJ)I'I':'; uf til\' t'li!'IiILiLL,'" ;!.t": li~;tcd t)('luw. l,j()lh' ,d' LlIl';;" ~;il';rhJ.tul·it~:~ have ,J V"·,!.C'rj IlY' 11t\)(,(,;;;·,jOll;11 intel'l':;l. itl LlIi:; 1il'OJl~Ct or' ric.: L i v i l'y ; '/ 1:.J.t cur I1'1 it: L:) wiLt I \,/ It' llC'('d (\l)' i 1KI< ·l'l_~lldt.:J1L revj c'w. 'L'tJe COLU;r! Lt,!c cl'l'ti f:ic;; tl';ll t.hi:-; :review W:J.~; c:nTLed out in accol'd:.JJ j(~C !tTL til l'al1 :.,)t:.lt.(' lJn 1 vCl':,i ty polley. * involved. No one individual 'will have access to both the names of the individuals involved and the bimonthly data forms. 2. Only volunteers will participate in the study. I~~ ** confidentiality. Little, if any, benefit will accrue directly '/~ .~ to subjects. However, subjects' partiCipation may lead to better ~u~, understanding of the timing of the ovarian cycle. .. 27 The signatures, names, and occupations or titles of the members of the committee are listed below. None of these signatories have a vested or professional interest in this project or activity that .--.. conflicts with the need for independent objective review. The committee cel'tifles th8.t this review was cnrried out in accord:.lnce wi th Ball State lJni versi ty po licy. , , Assistant .Pro " / I.. J !'1/YV' \ u. ;.~I t ' : / oJ Anne Cartwrirht, Ed.D. fessor of Biology Signature Name Ti tIe Associ:lte Pro Daniel Ball, Ed.D. fessor of Biology Signature Name Ti tIe / !1!I f 4 Chairman of Department ' ,.".. ,. t '1[.,:,' .,....,l..-----·-·-Norm<1!l ,.!Ior t on Ph ••D and Professor of Biology Name i tIe ." ,,/ '.7 D: l te 0 f Com:ni ttee Approval 28 Appendix 2. Packet of forms used in study. ,' ." .. .. I ~;;~ ~j , " S; .. ;,' I'f" H", ' ,J ~: ";:', .,,,.> /,.1I' ;..,' ..\ : ;.; ..~ , .. " if ..' ", .:' , > ...: , 'r ~ .. , ,'; _i~ , ~ '.0.' j : .~ c, " > • " 29 .....~f,,:,'. :';":~:'i~~:':,/· ~ ~> ;~:·.cYX.,:ry ;::.2 l S ", ,:.~~ ~~. 1)( ·'t·:~·i ;::i. t~:;/ ]~(3.~"~~~t'V{~~ :~~ \'1i..JL _~..11'C~<:\I''':::~~''''''' '. '" 11 ~~·~~·;. t,."~I13J.X;,? I.e"" t.:'i) tD:~i:;1,~ ·1~··"I~t; .~:?(!.~. 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Kt:ijl~~i W~~L~h~ ~i!~J ,~2~,>·:,~.~c.:b ~i.!t ~:~~~_ch jOt, -}.'Ll~} ~":'d t.i{!~L}}~,-\~~t .;:.? j:-J (;,,~:Jt~ :H_"~, i,:!; ''':' ~Ilf~ ·~11"'a{'~t, :,-ft ~)tle ~~~!J;xt:r:* ~\f ·l,!.,,~ ~~ '~;;~;I;; .. :,:~;r: c.