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This Essay Narrates the History of the National War Museum, Umuahia

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This Essay Narrates the History of the National War Museum, Umuahia THE NATIONAL WAR MUSEUM,UMUAHIA:PRESERVATION OF CIVIL WAR MEMORIALS AND NIGERIAN MILITARY HISTORY Chijioke N. Onuora, University of Nigeria, Nsukka INTRODUCTION to house major archaeological and ethnographical This essay narrates the history of the finds, including the Jos Museum (established by National War Museum, Umuahia, as a national Bernard Fagg in 1952), the Nigerian National heritage site. In 1965, political turmoil in postco- Museum, Lagos (established by Kenneth C. Mur- lonial Nigeria resulted in a conflict between the ray in 1957), and the Owo Museum in Owo. Nigerian state and the secessionist state of Biafra. Other museums in Benin City, Esie, Gidan A political challenge against a perceived Igbo Makama, Oron, and other regions of Nigeria dominance in the affairs of the postcolonial contain artworks in terra cotta, bronze, brass, nation led to riots, arson, and pogroms against wood, iron, ivory, and stone, as well as other arti- Igbo peoples in northern and western regions of facts associated with ancient indigenous Nigerian Nigeria, which eventually resulted in a secession cultures. Beyond the Kanta Museum in the Kebbi bid by Igbos and other minority ethnic groups in area, Kaduna Museum and Owo Museum in the eastern part of the country. The civil war that which weapons of war were accorded significant followed lasted from 1967 to 1970 and left in its visibility, the National War Museum, Umuahia trail unprecedented hardships and Igbo losses of remains the only museum in Nigeria (and one of almost 1 million people from deaths of mostly the few in Africa) devoted to the collection, con- starved children, soldiers, and civilians. By the servation, and exhibition of substantial cache of time the war ended, the victorious Nigerian Mili- weapons used during the 30-month Nigerian/ tary Government, as part of its peace building Biafran civil war as well as artifacts, photographs, measures, established a war museum at Umiahia publications, and other materials associated with in which relics of war and Nigerian military his- warfare in Nigeria. tory and technology were collected, exhibited, Sited at the former location of one of the and preserved. Eastern Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation’s Generally, museums around the world are radio mast, where the bunker housing the defunct facilities dedicated to the conservation, care, and Voice of Biafra radio station still stands intact, exhibition of artifacts and other historical, cul- the location apparently qualifies as a living his- tural, and scientific materials of significant value. toric site, frozen in time and space for visitors to The National Commission for Museums and partake in the experiences of the people who first Monuments (NCMM) is the main institution used the facility many years ago. Such is also the that oversees all of Nigeria’s museums and heri- 20-foot subterranean office and command post tage preservation, which is widely regarded as the of the governor of the defunct state of Biafra largest museum system in Africa (Ogbechie, located 3 kilometers (1 mile) away from the 2011). Early museums in this system were built Voice of Biafra bunker site. By establishing this Critical Interventions 9, Issue 3 2015 ©2015CriticalInterventions:JournalofAfricanArtHistoryandVisualCulture NATIONAL WAR MUSEUM, UMUAHIA | 205 war museum at Umuahia, a one-time capital of Before the civil war, Umuahia, a strategic the Republic of Biafra, the Nigerian Military railway town, was known for its extensive com- Government demonstrated a clear commitment mercial transactions in oil palm produce and to national unity. It also celebrates Biafran scien- reception of goods from the northern part of tific and military ingenuity through the array of Nigeria. It was chosen as the site for the museum Biafran war machines and architectural achieve- for two main reasons. It was the administrative ments on display alongside those of federal capital of the Biafran nation after the fall of troops. The museum’s use of lethal war machines Enugu in 1967, and, as the last seat of Biafran to demonstrate the futility of war results in an government, many important battles for the sur- interesting paradox. vival of Biafra was fought around this area. Sec- The War Museum Umuahia narrated the ond, it has the two best-preserved bunkers: one story of the history warfare in Nigeria, from the housed the Voice of Biafra (VOB), Biafra’s major use of traditional weapons of war in indigenous news outlet to the outside world, and the other, cultures to the development of the Nigerian army the Ojukwu Bunker, served as the subterranean and the weapons and the activities of the Nigerian seat of the defunct Biafran