Bancroftiana 129.Pdf

N EWSLETTER OF THE FRIENDS OF THE BANCROFT LIBRARY BANCROFTIANA

N UMBER 129 • UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY • FALL 2006

The Bancroft Library One Hundred Years of Helping California and the West Understand Themselves

he Bancroft Library is one of the classical components: from sanitation more ambitiously in the projected Tprimary ways that California has to politics, from retail to banking, encyclopedia, to an interpreter of the of understanding itself, both in terms from real estate and architecture to Pacifi c Coast. I fi nd this transition at of the specifi c content of the library— religious and cultural expression. once understandable and somewhat all 100,000 linear feet of it—and the As a bookman—a reader of miraculous. Booksellers had been life of refl ective research it nurtures books, a seller of books, a publisher book publishers since the invention and inspires. of books—Bancroft knew that the of printing. All this is quite clear and Let us go back to Hubert Howe urbanism exploding everywhere easy to understand. But this parallel Bancroft, age twenty as of 1852, around him, what he called the rapid, does not, in my opinion, fully explain arriving in a city, San Francisco, that monstrous maturity of it all, would how Bancroft, beginning his collec- was moving from virtual non-existence require information and memory to tion for practical purposes, was soon before 1847 to becoming the tenth thrive. Bancroft began his efforts transforming his encyclopedia of the largest city in the United States by modestly, selling books and stationery. Pacifi c Coast into a massive multi- 1870, the urban capital of the Far In 1862 he published a handbook volume history of the Pacifi c States, West, a position it would maintain for for the Pacifi c Coast and began to all of them, Latin, Central, and North the next 100 years. All around him, assemble research materials for an America, beginning with the native Bancroft could see, could personally encyclopedia. He had made the peoples. He ranged the coast from experience, the overnight assembly transition, in short, from a retailer Alaska to Central America, the East of a city, a maritime colony of the of knowledge to an archivist of knowl- Coast and Europe, assembling the world, in each and every one of its edge and, tentatively in the handbook, books, pamphlets, manuscripts, maps, periodicals, transcriptions from governmental and church archives, and oral histories, taken down by himself or his agents, of the pioneers. We have heard this so many times that we take it for granted. We neglect to contemplate, if only for a moment, the mysterious alchemy in the mind, imagination, psychology, cultural background of a self-edu- cated, degree-less bookseller making a leap into history, cultural defi nition, memory, and classifi cation, heroic in its magnitude. Where did it come from? Was it the memory and infl u- ence of New England? Perhaps. We certainly know that Bancroft sent his books, once they began to

Kevin Starr explains how Bancroft transformed himself from a retailer of knowledge to an archivist and interpreter. Continued on page 3 N EWSLETTER OF THE FRIENDS OF THE BANCROFT LIBRARY

From the Director As We Celebrate The Centennial, Retrospect and Prospect

Twain Papers and Project ($5 million), by the presentation of the Hubert the Regional Oral History Offi ce Howe Bancroft Award to writer Joan ($5 million), and the Center for the Didion. In her remarks Ms. Didion Tebtunis Papyri ($3 million). Each of spoke eloquently on what Bancroft these programs survives currently on meant to her as a Cal undergraduate: grant funds and annual donations, but "It represented a belief in the value of it's always a precarious high-wire act. the past. It represented a belief in the t's been quite a year. January saw the opening of value of the rare, the unique, the few. I The centennial of Bancroft's Bancroft’s online exhibition, The It represented the continuity of those arrival on the Berkeley campus started, 1906 San Francisco Earthquake and values in a culture and a state more ironically, in the summer of 2005 Fire, with more than 14,000 photo- famously focused on the future than while we were in the process of graphs and 7,000 pages of text, with on the past." Bancroft is honored to be moving into exile off campus in order descriptions of the experiences of a the repository of Ms. Didion's papers. to free the Doe Annex for renovation. broad cross-section of San Francisco’s In other news, I am very The move took four and a half months, residents as well as the scholarly pleased to report that the National and we fi nally opened to SRO reports of Berkeley geologist Andrew Endowment for the Humanities has occupancy in the middle of October. Lawson, which served as the true awarded $600,000 to the Mark Twain We are now settled in our tem- beginning of modern seismological Project for its online edition of Mark porary home on Allston Way, which research. Just in time for the April Twain's works, $100,000 outright has made it marginally more diffi cult 18th centennial of the earthquake, and $500,000 in matching funds; for our student employees and campus we published in collaboration with we have two years to match the grant. patrons but considerably easier for Berkeley’s Heyday Books architectural We have a very impressive set of off-campus users, since we are only historian Stephen Tobriner’s publications coming out this fall, half a block from the downtown Bracing for Disaster: Earthquake- including the Keepsakes for 2004- Berkeley BART station. We'll be Resistant Architecture and Engineering 2005 and 2005-2006: Exploring The here for the next two years while the in San Francisco, 1838-1933. Bancroft Library, edited by former Doe Annex is renovated. Demolition In February we inaugurated the Friends Council member Stephen started in May; reconstruction, as Bancroft Centennial Exhibition at the Vincent and me, and co-published I write this in late July, will begin Berkeley Art Museum. A marvelous with Signature Books as a trade edition next month, despite the fact that overview of Bancroft's riches, with as well; and Past Tents: The Way We we have not yet raised all the money scores of items never before publicly Camped, an affectionate look at the needed. We now know how much displayed, it will remain open through history of camping in California, that is. Analysis of the reconstruction the beginning of December, and edited by Susan Snyder, Bancroft's bids, received on June 30th, shows I urge you to visit it. To mark the Head of Access Services. The latter roughly a 10% increase over the cost opening we organized a two-day is co-published with Heyday Books. estimates. The major items—climate Centennial Symposium with papers by Also co-published with Heyday this control, electrical work (including distinguished scholars on every major fall are two more volumes: Pictorial security systems), and renovated area of the collection. A selection of Curator Jack von Euw’s selection of storage space—came in under the those papers is published in this issue photographs for Ira Nowinski's San estimates; but stonework, glass, and of Bancroftiana, which is a special Francisco: Poets, Politics, and Divas, fi re protection were much higher: double issue to mark the centennial. with wonderful photographs of the there is great demand for skilled On the evening of April 27th old South of Market area before the craftsmen. So our total goal for the a very successful Bancroft Gala, our Yerba Buena Redevelopment, the San Centennial Campaign now stands fi rst-ever benefi t event, raised more Francisco Opera, and the Beat poets in at $48 million, $35 million for the than $275,000 for the Regional Oral North Beach; and Testimonios: Early building (in comparison with our History Offi ce. It was preceded by the California through the Eyes of Women, original goal of $32 million) and $13 59th Annual Meeting of the Friends 1815–1848, edited by University million for endowments for the Mark of The Bancroft Library, highlighted of Santa Clara professors Rose Marie

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CELEBRATE THE BANCROFT LIBRARY Continued from page 2 Continued from page 1

