La Escasez De Escultura En El Escorial En Tiempos De Felipe 11

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La Escasez De Escultura En El Escorial En Tiempos De Felipe 11 La escasez de escultura en El Escorial en tiempos de Felipe 11 Cuando Felipe II decide acometer la gran empresa artística de su reinado, la construcción del Real Monasterio de El Escorial, relega la escultura a un segundo plano a la hora de omamentar el edificio. Si nos atenemos a los libros de entregas y a los restos conser- vados observamos que, frente a la ingente cantidad de pinturas que decoran la obra escuri,alense, las manifestaciones escultóricas son poco numerosas, como veremos. El hilo conductor que nos informa de los gustos y decisiones regias, a los que se atiene en ŭltima instancia hasta el más nimio detalle del programa escurialense, es el padre Sig ŭenza. El jeróni- mo, especialista en "medias verdades", como le califica Bustaman- te, da una explicación sesgada e interesada de la relativa ausencia escultórica en el tercer tomo de La Fundación del Monasterio de El Escorial I . El cronista dedica unos bieves párrafos a comentar la escultura, toda ella de temática religiosa, mientras que se extiende largamente en lo referente a la pintura. Comienza alabando a los Reyes de Judá, obra de Juan Bautista Monegro, que fueron colocados en la fachada de la iglesia sustituyendo a un primitivo plan más abstracto como eran los obeliscos rema.tados por esferas proyectadas por Juan de He- rrera 2 . Esta idea se debe a Arias Montano, hebraísta y bibliotecario escurialense, y el propio Sigŭenza fue el encargado por el Rey para que redactase las inscripciones identificativas y explicativas sobre las estatuas, que, aunque no se llegaron a grabar, se recogen en su libro. En éstas se destaca la piedad de estos reyes, su lucha contra la idola- tría, su esfuerzo por la restauración del culto y sobre todo su partici- 1 .SIGC1ENZA, J. de, La fundación del Monasterio de El Escorial, Madrid 1988 2 .Los Reyes de Judá se contratan en 1580. Para un estudio más profundo de Monegro ver V10ENTE y GARCÍA, A. de, La escultura de Juan Bautista Monegro en el Real Monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Madrid 1990. 360 M. ARROY0 ARRANZ - A. PÉREZ DE TUDELA pación en la erección del Templo de Salomón, inspirado por Dios, y al que se quiere equiparar El Escorial. Así Felipe II sería un trasunto de Salomón que como rey sabio y santo "más ha de usar de la ley de Dios que del cetro y del imperio" 3 . Sigŭenza continua con el Patio de los Evangelistas, en cuyo centro existía un templete diseñado por Juan de Herrera para cuya decoración el jerónimo propuso colocar en sus nichos las cuatro partes del mundo regidas por la religión católica y por el pio Felipe II, dentro de un programa iconográfico complejo, con multitud de figuras, y de claro cuño imperialista. Sin embargo, fue rechazado por el Rey al igual que otras sugerencias y se optó por los cuatro evangelistas con sus símbolos parlantes o tetramorfos. Sin duda, esta elección es más simple y tradicional dentro de la concepción de los claustros, y se ajustaba mejor a la teoría del "decorum", que es una de las premisas que rigen toda la decoración escurialense, dada su ubicación en la zona monástica del edificio. Prosigue Sigiienza hablándonos de los cenotafios, en los que re- salta la falta de ostentación del Rey, algo que él atribuye a su mo- destia, pero que se corresponde con otras razones más complejas como veremos. El Rey desplegará toda su magnificencia cuando lo crea necesario, ya que no carecía de medios, y decide supervisar todo. Sigŭenza se queja de la falta de proporciones en el retablo si se observa desde el coro, como hacían los jerónimos, ya que se va acrecentando el tamaño de los bultos conforme se asciende en altu- ra para obtener una visión armoniosa desde la Basílica. La pers- pectiva "regia" era la que primaba y se superponía a la de los monjes aunque el Rey subiese al coro como un monje más. Mientras que Sigŭenza se recrea describiendo los pequeños re- lieves devotos que tanto apreciaba el Rey y las reliquias, obvia casi por completo al magnífico Cristo de Cellini. Este regalo del duque de Toscana, pese a su alta calidad artística y al aprecio y recono- cimiento de Felipe II, que lo hace transportar a pie para que no su- fra ningŭn daño, es relegado a una capilla detrás del coro donde apenas nadie lo puede ver, aunque promete que lo colocará en un lugar destacado. Este "destierro'' se debe a su "indecorosidad". A pesar de que Sigŭenza lo califica de "devoto" y no menciona el he- cho de que su anatomía esté totalmente trabajada al desnudo, ni la elevada idealización de su cabeza insistiendo, sin embargo, en el 3 .SIGOENZA, J. de, La Fundación, o.c, p. 307. LA ESCASEZ DE ESCULTURA EN EL ESCORIAL... 