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Phần Nào Trong Cuốn Sách Này Được Sao Chép Hay Phát Hành Dưới Bất Cứ Hình Thức Nào Mà Không Có Sự Đồng Ý Bằng Văn Bản Trước Của Tác Giả

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Phần Nào Trong Cuốn Sách Này Được Sao Chép Hay Phát Hành Dưới Bất Cứ Hình Thức Nào Mà Không Có Sự Đồng Ý Bằng Văn Bản Trước Của Tác Giả PHẦN LAN Ngôi sAo PHươNg bắc © Vivafin, 2017 Xuất bản lần thứ nhất 2007 Tái bản lần thứ nhất 2008 Tái bản lần thứ hai 2010 Xuất bản lần thứ hai có sửa chữa, bổ sung 2017 VN-TG-01-40-0 ISBN: 978-604-77-2277-8 Không phần nào trong cuốn sách này được sao chép hay phát hành dưới bất cứ hình thức nào mà không có sự đồng ý bằng văn bản trước của tác giả. Chúng tôi rất mong nhận được ý kiến đóng góp của bạn đọc để cuốn sách này được hoàn thiện hơn trong lần xuất bản sau. Mọi ý kiến xin gửi về địa chỉ: [email protected]. Võ Xuân Quế PHẦN LAN Ngôi sAo PHươNg bắc (Xuất bản lần thứ hai, có sửa chữa & bổ sung) nHÀ XuẤT BẢn THế GIỚI & VIVAFIn HÀ nỘI - 2017 4 MỤC LỤC Lời nói đầu (Lần xuất bản thứ Nhất) .................................................. 13 Đôi lời cùng bạn đọc (Nhân lần xuất bản thứ Hai) ........................... 17 Thông tin vắn tắt ................................................................................... 24 I. PHẦn LAn TRÊn BẢn ĐỒ THế GIỚI 25 1. Xứ sở của rừng và hồ ................................................................... 25 2. Khí hậu ........................................................................................... 30 3. Các loài động vật........................................................................... 34 4. Môi trường và việc bảo vệ môi trường ...................................... 35 II. Dân SỐ, nGÔn nGỮ VÀ TÔn GIÁO 43 1. Dân số và sự khác biệt giữa các vùng ........................................ 43 2. Ngôn ngữ ở Phần Lan .................................................................. 47 3. Tôn giáo ở Phần Lan ..................................................................... 58 III. VÀI nÉT VỀ LỊCH SỬ PHẦn LAn 63 1. Phần Lan thời tiền sử ................................................................... 63 2. Dưới Vương triều Thụy Điển ...................................................... 64 3. Công quốc tự trị thuộc Nga ........................................................ 68 4. Nước Cộng hòa độc lập ............................................................... 71 5. Ngôi sao sáng phương bắc ......................................................... 76 IV. MỘT HÌnH MẪu nHÀ nƯỚC Dân CHỦ PHƯƠnG BẮC 83 1. Nghị viện ........................................................................................ 83 2. Tổng thống ..................................................................................... 88 3. Chính phủ - Hallitus ..................................................................... 91 5 Võ Xuân Quế 4. Tỉnh và vùng - Lääni và Maakunta ............................................ 94 5. Kunta - Đơn vị hành chính tự điều hành .................................. 95 6. Quốc kỳ và văn hóa quốc kỳ ở Phần Lan .................................. 96 V. PHỤ nỮ, GIA ĐÌnH & CHế ĐỘ An SInH XÃ HỘI 101 1. Phụ nữ và quyền bình đẳng giới ở Phần Lan ......................... 101 2. Hôn nhân và Gia đình ............................................................... 108 3. Chế độ phúc lợi và an sinh xã hội ............................................ 113 VI. TÍnH CÁCH VÀ LỐI SỐnG 125 1. Sisu ................................................................................................ 125 2. Trung thực và minh bạch .......................................................... 126 3. Kín đáo và kiệm lời ..................................................................... 128 4. Coi trọng tự do và sự riêng tư .................................................. 131 5. Tôn trọng pháp luật .................................................................... 134 6. Gần gũi và yêu quý thiên nhiên ............................................... 135 7. Giản dị và khiêm tốn .................................................................. 137 VII. PHOnG TỤC VÀ LỄ HỘI 141 1. Joulu - Giáng sinh ở Phần Lan .................................................. 141 2. Vappu - Lễ hội đón xuân của sinh viên và Ngày hội của Người lao động................................................... 144 3. Juhannus - Ngày lễ hạ chí .......................................................... 146 4. Sauna - Nét văn hóa đặc trưng của Phần Lan ........................ 150 VIII. Ăn Ở VÀ ĐI LẠI 161 1. Văn hoá ẩm thực ......................................................................... 161 2. Rượu và văn hoá rượu ở Phần Lan .......................................... 164 3. Kiến trúc và nhà ở ....................................................................... 169 4. Hệ thống giao thông ................................................................... 173 IX. GIÁO DỤC - SỨC MẠnH MỀM CỦA PHẦn LAn 179 1. Giáo dục chính quy ..................................................................... 