Beebe and Robert M. Senkewicz. The latter book contains skillfully annotated translations of a dozen of Hubert Howe Bancroft’s “dicta- tions,” taken down during the 1870s as background for Bancroft’s history of California and the American West. What makes these dictations especially interesting is that the originals are in Spanish and the speakers are all women who were either born in Alta California or came to it before the Gold Rush. Even as we use our revolving publications fund to make some of Bancroft’s treasures available in print form, we are also collaborating with other UC libraries and commercial enterprises to digitize those treasures and make them available on the internet. Thanks to contracts Kevin Starr and Stephen Silberstein discuss The Bancroft Library's Centennial. negotiated by the California Digital Library at the Offi ce of the President appear, to a number of New England his name as the general editor of with Microsoft and Google, we have worthies, hoping for endorsements. his series, as Lord Acton did for the for the past several months been Bancroft was not an American Cambridge Modern History, allow- digitizing thousands of Bancroft’s historian of the fi rst rank in the ing such writers as Henry L. Oak books on American history and sense that we accord that title to his and Frances Fuller Victor to sign literature, starting with those out contemporaries Prescott, George their own work. Certainly, the of copyright, i.e., published before Bancroft, Parkman, Motley, Ticknor, volumes that Bancroft himself 1923. For example, you can now fi nd and—yes! Let me say it!—Washington wrote—California Pastorale (1888), Bancroft’s Works, all 30,000 pages Irving (an underestimated historian California Inter Pocula (1888), Literary and 12 million words, on the Internet in my opinion). These historians— Industries (1890), and Retrospection, Archive (archive.org). while not fully the product of their Political and Personal (1910)—would And even as we make it easier formation, since all talent has some- have earned him a credible place in for students, scholars, and the general thing mysterious and impenetrable the annals of historiography on the public to consult existing resources, to it—were nevertheless nurtured by Pacifi c Coast in that era, and this we continue to add to them. The last universities and lifelong communities credibility would have been even week of June we took delivery of the of ideas and interpretation. Bancroft further intensifi ed by the series he Fang Family San Francisco Examiner came to his calling, by contrast, produced as collector, entrepreneur, Archives, the gift of Denver through reading, but also through publisher, and salesman, if not actual businessman Philip Anschutz named a business-inspired conviction that writer. But you cannot have Falstaff in honor of the publishers of the San what was happening on the Pacifi c and have him lean. You cannot have Francisco Examiner from 2000 to 2005. Coast was important—an epic of Hubert Howe Bancroft—in so many This collection easily doubles Progress with a capital P as he would ways a fi gment of his own imagina- the size of Bancroft’s photograph conceptualize it—and the materials tion—and have him without the fl aws collection to more than 8 million relating to that rise should be preserved that were refl ective of the fl aws of prints and negatives. Now all we have and its history should be written, frontier and high provincial California. to do is fi nd the money to process it! published, and sold, preferably in And besides, the very anatomy of the deluxe edition that came with its Bancroft’s collecting—his integration own custom-made bookcase. Had he of California history into the history been more personally secure, perhaps, of Spain and Mexico; his anchorage —Charles B. Faulhaber more formed along establishment of that history onto the long history The James D. Hart Director lines, Bancroft might have signed of the native peoples; his passion for

The Bancroft Library Continued on page 4

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THE BANCROFT LIBRARY Continued from page 3

primary sources and his regard for, if presidency of Benjamin Ide Wheeler, historians as Charles Edward Chapman; possible, fi rst-person documentation— was glimpsing the role that it might Herbert Ingram Priestly, a Bancroft was in and of itself a statement about be playing as a research university. librarian; and Herbert Eugene Bolton, California. In contrast to so many Wheeler was a Cornell man, a classicist, its longtime director, who brought of his contemporaries, for example, with previous experience at Brown forth a successor generation of Bancroft did not sentimentalize the and Harvard; he came to Berkeley historians, including Dale Morgan and Spanish and Mexican eras. As a in 1899, almost simultaneously with J.S. Holliday of the Bancroft staff, who collector and entrepreneur of history the international competition for a tackled the American frontier. The writing, Bancroft adhered to inter- new campus sponsored by Phoebe culmination of this era was the editing hemispheric history, with a strong Apperson Hearst, with great expecta- and publishing of the ten-volume sense of the Asia Pacifi c Basin across tions for what could be accomplished Larkin Papers by Bancroft director which Spaniards were sailing by the in this state university at Berkeley. The George P. Hammond. These historians late sixteenth century. English-born historian Henry Morse were in one way or another be- When the University of California Stephens, the fi rst academically trained ing propelled by the momentum of acquired The Bancroft Library and tenured full professor at Berkeley, The Bancroft Library as it had come brought it to Berkeley one hundred came shortly thereafter, and forces from its founder to Berkeley. Even its years ago, it too—like Bancroft were set in motion for the acquisition ambitious oral history program bore in the middle years of the 19th of The Bancroft Library as part of some relationship to the oral histories century—was witnessing growth and a program of overall development. taken by Bancroft and his agents in elaboration born of expanded self-con- In these early decades at Berkeley the 1870s and 1880s; and the Mark fi dence, as the pre-Progressive era and was inspired a line of research into Twain Papers bore some relationship the University of California, under the Spain, Mexico, and the Pacifi c by such to Bancroft’s zeal for primary sources.

Monica and Paul (Pete) Bancroft III, and Kimberly Bancroft examine Bancroft treasures displayed at the Berkeley Art Museum.