361 realismo de sus venas, este Cristo no funciona para nada como imagen devota contrarreformista. En realidad, el Cristo posee una belleza inimaginable, está totalmente desnudo, aunque le cubren con un "paño de pureza", no concuerda con los preceptos tridenti- nos que exigen para la imagen religiosa "... evitar toda obscenidad para lo cual se procurará que ninguna imagen posea una belleza provocativa" 4 Esta exigencia está en la línea del cardenal Paleo- tti, que exhorta a los principes y grandes seriores para que se des- prendan de imágenes paganas o al menos que las recluyan en el in- terior y secreto de sus casas 5 . Esto ŭltimo nos introduce en el problema clave del binomio "Si- grienza-Escultura": la imagen religiosa contrarreformista y el "paragone" entre las artes. Ambos debates artísticos eran sobrada- mente conocidos por el jerónimo dada su condición de religioso culto y de aguda sensibilidad estética. El Escorial se erige como gran bastión contrarreformista, y de acuerdo con el Concilio de Trento y con sus decretos sobre las imágenes, éstas se valoran en cuanto provocan devoción y actŭan como elemento didáctico. Sigrienza comparte estas ideas y conside- ra esta premisa decisiva a la hora de juzgar una obra de arte, como se ve a lo largo de su obra. Consiguientemente, la pintura es la más idónea a la hora de representar el programa contrarreformista. Le- yendo su obra encontra.mos las claves de su menosprecio a la escul- tura "que quieren muchos que sea primero que la pintura" 6 La es- cultura, para ser totalmente entendida, necesita valerse de inscrip- ciones que expliquen su significado. "Sirve para declarar el uso y fin de la figura y el frulo que se puede sacar" . Estas inscripciones, tema apasionante y apenas estudiado, deben ser claras y lo más concisas posibles sin aludir a nada que quede suficientemente ma- nifiesto en las estatuas, "ha de ser breve y lleno de significación y gravedad" 8 0 "siempre se ha de callar lo que se ve con los ojos"• 9 . Para ello son preferibles programas más complejos y con un sinfín de figuras como el que propone Sigrienza para el templete del Claustro de los Evangelistas, pero choca con la opinión real, con 4 .0STEN SACKEN, C., von der, El EscoriaL Estudio iconológico, Bilbao 1984, p.28. 5 .BLUNT, A., Ver el capítulo VIII sobre la contrarreforma. 6 .SIGOENZA, J. de, La Fundación, o.c., p. 526. 7 .IDEM, Ibid., p. 360. 8 .IDEm, Ibid., p. 360. 9 .IDEm, Ibid., p. 360. 362 M. ARROY0 ARRANZ - A. PÉREZ DE TUDELA otros intereses. La pintura, sin embargo, cuenta con mayor nŭmero de recursos a la hora de representar una idea y no necesita de ins- cripciones aclaratorias, salvo excepciones. Este punto anterior se inserta dentro de uno de los debates esté- ticos más candentes en la época: la primacía entre las artes o "paragone". Aparte de la "funcionalidad", I° principio que debe regir toda la obra de arte eliminando lo superfluo, y de la exigencia de "que sean santas y muevan a rezar" ' 1 hay otros criterios a la ho- ra de establecer qué arte es superior. Sigfienza, como erudito, se hace eco de alguno de ellos. Así, sit ŭa por encima de todas las artes a la Arquitectura, cuya armonía que si- gue los preceptos agustinianos, apelaba al intelecto, siendo necesario un conocimiento previo para su aprehensión. Posteriormente prefiere, entre Pintura y Escultura, a la primera por las razones ya aludidas. Sin embargo, hace algunas concesiones hacia la escultura, que en lo ŭnico en que aventaja a la pintura es en su perpetuidad, dada la dure- za del material y es especialmente indicada en las obras en las que se busque un efecto de eternidacl, como son los cenotafios en "adoración perpetua". También resalta el valor de la escultura en su mayor relación o paralelismo con la Antigfiedad, aunque aquí cristia- nizada, como ocurre cuando compara la factura de los Evangelistas de Monegro con las obras griegas 12 o cuando describe el San Lo- renzo del coro encontrado en unas ruinas clásicas. Sin embargo, el jerónimo no entra en esta discusión teórica con la hondura con que se hacía en Italia. Podemos sefialar somera- mente siguiendo a Wittkower 13 criterios que se seguían allí. Por ejemplo, se distinguía entre los que esculpian en bronce y los que lo hacían en mármol, que exigía menor trabajo físico pese a que Cellini se queje del gran esfuerzo que le supuso su Cristo El tiempo empleado en la ejecución también era importante, ya que el menor tiempo y trabajo dedicados eran señal de un arte más inte- lectual. Algunos escultores, como el también tratadista Cellini, se pre- cian de hacer una obra en una sola pieza como su Cristo. Mientras que otros, siguiendo a Giovanni di Bologna, optan por utilizar di- 10 .IDEM, Ibid., p.
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