179 1.1. Nhà trẻ và mẫu giáo ............................................................ 181 6 Phần LAN - Ngôi sao phương Bắc 1.2. Giáo dục cơ sở - Peruskoulu ............................................. 181 1.3. Giáo dục Trung học ............................................................. 189 1.3.1. Trung học phổ thông - Lukio .................................... 189 1.3.2. Trung học nghề - Ammattikoulu ............................ 193 1.4. Giáo dục đại học .................................................................. 194 1.4.1. Đại học nghiên cứu - Yliopisto ................................ 196 1.4.2. Đại học thực hành - Ammattikorkeakoulu ............. 198 1.5. Nghiên cứu .......................................................................... 201 1.6. Đào tạo giáo viên ở Phần Lan ............................................ 203 2. Giáo dục không chính quy ........................................................ 206 2.1. Các trường đại học mở - avoin yliopisto .......................... 206 2.2. Đại học mùa hè - kesäyliopisto ......................................... 207 2.3. Trung tâm giáo dục cho người lao động - työväenopisto ....................................................................... 208 2.4. Trường học nhân dân - Kansanopistot ............................ 209 2.5. Đại học nâng cao hay giáo dục mở rộng - yliopiston täydennyskoulutus ........................................... 210 X. THƯ VIỆn - nGÔI nHÀ CHunG CỦA MỌI nGƯỜI 213 XI. VĂn HỌC VÀ nGHỆ THuẬT 225 1. Văn học ......................................................................................... 225 1.1. Văn học dân gian ................................................................. 225 1.2. Văn học viết .......................................................................... 226 2. Âm nhạc ...................................................................................... 232 2.1. Âm nhạc dân gian ................................................................ 232 2.2. Âm nhạc cổ điển và opera .................................................. 233 2.3. Âm nhạc hiện đại ................................................................. 236 2.4. Môi trường âm nhạc ............................................................ 241 3. Điện ảnh Phần Lan ..................................................................... 243 4. Đất nước nghìn bảo tàng ........................................................... 248 7 Võ Xuân Quế XII. BÁO CHÍ VÀ THỂ THAO 253 1. Báo, tạp chí in .............................................................................. 253 2. Phát thanh và truyền hình ......................................................... 259 3. Thể thao ........................................................................................ 265 3.1. Một dân tộc yêu chuộng thể thao ...................................... 265 3.2 Cường quốc thể thao trên thế giới ..................................... 266 XIII. TỪ nOKIA Đến MOBILE GAME 271 1. Từ xưởng làm giấy thành hãng điện thoại khổng lồ. ............ 271 2. “Sampo hiện đại” ngừng xay. ................................................... 274 3. Triển vọng về một Nokia mới. .................................................. 276 4. Mobile game ở Phần Lan ........................................................... 276 4.1. Từ computer game đến mobile game ............................... 277 4.2. Những nguồn lực thúc đẩy ngành sản xuất game ở Phần Lan .............................................................................. 279 4.3. Triển vọng của mobile game ở Phần Lan ......................... 281 XIV. Du LỊCH PHẦn LAn 285 1. Turku -Thành phố Giáng sinh của Phần Lan ......................... 287 2. Helsinki - Nàng tiên của Biển Baltic ......................................... 288 3. Rovaniemi - Xứ sở của Ông già Noel và tuyết ....................... 291 XV. VỊ THế CỦA PHẦn LAn TRÊn THế GIỚI VÀ QuAn HỆ HỢP TÁC VỚI VIỆT nAM 295 1. Vị thế của Phần Lan trên trường quốc tế ................................ 295 2. Quan hệ hợp tác giữa Phần Lan và Việt Nam ....................... 298 Tài liệu tham khảo ............................................................................... 307 Index ....................................................................................................... 313 8 CONTENTS Preface of the first edition ..................................................................... 13 A few words for the second edition ...................................................... 21 I. FInLAnD On THE WORLD MAP 25 1. The land of forests and lakes ........................................................ 25 2. Weather and climate ...................................................................... 30 3. Animals and plants ........................................................................ 34 4. Environment and its protection ..................................................
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