~·::-1.,_,~~ ~.fj6 ~~ "L{~~:': :::;_~"'.,i)~~~:~)"~; ::,:' t!-,-PcJfJ (',0 \r~~Y3 ,:1 'tl;'l~-!:fs-,l- .',/~I£.,l·~:·ib\l.. ~§:r,.::.~ ;,_,'1 ·(~h",.;, .. 'n\15'~'!j :{'~1U<4:'1 :,~~~ -:.~"t Y~t~{: ~... .::;'.~? ~;;_ '>" t ;,.',~;~:l. ... ~J:,~" 30 31 E: ;;~·~tf:f:~ r; :;~ _, ~"t (/::,;',' T ~~ J;r:~'1J{~.'~i0 {i~;{; ),.t~!;~J~: :;-;:"~',":·1~~,';';~~.t ::. ~";'.:, \.~;:~,.,~;:o, fl, }I S" ...:r;:r"-::r"",·~·-t:1';:sr~"---~~:la."" J)l)~)l} ~)}'.:i?::··:5:"f!l·}.~ e:r:r~~:~tt(~,~ -:;;1: ~~~ (; ~:r:: •...,.,.:,. If J:':bll t:FJ::··''l1~.:~6 'i:'j~"'-~~ ··~:it;: ~ ~:::.~:~ ~:~~~ ·r:1Z~~!i ;:::,~~,;~.~ b~~!,(':':l:: ~,~: ;~,k:?j;'1 i"fh~,:.t~, ;~f:~ £~~.r~ ~;:7l[:: Ha~0 ;;;rc:;:U b;~i:n; ~llbjn;;~i:cHj: ~i t;.·:~ ~ fl (f;~:.)~~t~/)~'!lGl ['5'b~ ~r::;3 ;.!r:.l:~~:.j~:·&: ..tr~~~L~~~~ '~':?iC' :rr;~Jly~he'~ {Q ... (~~- ~?~-lm~I.}! ~i'i~i:5:~ of ::; nl,:·~~~t~ 2?)~~=~~~!;1~ O~': $5i:fttlrtd:~.1~~J\~ 8E~}!:fr;1~13F~R ~'!.i~~IiJ:.,.... .;..eU.""'"'" A~~;fo::!~lr;~;.!.~t:1J..J:} ~h:;tJ ~~:J:? h~\\.TI;'·\~ :~ ;J~2.~; ~2c; ~~-:~~1 ~,?L~n:.::. z~.:!,,1':;J::.· yf.;~.\;; S(i~t~~"i'.t~.'~~)':1 ~·1.~~1t~j.. ::1E'~:r Y:~::~~.l.it;!f" ~:;:.:lr~~ t~i,:q,~J ,,, ?/' .JiJ:f ~~':~'I,·~.j.,::;r:,-t;'t ;i:-.~t.:\";.Jl~tj.~;:;§!'J ~fC,til ",,~)1 Sl)L;J:;lJ:rr-iJ1!~'~~'G10; hff~j ~4~fiJ hji:~U!!~ & ft::iJ7 tJ..I\J ~c~ (f;;:f.~~1,~1 (~? ~:1J.J~~? fl~~~;;~ c(";imp-t~~J;~.r (~ii? p~'r.!r ~~l:Q~~'l~lJ~~).t.~·;& ~i::~'Jt)~jti c.~·~,~s~j.,~ '" c~t~':~~ ~ ~ )!3? '~4t' !!' ~"v1.~ lltili/8 ~(:~;r.z:t2 f7l~~'lr;Z -t;tE'i {1\:)~rj~ t:~~grJ;s:~~(i ~~otr.f'.'l (~~J; l.:·~rttzh~~·-:;f~f':~ elf' h&~ftC' eG~'J:ze t·!J1·r.;,t~;: .t.~,"':Y H~Gt1;,-'f.~~\~t~:..(;~, t~'li~!i:~ t:.~Uj1·:~ ~f.:.r~t:~~, ~~Otl1; J,~::J{;:l9 !1j.. -9fU~~} ~:~i.-;(~ ti~ti: i.rl.t$1 eJ.ff:]_?.1.ii~ ""~hi;j ~'l!~,n"IT:4~' fr1.i1,~j~,:.r;U~1£i ~;~~ G. lo-DZ!Ee ~·:m.i::li~. of ~·i;i.{m:;;.l !'l.tl'6'~S dm<;i.t~!!i tn6sa 'i;,\iO i"i:~:""ltl::! ..,:~irf2~~"!u1~t~iU"; J' t~,Z:I dec-tl'. ox (S t;lm;e fi':t.srd o:~ '!e~ti1Je)1 32 , ' > .... ).' : .. :.. ~.' " " { :,," .V1~,:~1t ~;;a~t~~~1 (~ ~-,,"._ . : .....-.~;r ":.:l_.~~:Y~~.; .."'''':· ~~-,';, ~ "',' '" 'j" AT ,~.{.~ .. ,'/t\.~'~;'·'·4 (~)~::~ H.,' ,.;:;:,' ~- ~.]~~\~ ]:--::; ;~il'! ~ '; ,'':''Y:1~:' ~;::r~!'l;',<,; ",1' :c," I", ,"\;;~. ;'~,~:'" t,Ch, ~ _}? 