Cultural Resources Report Cover Sheet

CULTURAL RESOURCES REPORT COVER SHEET

Author: Laura Syvertson and Robert H. Gargett

Title of Report: Archaeological Investigation Report: Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, 33019-33021 Cascade View Drive, Sultan, Snohomish County, Washington

Date of Report: June 19, 2018

County: Snohomish Township: 28N Range: 08E Section: 33

Quad: Sultan Acres: ~6 acres

PDF of report submitted (REQUIRED) Yes

Historic Property Inventory Forms to be Approved Online? Yes No

Archaeological Site(s)/Isolate(s) Found or Amended? Yes No

TCP(s) found? Yes No

Replace a draft? Yes No

Satisfy a DAHP Archaeological Excavation Permit requirement? Yes # No

Were Human Remains Found? Yes DAHP Case # No

DAHP Archaeological Site #:

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION REPORT: FIRE DISTRICT 5 PUBLIC SAFETY CENTER, 33019–33021 CASCADE VIEW DRIVE, SULTAN, SNOHOMISH COUNTY, WASHINGTON

Prepared for: Snohomish County Fire District 5

June 19, 2018

Prepared by:

1229 Cleveland Avenue, Mount Vernon, Washington 98273 • Tel 360-826-4930 • Fax 360-826-4830 • www.equinoxerci.com

CREDITS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS PROJECT COORDINATOR...... Kelly R. Bush, MA REPORT AUTHORS ...... Laura Syvertson MS and Robert H. Gargett, Ph.D. GRAPHICS...... Karen Toor, BS FIELD RESEARCHERS ...... Lindsey Holdener, BA, Jori Hurst, BA, Laura M. Syvertson ...... Aaron Webster and Steven Weimer PROJECT CONTACT ...... Fire Chief Merlin Halverson LEAD AGENCY ...... Washington State Department of Commerce TRIBAL CONTACTS ...... Laura Murphy, Muckleshoot Indian Tribe ...... Benjamin Joseph, Sauk–Suiattle Indian Tribe ...... Steven Mullen–Moses, Snoqualmie Indian Tribe ...... Kerry Lyste, Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians ...... Richard Young and Gene Enick, Tulalip Tribes of Washington DAHP CONTACTS ...... Dr. Robert Whitlam

Equinox Research and Consulting International Inc. (ERCI) would like to thank Snohomish County Fire District 5 for retaining us for this investigation and for their commitment to the process and archaeological resources.

We extend our thanks to the representatives of the Snoqualmie Tribe for their insights and timely attention to our projects. Thanks also to their representatives Steven Weimer and Aaron Webster that joined us in the field and dug hard both days with the crew.

The opinions and recommendations in this report are those of ERCI alone and do not necessarily reflect those held by any of the organizations or individuals mentioned above. Any errors or omissions are ERCI’s responsibility.

ERCI—Snohomish County Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, Sultan ii MANAGEMENT SUMMARY

County Snohomish TRS Township 28N, Range 08E, Section 33 Quad Sultan Parcel ID 28083300300600 Address 33019–33021 Cascade View Dr., Sultan WA 98294 Property Owner Snohomish County Fire Protection District #5 Area ~6 acres Lat/Long 47° 51′ 55″ N/ 121° 47′ 25″ W UTM Zone Zone 10 590474 Easting 5302035 Northing Elevation 155-190′ Nearest Water Body Wagleys Creek, Wallace Slough, Skykomish River Nearest Arch Site 45SN565- ~0.8 mile Soils Everett very gravelly sandy loam; Sultan silt loam; Urban land; Xerorthents, nearly level Geology Pleistocene-continental glacial outwash; Quaternary-alluvium

In May 2018 Katherine Rowe of the Snohomish County Fire District 5 on behalf of Fire Chief Merlin Halverson, contacted Kelly R. Bush of Equinox Research and Consulting International Inc. (ERCI) to carry out a cultural resources survey on the approximately 6-acre area of a planned new Public Safety Center (the Project). Washington’s Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (DAHP) has assigned the Project number 2018-03-02296.

ERCI undertook background research, and on May 29 and 30, 2018 ERCI archaeologists carried out an intensive pedestrian survey and excavated 40 shovel tests on the property where construction of the new center will occur.

No Protected Cultural Resources or Historic Properties were identified during our fieldwork. The management recommendations that we are now providing are based on our findings from this initial investigation. We recommend that: 1. The proposed project proceed as planned, following an unanticipated discovery protocol (UDP) training given to all construction personnel by a professional archaeologist. A copy of the Unanticipated Discoveries Protocol (UDP) to be on site at all times (Appendix 3). 2. In the event that any ground-disturbing activities or other project activities related to this development or in any future development uncover protected cultural material (e.g., bones, shell, stone or antler tools), all work in the immediate vicinity should stop, the area should be secured, and any equipment moved to a safe distance away from the location. The on- site superintendent should then follow the steps specified in the UDP (Appendix 3). 3. In the event that any ground-disturbing activities or other project activities related to this development or in any future development uncover human remains, all work in the immediate vicinity should stop, the area should be secured, and any equipment moved to a safe distance away from the location. The on-site superintendent should then follow the steps specified in the UDP (Appendix 3).

ERCI—Snohomish County Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, Sultan iii CONTENTS CREDITS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...... ii MANAGEMENT SUMMARY ...... iii FIGURES...... v TABLES ...... v 1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 2.0 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ...... 5 3.0 TRIBAL CONSULTATION ...... 5 4.0 BACKGROUND ...... 5 4.1 Physical Environment ...... 5 Geology and geomorphology ...... 6 Soils ...... 7 Climate and vegetation ...... 7 4.2 Cultural Environment ...... 8 Archaeological cultures ...... 8 Salish Ethnography and Ethnohistory ...... 10 Exploration and Immigration ...... 14 The City of Sultan ...... 16 4.3 Previous Archaeology ...... 17 Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites ...... 17 Previous Cultural Resources Surveys ...... 18 Previous Cemetery Reports ...... 19 National Register Properties...... 19 Archaeological Expectations ...... 19 5.0 METHODS ...... 20 5.1Archival Research ...... 20 5.2 Fieldwork ...... 20 6.0 RESULTS ...... 21 6.1 Pedestrian Survey ...... 23 6.2 Subsurface Survey...... 23 6.3 Discussion...... 33 7.0 MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 33 8.0 REFERENCES CITED...... 34 9.0 APPENDICES ...... 49 Appendix 1: Shovel Test Descriptions, Particle Size Classes and Matrix Descriptions ...... 49 Appendix 2: Photograph Log ...... 52 Appendix 3: Unanticipated Discovery Protocol ...... 58

ERCI—Snohomish County Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, Sultan iv FIGURES Figure 1: Regional map showing approximate Project location...... 1 Figure 2: USGS Sultan 7.5-minute quadrangle with APE outlined in red...... 2 Figure 3: Snohomish County Assessor Map showing APE outlined in red...... 2 Figure 4: Lidar map with APE outlined in red (courtesy of Puget Sound Lidar Consortium)...... 3 Figure 5: Aerial photograph with APE outlined in red...... 3 Figure 6: Aerial photograph with new Public Safety Center as planned...... 4 Figure 7: Example of a seasonal house, “Mat House—Skokomish” (1912) by Curtis (Northwestern University Library 2003b)...... 12 Figure 8: Examples of the kind of baskets made by Coast Salish people, “Puget Sound Baskets” (1912) by Edward S. Curtis (Northwestern University Library 2003c)...... 13 Figure 9: Example of the kind of weaving done by Coast Salish people, “Goat-hair Blanket— Cowichan” (1912) by Curtis (Northwestern University Library 2003a)...... 14 Figure 10: View east, structures in the APE’s eastern portion...... 21 Figure 11: View south along western boundary, toward terrace edge...... 22 Figure 12: View west, Sultan Cemetery outside of APE...... 22 Figure 13: Northwest elevation, 33021Cascade View Drive, 1932 residence...... 23 Figure 14: East elevation, 33019 Cascade View Drive, 1922 residence...... 23 Figure 15: View east over ST 36 technicians screening sediment...... 24 Figure 16: Sketch map of shovel test locations ...... 25 Figure 17; View west over ST 20 and fire practice activity area...... 26 Figure 18: View south ST 34 with Snoqualmie Representative...... 26 Figure 19: ST 3...... 27 Figure 20: ST 1 view east, mostly intact profile with plow zone...... 28 Figure 21: View N ST 32 mostly disturbed sediment profile...... 29 Figure 22: View W ST 30 ...... 30 Figure 23: ST 36 with asphalt in wall of test hole...... 31 Figure 24: Ball mason jar seal fragment ST 5...... 31 Figure 25: Ferrous metal artifacts from ST 30 (scale in cm)...... 32 Figure 26: Example of historic foundation for UDP...... 59 Figure 27: Example of historic glass artifacts for UDP...... 59 Figure 28: Example of historic solder dot can for UDP ...... 60 Figure 29: Example of projectile point for UDP...... 60 Figure 30: Example of protected adze blade for UDP...... 61 Figure 31: Example of stone tool for UDP...... 61 Figure 32: Example of stone tool for UDP...... 62 Figure 33: Example of bone awl for UDP...... 62 Figure 34: Example of worked bone, beak and spines for UDP...... 63

TABLES Table 1: Previously recorded archaeological sites within two miles of the APE...... 17 Table 2: Previous cultural resource reports on file with DAHP...... 18 Table 3: Cemetery Reports on file with DAHP...... 19

ERCI—Snohomish County Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, Sultan v 1.0 INTRODUCTION In May 2018 Katherine Rowe of the Snohomish County Fire District 5 (District 5) contacted Kelly R. Bush of Equinox Research and Consulting International Inc. (ERCI) to carry out a cultural resources survey on an approximately 6-acre property at 33019–33021 Cascade View Drive, in the City of Sultan, Snohomish County (SE ¼ SW ¼ Section 33, Township 28 North, Range 08 East, Willamette Meridian) (Snohomish County Assessor’s Parcel 28083300300600) (Figure 1–Figure 5). The property comprises the Project area of potential effects (APE). District 5 will be building a new Public Safety Center (the Project) with a headquarters fire station, conference/training room, evacuation center and wellness clinic, along with shared facilities for other agencies (Figure 6). The Project is Washington’s Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation has assigned the Project number 2018-03-02296.

The Project includes • Potential demolishment of two existing structures • Excavating for foundations • Installing buried power lines • Connection to on-site sewer line • Grading existing driveways This report documents ERCI’s background research and archaeological survey for the Project.

Figure 1: Regional map showing approximate Project location.

ERCI—Snohomish County Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, Sultan 1

Figure 2: USGS Sultan 7.5-minute quadrangle with APE outlined in red.

Figure 3: Snohomish County Assessor Map showing APE outlined in red.

ERCI—Snohomish County Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, Sultan 2

Figure 4: Lidar map with APE outlined in red (courtesy of Puget Sound Lidar Consortium).

Figure 5: Aerial photograph with APE outlined in red.