government. civil war. The idea of establishing a national war In addition to the museum’s main site, the for- museum in Nigeria was first mooted by Lt. Gen- mer residence of Dr. Michael Iheonukara Okpara, eral Theophilous Danjuma (Nigerian army chief former premier of the Eastern Nigeria region from of staff from 1975 to 1979) after an official visit to 1959 to 1966, located in Umuahia capital city, Yugoslavia in 1977. Plans to establish the museum serves as an annex of the museum at Ugwunchara. were approved by the Supreme Military Council of the Lt. General Olusegun Obasanjo administra- tion in the same year. Consequently, the National ESTABLISHING THE NATIONAL WAR MUSEUM War Museum committee, headed by Colonial Ish- The National War Museum, Umuahia was aya Bamaiyi, teamed up with the National Com- established to preserve for posterity Nigerian war mission for Museums and Monuments to efforts through the ages and to consolidate the gains undertake exploratory studies for its establishment. of national unity. Its motto, “That they did not die In 1985, under the leadership of General Muham- in vain,”1 reflects the larger objective of the madu Buhari, the project was officially launched museum as a memorial (National War Museum by Major-General Tunde Idiagbon, Chief of Staff Committee, 1989) to the soldiers, civilians, and all Supreme Headquarters. This launch coincided other casualties of war and conflicts in Nigeria, par- with the 21st anniversary of the first military coup ticularly the Nigerian civil war. The establishment in Nigeria as well as the 15th anniversary of the of the War Museum is not an attempt to glorify end of the Nigerian civil war (aka Biafra conflict). the war effort but to demonstrate that wars are The project, originally planned as a three-phase never solutions to conflicts. The exhibitions in the project, chose as its main site Ugwunchara, a hilly museum are meant to promote the ideal of a Niger- part of the Ebite Amafor suburb of Umuahia, ian society devoid of conflict and disharmony. The about 3 kilometers from the Umuahia city center. museum preserves Nigeria’s war relics, serves as a Prior to the Nigerian civil war, the 3,778-hectare center for research on warfare in Nigeria, and serves site served as the premises of the former Eastern as a tourist attraction and locale for the exhibition Nigerian Television Relaying Station. of wartime technology. Research 206 | Onuora The National War Museum, Umuahia con- air force. A guided tour of the museum usually sists of permanent exhibitions in three exhibition begins at the Traditional Warfare Gallery. galleries, in addition to an open air gallery and the museum annex. From the entrance (Figure 1), a guided tour of the museum usually begins at the THE TRADITIONAL WARFARE GALLERY: Traditional Warfare Gallery. This gallery displays EVOLUTION OF WEAPONS the evolution of weapons from the earliest times The section titled “The Evolution of Weap- to the present; the Armed Forces Gallery shows ons in the Great Battles of Africa and Europe the evolution and diverse roles of the Nigerian Over the Years” focuses attention on the weap- Army from 1963 to date and important person- onry used in the earliest stages of historical war- nel and ordnance of the Nigerian Navy and Air fare development. The exhibits at the Traditional Force. The Civil War Gallery displays photo- Warfare Gallery therefore comprise a collection graphs of the victims of the coup d’etat of January of drawings and photographs of the great histori- 15, 1966 as well as photographs and objects cal battles in Africa and Europe. There is also an related to the Nigerian civil war of 1967 to 1970. exhibition of artifacts that illustrates the evolution The open air museum, which is in three sections, of weapons from simple stone-age flint weapons exhibits heavy military hardware used during the to bows, arrows, machetes, and spears made out Nigerian civil war by the army, the navy, and the of wood and metal. In recasting the history of Figure 1. The entrance to the National War Museum, Umuahia indoor exhibition galleries. War museum photographs by the author. Critical Interventions 9, Issue 3 2015 NATIONAL WAR MUSEUM, UMUAHIA | 207 indigenous Nigerian weaponry, historians have name Nigerian Army. The size of the Nigerian depended on information from indigenous oral Army increased considerably in this period while histories, notes of early European explorers, and new terms and conditions of service were estab- photographs and illustrations published in vari- lished. Social and technological changes of vari- ous journals. Furthermore, ancient sculptures of ous dimensions took place—for instance, in dress Nigeria displayed several types of weapons. Indig- regulations and types of weapons. At the same enous artworks featuring Sudanic cavalry soldiers, time, intensified efforts at the “Nigerianization” Benin
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