1,' ~~, ;'t:: 1;':'<,'" $ iil. ]If ',ld .':. ,or, -Vb)' ~"?! d';:.ng~,,~ r ';'.\L"~ Co!'" .)',';'llJ*,t",E S ,;,,' :(1),,,, ~o l~jt;uit; (#I··;'_:.c.:··-~1:t: .CJ~-l" '".~":"1_i..::.~~-J~_(,~: ?.td:"!:.t;.(}'7., ,:':f~c.~ ..' , .' ':00 ~'r ;2..~ ", 8,~, H' :!:H'", I;.t"~ ~~"f_~!,!c H!f:> ;J ,}"l~~;f , :lY~t;,,~ ! _,~_r.oot.c:.--....~.~~~:;, if,,' tj ,."1.: e~b:! 'J'l:J, d;.tea r-';'j k' I>.t ~e .)''1:->'1111'';' f.!7, ",,~ti..';M:;' l!h'e's,~ ,j:'w"I: '¥' '~h~!e '~1" ::t:;,~··'nhf~~~ ['9,~ 1>-, '.l.;":l:~~.. S C'·;·fl:t·:,:,·· ~,h,,: r ",1'; d,1'>L'l,k ',I ~ ;·).nt~ it'iS',,:.): "":;' ~ ,\;.'~,~ti\i~}1 33 Dear Participant, I would like to thalLI{ you for YOW' coops:ration this PQst schc~~l year ~'l.n my stud7. I ¥I!Ould &150 like to ask for ~ few l'!IOle minutes of yOUl' time. ilou.ld lOU ple&s(l! send me th~ 001005 of any lZld!viduals in yOUi' dOlfm besides yOW! l'o:;»r;:wste with "!13M.ch ym~ spend nro.oh ti\ll.S. U thea's is a eorrel&tiorJl betws~m mall»tttruill synchrc~ and thG alOOunt ,::If ti~ spent together, tberG snoo",ld ba a cCl'l'el~tioD ba-t,waen the menstrual cycles of flieoos as ~ell as thoee of ~oo~tes. I would also appreciate 8n 6st:ll.mll:~e of tb~ a'1e1:'~ga nUl'Iioor of hours spent togetber in a da;v.. Ple&sa fi.J.1 out, the bottom hnU ot this sh;Ba'i< ~md mail it in this emelope t.o: Dr~ Anne C;>~tUl'igbt> Biology.. Sile "&I~lll check the Dames and give ma the infol"um.t.ion pertaining to ~l;hos,e ind1viduab aue&d1 r;s.rtici~ting in the study hji' .tooil' &8131gnl&d nwnbers rath~l' than bs their il'..!'llmes. As tb~ deadline for ltV pt.pal' i8 di'illNifli: neal', pleas6 rflMI:llbar to mail in your fiDal data anGst (~ch, Ap-til) irwaediatf>ly after YOU!' April period. Thank y()t\ 'Very rtIIlch .. lc,undy Welch Ust the na-mes 01 those hlHih lIlnom ;you spand mt'I.cb time d.taily ai1JQ the n'UI!'i~ll' of ho\U's spvnt pel;' d~1 with each. 34 Appendix 3. Background information on control subjects. Cycle Pre-study Subject Regular Length Roommate Number Age Cycle (days) Medication Contact 101 18 yes 28 no yes 102 18 yes 28 no n.o 103 18 yes 30 no no 104 19 yes 28 no yes 105 19 yes 28 no yes 106 18 yes no no 107 18 yes 28 no n.o 108 18 yes 30 no no 109 18 no 30 no yes 110 19 yes no