ERCI—Snohomish County Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, Sultan 3

Figure 6: Aerial photograph with new Public Safety Center as planned.

ERCI—Snohomish County Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, Sultan 4 2.0 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK The Washington State Environmental Policy Act (SEPA) requires that all major actions sponsored, funded, permitted, or approved by state and/or local agencies undergo planning to ensure environmental considerations such as impacts on historic and cultural resources are given due weight in decision- making. State implementing regulations are in WAC 197- 11 and WAC 468-12 (WSDOT). For details on SEPA procedures see Chapter 400.

In Washington State, archaeological sites are protected by several state laws, including the Revised Code of Washington (RCW) 27.53—Archaeological Sites and Resources, and RCW 27.44—Indian Graves and Records. These laws require that consideration be given to archaeological resources during construction and development activities. RCW 27.44 also strictly mandates the protection of human skeletal remains and imposes a duty to notify law enforcement in the case of inadvertent discovery.

In addition, State of Washington Executive Order 05-05—Archaeological and Cultural Resources stipulates that all state agencies “Take reasonable action to avoid, minimize or mitigate adverse effects to the archaeological or cultural resource.”

Washington State Department of Commerce (Commerce) is the lead agency for the Project.

3.0 TRIBAL CONSULTATION The Snoqualmie Tribe requested a cultural resources survey prior to Project construction. During the fieldwork for the archaeological investigation on May 29 and 30, 2018 two members of the Snoqualmie Tribe of Indians, Aaron Webster and Steven Weimer, worked alongside the archaeologists screening and digging the shovel test holes.

As lead agency, Commerce is responsible for tribal consultation which includes the distribution of this archaeological report to the affected tribes.

4.0 BACKGROUND Any archaeological undertaking requires knowledge of the physical surroundings (and their evolution) and the duration and kind of human activity in any given area. From this knowledge, archaeologists are able to develop the current best method to carry out field investigations. For example, environmental factors play an important role in the location and preservation of archaeological sites. Sediments and soils are of particular interest to cultural resource managers because they can be used for reconstructing past landscapes and landscape evolution, in estimating the age of surfaces and depositional episodes, and providing physical and chemical indicators of human occupation (Holliday 1992).

4.1 Physical Environment The APE is in the Puget Trough geological province, characterized by glacial geology and topography (Franklin and Dyrness 1988:16). As the most recent glacial epoch ended, glacial till and outwash were deposited; soils formed in the glacial materials under the influence of coniferous forest vegetation. Glacial retreat also caused isostatic rebound as the weight of glacial ice on the surface diminished; isostatic rebound reached heights of 460 feet (140 meters). Modern sea level and shoreline configurations did not stabilize until after about 5,000 years ago (Thorson 1980).

It is outside the scope of this project to describe in detail the landform processes which sculpted the current Puget Sound environment; however, detailed descriptions of landform origins for this region, and sea-level stabilization can be found in Armstrong (1977), Burns (1985), Clague (1980), Debose and Klungland (1983), Downing (1983), Easterbrook (1963, 1968), Fladmark (1975), Goudie (1983),

ERCI—Snohomish County Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, Sultan 5 Klungland and McArthur (1989), Ness and Richins (1958), Pielou (1991), Thorson (1980, 1989), White (1980) and Whitlock (1992).

Geology and geomorphology For most of the last 2.6 million years—the Pleistocene Epoch—the Earth underwent drastic shifts in global temperature caused by periodic variations in the Earth’s orbital eccentricity, axial tilt and precession. The result has been 11 ‘ice ages,’ during which almost 30 percent of the world’s land surface was covered by sheets of ice as much as 3 kilometers (km) thick (Porter and Swanson 1998). Archaeological evidence supports an inference that the first humans entered the Americas as the most recent deglaciation progressed, and that by about 10,500 years ago, humans had populated North and South America from the Arctic Ocean to Tierra del Fuego.

As the last cold stage intensified, high-altitude valley glaciers grew in depth and extent, and through a process of coalescence formed the Cordilleran Ice Sheet, centered over the Pacific Northwest’s mountain ranges: Coast Mountains, Cascade Range, Olympic Mountains, Columbia Mountains and Rocky Mountains. Further east in North America, ice simply accumulated in place, creating the Laurentide ice sheet, centered over Hudson Bay. During the cold periods (‘glacials’ or ‘glaciations’) so much of the world’s water was stored as ice that global sea level dropped by as much as 150 meters (almost 500 feet). At the same time, beneath the ice Earth’s crust was depressed by the enormous weight. Thus, during the last glaciation, much of what is now the coastline was below present-day sea level. The most recent glacial period—the Fraser Glaciation—began about 25,000 years ago and ended by about 10,000. In that time the ice advanced and retreated twice in what is now the area of Puget Sound, first during the Everson Creek Stade and most recently in the Vashon Stade (Easterbrook 1986). At the height of the Vashon Stade—about 17,500 years ago—the APE was under as much as 2 km of glacial ice (Porter and Swanson 1998:206). By about 16,500 years ago the ice was retreating—exposing the Puget Lowland and Cascade Range, and glacial meltwater carried rivers of sediment onto the lowlands, mantling the area with deep deposits that subsequent stream activity covered with alluvium in river valleys and built out deltas in Puget Sound.

As the ice sheets finally retreated the land rebounded and sea level rose. The precise timing of sea-level stabilization (eustacy) and the rate of post-glacial rebound (isostacy) varied from place to place due to a complex interplay between the underlying geology and the surficial geological processes that predominated at any given location. In the Pacific Northwest, most of the coastline has been within a few meters of present-day sea level for about the last 6,000 years (Anundsen et al. 1994), while in the northernmost parts of the Northern Hemisphere the land is still rebounding (Thorson 1980, 1989). Yet, in the Hakai Passage region of the central British Columbia coast, due to the particulars of geology and movement of the receding ice sheet, sea level has been relatively stable for most of the past 15,000 years (McLaren et al. 2014).

In the Salish Sea the picture is equally complex. Due to the gradual south-to-north progression of deglaciation and the relatively rapid rise of sea level in the early postglacial period, sea level in the southern Puget Sound was about 40 meters below its present elevation by 8,000 years ago (Thorson 1989). By contrast, in the northern Puget Sound at the same time, sea level was only about 10 m below its present elevation (Clague 1983; Easterbrook 1963; Kelsey et al. 2004; Thorson 1989).

Across the globe, sea level has been rising gradually since about 8,000 years ago. By about 5,000 years ago, sea level across Puget Sound was about 2 to 3 m below its present level; it reached its present-day elevation only in the last 1,500 years or so (Kelsey et al. 2004; Sherrod et al. 2000). For all these reasons, even though people have been in the region for 10,000 or more years, evidence for human occupation near the present Puget Sound coastline dates to the time since sea level stabilized at or near

ERCI—Snohomish County Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, Sultan 6 its present elevation. In general, evidence of earlier coastal occupation has been inundated by the encroaching sea.

The APE encompasses the edge of an earlier Holocene river terrace at elevations ranging from about 156 to 190 feet above sea level, straddling two areas with different sedimentary origins (Dragovich et al. 2013). To the east the deposits were laid down during the last glacial advance and comprise ice- front lake-bottom sediments—clayey silt, silt, and pebbly silt, some in random combinations, and cobbly ice-front outwash. To the west are late Pleistocene–Early Holocene river-deposited alluvium, made up of silt, sand and cobble to pebble gravels.

Soils Geologists define a soil as the effect of weathering on naturally or culturally deposited sediments, which creates discernible ‘horizons’ within a vertical soil profile. A soil typically comprises an A horizon that contains decomposed organic material mixed with the upper portion of the so-called parent material— usually naturally occurring deposits that are exposed to weathering. The A horizon lies above one or more horizons that develop as a result of water percolating downward, carrying chemicals leached from the A and lower horizons. Soils vary from place to place across the landscape, in keeping with the type of sediments that form the parent material and the local environmental conditions. The horizons of different soil types display color variations according to the local soil chemistry. Color, coupled with the nature of the parent material are what enable soil scientists and archaeologists to distinguish one soil type from another, and, most importantly, to tell a naturally developed soil from a stratigraphic profile that results from cultural processes.

There are four soil types within the APE: Everett very gravelly sandy loam; Sultan silt loam; Urban land; Xerorthents, nearly level (Soil Survey Staff 2018). Everett very gravelly sandy loam is distributed on eskers, kames and moraines, in sandy and gravelly glacial outwash. It is somewhat excessively drained, with a depth to the water table of more than 80 inches. The surface does not pond or flood. A typical profile includes: 0 to 1 inches, slightly decomposed plant material; 1 to 24 inches, very gravelly sandy loam; 24 to 35 inches, very gravelly loamy sand; 35 to 60 inches, extremely cobbly coarse sand.

Sultan silt loam is distributed on flood plains, in alluvium. It is moderately well drained, with a depth to the water table of about 24 to 36 inches. The surface does not pond but will occasionally flood. A typical profile includes: 0 to 9 inches, ashy silt loam; 9 to 48 inches, silty clay loam; 48 to 60 inches, stratified sand to silt loam.

Xerorthents, nearly level, are distributed on till plains, in disturbed areas replaced with mixed fill material. It is well drained, with a depth to the water table of more than 80 inches. The surface does not pond or flood. A typical profile includes: 0 to 60 inches, silty clay loam.

Climate and vegetation The APE is in the City of Sultan, Snohomish County, in Northern Puget Sound. Climate and weather at this location are controlled by oceanographic and meteorological processes that result from complex interactions between the Pacific Ocean, Strait of Juan de Fuca, Strait of Georgia and Puget Sound, as well as the Olympic Peninsula, Vancouver Island, the Cascade and Coastal Ranges, and the Puget– Georgia Depression (Lilly 1983; Renner 1997).

The APE is within the Puget Sound area subset of the Tsuga heterophylla environmental zone (Franklin and Dyrness 1988). The climate is significantly tempered by the Pacific Ocean and Puget Sound. Summers are fairly warm and hot days are rare; winters are cool, but snow and freezing temperatures

ERCI—Snohomish County Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, Sultan 7 are not common except at higher elevations. Nearby Monroe, Washington’s average minimum temperature is 42.2° F; average maximum temperature is 60.6° F. Average annual total precipitation is 48.43 inches, with average annual snowfall of 8.2 inches (Western Regional Climate Center 2016). This wet, mild, maritime climate is responsible for the unique nature and wide distribution of the Tsuga heterophylla (Western hemlock) zone, the most extensive vegetation zone in western Washington, Oregon, and southwestern British Columbia.