P AGE 4 / FALL 2006 N EWSLETTER OF THE FRIENDS OF THE BANCROFT LIBRARY

answer that it’s diffi cult to tell, given that so much of the country—in good things and bad—has been so Californiaized. Thus the challenge facing Bancroft during the Charles Faulhaber years has been the challenge of abundance and complexity. What to choose? What to collect? Follow Mae West’s advice (too much of a good thing, she tells us, is wonderful) and Bancroft might become an overstocked attic, fi lled with musty trunks and artifacts unconnected to present-tense energies. Thus for The Bancroft Library to collect from today for tomorrow is to face the necessity of extraordinary leaps of analysis, discernment, and intuition. It is to ask the question that H.H. Bancroft asked in the 1850s: what is going The two-day Centennial Symposium featured scholars who use The Bancroft Library. on here? What’s the narrative? And what are the relevant materials During the directorship of politics, economics, you name it: to document the developing story? Professor James D. Hart, a literary all aspects of California as California The Bancroft symposium is scholar and a bibliophile, Bancroft was projecting itself in the postwar era. connected to an exhibition of advanced into new territory: literary The Bancroft Centennial Symposium Bancroft treasures. Each object, each history, American poetry, the papers encompassed this full sweep, from the exhibit, reverberates with its own of American and English writers and mid-19th century to the present, from message, its own sense of the past. poets, architecture, and other aspects nuclear science to the Beats, from That’s what libraries and archives do. of cultural history. By combining the Mexico to Ancient Egypt, from art to They speak to us through any one of rare books and manuscripts division biotechnology, from the Gold Rush to their printed or manuscript treasures, with Bancroft, moreover, The Bancroft the modern environmental movement. and they also speak to us collectively, Library became even more interna- Thus The Bancroft Library continues as institutions, reverberating with the tionalized and projected back into to be a primary place, a resource, a cat- ongoing work of memory that is at time. All this paralleled the growth alyst, a window on the world for con- the core of human culture itself. For and diversifi cation of California. Just temporary California and as such, for more than 140 years The Bancroft as H.H. Bancroft had intuited the the contemporary United States, for Library has been thus reverberating relevant materials to document the the contemporary northern and south- with the memory, message, and mood rise of the Pacifi c States, so too was ern hemispheres, for contemporary of the past that contains within itself The Bancroft Library now dealing Asia, for the world, in that every aspect the memory, message, and mood with California as an epicenter of of the world seems to have some stake of the present and future—because hemispheric and global culture, coming or another in this place, this California. we can only experience the past and of age along its 19th and early 20th A global city is being assembled anticipate the future through the century lines of development and at these days, and by defi nition it present. For one hundred years of the same time in the postwar era being cannot be localized in any one place. that period, The Bancroft Library has propelled into a global ecumenopolis. But the digital technology and culture been doing this at the heart of one Thus the very same Bancroft Library that makes it possible were assembled of the world’s great universities. The that helped us understand the native here in California, not exclusively work continues. The Bancroft Library peoples, the epic of Spain in the New but signifi cantly, starting in the remains one of our most noted and World, the rise of Mexico and the 1950s; and in some way or another, respected ways of knowing ourselves Central American republics, Spanish this global culture remains connected and the society and culture that, we and Mexican California, Oregon, to California when it descends from hope, will continue to sustain us. Washington, British Columbia was its digital noosphere and seeks a local —Kevin Starr now assembling, and continues to habitation and a name. When I’m State Librarian Emeritus assemble, Pacifi c Basin materials, asked whether California is still cutting literary materials of every description, edge for the United States, I frequently

P AGE 5 / FALL 2006 N EWSLETTER OF THE FRIENDS OF THE BANCROFT LIBRARY Seeing and Imagining the City

The scene of San Francisco in November 1851 shows the view from Nob Hill, revealing the densely built city with Yerba Buena island in the distance.

n 1851, a man we know only as Hill on the right. It is a tidy vision have forgotten the muddy state of many IL.B. Sewall sent a letter from San of the city, with straight streets, of San Francisco’s streets and to be Francisco to the Reverend J. Sewall, foursquare houses, and ample room ignoring its more makeshift structures. his father, in Maine. For his stationery, to grow. The apparent willingness of Sewall Sewall chose a pictorial lettersheet. In his letter, L.B. Sewall is and the lithographer to overlook the Lettersheet production fl ourished similarly interested in presenting the realities of the rough, raw city around between 1849 and 1869 in California, city in its best possible light. He them becomes even more startling publishers issuing illustrations of fi res, admits he is writing in haste “as the when we consider how these prints assassinations, earthquakes, hangings, steamer is on the point of sailing.” of San Francisco were marketed to and mining life, as well as views But he takes the time to describe the potential purchasers. Viewmakers of California’s burgeoning cities city that is his new home. “Many of would often herald the production and small towns. The Honeyman the buildings here would be an of one of their prints with an an- Collection at Bancroft includes ornament to Boston or New York,” nouncement in the local newspapers, dozens of wonderful examples. he writes. “Its beautiful iron buildings and they would liberally sprinkle Sewall has chosen a view of San particularly attract the eye of the those announcements with a stock Francisco from Nob Hill, looking stranger. Its streets are well graded vocabulary of accuracy. Using words down California Street toward the Bay. and paved with plank laid with such as “faithful,” “correct,” A ruff of bushes in the foreground a convex surface.” “accurate,” “graphic”, “faultless,” and marks the edge of the city, beyond Sewall’s description of San “truthful,” viewmakers worked to which lie neat if somewhat featureless Francisco strongly resembles the assure potential purchasers that their buildings, streets busy with people, accounts of the city given by travel prints captured the city as it really and the harbor busy with ships. We writers and civic boosters. Those was. And certainly, if these images can pick out recognizable city sites: professional writers never failed to were going to function effectively, they the larger buildings bordering the mention the substantial buildings that needed to have at least the aura of plaza, the signal at the top of what is “ornamented” the city, for instance. accuracy. The lithographer of Sewall’s now Telegraph Hill, the great Indeed, Sewall’s tone is so clichéd and image has produced a sanitized, but storeship “Apollo” at its dock. The formal, we almost wonder if a tardy credible image. wave of the city’s growth has only son is quickly copying a text that he So viewmakers made strenuous, just begun to lap at the base of has at hand in order to fi nish his letter repeated assertions of accuracy in Telegraph Hill on the left and Rincon before the steamer sails. He seems to newspaper announcements, but it is

P AGE 6 / FALL 2006 N EWSLETTER OF THE FRIENDS OF THE BANCROFT LIBRARY up to us to ask, “Accuracy to what?” their readers’ attention to important image that resonated. Certainly and obviously, viewmakers sites. That the views afforded the Ultimately, we have to think of were attempting to record an actual opportunity to include the writers’ accuracy not as an objective standard, place that was made up of buildings personal experiences speaks to their but rather as a measure constantly that are, to a greater or lesser degree, aura of accuracy. If they were blatantly negotiated and renegotiated between identifi able. We can compare any of incorrect, it would be hard for the viewer and view. The relative value of these prints to our knowledge of the writer to include himself there. Even the truths the view tells and the ways city and assess the view’s correctness. when the city was tidied up or in which it dissembles cannot be But the demands of accuracy go the geography was a bit off, writers determined by simply establishing beyond that—there are other aspects could with confi dence mark a spot what the buildings looked like and of the city to consider. For to be on the views and say, “Here I am.” where they stood. Such facts reveal a accurate to the city-that-actually-is That the letter writers would add certain amount about the city, but not may do a disservice to the city of their own marks to the sheets is not the willingness with which the urban history or the city of memory. And surprising. They approached the images audience overlooked, appreciated, personal experience gives special, with pen already in hand. Even the cringed at, or accepted the glosses, personal contours to a place that stilted Sewall made a cross-hatch mark exaggerations, inaccuracies, and demand their own brand of accuracy. on the summit of Telegraph Hill and downright lies that found their On pictorial lettersheets two a corresponding one in the body of his way into the views. Just as the city modes of seeing and imagining the letter. But even as the writers engaged constantly changed under the infl uence city meet: in the image, an idealized, with the views, they were not blind of tragedy, progress, decay, and growth, conventional vision of the city; in the to their errors and omissions. Before the relationship between the city, letter, a subjective, highly individual slipping into the booster’s conventional its representations, and standards point of view. Many writers bridged language, Sewall remarks that the image of accuracy also changed depending the gap between the two by locating he sends is “an extremely rough sketch.” on who was looking and when. themselves in the picture—pointing Others found their pictures “tolerably out where they board or where they correct,” “very tolerable,” or even —Isabel Breskin, are writing the letter. They also “very correct.” Whatever the writer’s The Bancroft Library added marks to the picture, drawing judgment, all found in the views an

The lettersheet shows a somewhat idealized view from Nob Hill, looking down California Street toward the harbor packed with ships.