yes 111 19 no 28-90 yes yes 112 18 yes 26 no no 113 18 yes 30 no no 114 18 yes 29 no no 115 18 no 34 no no 116 18 yes 27 no no 117 20 yes 30 no yes 118 18 yes no no 119 18 no 60 no rlO 120 18 yes no no 121 18 yes no no 122 18 yes no :no 123 18 yes 28 no r.lO 124 18 no 27 yes yes 125 18 yes no r.lO 126 18 yes 22 yes yes 127 18 no 32 no r.lO 128 17 no 30 no yes 129 18 yes 30 no yes 130 18 no no no 131 18 yes 28 no yes 132 135 18 yes no no 136 18 yes 34 no no 137 18 no 24 no jl"es 139 19 yes 23 no jl"es 140 18 yes 25 no yes 141 18 yes 29 no no 142 19 no yes 35 Appendix 4. Background information on experimental subjects. Cycle Pre-study Subject Regular Length Roommate Number Age Cycle (days) Medication Contact lA 18 yes 35 no no 1B 18 yes 34 no no 2A 18 yes 29 no no 3A 20 yes 25 no yes 3B 20 yes 30 no yes 4A 20 no yes yes 4B 20 yes 26 yes yes 11A 19 yes 32 no no liB 18 no 40 no no 12A 18 yes 31 no yes 12B 20 no 30 no yes 14A 17 no no 14B 18 yes 28 no no 15A 18 yes no no 15B 18 yes 25 no no 16A 20 yes 29 no yes 16B 21 yes 27 no yes 17A 18 yes 24 no yes 18A 19 yes 29 no yes I 19A 18 yes 24 no no 19B 18 yes 29 no no 20A 18 yes 32 no no 21A 19 yes 30 no ;yoes 21B 20 yes 30 no yes 22A 19 yes yes no 22B 20 yes 30 yes no 23A 19 yes 24 no ;'}i'es 23B 20 yes yes yes 24A 19 yes 34 no yes 24B 20 yes 28 no yes 25A 18 yes 31 no yes 25B 18 yes 28 no yes 134 18 yes 29 no no 138 20 yes 27 no no 143 20 yes 28-32 no yes 145 18 yes 30 no no 147 19 yes 28 no yes 148 19 yes 28 no yes 149 19 yes 32 no ;'}res 150 19 32 no ;'}res 22C 20 yes 29 no yes ,.-... 36 ~- Appendix 5. First day of menses for control subjects, August through April. Subject Number Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr 101 16 10 5 3 2,31 31 3 102 16 Lost interest 103 Lost interest 104 20 12 13 105 28 17 26 24 23 25 25 29 26 106 4 7 5 8 5 1 2 30 107 13 9 12 14 7 6 5 10 8 108 1 3 4 5 6 5 14 12 109 5 11 8 9 15 U.O 27 18 9 8 6 3 1 5 1 111 10 7 4 3 22 19 18 14 112 9 16 6 15 12 8 1 12 5 113 28 30 17 5 9 13 10 114 4 4 9 11 11 12 13 16 15 115 28 22 25 29 8 8 116 18 24 18 25 25 21 19 26 26 117 20 9 16 18 23 8 118 30 Lost interest 119 7 Moved off campus 120 8 I 17 5,31 25 21 15 11 17 6 l21 8 4,29 25 21 17 11 7 8 3 122 26 26 19 28 2 5 10 13 17 123 5,30 28 25 20 12 Pregnant 124 28 