In describing southwestern British Columbia's vegetation and climate history, with a focus on 6000 BP, Hebda (1995) synthesizes available data for the Fraser River lowland. He concludes that the 6000 BP horizon followed climatic adjustments marked by both cooling and increased mean precipitation. Williams and Hebda (1992) report a climatic sequence on the Fraser River delta based on temporal changes in the flora of deltaic wetlands. They describe 6800 BP as marking a transition from herb- to shrub-wetland vegetation. They note an increase of arboreal taxa including Western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), spruce (Picea spp.), pine (Pinus spp.), and alder (Alnus spp.). Hebda (1995) believes this record is the result of a regional transition from an open state to a forested state and is the product of cooler and wetter climatic conditions. He suggests this period also marks an increase of the culturally significant (see Stewart 1984) Western red cedar (Thuja plicata). Hebda and Mathewes (1985) infer that Thuja was sparse throughout the region between 10,000 and 6000 BP; both cedar and hemlock began to expand following 6800 BP and likely dominated the Puget Lowland by 5000 BP. Cooling temperatures and increased rainfall also resulted in the increase of deltaic wetland and riparian habitat (Hebda 2000; Hutchings and Campbell 2005).

Prior to the influx of European settlers, the Puget Sound and surrounding areas likely supported a mixed prairie/forest vegetation of Western Washington’s climax hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla)/cedar (Thuja plicata) forests. A solid component of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) is likely to have existed. Soil development and traditional cultural practices in some areas of the Skykomish River Drainage encouraged many indigenous prairie areas.

For a more complete discussion of the flora associated with these biogeoclimatic zones see Franklin and Dyrness (1988), Heusser (1983), Pojar and Mackinnon (1994) and Turner (1995).

4.2 Cultural Environment The APE lies in a region that Native Americans had inhabited for at least 12,500 years by the time of contact with Europeans, when Salishan-speaking people occupied vast tracts in the Columbia and Fraser River basins, the inland waters of the Salish Sea, the Puget Lowland, the Cascade Range, and parts of the Pacific Coast between the Columbia River and the Olympic Peninsula. First contact with European explorers took place in the late sixteenth century, with Euro-American settlement beginning in the early nineteenth century and increasing after the Donation Land Claim Act of 1850. Here we present a synopsis of the archaeological cultures, traditional Salish lifeways, and pertinent details of the time since Euro-American occupation.

Archaeological cultures Archaeological evidence of human presence in Western Washington is at least 12,500 years old in the upland areas, evidenced by finds of Clovis and other early postglacial cultural traditions (Ames and Maschner 1999; Kopperl 2016). Although people have been in the region all along, many archaeological sites on the relatively narrow strip of near-shore landscape were inhabited for the first time between 5,000 and 1,500 years ago due to sea-level changes that resulted from a complex interplay of climatic and geological processes whose magnitude and influence varied with location.

ERCI—Snohomish County Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, Sultan 8 As sea level rose in the early and middle Holocene, river valleys in the Puget Lowlands gradually filled up with sediment, burying any early archaeological sites in the near-stream areas. Thus, evidence for early human occupation around Puget Sound is found at higher elevations, on landforms that retain sediments from those earlier times. In those upland areas, where sea level change has had no effect on archaeological visibility, evidence from the early Holocene is widespread, but well-dated contexts are extremely rare—most archaeological assemblages are ‘dated’ by their formal similarity to those recovered from dated contexts. Here we mention only the few well-dated archaeological occurrences.

The earliest period is represented by the Lower Bear Creek Site (45KI839), near the shore of Lake Sammamish, about 10 miles northeast of the APE. This site yielded artifacts belonging to the Western Stemmed Tradition that date to between 12,500 and 10,000 cal BP (Kopperl 2016). In the North Cascades National Park near Marblemount and Newhalem in the Skagit River basin, the Cascades Pass site yielded artifacts and a cooking feature beneath Mazama volcanic ash, estimated to be 9,600 years old (Steury 2016). The Beech Creek Site (45LE415) in the Gifford Pinchot National Forest of southwestern Washington represents another early Holocene archaeological culture, the Stemmed Point Tradition, at 9,200 years old (Mack et al. 2010).

In the Puget Sound regional cultural chronology, the Olcott Phase (ca. 10,000 to 7,550 years ago) succeeds the Fluted Point and Stemmed traditions. Olcott assemblages are remarkably similar to others attributed to the Old Cordilleran Tradition, well known from other parts of the Northwest Coast (Chatters et al. 2011). Typical Olcott artifacts include “Cascade” leaf-shaped bifaces, which bear distinctive edge grinding on the stem, or hafting portion, and often-heavily patinated expedient stone artifacts of medium- to coarse-grained raw material, and lacking in fine-grained silicates.

Again, although there are numerous sites ascribed to the Olcott Phase, securely dated components are rare, as evidenced by the few mentioned here. Thermoluminescence (TL) dating of fire-modified rock (FMR) from the Woodhaven Site (45SN417), near Granite Falls, produced median dates of 9,316 and 7,886 years ago (Roger Kiers in Baldwin and Chambers 2014b). Two other Olcott Phase sites near Granite Falls, 45SN28 and 45SN303, yielded TL dates on FMR in the same age range, between 7,340 and 9,650 years ago (Chatters et al. 2011).

Between about 7,550 and 4,000 years ago—often termed the middle Holocene—well-dated archaeological sites are more numerous, in part due to the gradual stabilization of sea level near present elevations. The archaeological cultures are called by many names, but the Marymoor Phase and Charles Culture (or Mayne Phase in the San Juan/Gulf Islands) seem most common in the region. Many include microblade technology. Recent radiocarbon dates from calcined bone at the Marymoor Site (45KI9) range between approximately 5300 to 7000 BP (Chatters et al. 2017; Greengo and Houston 1970). Other sites in the region dated to the middle Holocene include Cattle Point (45SJ9) on San Juan Island (King 1950), the Glenrose Cannery Site (DgRr-22) near Vancouver, BC. (Matson 1976), the Milliken Site (DjRi-3) near Yale, B.C. (Borden 1960), and Pender Island (DeRt-1 and -2) in the Gulf Islands, the northern extension of the San Juan Islands (Carlson and Hobler 1993) and the Cascade Pass Site (45CH221) (Mierendorf and Foit, Jr. 2008). Some of these are the earliest coastal shell midden sites. The oldest dated shell midden component in the Puget Sound region is from the Dupont Site, 45PI72, which yielded a date of 5260 ±70 radiocarbon years before present (BP) (Wessen 1989).

Beginning roughly 5,000 years ago western red cedar became more prevalent in the coastal forests, and archaeological evidence reveals the intensification of its use by the people living on the Salish Sea. Specifically, in the Locarno Beach Phase (3,300–3,500 to 2,500 years ago) and the succeeding Marpole Phase, the woodworking triad of the antler wedge, polished nephrite adze bit and hand maul formed an increasingly prominent part of coastal shell middens (Hebda and Mathewes 1984). In addition, evidence for large post and plank houses and food storage comes to the fore (Matson 2010). Artifact assemblages

ERCI—Snohomish County Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, Sultan 9 from this time also illustrate increasing social complexity in the form of personal adornment—e.g., finely made nephrite and jadeite labrets—refinements in procurement technology—e.g., ground slate knives, toggling harpoons and fishing paraphernalia—and ascribed status in the form of status symbols interred with infants and very young children, and cranial deformation. These archaeological manifestations comprise the climax Northwest Coast cultural pattern that was encountered when Europeans first visited the region. Among the best known archaeological sites in the region, the Ozette site (2,500 to 500 years ago) (e.g., Daugherty and Fryxell 1967) and the Hoko River site (3,000 to 1,700) (Croes 1995) on the Olympic Peninsula preserved botanical material in addition to the other artifacts common in most Northwest Coast middens, thus revealing a breadth of material culture similar to that known ethnographically, and underscoring the material and social complexity of the regional cultures that existed in the late precontact period.

Finally, the complex interplay of post-glacial geological processes meant that salmon streams were constantly disrupted by cycles of erosion and deposition, which precluded establishment of nearshore marine resources and climax salmon runs between the time of deglaciation and that of sea-level stabilization, which began around 5,000 years ago and ended approximately 1,500 years ago (Fladmark 1975). Thus, prior to about 5,000 years ago, without the abundant, predictable salmon runs, the entire region would have been populated by mobile foragers (Grier et al. 2009; Moss et al. 2007). Since that time, the rich resources available in the maritime and riverine environments allowed for a more settled existence, and the region saw establishment of permanent residential villages, increasingly dense populations and complex cultures that existed at the time of European contact (Butler and Campbell 2004; Taylor et al. 2011).

Specific archaeological findings for the APE and surroundings are discussed in Section 4.3 Previous Archaeology.

Salish Ethnography and Ethnohistory A detailed description of the central Puget Sound traditional Salish cultures is beyond the scope of this report. Instead, we present a broad overview of their traditional lifeways, including what is known of the precontact cultures, using knowledge gained from ethnography, ethnohistory, and the historic record. For in-depth descriptions of traditional Coast Salish culture, readers are directed to the following references: Adamson (1969), AFSC (1970), Allen (1976), Amoss (1977a, 1977b, 1978, 1981), Ballard (1929), Barnett (1938, 1955), Belcher (1986), Bennett (1972), Bierwert (1990, 1993, 1999), Boxberger (1986, 1996), Boyd (1994, 1999), Bruseth (1926), Collins (1950, 1952, 1974a, 1974b [1946], 1974c, 1980), Curtis (1913), Dewhirst (1976), Eells and Castile (1985), Elmendorf (1971, 1974, 1993), Guilmet et al. (1991), Gunther (1928, 1945), Haeberlin (1924), Haeberlin and Gunther (1930), Hansen (1981), Harmon (1998), Harris (1994), Howay (1918), Jorgensen (1969), Kew (1972, 1990), Lane and Lane (1977), Mansfield (1993), B. Miller (1993, 1995, 1997, 1998, 2001), Miller and Boxberger (1994), J. Miller (1988), Mooney (1976), Moss (1986), Riley (1974 [1953]), Roberts (1975), Sampson (1972), M. Smith (1941, 1950, 1956), Snyder (1954, 1964, 1980, 1981), Spier (1935, 1936), Stern (1934), Stewart (1973, 1977, 1979, 1984, 1996), Suttles (1957, 1958, 1960, 1974 [1951], 1987, 1990a, b), Suttles and Lane (1990), Taylor (1953, 1960, 1984), Tollefson (1987, 1989, 1992a, 1992b, 1996), Tremaine (1975), Tweddell (1974 [1953]), United States (1859), United States Bureau of Indian Affairs (1993), United States Court of Claims (1933), Waterman (1920), and Waterman et al. (2001).

The central eastern Puget Sound Lowland has been home to people for millennia. Ethnographic accounts, the historic record and the oral histories of the people who lived there have all provided a rich story of the lives and deaths of the area’s original inhabitants.

ERCI—Snohomish County Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, Sultan 10 Coast Salish social life Social life began in the longhouse, a large, red cedar, post and beam structure clad in broad planks, in which up to twenty closely related families dwelt and cooperated economically. Frequently, longhouses were 100- to 200-foot-long structures, with gable or shed roofs. One or more longhouses comprised a village, usually situated advantageously with respect to the area’s resources—often at the river mouth or on the main stem of the river at the mouth of a tributary stream. Each longhouse was led by the head of one of its resident, closely related, families.