P AGE 7 / FALL 2006 N EWSLETTER OF THE FRIENDS OF THE BANCROFT LIBRARY Which Twain Do You Have in Mind? Icon, Gadfl y, Conscience

hat do people have in mind when Tom Sawyer, but freezing Twain as not of slavery, which had been abolished, Wthey celebrate “Mark Twain” the author of Tom Sawyer deprives but of the racism which suffused as an American icon? Or perhaps I us of a Twain we desperately need to American society as Twain wrote the should ask which Twain do they have recover today. book in the late 1870s and early 1880s in mind? A Tom Sawyer who is presented and which continues to stain America For literary scholars and authors, as a cheerful innocent in the book that today. This theme is as integral to Twain’s iconic status generally comes bears his name takes on more sinister Huckleberry Finn as it is irrelevant to from his having written Adventures dimensions in the “evasion” Tom Sawyer. of Huckleberry Finn, a book which section of Huckleberry Finn, where I often think of an extraordinarily empowered generations of writers his vision of fun and adventure important concept that Twain came to engage profound issues of racism, needlessly prolongs Jim’s pain and up with in his brilliant 1899 essay, social justice and morality and to captivity. Twain wrote the book at a My First Lie and How I Got Out of It: infuse their prose with the voices they time when ex-slaves were subjected the “lie of silent assertion.” The essay heard around them. But the Twain to economic exploitation, disenfran- is a portrait of the complacency with who wrote Tom Sawyer fi gures more chisement, and racially-motivated which people assent by their silence to prominently in the mind of the general lynchings, and the last third of the the lie that the status quo is just fi ne, public—avuncular, unthreatening, novel is increasingly understood as thank you, that nothing is going on genial, almost cuddly. The Twain that a satire of the many betrayals and that intelligent men need concern comes later has sharper edges, and may indignities African Americans endured themselves about—when, in fact, not be cuddly at all. after the breakdown of Reconstruction. something is very wrong indeed. My What does it mean to embrace As W.E.B. Du Bois put it, “The slave students are always very taken with the Twain who wrote Tom Sawyer went free, stood a few brief moments Twain’s concept of the “Lie of Silent over the Twain who wrote Huck Finn in the sun, and then went back again Assertion.” But for every person who and other works similarly disturbing to slavery”—which is what happens may have heard of “The Lie of Silent and complex? What does it mean to to Jim in the last third of the book. Assertion,” millions have heard of embrace the tame Twain—the author Huckleberry Finn is a masterful satire Tom Saw yer’s fence. of unthreatening books for children, beloved stories and clever aphorisms—but to largely ignore the author of the hard-hitting essays, searing commentaries, and bizarre or chilling fantasies, the Twain who grew increas- ingly disillusioned with the behavior of his countrymen and his fellow human beings generally? What does it mean to celebrate the icon over the gadfl y and man of conscience? What if we started paying more attention to the troubling Twain? I am glad that the Mark Twain Project continues to play such an important role in bringing Twain the gadfl y and man of conscience into our lives. It’s fi ne to enjoy Shelley Fisher Fishkin's presentation was inspired by the "troubling" Mark Twain who pricks our consciences and shakes our complacency.

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A bronze Mark Twain appears bemused as he looks over the shoulder of Robert Hirst, general editor of the Mark Twain Project.

Sometimes I wonder how our when it deserves it.” How would which they used as they chose. There world might be different if some of American history be different if was no principle but commercialism, Twain’s more obscure writing—like Twain’s neglected 1905 sketch, “The no patriotism but of the pocket.” The this essay—were as familiar as his War Prayer,” a brutal satire of a nation passage may be found in one of the early best-known work. What if teachers of that invokes religion as it heads off volumes published by the Mark Twain history in middle school or high school to war, were as familiar to Americans Project, Mark Twain’s Fables of Man. asked students to write essays agreeing as Tom Sawyer ? Just as Huck Finn enters the or disagreeing with the following Mark Twain continues to surprise. classroom as a “classic” but then engulfs comment by Twain: “[Patriotism]… He pops all over the internet these students in debates about race, racism, is a word which always commemorates days with a comment that suggests religion and hypocrisy, Mark Twain a robbery. There isn’t a foot of land that he has somehow gotten hold of this enters the national consciousness as an in the world which doesn’t represent morning’s paper: “… it was impossible icon and then upsets our equilibrium the ousting and re-ousting of a long to save the Great Republic. She was and complacency, pushing us to ask line of successive ‘owners’ who each rotten to the heart. Lust of conquest questions we hadn’t planned to ask. in turn, as ‘patriots’, with proud and had long ago done its work; trampling I’m grateful to the Mark Twain swelling hearts defended it against upon the helpless abroad had taught Project for publishing the books we the next gang of ‘robbers’ who came to her, by a natural process, to endure need to meet this Mark Twain—not steal it and did—and became swelling- with apathy the like at home; multi- the safe Twain, but the troubling one. hearted patriots in their turn.” What tudes who had applauded the crush- For we need him now more than ever. if the fi nal exam required students to ing of other people’s liberties, lived respond to another Twain comment on to suffer for their mistake in their —Shelley Fisher Fishkin patriotism: “…the modern patriotism, own persons. The government Stanford University the true patriotism, the only rational was irrevocably in the hands of the patriotism is loyalty to the nation all prodigiously rich and their hangers- the time, loyalty to the government on, the suffrage was a mere machine,

P AGE 9 / FALL 2006 N EWSLETTER OF THE FRIENDS OF THE BANCROFT LIBRARY 100 Years of The Bancroft Library Scholars and Friends Celebrate

o celebrate Bancroft at One THundred the library held a series of celebrations. First, an exhibition featuring treasures from the collection opened at the Berkeley Art Museum on February 11 that will run through December 3, 2006. A two-day Centennial Symposium coincided with the opening of the exhibit and featured around 45 internationally known scholars from many disciplines who have used the library in their research. Then the 59th Annual meeting of The Friends of The Bancroft Library was also held at the Berkeley

Art Museum on April 27, giving Longtime friends of Bancroft, J.S. Holliday and Mary Catherine Birgeneau, attended the Symposium. patrons an opportunity to see the treasured books and papers. Friends chair Craig Walker, reported on the Alexis Ashot took fi rst prize for his Joan Didion received the 2006 activities of the Friends during the “Library of Books in Russian Published Hubert Howe Bancroft Award for past year, including exhibits featuring in the 20th Century.” Second her journalism, essays, and books the mathematical sciences and the and third prize went, respectively, dealing with California’s history and 1906 Great Quake, in addition to to Gustavo Buenrostro for myth in its relationship to contemporary Roundtables presented by scholars. “Encountering Mexico: history, life. She spoke that evening about how The Hill-Shumate Book politics, and culture,” and Matt in her days as an undergraduate at Collecting Prizes were awarded to Werner for “Jorge Luis Borges and Berkeley, Bancroft represented knowing three top undergraduate collections: the McSweeney’s School.” that the past was of value and that “the

Symposium scholars and Bancroft Library supporters dined together at the Morrison Library the night before the event.