20 15 5 25 16 12 3 11 125 24 24 24 29 29 27 24 23 27 126 5 4 27 24 20 24 22 20 127 25 Lost interest 128 31 16 15 13 5,31 26 18 11 129 24 18 11 6 1 6 2 18 12 130 22 20 15 14 15 11 11 131 2 132 22 11 3 29 23 17 26 17 1.35 24 26 2,28 26 25 28 18 136 16 137 No cycle-medical complications 139 6 Lost interest 140 30 Living at home 141 18 15 13 12 10 6 7 7 6 142 25 25 27 27 23 3 7 37 Appendix 6. First day of menses for experimental subjects, - August through April. Subject Number Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr 1A 10 1 10 9 17 1B 2 9 17 25 28 9 9 2A 6 Lost interest 3A 14 12 7 1 18 u. 15 8 3B 7 11 14 9 7 10 3 4A 18 22 16 17 26 31 7 10 4B 5 6 3 1,29 4 2,30 21' 28 25 llA 27 24 14 7 7 11 10 14 14 liB 1 ? ? ? 10 U. 22 4 12A 21 15 13 11 9 6 10 3 12B 25 15 13 15 16 10 9 13 11 14A 11 Moved off campus 14B 12 ? ? ? ? ? ? 20 12 15A 9 9 Withdrew from university 15B 3 ? ? ? ? ? ? 16A 29 29 28 29 30 25 2l 24 ~4 16B 20 21 16 9 6 26 2:1. 18 12 17A .22 17 9 4 21 11' 13 6 18A 13 Lost interest 19A 14 8 25 31 26 20 19 13 19B 21 9 8 1,31 29 25 20A 28 1 2 1,30 20 15 1/' 14 21A 14 16 16 13 ? ? ? 24 21B 9,22 16 2 3,12 ? ? i6 12 22A 12 10 ? ? 31 2B 28 25 22B 25 Lost interest 23A 11 24 26 31 18 2'">£. 20 20 23B 10,26 31 29 27 24 2:1. 21 18 24A 8 6 6 7 24B 6 2,30 27 27 22 21.~ 26 29 25A 12 10 6 4 4,30 1,29 26 25B 26 15 13 20 21 18 1 -)" 25 24 134 6 7 6 3 2,23 20 24 138 9 7 ? 10 12 ? 22 4 143 13 19 14 7 5 1 2"-) 5 145 16 21 2 3 147 16 Withdrew from university 148 15 Lost interest 149 20 26 20 12 1 1,;:~5 1 ,. 23 150 11 7 9 8 j 15 13 22C ? ? ? 9 6 1 3 3 38 Appendix 7. Differences between onset of menses for subject pairs. Randomly Paired Experimental Experimental Controls Roommates Friend Pairs Sept. April Sept. April April 17 32 23 8 17 10 5 7 5 10 12 3 16 13 9 8 2 5 10 ;~ 5 - 4 8 13 7 6 7 1. 12 9 12 c· 5 3 12 -'1.3 6 1 5 6 7 12 6 j" 6 1 2 17 12 7 10 3 2 15 10 2 22 8 11 Mean 9.79 8.09 9.90 7.57 8.20 Standard Deviation ,- 07 4.25 8.86 7.70 3.81 -) . 39 Appendix 8. t-test results. Groups d.f. t-value Control (September & April) 24 1.044 Experimental Roommates (September & April) 23 .9801 Control & Experimental Roommates (April) 24 .1981 Control & Experimental Friends (April) 20 .0341 Experimental Roommates & Experimental Friends (April) 23 .3470