Within each village one of the longhouses would have had more social influence than the others. Villages, too, were often ranked, and quite often the larger villages wielded more influence. Most decisions that affected the village were undertaken within a small group of those representing individual longhouses; those decisions affecting the tribe as a whole would be made amongst the leaders of individual villages and their constituents. Within and between villages, power and prestige were asserted and maintained by the Potlatch, a ceremonial feast held in celebration of important occasions, in which gifts were given by those who organized the celebration. In so doing, social and economic debts were created, reinforcing the social relationship between the giver and the recipient.

Tweddell (1974) records two named traditional village sites near the APE. The first was … on the south bank of the south slough of the Skykomish River, probably called Sprague Slough, and situated immediately ate the west side of the end of the long bridge across the river and slough. Walther Hathaway said the name of the village was stǝḱ’talidubc, and the fact of the existence of the village was confirmed by Mrs. Nate Baxter, a white resident of the Sultan area from birth. Hathaway said there was also a permanent fishing place for stishub fish there. The statement by Hathaway is the only definitive statement anywhere as to the exact location of the stǝḱ’talidubc people. He is a full-blood Indian and was brought up at Sultan, so should know. However, this statement has not yet had corroboration from other sources, except of course, Marian Smith’s Nisqually informant [Tweddell 1974: 653–654 (pp. 175–176 in the original)]. The second village near the APE that Tweddell mentions was … where the city [of Sultan] is now. Sultan John’s residence was on the south side of the east end of Sultan. … by the riverside. tw’tsǝltǝd was the name for Sultan. It was a personal name properly, but was used of the village. It was named for a ‘chief’ here, but not after Sultan John … [Tweddell 1974:654 (p. 176 in the original)].

Economy Coast Salish economies are often characterized by their relationship to the sea and the abundant and predictable resources it offers in addition to the plentiful salmon. Many Coast Salish resources were seasonal. This applied to salmon as much as to the berries and bulbs that formed an important part of the diet. For this reason, economic life most of the year meant leaving the permanent winter village and the longhouse and setting up seasonal camps where local resources were exploited. This often entailed constructing temporary shelters of wood and waterproof mats similar to those shown in Figure 7. Mat houses like this one illustrated would have been a common structure on the prairies and riverbanks inland from the Sound.

ERCI—Snohomish County Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, Sultan 11 Terrestrial resources were acquired by collecting and hunting. Using digging sticks, they collected bulbs of camas, wild potato, bracken and wood fern, cattail, wild carrot and others. Some plant products were preserved and stored for use during the winter. Fruits gathered were salmonberry, huckleberry, wild blackberry, raspberry, salal, serviceberry, and wild strawberry, as well as acorn and hazelnut (Haeberlin and Gunther 1930:20–21). They hunted elk and deer, beaver, bobcat, bear, marmot, cougar, as well as ducks and grouse. Seal and other sea mammals were hunted from canoes. As with the important salmon, all meat beyond immediate need was cured and stored for winter consumption. Trade back and forth for shellfish and other seafood for camas or dried meat was common (Haeberlin and Gunther 1930:20).

Material culture In addition to the archaeological collections and oral histories much of what we know of traditional Coast Salish material culture derives from ethnographic collections residing in museums around the world, from the observations of ethnographers and historians, and photographs taken in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (e.g., Curtis 1913).

Figure 7: Example of a seasonal house, “Mat House—Skokomish” (1912) by Curtis (Northwestern University Library 2003b). Coast Salish groups relied heavily on plants to create functional, decorative and ceremonial objects. For example, the red cedar tree provided wood for longhouses, canoes and storage containers, as well as bark that when shredded could be woven to make clothing, capes and head coverings. Cedar and spruce root were used along with other fiber to make baskets similar to those shown in Figure 8 for use when foraging or cooking, some so tightly woven that they were waterproof. Local and exotic stone was chipped or ground to fashion knives, spear, dart and arrow tips, mauls, wedges, adzes and chisels for woodworking, and ear and lip ornaments. Fishing barbs, combs, pins and many other items were fashioned from animal bone, antler, teeth and shell.

ERCI—Snohomish County Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, Sultan 12

Figure 8: Examples of the kind of baskets made by Coast Salish people, “Puget Sound Baskets” (1912) by Edward S. Curtis (Northwestern University Library 2003c). Dog wool was spun and woven on a loom to produce blankets similar to the one shown in Figure 9. Although the loom is from Vancouver Island, such looms would have been common in the APE. Some clothing was made from bear and buckskin. Among the many uses for marine shell, clam shell disc beads—“shell money”—were used for trade (Haeberlin and Gunther 1930:29). From an archaeological perspective only special depositional circumstances could be expected to preserve most of these organic artifacts.

Summary This overview has barely sketched traditional lifeways. The Salish People thrived for millennia, and developed a rich and complex culture within an environment that supported a large population prior to European contact and the devastation of disease and political oppression. Despite these hardships the peoples of the region have resiliency, and continue to fight for renewed political and economic power, at the same time working to preserve and maintain traditional cultural knowledge and beliefs.

ERCI—Snohomish County Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, Sultan 13

Figure 9: Example of the kind of weaving done by Coast Salish people, “Goat-hair Blanket— Cowichan” (1912) by Curtis (Northwestern University Library 2003a).

Exploration and Immigration These next paragraphs are compulsory, minus any highlighted sections that may or may not apply to the area being reported on. The first documented exploration of the Pacific Northwest was a Spanish expedition in 1592, led by Greek-born Apostolus Valerianos, more commonly known as Juan de Fuca, after whom the entrance to the Salish Sea is named. Between 47° and 48° north latitude—after entering a “broad Inlet of the

ERCI—Snohomish County Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, Sultan 14 Sea” de Fuca traveled for “twentie dayes … passed divers Ilands … went on Land in divers places, and … saw some people on Land, clad in Beasts skins” (Purchas 1906 [1625]:416).

Some of the earliest English-language records of this region come from George Vancouver’s exploration of the Salish Sea. On June 4, 1792, he went ashore in the vicinity of Tulalip, near today’s Everett, Washington, and claimed for King George III the coast south to 39° 20’ N, which had been his first landfall. Vancouver was convinced of the historical justification of his claim and his maps all show British Territory from about 39° north latitude northward (Hayes 1999:85). The southern portion of the Salish Sea is named after Vancouver’s lieutenant, Peter Puget. Before continuing to the next paragraph, here you can introduce the name(s) of pertinent local places here if they derive from European exploration.

The Hudson’s Bay Company The first Europeans to stay for any length of time in the Puget Sound area were traders, trappers and explorers associated with the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC). From the 1820s through to the 1860s, HBC employees regularly traveled and traded around the Puget Sound (Harmon 1998). Tribes around Puget Sound took benefit from trading and bartering with HBC, and many were hired as guides. Fort Nisqually was established in 1833 at the southern end of Puget Sound, the first European settlement on Puget Sound (Bagley 1915). The Snohomish traded with HBC at Fort Nisqually (Ruby and Brown 1986:213). Using the Naches, Snoqualmie, and Yakima passes through the Cascades, even the Yakima people traded with HBC at Fort Nisqually and Fort Langley, to the north. The influence of HBC in the Puget Sound was felt by native people and immigrants alike (Suttles and Lane 1990).

The Donation Land Claim Act of 1850 The pace of immigrant settlement was encouraged by the US 31st Congress, with the 1850 passage of Statute 496, an unnamed Act known by various names, most commonly as the Donation Land Claim Act, which legitimized a practice originally set in motion by the territorial Provisional Government in 1843 (Robbins 2018). The Act was to create the Office of Surveyor–General of the Public Lands in [the] Oregon [Territory], and to provide for the Survey, and to make Donations to Settlers of the said Public Lands. … granted to every white settler or occupant of the public lands, American half-breed Indians included ... three hundred and twenty acres of land, if a single man, and if a married man ... the quantity of one section, or six hundred and forty acres, one half to himself and the other half to his wife, to be held by her in her own right ... [US Statute 496, September 27, 1850] The law explicitly excluded African Americans and Hawaiians. Prior to its enactment Territorial Delegate Samuel Thurston had told Congress that extinguishing Indian title was the “first prerequisite step” to settling Oregon’s land question, so Congress had earlier authorized commissioners to negotiate treaties with that would, among other things, remove Native Americans from their land (Robbins 2018). What followed were the 1854 Treaty of Medicine Creek, the 1855 Treaties of Point Elliott, Point No Point, Neah Bay, Yakama, and Walla Walla, and the Quinault Treaty of 1856, by which the Native American tribes ceded their lands in return for continued resource procurement rights, ‘reservations’ (for some, but not all of the tribes), and a one-time payment. Once the treaties were in place, settlement and commercial exploitation of previously tribal lands proceeded almost unfettered.

Industry and infrastructure Several large-scale commercial undertakings underpinned and dominated economic development and fueled settlement in the region during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries: construction of

ERCI—Snohomish County Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, Sultan 15 transcontinental railroads, logging and sawmilling, mining, and hydroelectric power projects. The Northern Pacific Railway was the first transcontinental route to Puget Sound, completed in 1883 with its terminus at Tacoma. 1893 saw completion of the Great Northern Railway, which terminated in Seattle and was the only privately funded such railway in US history. These railways and their local spurs promoted economic growth and prompted the founding and development of small, coastal sawmill towns throughout the region. Timber harvested locally, or rafted by sea and river, was milled and loaded on trains for transport to the east.

The City of Sultan In the 1870s prospectors discovered gold on the banks of the Sultan River. No major finds were ever made, but the possibility of gold was enough to bring people to the area. Sultan’s first claim belonged to John Nailor and his wife (spelled Naylor on the 1884 Government Land Office [GLO] map). They settled at the confluence of the Sultan and Skykomish Rivers in 1880. The Nailor’s house became a popular stop for prospectors traveling through the area and he established a small trade post there. In 1885 the burgeoning town got a post office, built near Nailor’s store, and Nailor became the town’s first postmaster. At this time, the town was called Sultan City. Nailor continued to be instrumental in gaining infrastructure in the emerging city. In 1886 he established a ferry, and in 1888 he built the Pioneer Hotel (Williams 2004:37).

In 1889 W.B. Stevens purchased the Pioneer Hotel from Nailor. By this time Sultan had a schoolhouse and a physician, Dr. Warren (Interstate Publishing 1906:367). The town’s first newspaper, The Sultan City Journal, distributed its first issue in September 1890. Most of the news and advertisements contained in that first issue centered on mining (Dampf 2008:11). That same year Stone and Ewing built a sawmill (Interstate Publishing 1906:367).

Like many of the towns along the route of the Great Northern Railway, Sultan participated in building the railroad, and as with so many other places the coming of the railway meant a boom for the city. The Great Northern arrived in 1891 and Sultan gained merchants, a barber, a dentist, a real estate office, hotels and more. The Bank of Sultan was established in 1892 (Williams 2004:37).