P AGE 10 / FALL 2006 N EWSLETTER OF THE FRIENDS OF THE BANCROFT LIBRARY rare, the unique and the few” mattered. That evening “A Gala Celebration of Fine Wine and Rare Books” began with a cocktail hour and viewing of the gallery exhibit and silent auction items. Director Charles Faulhaber welcomed guests to the Narsai David designed dinner. Kimberly Bancroft, the great- great-granddaughter of Hubert Howe Bancroft, spoke on behalf of her family. Carla De Luca and others from the wine industry introduced a preview of her upcoming television documentary, From Prohibition to Bottled Poetry, which was made in collaboration with Bancroft’s Regional Oral History Offi ce. Those attending got a glimpse of the history of wine Joan Didion greeted Cal classmates and sorority sisters. making in California. —Camilla Smith Editor, Bancroftiana

Jack and Barbara Rosston met Joan Didion with Peter E. Hanff, Deputy Director of Robert Gallo, John De Luca, Jean Wente, Eric Wente, Jo De Luca, and Philip Wente The Bancroft Library. represented the wine industry at the celebration.

Kimberly Bancroft, great-great-granddaughter of Hubert Roger and Ellen Hahn celebrated at the Symposium Victor Geraci, Associate Director for the Regional Oral Howe Bancroft, spoke for the family at the gala dinner. with fellow California historians. History Offi ce, described the oral history program and the collection of oral histories of California winemakers.

P AGE 11 / FALL 2006 N EWSLETTER OF THE FRIENDS OF THE BANCROFT LIBRARY Making the Book Target Zero: A Life in Writing

(Excerpts from Kathleen Cleaver’s Centennial Symposium Presentation, February 11, 2006)

t is exciting to be here. I have to Ithank Tony Bliss and the excellent staff at The Bancroft Library, for without them, this manuscript, this book, wouldn’t be as powerful as it is— and I might not even be the editor. Actually, I went to Bancroft because I was trying to fi gure out what had happened in a lawsuit Beverly Axelrod brought against Eldridge Cleaver back in the seventies. As a result, all the Soul on Ice royalties were being paid to her. I knew that Bancroft had some sort of collection of Eldridge’s papers, so I arranged to see the boxes and read all the documentation about the case.

There was nothing I could do about Kathleen Cleaver signed copies of Target Zero, a collection of her husband Eldridge Cleaver's writing, which she edited. it, but as a bonus I did get to know Tony Bliss and every time I’d come attention. The editor told her, “I’m Eldridge Cleaver” and about eight of to visit Berkeley, I would see him or not so sure that’s the material I want. those chapters are included in Target talk to him. I’d like to see a biography.” So, I said, Zero. The very fi rst sentence—which A few years later, Tony called me “Well, Claudia, we don’t have a I love—says, “ ‘Eldridge, you’re headed at Emory Law School. Very excitedly biography, but at least what we could for the gas chamber,’ said my mother, he said, “I found the papers! They’re do is take the material we have and not once, but many times.” here!” I knew that a lot of Eldridge’s reorganize it into chronological order.” What I did, what we did, was take writings and belongings have been I couldn’t fi nd anyone else who would some chapters from a memoir—I’m lost, stolen, or scattered—he had a list be the editor of this book; I was the not convinced it’s that good, but Soul of 13 boxes that he’d been trying to only person who was going to work on Fire was the book Eldridge wrote recover before he died. Tony had what for free. Given this wonderful material after he’d experienced a religious turned out to be unfi nished books, at Bancroft that I had been going conversion and returned to the United some completed novels, personal through, thinking about how we could States. We took several pieces from fi les, correspondence—and the use it, what I could add to the project, Ramparts; one in particular, an essay— original typescript of Soul on Ice. I was able to help rearrange the not an essay, it’s hard to say: is it By this time I had become resigned manuscript and I came up with fi ction, is it autobiography—it’s to the fact that I would have to a better name than The Eldridge something he wrote while he was in edit the collection of work Eldridge Cleaver Reader. I took Target Zero, prison about growing up in Los Angeles had published in the past and had which was a title of an unfi nished essay where all his running buddies were attempted to market as “The Eldridge that was among the papers Eldridge Mexicans. The title, “Black Moochie,” Cleaver Reader.” The collection— left behind in his studio in Pomona was what they called him. It’s never basically a box fi lled with Xerox copies when he died. Those manuscripts been published except once in Ramparts. of articles—was something his literary included something he was writing; it The very last line of that piece says, agent was having a hard time getting was still in draft form and didn’t have “When I write, I want to stab a knife a publisher interested in, particularly a title. He had written at the bottom into the heart of America.” But the after Eldridge’s death in May 1998. this little notation: “E.C. 1, E.C. 2,” most powerful work that is included in The agent did get a young black like “Eldridge Cleaver, Chapter One.” this book is from a manuscript that editor at Crown, I think, to pay So I named that the “Autobiography of Tony Bliss acquired in that trove of

P AGE 12 / FALL 2006 N EWSLETTER OF THE FRIENDS OF THE BANCROFT LIBRARY

writings. It’s an unfi nished book the Civil Rights movement campaign Kerr fi gure was shouting, “We don’t that he had titled, Uptight in Babylon. of civil disobedience. People such as want you to tell it like it is! We want It was very intensely about the Mario Savio and Jack Weinberg, who you to tell it like we say it is!” seventies. I’ll just give you a little had been at the very heart of the Free I think the impact of this campus snippet, specifi cally about Berkeley: Speech Movement at U.C. Berkeley, on the life of the Bay Area and the “In California, the students along with all of their friends, had an region was very important. During the had grown out of the Free Speech active leading role in the Peace and sixties when I was in college, the idea Movement on the U.C. Berkeley Freedom Party. From prison I had of coming to Berkeley, I mean that campus, the spirit of which spread watched how those cats were moving, was the most radical thing that you throughout the state and then later and I thought that they were sincere could do! Berkeley had an intellectual throughout the country, had gone on, and would stand by their convictions.” and a political infl uence on this area after leaving the campus, to organize I am thrilled that the fi rst place and also on the two men who started the Peace and Freedom Party. this book is being introduced is here the Black Panther Party, even though Since 1968 was an election year on the campus, because Berkeley is they were students at Merritt—Bobby that included a presidential contest, a place Eldridge Cleaver really loved. Seale and Huey Newton. This is the the Peace and Freedom Party was He lived nearby for many, many years. place where Huey Newton came, a moving to qualify for the ballot in And this campus has very intimate young organizer trying to pull together order to fi eld candidates at all levels, connections to the Black Panther Party, the police patrols that the Black including a presidential candidate. which is much bigger than him, but Panther Party started with boxes of What they needed in order to obtain something that he gave a tremendous Red Books that he bought from the the number of signatures to get them amount of his life to. He even taught New China Bookstore in San Francisco. offi cially on the ballot were some briefl y at the University, in the class He bought them for a quarter; he’d signatures out of the black community. Sociology 139X, created by graduate come over to Berkeley and sell them The Peace and Freedom Party was students—over the virulent objection for a dollar, “Get your Red Book right rooted on campus, going deep into of then-Governor Ronald Reagan, here!” It’s a place that gave us the Free the ranks of anti-war activists and who referred to Eldridge Cleaver as Speech Movement, a place that was those who had actively participated in a “Marxist racist.” I won’t repeat very active in the anti-HUAC activism the names Eldridge and Stop-the-Draft Week. And, as I applied to him. mentioned, a place active in the Peace The effort to keep and Freedom Party—in fact, during the course despite that time, Eldridge and I were working the refusal of the on an article and we lived in a small Governor to permit apartment on Castro Street in San Cleaver to lecture Francisco. The article was called led to all types “Ferment in Alameda.” We were trying of protests about to show the dynamic interaction academic freedom, between the women’s liberation which became huge. movement, the antiwar movement, the One item that stuck black liberation movement and how in my recollection the campaign around Huey Newton’s was a cartoon— case in the Alameda County courts I think it was in was benefi ting and infl uencing that. the Examiner—of So, I want to thank everyone who then-Chancellor has anything to do with making The Clark Kerr. He Bancroft Library such an extraordinary was wearing a place, for all the help that has led to three-piece suit, the publication of Target Zero: A Life and was jumping in Writing, which I invite you to read. up and down, I think it will expand, even at Berkeley, and the Eldridge what you think you know about the Cleaver caricature most controversial period in the standing at the United States history since the Civil War. blackboard, this rangy man with —Kathleen Cleaver Kathleen Cleaver and John Heilbron examine rare books in Bancroft's exhibition at the Berkeley Art Museum. a goatee and dark glasses. The Clark