In 1894 Sultan City was renamed Sultan. The town continued to grow, and agriculture became an important part of Sultan’s economy. By the early 1900s Sultan had shifted its focus from mining to timber harvesting and land reclamation (Blukis Onat 2005). The expense of operation had closed most of the area’s mining operations (Dampf 2008:11). Although much of the area was still forested, farms and dairy farms were being established, and most of the Skykomish floodplain was cleared and used for farming (Blukis Onat 2005). In 1905 Sultan was incorporated, and the city’s second newspaper was established: the Star (Interstate Publishing 1906:367–368).

Following World War I the region’s logging industry was highly competitive, and Sultan’s economy suffered (Riddle 2014). The City’s population declined, but during the Depression of the 1930s the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) built a “major” camp at Sultan (Riddle 2006), including “the 1923rd Company Veterans Camp, which later served as a state fire-crew base, then as Sultan's city hall, and eventually as a river-access park” (Riddle 2014).

Through the mid-twentieth century Sultan’s population increased, due mainly to tourism (Riddle 2014) and its proximity to Seattle. In the 2010 census the town had 4,651 inhabitants.

For more information on the history of the city of Sultan and the Skykomish River Valley the reader is directed to Blukis Onat (2005), Gill and Baldwin (2007), Kent (2005a), Staich (1906), Williams (2004) and the City of Sultan’s website.

ERCI—Snohomish County Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, Sultan 16 4.3 Previous Archaeology For general overviews of the archaeology and cultural resources of the Northwest Coast, see Ames (1995, 2003, 2005a, 2005b), Ames and Maschner (1999), Borden (1950, 1951, 1962, 1968, 1975), Boyd (1998, 1999), Burley (1980), Butler (1961), Butler and Campbell (2004), Campbell (1991), Carlson (1990), Carlson and Dalla Bona (1996), Erlandson et al. (1998), Fladmark (1975, 1982), Matson and Coupland (1995), Matson et al. (2003), Meltzer (2004), Meltzer and Dunnell (1987), Mitchell (1971, 1990), Nelson (1990), Pratt (1992), and Prentiss and Kuijt (2004, 2012).

The earliest archaeological studies of the central Puget Sound Lowland are H.I. Smith’s (1900, 1907). In addition to those cited in the next two sections, more recent archaeological overviews can be found in Avey (1991), Blukis Onat et al. (1980), Blukis Onat and Kiers (2007a, 2007b), Bryan (1963), Greengo (1983), Hearne and Hollenbeck (1996), Hollenbeck (1987), Juell (2006), Kidd (1964), Lewarch (1979), Lewarch and Larson (2003), Mattson (1989), Miss and Campbell (1991), Samuels (1993), and Smith and Fowkes (1901)

Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites Records of five archaeological sites within two miles of the APE are on file at the Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (DAHP). A short description of the sites is provided below (Table 1). Table 1: Previously recorded archaeological sites within two miles of the APE. NRHP Site # Type Distance Citations Eligibility Historic Agriculture, Historic Chidley and Schwab Potential 45SN565 ~0.50 miles Logging Properties 2010 45SN617 Historic Bridges ~1.3 miles Bundy 2016 Potential Gilpin and Undetermined 45SN520 Historic Isolate ~1.35 miles Thompson 2009 Gilpin and Undetermined 45SN519 Historic Isolate ~1.75 miles Thompson 2009 Precontact Camp; Precontact Kent 2004 Undetermined Lithic Material; Precontact 45SN373 ~1.85 miles Feature; Precontact and Historic Features

45SN565 (Wallace Lumber Company Wagleys Creek Flume) is a historic logging property approximately one-half mile from the APE. Chidley (2010) recorded the log flume is located on Wagleys Creek and served the Wallace Lumber Company shingle Mill. The flume components consist of rock, concrete, logs, and dimensional timber. Broken concrete and large rocks are also located adjacent to the flume/weir, which may have been portions that have been removed from the obvious ruins. The flume as it now exists consists of a timber ‘slide’ with bracketing rails set within the creek flow, and cross-members keyed into the eastern creek bank [Chidley 2010:2]. 45SN617 is a historic bridge site on the east bank of the Sultan River approximately 1.3 miles from the APE. Bundy (2013) observed two solid granite bridge pier foundations and two aggregate support columns partially buried under the US 2 Bridge.

ERCI—Snohomish County Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, Sultan 17 45SN520 is a historic isolate approximately 1.35 miles from the APE. The historic artifact was encountered in shovel test and consists of a heavily oxidized bolt that may be related to a nearby railroad grade/bridge (Gilpin 2009b).

45SN519 is a historic isolate approximately 1.75 miles from the APE. The historic artifact consists of a portion of a brown glazed ceramic insulator. The isolate was identified along the edge of a road within the vicinity of an existing utility pole (Gilpin 2009a).

45SN373 is a precontact camp with a historic component approximately 1.85 miles from the APE. Kent (2002) observed a possible hearth feature and a 1 x 1.5-m test unit was later excavated in order determine the characteristic of the cultural deposit. “The prehistoric archaeological deposit was found to contain a broad range of stone tool types, abundant FMR, charcoal, and several very small fragments of poorly preserved bone” (Kent 2002:5).

Previous Cultural Resources Surveys There are nineteen reports on file with DAHP from previous cultural resource surveys within two miles of the APE; they are listed below in Table 2. Table 2: Previous cultural resource reports on file with DAHP. Author Title Date Cultural Resources Investigations for the SR2 Sultan Basin Road LeTourneau 2003 Improvements Project, City of Sultan, Snohomish County, Washington Letter to Sam Richard re: Cultural Resource Investigations for the City of LeTourneau Sultan’s SR 2 at 5th Street Intersection Improvements Project, Snohomish 2004 County, Washington Cultural Resource Survey, Testing Monitoring for the Startup Training Kent Levee Rehabilitation Project, Skykomish River, Snohomish County, 2004 Washington Cultural Resource Inventory of the Skykomish Slough Bridge No. 150 Blukis Onat 2005 Replacement, Snohomish County, Washington U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 2004-2005 Flood Fight Season After Action Cultural Resources Survey for the Wallace River and Startup Levees, Kent 2005a Emergency Flood Fight Levee Repair Projects, Snohomish County, Washington Cultural Resource Survey the 2005 Startup Training Levee PL 84-99 Kent Rehabilitation Project on the Skykomish River, Snohomish County, 2005b Washington Gill and Archaeological Investigation for the Startup Waterline Replacement 2007 Baldwin Project, Snohomish County, Washington Cultural Resources Survey for the 2007 Startup Training Levee PL 84-99 Kent 2007 Rehabilitation Project on the Skykomish River. Snohomish Cultural Resources Assessment for the US 2 Safety Improvements Project, Chidley 2009 Snohomish County, Washington Gilpin and Archaeological Survey Addendum, Youngs Creek Hydroelectric Project 2009 Thompson (FERC Project No. 10359), Snohomish County, Washington Tingwall et Cultural Resources Assessment, Sultan Basin Road Realignment Phase III, 2009 al. Sultan, Washington Cultural Resources Assessment for the US 2 Wagleys Creek Fish Passage Chidley and Project, Washington State Department of Transportation, Snohomish 2010 Schwab County, Washington

ERCI—Snohomish County Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, Sultan 18 Author Title Date Cultural Resources Assessment of the Side Channel and Large Woody Greene et Debris Enhancement Project for the Jackson Hydroelectric Project, FERC 2011 al. No. P-2157 (DAHP Log No. 121205-02-FERC) Smart and Archaeological Investigation Report: Upper Tychman Slough Restoration 2011 Rowland Project, Snohomish County, Washington Kanaby Cultural Resource Assessment for the Startup Levee Repair 2012 Elder and Lower Skykomish River Restoration Project (RCO #10-1338; DAHP 2013 Elliot #030811-02-RCFB) Cultural Resources Survey Bundy Cultural Resources Survey, Sultan River Pedestrian/Bicycle Bridge Project 2016 Bush and Archaeological Investigation Report: City of Sultan 4th and 5th Street 2016 North Improvement Project Kelly WDFW Whitaker on the Wallace Access Improvement Project 2016

Previous Cemetery Reports There are records of three cemeteries on file with DAHP within two miles of the APE; they are listed below in Table 3.

Table 3: Cemetery Reports on file with DAHP. Smithsonian Distance from Name Number Project 45SN516 Sultan Cemetery Adjacent 45SN525 Tahlequah Memorial Park ~0.9 miles 45SN611 Human Remains ~1.8 miles

45SN516—Sultan Cemetery—is an active well-maintained cemetery adjacent to the APE. Though it was dedicated in 1905, the earliest burial date is 1875. Notable interments include the founder of the town of Sultan, W.H. Stevens, and a native American, Tom Smith, who died at the age of 108 in 1920.

45SN526—Tahlequah Memorial Park—is an active cemetery on 132nd Street SE in Sultan approximately 0.9 miles from the APE. The cemetery was established in 1993.

45SN611 is a burial on a private residence approximately 1.8 miles from the APE.

National Register Properties There are no National Register Properties on file with DAHP within two miles of the APE.

Archaeological Expectations The APE’s ethnography and history suggest that there is a moderate to high probability that ground disturbing activities would disturb buried cultural resources. First, the area lies near the confluence of the Skykomish and Sultan Rivers, and very close to two known historic Native American villages. These rivers have been fished for salmon for as long as the salmon and people have lived in the region. Furthermore, river confluences are economically strategic places, and this area would have been relatively densely populated for most of that time.

The area’s sediments comprise Late Pleistocene and early Holocene flood deposits as well as a remnant glacial deposit. These are the kinds of surface deposits within which archaeologists elsewhere in the Puget Lowland have recovered buried artifacts from an archaeological culture known as Olcott, which dates to between 10,000 and 7,550 years ago. The APE lies on the edge of that old river terrace, which

ERCI—Snohomish County Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, Sultan 19 increases the chance of finding artifacts and archaeological deposits dating to any time in the last 12,500 years or so. While it is likely that the APE could contain buried cultural materials, it is highly unlikely that precontact animal skeletal remains or artifacts made of perishable material would be found there. Forest and grassland soils are acidic and over time will completely degrade skeletal material; however, this does not preclude the possibility of recovering recently buried skeletal remains, whether nonhuman or human.

Sultan’s place on the east–west intercontinental railroad route, and its location near the historic center of Sultan and the Skykomish River also combine to increase the chance of finding buried cultural resources from the Euro-American period.

5.0 METHODS This section provides details on the archival research and fieldwork methods that Equinox Research and Consulting International Inc. (ERCI) employed in support of the Project. The research undertaken for the Project uses best-practice archaeological survey techniques to record the presence or absence of moderate to large archaeological sites; such surveys are not designed to find isolated artifacts or features, or small artifact scatters, although this can happen by chance. When sites or isolated artifacts are discovered ERCI records them on DAHP forms in accordance with the Washington State Standards for Cultural Resources Reporting.