P AGE 13 / FALL 2006 N EWSLETTER OF THE FRIENDS OF THE BANCROFT LIBRARY Complex Earthquake Project Took Years To Digitize “All day the roar of dynamite had materials concerning the 1906 earth- continued, shaking the city, but the quake and fi re, the 1906 Earthquake deafening explosions brought no and Fire Digital Collection is a useful terror in comparison with the recurrent resource for researchers, students and shocks of earthquake that left one anyone interested in the history of this white with fear. We felt the desire to monumental event. cling together, and going alone to an Highlights of the collection website empty room or mounting a fl ight of include a 360-degree panoramic image stairs unaccompanied was a creeping of the devastated city taken from the horror to those of us who were timid. top of the Fairmont Hotel; an inter- All the while the streets resounded to active map of the city that lets users The digital collection documents the fi restorm following the 1906 earthquake. the trampling of feet, and a steady click on a section to pull up photo- rain of cinders fell everywhere.” graphs depicting that area; search staff from The Bancroft Library. This is a quote from one of the pages that provide access to the The content also goes directly many personal accounts of the 1906 14,000 images and 7,000 pages of text; into the California Digital Library San Francisco earthquake and fi re a browse page where users can peruse Digital Preservation Repository, which took place one hundred years all objects by subject or genre headings; ensuring that the objects in the 1906 ago on April 18, 1906. The city of San a bibliography of online and printed Earthquake and Fire Digital Collection Francisco—which at that point was a resources; and an online exhibit that are preserved for the long term and young, booming metropolis—was cut directs users through virtual “rooms” will be accessible to users for down in 48 seconds of trembling and that take them from before the quake, generations to come. three days of unrelenting fi re. Personal through the aftermath, and then to the As The Bancroft Library’s most accounts, such as the one excerpted city’s rebirth marked by the Panama ambitious digital undertaking to date, above, are among thousands of textual Pacifi c International Exposition of the 1906 Earthquake and Fire Digital documents and visual materials that 1915. The online exhibit also includes Collection is broad in its scope and were selected and digitized in honor audio snippets of Caruso singing (he moving in its content. Images such as of the centennial of that event, and sang at the Grand Opera the night a photograph of a little girl on a which are now available on The before the quake), earthquake sounds swing juxtaposed against the hollow Bancroft Library’s 1906 Earthquake and a survivor oral history, silent movie ruins of the city and that of refugees and Fire Digital Collection website: clips of a refugee camp in Jefferson fl eeing the confl agration are just a http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/collec Square, as well as images illustrating hint of the pictorial richness of this tions/earthquakeandfi re. the text of each thematic room. collection. The personal accounts, like The 1906 Earthquake and Fire The 1906 Earthquake and Fire the one excerpted above, convey the Digital Collection includes digitized Digital Collection took close to fi ve years realities that faced the people who photographs, newspapers, letters, to complete and involved numerous survived the event. Through a vast personal narratives, reports, souvenir institutions. With funding generously collection of textual material and books, histories, ephemera and other provided by the Library Services and images, the 1906 Earthquake and Fire documents related to the subject. In Technology Act, primary and unique Digital Collection is a resource that total, the collection comprises 14,000 secondary source materials were attempts to capture all aspects of this images and 7,000 pages of full-text selected from The Bancroft Library disaster and one that we hope will be searchable documents. As the single and other historic collections, including enjoyed by and prove useful to all who largest online collection of digitized the California Historical Society, The visit the site. Stanford University Library, The Huntington Library, the California —Mary W. Elings State Library, and the Society of Archivist for Digital Collections California Pioneers. More than 40 The Bancroft Library people contributed to the creation including staff from partner institu- tions, the California Digital Library, the UC Berkeley Library’s Digital Publishing Group, The Library Preservation Department’s Digital Imaging Lab and, of course, numerous

P AGE 14 / FALL 2006 N EWSLETTER OF THE FRIENDS OF THE BANCROFT LIBRARY Gift Book Published to Celebrate Bancroft Centennial

xploring The Bancroft Library: and provide public access to its EThe Centennial Guide to Its resources. Extraordinary History, Spectacular Illustrated with images from Special Collections, Research Pleasures, Its Yosemite oil paintings to Mark Twain Amazing Future, and How It All Works manuscripts to photos of the Black was published on October 16, 2006. Panthers to the papyrus fragments of The result of years of work by the Sophocles’ lost satyr play, the book is curatorial staff, the new gift book will fascinating to browse through. Anyone be available for holiday giving. Printed who loves The Bancroft Library or in oversize format, the book is replete just wants to know how a great library with high-resolution color photos of comes into being and how it serves works of art and other historical gems. the public will enjoy this book. Stephen Vincent and Charles Paperback and clothbound copies Faulhaber edited this beautiful collection of the book can be ordered through of essays and explanations by curators Signature Books order desk at and historians of how the library 800-356-5687 or www.signaturebooks.com. the future plans for it. special research programs including Paperbound is $29.95. Clothbound The curators describe the collections Center for the Tebtunis Papyri, Mark is $39.95. A special keepsake edition, and then a scholar who researches in Twain Papers and Project, and The Bancroft Library Edition, was sent a particular collection offers a short Regional Oral History Offi ce, how to Friends of Bancroft annual 2004- essay on his experience. Collection the Reading Room functions and 2005 donors of $250 or more. highlights are listed after each essay. Bancroft Online Resources are explored. Areas covered include: Western Even the nitty gritty behind the scenes —Camilla Smith Americana, Latin Americana, Pictorial technical and preservation/conservation Editor, Bancroftiana Collection, Rare Books and Literary services are discussed in this excellent Manuscripts, History of Science and volume. The book explains how Technology, and University Archives. the staff works to collect, organize