5.1Archival Research ERCI researchers • Reviewed site forms and reports of previous archaeology on file at the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (DAHP) in Olympia, Washington • Reviewed other archaeological reports and related documents on file at the ERCI offices in Mount Vernon, Washington • Reviewed published information on the precontact, traditional Native American and historic land use in the APE, and the Salish Sea—including the central Puget Sound • Reviewed the Snohomish County Assessor’s records • Reviewed General Land Office, Sanborn, Metzger and Kroll, other historic maps

5.2 Fieldwork On May 29 and 30, 2018 ERCI carried out an archaeological investigation of the APE. Secretary of the Interior-qualified archaeologist Laura M. Syvertson, MS, led the team comprising archaeological field technicians Lindsey Holdener, BA, and Jori Hurst, BA. Aaron Webster and Steven Weimer, from the Stillaguamish Tribe, assisted in the field on May 29.

Fieldwork entailed an intensive pedestrian surface survey and subsurface shovel testing. The pedestrian survey was carried out in standard 20 meter transects.

Shovel test (ST) locations were determined using a mixed strategy. In parts of the APE they were placed approximately 40 m apart, and in other parts placed judgmentally based on increased probability of identifying a buried archaeological site—more were excavated on the upper terrace edge, because this once overlooked an active stream. All excavated sediments were passed through ¼-inch mesh hardware cloth shaker screens. No samples were removed from the APE. Sediments encountered were characterized, recorded, and then test holes were backfilled. Whenever animal skeletal fragments were encountered, digital photographs are transmitted to ERCI’s biological anthropologist, to identify whether they are animal or human.

ERCI—Snohomish County Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, Sultan 20 All observations were recorded on paper, and activities photographed using digital cameras. ST and other locations mapped using compass and pace. Sedimentary matrix and shovel test descriptions are provided in Appendix 1. Appendix 2 contains the photograph log. Original field notes, digital photographs, electronic versions of field notes are securely stored at ERCI’s offices in Mount Vernon, Washington.

6.0 RESULTS ERCI’s archaeological investigation of the APE entailed pedestrian and subsurface survey. The APE is largely cleared and vegetated with grass and some mature trees (Figure 10 and Figure 11). The slope from the upper terrace to the lower level area is heavily vegetated. The Sultan Cemetery is across Cascade View Drive from the APE (Figure 12).

A built-up area in the eastern portion is occupied by two twentieth century residential structures (Figure 13 and Figure 14) and several parked semi-trailers. The residential structure at 33021 Cascade View Drive was built in 1932; 33019 Cascade View Drive was constructed in 1922. Fire District 5 has submitted EZ 2 forms for these structures to DAHP, and DAHP’s Russell Holter determined that neither is eligible for the National Register of Historic Places.

Figure 10: View east, structures in the APE’s eastern portion.

ERCI—Snohomish County Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, Sultan 21

Figure 11: View south along western boundary, toward terrace edge.

Figure 12: View west, Sultan Cemetery outside of APE.

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Figure 13: Northwest elevation, 33021Cascade View Drive, 1932 residence.

Figure 14: East elevation, 33019 Cascade View Drive, 1922 residence.

6.1 Pedestrian Survey ERCI archaeologists walked the open areas of the APE looking for sediment exposures to examine. As mentioned above, most of the APE is planted with mowed grass. However, the slope leading down to the lower level area was forested. There were a few mole hills and landscaped areas, but other than that, little surface visibility. No cultural resources other than the above-ground structures and trailers were observed at the surface.

6.2 Subsurface Survey ERCI excavated 40 STs in all, ranging in diameter from 38 to 60 centimeters (cm) and between 27 and 103 cm (about the practical maximum for this type of shovel survey) in depth (Figure 15-Figure 18). (ST locations shown on Figure 16). Shovel testing exposed four sedimentary matrices that ranged from

ERCI—Snohomish County Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, Sultan 23 clay to cobble size. This is in keeping with our expectations, given the geological and development history of the APE.

The characteristic sedimentary profile on the western part of the upper terrace was Matrix 1 (M1) overlying M2, over M3 (see Figure 19). This profile was observed in 11 STs. It represents Late Pleistocene or early Holocene alluvium. In the eastern portion there was less regularity, most likely because the original sediments were glacial in origin and there had been considerable modern disturbance due to residential construction and landscaping (Figure 19-Figure 23).

ST 17 had animal skeletal remains on the surface; digital photographs were transmitted electronically to Alyson Rollins, who confirmed that they were nonhuman. Five STs contained modern refuse: ST 3, 1 fragment of brown bottle glass; ST 5, a rusted nail and a Ball Mason jar seal fragment, discussed briefly below (Figure 24); ST 26, charcoal fragments throughout, seven mammal bones, and one fragment of green bottle glass; ST 30, 15 pieces of corroded ferrous metal (Figure 25); ST 32, several fragments of glass. All of these objects were encountered in disturbed deposits.

All of the refuse observed was nondescript, save for a milk glass Ball Mason canning jar seal fragment that is embossed with “…R BALL MASON.” This was most likely made by one or another incarnation of the Ball glass manufacturing company, which has operated continuously between the late nineteenth and today. Lindsey (2017) states that these are ubiquitous in any archaeological site where preserved food was prepared or consumed, but none had associated dateable material or a dateable context.

As far as the 15 metal fragments recovered from ST 30 are concerned, the context itself cannot be dated, and for that reason we don’t recommend management of any kind for this cluster of refuse.

Figure 15: View east over ST 36 technicians screening sediment.

ERCI—Snohomish County Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, Sultan 24

Figure 16: Sketch map of shovel test locations

ERCI—Snohomish County Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, Sultan 25

Figure 17; View west over ST 20 and fire practice activity area.

Figure 18: View south ST 34 with Snoqualmie Representative.

ERCI—Snohomish County Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, Sultan 26

Figure 19: ST 3.

ERCI—Snohomish County Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, Sultan 27

Figure 20: ST 1 view east, mostly intact profile with plow zone.

ERCI—Snohomish County Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, Sultan 28

Figure 21: View N ST 32 mostly disturbed sediment profile.

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Figure 22: View W ST 30

ERCI—Snohomish County Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, Sultan 30

Figure 23: ST 36 with asphalt in wall of test hole.

Figure 24: Ball mason jar seal fragment ST 5.

ERCI—Snohomish County Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, Sultan 31

Figure 25: Ferrous metal artifacts from ST 30 (scale in cm).

ERCI—Snohomish County Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, Sultan 32 6.3 Discussion ERCI’s pedestrian survey and shovel testing program revealed sediments that accord well with the geologic map of the area. No archaeological resources were observed in the APE. It must be borne in mind that surveys of this kind are intended to find extensive cultural deposits, not isolated artifacts. The APE still retains a moderate probability of containing isolated artifacts or small scatters of artifacts.

7.0 MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS No protected cultural resources were identified during our fieldwork. The management recommendations that we are now providing are based on our findings from this initial investigation. We recommend that: 1. The proposed project proceed as planned, following an unanticipated discovery protocol (UDP) training given to all construction personnel by a professional archaeologist. A copy of the Unanticipated Discoveries Protocol (UDP) to be on site at all times (Appendix 3). 2. In the event that any ground-disturbing activities or other project activities related to this development or in any future development uncover protected cultural material (e.g., bones, shell, stone or antler tools), all work in the immediate vicinity should stop, the area should be secured, and any equipment moved to a safe distance away from the location. The on- site superintendent should then follow the steps specified in the UDP (Appendix 3). 3. In the event that any ground-disturbing activities or other project activities related to this development or in any future development uncover human remains, all work in the immediate vicinity should stop, the area should be secured, and any equipment moved to a safe distance away from the location. The on-site superintendent should then follow the steps specified in the UDP (Appendix 3).

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ERCI—Snohomish County Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, Sultan 47 United States Bureau of Indian Affairs 1993 Summary under the Criteria and Evidence for Proposed Finding for Federal Acknowledgment of the Snoqualmie Indian Tribe: Prepared in response to a petition submitted to the Secretary of the Interior for Federal acknowledgment that this group exists as an Indian tribe. United States Department of the Interior, Office of Federal Acknowledgement SNQ- V001-D004. United States Bureau of Indian Affairs, Washington, D.C. United States Court of Claims 1933 The Duwamish, Lummi, Whidbey Island, Skagit, upper Skagit, Swinomish, Kikiallus, Snohomish, Snoqualmie, Stillaguamish, Suquamish, Samish, Puyallup, Squaxin, Skokomish, upper Chehalis, Muckleshoot, Nooksack, Chinook and San Juan Islands tribes of Indians, claimants, vs. the United States of America, defendant. No. F-275. Argus Press, Seattle. Waterman, T.T. 1920 Puget Sound Geography. Microform of manuscript on file, Suzzallo Library, Microfilm A3435. University of Washington, Seattle. Waterman, T.T., Vi Hilbert, J. Miller, and Zalmai Zahir (editors) 2001 Puget Sound Geography. Original manuscript from T.T. Waterman [1921]; edited with additional material from Vi Hilbert, Jay Miller, and Zalmai Zahir. Lushootseed Press, Federal Way, Washington. Wessen, Gary 1989 A Report of Archaeological testing at the Dupont Southwest Site (45-PI-72), Pierce County, Washington. Western Heritage, Olympia, Washington. On file at the Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia. Western Regional Climate Center 2018 Monroe Washington (455525). Electronic document, http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi- bin/cliMAIN.pl?wamonr, accessed June 6, 2018. White, Richard 1980 Land Use, Environment, and Social Change–The Shaping of Island County, Washington. University of Washington Press, Seattle. Whitlock, Cathy 1992 Vegetational and Climatic History of the Pacific Northwest During the Last 20,000 Years: Implication for Understanding Present-Day Biodiversity. Northwest Environmental Journal 8:5–28. Williams, Buddie 2004 A Photographic History of the Great Northern and the Towns of Highway 2 Historical Publishing Startup, WA Williams, H.F.L., and R.J. Hebda 1992 Palynology of Holocene Top-Set Aggradational Sediments of the Fraser Delta, British Columbia. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology 86(3–4): 297–302, 304–305, 307–311.

ERCI—Snohomish County Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, Sultan 48 9.0 APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Shovel Test Descriptions, Particle Size Classes and Matrix Descriptions Particle Size Classes Scale Clay Silt Sand Gravel Pebble Cobble Boulder in <.00015 .00015–.0025 .0025–.08 .08–1 1–4 4–10 >10 mm <.004 .004–.062 .062–2 2–25.4 25.4–102 102–254 >254

Matrix Descriptions Matrix 1: 10 YR 3/4 dark yellowish-brown silt (80%) in some areas it is darker but probably because of more organics with 20% roots and organics; dry, organics disappear with depth, mostly a disturbed matrix – local alluvium, often exhibits disc or plow zone. Matrix 2: 10 YR 5/6 yellowish-brown sometimes olive tones, silt gradually increasing clast sizes with pebbles and cobbles to 60%, slightly damp, mostly alluvium Matrix 3: 10 YR 3/4 yellow brown to 10 YR 5/1 gray silty sand with increasing fines with depth mostly intact but occasionally mixed with M1 in a disturbed layer. Matrix 4: 2.5 YR 4/1 dark gray clay (100%); highly compact; sticky, glaciolacustrine, intact.