Bancroft Represented the “Value of the Past” for Joan Didion April 27, 2006

hen it was suggested that I receive Bancroft Library. I used the Reserved Wthis award it was pointed out Book Room for obvious reasons and that it would be unusual, because the Morrison for listening to poetry I was a writer, not a historian. (and escaping the Reserved Book This did not put me off. Room). I had no business in Bancroft, I like to think that all of us who and only the dimmest idea of what write are writing history—the writer’s was inside. It would be years and years very fi rst impulse is to give an account before Jim Hart laid it all out for me. of something that happened—to make But even as an undergraduate I Joan Didion accepted the Hubert Howe Bancroft Award. a record—to bear witness, however knew it was here. imperfectly, to a truth that needs to And it represented something to For all these reasons I am pro- be teased out. me. It represented a belief in the value foundly grateful—and moved—to be So—for that reason and for some of the past. It represented a belief in here today and want to thank not only others—I am delighted to accept this the value of the rare, the unique, the Charles Faulhaber and Peter Hanff, award on behalf of all writers. few. It represented the continuity of but all of you for making The Bancroft The other reasons this makes me those values in a culture and a state Library possible. happy have to do with the nature of more famously focused on the future Bancroft itself. As an undergraduate than on the past—and on the many —Joan Didion here I had no occasion to use The more than on the few. Hubert Howe Bancroft Award Winner

P AGE 15 / FALL 2006 N EWSLETTER OF THE FRIENDS OF THE BANCROFT LIBRARY Uncovering Phoebe Hearst’s Life here are only a handful of special and even free libraries, throughout the Phoebe had an adventurous spirit, Tplaces in the world where doing West. She also funded important which was kindled when Missouri research becomes a memorable archeological excavations in Egypt, Peru, neighbor George Hearst returned experience. The Bancroft Library is Mexico, Europe, and North America. from the West. George had left one of these havens. Full of light and I was intrigued by Phoebe’s Missouri and spent 10 years hunting warmth, it is a place where research, personality and came back to New for gold in California. He did not fi nd thinking, and musing all come easily York with an idea. I approached gold, but he did discover silver in one together. I fi rst came to The Bancroft Columbia University about fi nishing of the largest mines in the world, the Library to research my doctoral thesis, my degree with a biography of this Comstock Lode. He returned to a biography of Phoebe Apperson extraordinary woman. It was approved, Missouri to tend his sick mother and Hearst (1842-1919), mother to and the hard work began. was smitten with the young dark-haired William Randolph Hearst and well- I came to The Bancroft Library beauty. Phoebe was 20 years his junior. known civic leader of the 19th century. with little recent experience in The silver miner proposed marriage Among the numerous philanthropic and the promise of travel to young projects Phoebe Hearst sponsored was Phoebe. Against her parents’ wishes, an international competition to create Phoebe agreed to marry George. In the University of California campus the fall of 1862, they left for California. in Berkeley. Berkeley became a second In San Francisco, Phoebe gave home to Phoebe, as Stanford birth to her only son, William University was to Jane Stanford. After Randolph. While George worked in William’s death in 1951, many of the the mining camps, Phoebe continued Hearst family papers were eventually her education by taking French lessons deposited at The Bancroft Library. and frequenting the local art galleries. My work on Phoebe Hearst tied When William turned 10, Phoebe many threads of my life together. In decided to take him to Europe. With my twenties, I passed my doctoral George’s permission, they left for an examinations in American history at extended 18-month voyage that took Columbia University. I left the program them all over Europe. Suddenly, things to earn a masters in fi lm, also at she had only read about in newspapers Columbia, and pursued a career in and magazines were brought to life. television. At Hearst Entertainment, I This trip was the beginning of a vast worked in development looking for education Phoebe gave to herself and stories to be made into television to her son. movies. There, Austin Hearst, great- When they returned to San grandson of Phoebe Hearst and I met. Phoebe Apperson was 20 years younger than George Francisco, Phoebe became a well- We married, and I became a full-time Hearst when they married. known fi gure among the upper crust mother of two. Several of my new of San Francisco. With her European cousins spoke to me about great- researching techniques. I soon realized education, she developed into a well- grandmother Phoebe. She was a that at Bancroft, however, I was in known hostess. She developed new beacon to many women in the Hearst good hands. Librarian Theresa Salazar friendships and activities. After meeting family. Cousin Millicent explained that and her kind staff directed me to all Sarah Cooper, Phoebe began supporting Phoebe, not William, had started the the important Hearst family papers the budding kindergarten movement. Hearst family’s philanthropic tradition. and photographs. Along with contemporary Jane Stanford, In the 1890s, Phoebe founded kinder- Born in rural Missouri, Phoebe Phoebe sponsored several schools in San gartens for children in San Francisco. Apperson grew up in a poor farming Francisco and became a major contribu- Later, Phoebe embarked on large-scale family. Her parents instilled in her the tor to the kindergarten movement. civic philanthropy: building the Berkeley value of hard work. While attending George continued to grow the campus, creating the National Cathedral the local one-room schoolhouse, family’s mining wealth. He had School for Girls in Washington, D.C., Phoebe became an exceptional student. political aspirations that took the and cofounding the National Congress As a teenager, she was hired to tutor couple to Washington, D.C. In 1887, of Mothers, which became the current children of the wealthy James family in George began serving as Senator from Parent-Teacher Association. She a nearby town and, with them, was able California, joining Leland Stanford, continued to establish kindergartens, to take French and piano lessons. who had been elected two years earlier.