Shovel Test Descriptions ST Depth Dia Matrix Description Comments (cm) (cm) 0-16: M1. Negative. 1 95 41 16-50: M1 fewer organics 50-95: M3-interface gradual 0-18: M1. Negative. 2 63 43 18-36: M1 fewer organics more carbon flecks 36-63: M3-cobbly throughout. 0-16: M1-<1% pebbles, but more than described Negative. 3 90 38 16-48: M1 fewer organics small glass fragment 48-90: M3. 0-18: M1-mostly silty. Negative. 18-30: M1-charcoal stain at 20 cm dbs from root 4 78 47 decomposition 30-78: M2-cobbles begin at 72 cm dbs. Terminated due to cobbles 0-15: M1. Negative. 15-48: M1 mixed with M2-Ball Mason base, brown 5 100 50 glass fragments, wood and rusted nail. 48-98: M2 98-100: M3-sand only. 0-30: M1-root burn and charcoal stains throughout layer, Negative. 6 94 60 dry, not compact. 30-94: M3-100% silt, compact, dry. 0-25: M1 mixed with M2 Negative. 7 103 44 25-67: M2. 67-103: M3.

ERCI—Snohomish County Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, Sultan 49 ST Depth Dia Matrix Description Comments (cm) (cm) 0-35: M1. Negative. 35-60: M2-abrupt interface. 8 60 40 Terminated due to cobble impasse. Extremely high cobble content throughout (45%). 0-70: M1-root burn and charcoal stains throughout, 20- Negative. 60 cm dbs large root burn on W wall; damp; not 9 100 48 compact. 70-100: M2-90% silt/10% gravels, dry, not compact. 0-12: M1. Negative. 10 27 50 12-27: M3. 0-84: M1. Negative. 11 88 43 84-88: M3. 0-16: M1-90% silt/10% organics, damp, not compact. Negative. 16-64: M1-root burn and charcoal stains throughout 12 100 54 layer, dry. 64-100: M3-90% silt/10% sand, dry, not compact. 0-18: M1-white powder near 0-2 cm dbs from organics, Negative. damp, not compact. 13 101 50 18-65: M1-root burn and charcoal stains throughout, damp, compact. 65-101: M3-90% silt-10% sand, not compact. 0-34: M1. Negative. 14 100 43 34-60: M2. 60-100: M2-very low pebble/cobble content. 0-27: M1-charcoal stains throughout from root burn. Negative. Root burn stain from 17-37 cm dbs on W wall. 15 67 46 27-48: M3-not compact, no gradual pebbles-100% silt. 48-67: M2-very compact, 60% large pebbles and cobbles. 0-13: M1-thin line of root burn at 13 cm dbs outlining Negative. the end of the layer. 16 57 38 13-33: M2-gradually turning to pebbles at 30-33 cm dbs. 33-57: M2-very sandy, very compact with 40% pebbles. 0-63: M2-very high cobble content (>60%). Recent Negative. 17 63 48 animal bones found on surface of ST 0-48: M1-flecks of charcoal at 33-45 cm dbs on NE wall. Negative. 18 79 45 48-55: M2. 55-79: M3. 0-38: M1 mixed with M2. Milk glass with triangle Negative. pattern at 20-30 cm dbs. 19 70 38 38-70: M2 increasing compaction with depth, 10% cobbles. Terminated due to cobble impasse. 0-50: M1 mixed with M2 Negative. 20 50 38 Terminated due to cobble impasse. 0-40: M1 and M2 disturbed and mixed Negative. 40-55: M4 disturbed and mixed 21 95 38 55-95: M2-large metal chunk in W wall between layers. Interfaces between layers are abrupt.

ERCI—Snohomish County Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, Sultan 50 ST Depth Dia Matrix Description Comments (cm) (cm) 0-12: M1 and M2 Negative. 22 103 50 12-46: M3. 46-103: M2. 0-82: M1 mixed with M2. Negative. 23 95 45 82-95: M2. 0-29: M1-mixed with fill or M2 Negative. 24 29 52 Terminated due to asphalt chunk or very dense layer of sediment. 0-35: M1 mixed with M2. Negative. 25 35 40 Terminated due white PVC pipe ~5” diameter, possibly septic transport line. 0-20: M11 mixed with M2. Negative. 20-100: M1 and M3-root burn and charcoal throughout; 26 100 52 7x mammal bones at 40-60 cm dbs, 1x green glass at 60 cm dbs; soft, damp, loose soil. Very disturbed 0-17: M1 with M3 mixed Negative. 27 40 40 17-40: M2 Terminated due to cobble impasse. 0-24: M1. Negative. 28 72 47 24-72: M2-cobbly. 0-18: M1 mixed with M2 Negative. 29 42 40 18-42: M2 and M3 mixed coming down onto M2 intact Terminated due to cobble impasse. 0-83: M1 mixed with M2 15x pieces of metal of varying Negative. 30 83 46 size. 0-40: M2 changing with depth, Cobbles are located in Negative upper 10 cm dbs gradually turning into gravels towards 31 40 50 30-40 cm dbs. Terminated due to compact gravels. 0-64: M1 and M2 disturbed near the surface but Negative. becoming intact with depth modern glass fragments in 32 64 38 first 20 cm dbs. Terminated due to cobble impasse. 0-53: M1 mixed with M2 Negative. 33 53 34 Terminated due to cobble impasse. 0-15: M1. Negative. 15-30: M1 fewer organics. 34 97 46 30-76: M3-small pieces of charcoal between 76-97: M3 variant-sandy silt, less compact. 0-26: M1-charcoal stains and root burn throughout layer Negative. intermixed with M3, damp, compact. 35 80 50 26-67: Change at 60-70 cm dbs, 90% silt/10% sand. 67-80: M4-gray sand (80%) with 10% gravels and 10% cobbles; compact. 0-30: M1 mixed with M2 or fill Hit asphalt from road to Negative. 36 30 38 the south. Unable to move hole due to slope on north side.

ERCI—Snohomish County Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, Sultan 51 ST Depth Dia Matrix Description Comments (cm) (cm) 0-12: M1. Negative. 12-67: M1-root burn layer at 38-45 cm dbs. 37 90 39 67-90: M3-not as compact. Large roots 10-40 cm dbs. 0-14: M1-Not compact. Negative. 38 60 52 14-54: M3-damp, 100% silt, not compact. 54-60: M4-gray, compact 60% sand/40% gravel. 0-44: M1-large roots near surface. Negative. 39 57 35 44-57: M3-abrupt interface. 0-16: M1. Negative. 40 103 40 16-86: M1 with more carbon and roots. 86-103: M2.

Appendix 2: Photograph Log Number View Description ST 3 overview lowing toward APE with ERCI technician LH digging 180529JH001 NW ST 4 180529JH002 SE ST 3 overview looking at SE corner of APE, 10 m from terrace 180529JH003 S ST 3 profile with scale 180529JH004 S ST 3 profile with scale 180529JH005 S ST 3 profile without scale 180529JH006 NW ST 17 profile with scale 180529JH007 NW ST 17 profile without scale 180529JH008 S ST 17 overview facing downslope of terrace towards road 180529JH009 NW ST 17 overview facing APE with Stephen from Snoqualmie 180529JH010 NW ST 14 profile with scale 180529JH011 NW ST 14 profile without scale ST 14 overview looking at SW corner of project with ERCI technician 180529JH012 SW LH at ST 11 180529JH013 E ST 14 overview with Stephen from Snoqualmie taking notes 180529JH014 SW ST 34 profile with scale 180529JH015 SW ST 34 profile without scale 180529JH016 S ST 34 overview 180529JH017 W ST 34 overview looking at W fence line ST 34 overview looking at ERCI archaeologist LS and Aaron digging 180529JH018 NE ST 180529JH019 N ST 32 profile with scale 180529JH020 N ST 32 profile without scale 180529JH021 S ST 32 overview looking at cemetery ST 32 overview showing Stephen from Snoqualmie photographing 180529JH022 NW and LH digging ST 31 180529JH023 SW ST 33 profile with scale 180529JH024 SW ST 33 profile without scale

ERCI—Snohomish County Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, Sultan 52 Number View Description 180529JH025 SW ST 33 overview looking at cemetery 180529JH026 N ST 33 overview showing ERCI technician LH digging ST 30 180529JH027 W ST 33 overview 180529LH001 SW ST 4 profile with scale, charcoal stain at 20 cm dbs from root burn 180529LH002 SW ST 4 profile without scale 180529LH003 NE Overview of ST 8 and ERCI technician JH 180529LH004 SW ST 16 profile with scale, root burn at 13 cm dbs 180529LH005 SW ST 16 profile without scale 180529LH006 N Overview of ST 16 location with trees and flowers 180529LH007 SW Overview of ST 16 with edge of hill slope and flowers ST 15 profile with scale, root burn at 17-37 cm dbs with charcoal 180529LH008 W stains 180529LH009 W ST 15 profile without scale 180529LH010 W ST 15 profile without scale Overview of ST 36 with ERCI technician JH and Stephen from 180529LH011 E Snoqualmie digging and sifting 180529LH012 W Overview of ST 31 and hillside from view of ST 15 180529LH013 W ST 31 profile with scale 180529LH014 W ST 31 profile without scale Overview of Stephen from Snoqualmie and ERCI technician JH at ST 180529LH015 NW 33 180529LH016 S Metal piece found in M1, 0-20 cm dbs 180529LH017 S Metal rod found in M1, 0-20 cm dbs, photo scale used as scale 180529LH018 S Metal piece found in M1, 0-20 cm dbs 180529LH019 S Metal nail (not square head) found in M1, 0-20 cm dbs 180529LH020 S Metal hoops found in M1, 0-20 cm dbs 180529LH021 S Metal "u" hook from M1, 0-20 cm dbs 180529LH022 S Metal piece found in M1, 0-20 cm dbs 180529LH023 S Metal square piece from M1, 0-20 cm dbs 180529LH024 S Metal piece found in M1, 0-20 cm dbs 180529LH025 S Metal square head bolt from M1, 0-20 cm dbs 180529LH026 S Head of metal square head bolt 180529LH027 S Metal circle piece from M1, 0-20 cm dbs 180529LH028 S Metal piece for bolt or screw from M1, 0-20 cm dbs 180529LH029 S Metal piece, rectangular rod from M1, 0-20 cm dbs Metal piece, large wavy shape with 10 bolt holes from M1, 0-20 cm 180529LH030 S dbs 180529LH031 W ST 30 profile with scale 180529LH032 W ST 30 profile with scale 180529LH033 W Overview from ST 30 showing cemetery across the street 180529LS063 S ST 2 profile with scale

ERCI—Snohomish County Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, Sultan 53 Number View Description 180529LS064 S ST 2 profile without scale 180529LS065 NW ST 2 overview showing Hwy 2 180529LS066 PLAN Ball Mason base fragment from ST 5 180529LS067 PLAN Brown glass fragment from ST 5 180529LS068 PLAN Rusted nail from ST 5 180529LS069 NW ST 5 profile with scale 180529LS070 NW ST 5 profile without scale 180529LS071 E ST 5 overview showing Fire Bunkhouse in background 180529LS072 E ST 18 profile with scale 180529LS073 E ST 18 profile without scale 180529LS074 NE ST 18 overview with bunkhouse and Hwy 2 in view 180529LS075 E Aaron from Snoqualmie screening sediments 180529LS076 NE ST 10 profile with scale 180529LS077 SW ST 10 profile without scale 180529LS078 NE ST 11 profile without scale 180529LS079 SW ST 11 profile with scale 180529LS080 S ST 11 overview showing open field 180529LS081 W ST 11 overview showing W neighboring residence 180530JH001 NE ST 8 profile with scale 180530JH002 NE ST 8 profile without scale 180530JH003 PLAN ST 8 large cobble obstructing ST 180530JH004 E ST 8 overview looking in the direction of ST 7 180530JH005 W ST 8 overview showing ERCI technician LH digging ST 9 180530JH006 S ST 21 profile with scale 180530JH007 S ST 21 profile without scale 180530JH008 PLAN ST 21 large metal fragment in W wall-unable to remove 180530JH009 E ST 21 overview looking at ST 22 and ST 23 180530JH010 W ST 21 overview 180530JH011 SE ST 19 profile with scale 180530JH012 SE ST 19 profile without scale 180530JH013 PLAN ST 19 root impasse 180530JH014 E ST 19 overview looking at fire station 180530JH015 W ST 19 overview showing ERCI technician LH digging ST 12 180530JH016 PLAN Milk glass fragments found in M1 180530JH017 PLAN Milk glass fragments found in M1 180530JH018 PLAN ST 20 cobble impasse 180530JH019 SE ST 20 profile with scale 180530JH020 SE ST 20 profile without scale 180530JH021 DELETE DELETE 180530JH022 E ST 20 overview looking at fire station

ERCI—Snohomish County Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, Sultan 54 Number View Description 180530JH023 W ST 20 overview looking at fire practice area 180530JH024 SE ST 1 profile with scale 180530JH025 SE ST 1 profile without scale 180530JH026 N ST 1 overview looking at Hwy 2 180530JH027 E ST 1 overview looking at fire station 180530JH028 N ST 29 profile with scale 180530JH029 N ST 29 profile without scale 180530JH030 S ST 29 overview 180530JH031 N ST 29 overview looking at fire house and Hwy 2 180530JH032 PLAN ST 27 large cobble impasse 180530JH033 NW ST 27 profile with scale 180530JH034 NW ST 27 profile without scale 180530JH035 N ST 27 overview looking at fire house 180530JH036 W ST 27 overview looking at corner of road behind firehouse 180530JH037 N ST 36 profile with scale 180530JH038 PLAN ST 36 plan view of asphalt on S side 180530JH039 E ST 36 overview looking toward fire house 180530JH040 W ST 36 overview looking toward cemetery at end of the road 180530JH041 W ST 37 profile with scale 180530JH042 W ST 37 profile without scale 180530JH043 SE ST 37 overview looking at SE corner of field 180530JH044 W ST 37 overview looking into field 180530JH045 SW ST 39 profile with scale 180530JH046 SW ST 39 profile without scale 180530JH047 E ST 39 overview showing ERCI crew LH and LS digging 180530JH048 S ST 39 overview looking onto terrace slope 180530LH001 E ST 9 profile with scale, large root burn at 20-60 cm dbs 180530LH002 E ST 9 profile without scale 180530LH003 N Overview of ERCI crew JH and LS at ST's 10 and 11 from ST 9 180530LH004 E ST 24 profile with scale 180530LH005 E ST 24 profile without scale 180530LH006 NE Overview of ERCI archaeologist LS at ST 25 180530LH007 E ST 13 profile with scale 180530LH008 E ST 13 profile without scale Overview from ST 13 showing ERCI technician JH at ST 19 and fire 180530LH009 NE truck training behind her 180530LH010 NE ST 12 profile with scale 180530LH011 NE ST 12 profile without scale Overview from ST 12 with ERCI technician JH walking back to hole 180530LH012 NE and fire training behind

ERCI—Snohomish County Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, Sultan 55 Number View Description 180530LH013 E ST 6 profile with scale 180530LH014 E ST 6 profile without scale 180530LH015 SE Overview of trees from ST 6 180530LH016 NW Overview of field and fire training area from ST 6 180530LH017 E ST 35 profile with scale 180530LH018 E ST 35 profile without scale 180530LH019 SE Overview from ST 35 of trees and slope of hill 180530LH020 NW Overview from ST 35 of fire training area 180530LH021 S Glass found in M2 at 60 cm dbs in ST 26 180530LH022 S Mammal bone in M2 at 40-60 cm dbs in ST 26 180530LH023 S Mammal bone in M2 at 40-60 cm dbs in ST 26-posterior view 180530LH024 S Mammal bone in M2 at 40-60 cm dbs in ST 26-anterior view 180530LH025 S Mammal bone in M2 at 40-60 cm dbs in ST 26-posterior view 180530LH026 S Mammal bone in M2 at 40-60 cm dbs in ST 26-top view 180530LH027 S Mammal bone in M2 at 40-60 cm dbs in ST 26-anterior view 180530LH028 S Mammal bone in M2 at 40-60 cm dbs in ST 26-anterior view 180530LH029 S Mammal bone in M2 at 40-60 cm dbs in ST 26-anterior view 180530LH030 S Mammal bone in M2 at 40-60 cm dbs in ST 26-anterior view 180530LH031 S All mammal bones from M2 at 40-60 cm dbs in ST 26 (7 total) 180530LH032 S ST 26 profile with scale 180530LH033 S ST 26 profile without scale 180530LH034 S Overview NW of ST 26, fire house office 180530LH035 S Overview SE of ST 26, rhododendron with house 180530LH036 E ST 38 profile with scale 180530LH037 E ST 38 profile without scale 180530LS001 W Tractor in brush SW corner of property 180530LS002 W Cement mixing truck in brush SW corner of property 180530LS003 S Cemetery across road S from property as viewed from tractor locale 180530LS004 N ST 7 profile with scale 180530LS005 N ST 7 profile, bottom 1/2 close up with scale 180530LS006 N ST 7 profile without scale 180530LS007 E ST 7 profile, bottom 1/2 close up without scale ST 7 overview showing Hwy 2 and ERCI technicians JH and LH at 180530LS008 S ST's 21 & 22 180530LS009 S ST 7 overview showing current firehouse facilities 180530LS010 S ST 23 profile with scale 180530LS011 S ST 23 profile without scale 180530LS012 S ST 23 profile close up bottom 1/2 of hole with scale 180530LS013 S ST 23 profile close up bottom 1/2 of hole without scale 180530LS014 E ST 23 overview showing Hwy 2-Cascade Rd intersection 180530LS015 W ST 23 overview showing current firehouse facility

ERCI—Snohomish County Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, Sultan 56 Number View Description 180530LS016 S ST 40 profile with scale 180530LS017 S ST 40 profile without scale 180530LS018 E ST 40 overview 180530LS019 N ST 40 overview 180530LS020 E ST 22 profile with scale 180530LS021 E ST 22 profile without scale 180530LS022 S ST 22 overview showing 1932 home 180530LS023 N ST 22 overview showing Hwy 2 180530LS024 PLAN ST 25 pipe at base of hole 180530LS025 W ST 25 profile without scale 180530LS026 N ST 28 profile with scale 180530LS027 N ST 28 profile without scale ST 28 overview showing cemetery at intersection of Cascade View 180530LS028 SW and 257th

ERCI—Snohomish County Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, Sultan 57 Appendix 3: Unanticipated Discovery Protocol In the event that any ground-disturbing activities or other project activities related to this development or any future development uncover protected cultural material (see below), the following actions should be taken: 1. If the cultural material is an archaeological object or feature, then the Project superintendent should avoid the object or feature and move work activities to a different location within the APE. The Project superintendent should then contact the Project manager, who should then call a professional archaeologist to evaluate the discovery. a. If the unanticipated discovery is a historic feature (e.g., hearth, building foundation, privy, etc.) or prehistoric protected cultural materials (e.g., bones, shell, antler, horn or stone tools), the on-site supervisor or Project manager will cease work and completely secure the location. Then the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (DAHP), Dr. Robert Whitlam (360-586-3080) should then be contacted. Along with the lead agency-The Department of Commerce – DAHP will work with the project archaeologist and the affected Tribes to determine the best course of action. 2. In the case of an unanticipated discovery of human remains, the Project manager or on-site supervisor will cease excavation, secure the area, and contact the Snohomish County Sheriff’s Office (425-388-3411 or 911) and the Snohomish County Coroner (425-438-6200) who will determine if the remains are forensic. If the remains are not forensic the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation State Physical Anthropologist, Dr. Guy Tasa (360-586- 3534) will be responsible for managing the remains. Cultural material that may be protected by law could include but is not limited to: • Historic foundations (Figure 26) • Historic bottles, china and soldered dot cans (Figure 27, Figure 28) • Buried cobbles that may indicate a hearth feature • Non-natural sediment or stone deposits that may be related to activity areas of people • Stone tools or stone flakes, projectile points (arrowheads), axes, and grinding stones (Figure 29–Figure 32) • Bone, shell, horn, or antler tools that may include scrapers, cutting tools, wood working wedges (Figure 33–Figure 34) • Ancestral human remains

ERCI—Snohomish County Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, Sultan 58

Figure 26: Example of historic foundation for UDP.

Figure 27: Example of historic glass artifacts for UDP.

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Figure 28: Example of historic solder dot can for UDP

Figure 29: Example of projectile point for UDP.

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Figure 30: Example of protected adze blade for UDP.

Figure 31: Example of stone tool for UDP.

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Figure 32: Example of stone tool for UDP.

Figure 33: Example of bone awl for UDP.

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Figure 34: Example of worked bone, beak and spines for UDP.

ERCI—Snohomish County Fire District 5 Public Safety Center, Sultan 63 CONTACT LIST 425-388-3411 Sheriff Snohomish County or 911 Medical Examiner Snohomish County 425-438-6200 [email protected] Merlin Halverson Fire Chief, District 5 360-793-1179 [email protected] Laura Murphy Muckleshoot Indian Tribe 253-876-3272 [email protected] Sauk–Suiattle Indian Benjamin Joseph 360-436-0333 [email protected] Tribe Steven Mullen- Snoqualmie Tribe of 425-292-0249 [email protected] Moses Indians ext 2010 Stillaguamish Tribe of 360.652.3687 Kerry Lyste [email protected] Indians ext. 14 Richard Young and Tulalip Tribes of 360-716-2652 [email protected] Gene Enick Washington Washington State DAHP, Dr. Robert Whitlam 360-586-3080 [email protected] State Archaeologist Washington State DAHP, Dr. Guy Tasa State Physical 360-586-3534 [email protected] Anthropologist Project Archaeologist Kelly Bush 360-661-0356 [email protected] (ERCI)

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