P AGE 16 / FALL 2006 N EWSLETTER OF THE FRIENDS OF THE BANCROFT LIBRARY

husband and approached the of Bancroft’s world-renowned collection small University at Berkeley of papyri from ancient Tebtunis. with the idea of a mining In later years, Phoebe built the building in his honor. After enormous Hacienda del Pozo de Verona meeting the fl amboyant in Pleasanton, later re-modeled and architect Bernard Maybeck, completed by Julia Morgan. There she Phoebe ended up sponsoring entertained heads of state, university an international competition offi cials, and other important thinkers, for the creation of an entire including Thomas Edison. In widow- campus. It was the beginning hood, Phoebe did not spare expenses of a lifelong commitment to on herself. She owned an apartment in the University and one that Paris and built a medieval castle near remained rewarding to Mt. Shasta in California. Phoebe. In addition to the Politically, Phoebe kept a low mining building, Phoebe profi le. She did not support woman’s donated Hearst Memorial suffrage until the last hour. In 1911, Gymnasium, anatomy and she fi nally agreed to lend her name anthropology buildings, to the constitutional amendment a metallurgical laboratory, in California. She did, however, march the president’s home, in the 1916 Preparedness Parade despite a medical library, and bomb threats. In 1919, Phoebe died a bridge over Strawberry of infl uenza. Creek, among many other In a lifetime that spanned the gifts. In 1897, Governor mid-19th and early 20th centuries, James H. Budd appointed Phoebe Hearst defi ned upper-class life Phoebe to the Board of for San Francisco and the nation. She Mrs. McLaughlin and Fernanda Pratt gathered around young William R. Hearst, Jr. and his grandmother, Phoebe Hearst. Regents of the University traveled to castles and built castles. of California, the fi rst She collected more than she could ever Phoebe brought her social skills to woman on the board. house and managed more assets than Washington, D.C., where she became Phoebe’s horizons continued to she could ever spend. Phoebe Hearst a national fi gure known for hosting broaden. She established kindergartens became a model civic leader and parties. By this time, William had and Hearst Free Libraries around the philanthropist to Americans. Indeed, become editor-in-chief of his father’s country. In Washington, D.C., she she was one of a handful of wealthy men paper, the San Francisco Examiner. built the National Cathedral School and women who made philanthropy a Phoebe’s life turned upside down when for Girls. Later, she cofounded the defi ning characteristic of upper-class George contracted stomach cancer. He National Congress of Mothers (which status. This legacy continued through died in June of 1893. Now a widow, became the PTA). She funded the the 20th and 21st centuries. Phoebe decided to return to California. YWCA and helped Mills College Without the tireless help of the George had left to Phoebe his establish a campus. librarians at The Bancroft Library, I entire mining and real estate fortune, In 1895, Phoebe suffered a heart could not have collected all the valued at $20 million (the equivalent attack, which was treated by Dr. pieces of Phoebe Hearst’s long and of $380 million today). Forty-eight- William Pepper, her husband’s physi- interesting life. In June 2005, I received year-old Phoebe began a new chapter cian. Pepper took the opportunity to the Ph.D. from Columbia University. of her life. Her fi rst task was to learn introduce Phoebe to the new fi eld of Currently, I am working on a book all that she could about George’s anthropology. Phoebe, fascinated, proposal about Phoebe’s life, and businesses. He had mining interests in began to support major excavations looking forward to spending more four states and properties throughout on her own in Egypt, Peru, Mexico, time in Bancroft’s warm, well-lit California, and even in Mexico. Phoebe Europe, and North America. Through reading room. was not one to let others make decisions expeditions and purchases, Phoebe for her. She fi red George’s manager and amassed collections that eventually —Dr. Kathryn P. Hearst hired people she could trust. became the basis for the Department As Bancroft’s grey archival boxes of Anthropology and the Museum arrived on my desk, I soon learned of Anthropology at Berkeley. The about the vast array of civic projects indomitable Phoebe Hearst traveled begun by widow Phoebe. She turned to many of the excavations, including her attention to a memorial for her ones as far away as Egypt, the source

P AGE 17 / FALL 2006 N EWSLETTER OF THE FRIENDS OF THE BANCROFT LIBRARY Narratives from California Differ from Other Accounts

arly European and American identifi ed the failings of the “Latin dozens of editions of Dana’s Eaccounts of life in California race” and the qualities of American best selling book—in print since its produced vivid and lasting images of character—understood as a new kind publication in Harper’s in 1840—gives this late-colonial frontier. Accounts of of agent of civilization—that made the researchers a sense of the impact of state-sponsored expeditionary voyages, U.S. occupation of Northern Mexico such narratives. Dana’s caricature of such as that of Jean-François de la manifest destiny. Narratives from the “decayed gentlemen...dissolute and Pérouse (1785-1788) and George all genres—memoirs, reports, novels, extravagant when the means are at Vancouver (1791-1795), were immediate and emigrant's guides—draw on the hand; ambitious at heart, and impotent best sellers, translated into many different language and imagery of frontier in act” helped the American public languages and read by prominent novels, particularly in their promotion establish distinctions between philosophers, scientists, merchants, and of industrious and democratic Americans as industrious and politicians of the period. Both works, “western men” versus dissipated and deserving farmers, and Californios for example, were held in Thomas despotic Californios. as members of an ancient society Jefferson’s library and infl uenced his Richard Henry Dana’s Two Years blocking progress and democracy. interest in western expansion, shaping Before the Mast cemented the image of Fellow lawyer and New his vision of the United States as an Californios as “idle, thriftless people, Englander Thomas Jefferson Farnham “empire of democracy.” In addition to [who] can make nothing for them- further illustrates the convention political and economic commentary, selves.” Surveying Bancroft’s many of contrasting the spirit of the “Saxon” these early reports were natural histories of the Pacifi c Coast, producing maps, drawings, and data on California's native peoples and landscapes. While early accounts wrestled with Spain's "civilizing" efforts and the role of native people in New World societies, later narratives abandon the project of “domesticating” Native Californians altogether and focus instead on Mexican California as a failed society on the verge of collapse. These narratives stress the urgent transfer of California’s bounty to a more capable hand. Sir George Simpson’s Narrative of a Journey Round the World, During the Years 1841 and 1842 typifi es the view that California’s underdeveloped state is a refl ection of Californios’ moral inferiority as an indolent population that had turned “the very bounty of Providence into a curse.” British and American narratives of the late Mexican period encapsulate the beliefs that fueled popular support for U.S. expansion: Mexico was not a fellow New World Republic but the degraded offspring of an ancient Empire; Mexico was incapable of developing industry, agriculture, or free trade; and Californios, in particular, were slothful and lived off the labor of others. Popular literature by Like many others of its kind, Farnsworth's narrative celebrated frontiersmen "with the blood of the ancient American explorers and settlers Normans and Saxons."

P AGE 18 / FALL 2006 N EWSLETTER OF THE FRIENDS OF THE BANCROFT LIBRARY

and the “Spanish” races in his Travels men the advantage over in the Californias (1844). Farnham’s peaceful and honorable frontiersman sums up many of the men. Strictly speaking qualities of American character there was no law in celebrated in such accounts: those times beyond the “…a stout, sturdy backwoodsman, law of force, and in the of a stamp which exists only on end honorable men the frontiers of the American States— had to adopt the law men with the blood of the ancient of an eye for an eye Normans and Saxons in their veins— in self-defense.” with hearts as large as their bodies can The circulation hold, beating nothing but kindness till and reception of injustice shows its fangs, and then, various narratives of lion-like, striking for vengeance…” Spanish and Mexican This way of describing American California shaped character appears in travel literature, California historiogra- emigrant guides, gold rush journals, phy in signifi cant ways. and letters of the 1840s and 1850s. In the Bancroft dicta- Bayard Taylor’s hugely popular tions (recently digitized Eldorado: Adventures in the Path and available online of Empire (1850) offers a view of through the Online California that is more nuanced and Archive of California), sympathetic than many American Californios express accounts. At the same time, Taylor’s a palpable desire to eloquent writing captures the national respond to narratives feeling expressed in many of these produced by Dana, accounts: the “adventure” of imperial Farnham, Simpson, expansion and civilization not as and others—to religious conversion or philosophical intervene in popular

enlightenment, but as industry and perceptions of Farnham’s descriptions of virtuous American frontiersmen differ from the commerce. California, for Taylor and California history as chaos, violence, and despair described by the Californios. others, showed American spirit in its a political strategy. best light, as emigrants crafted a Visitor accounts by European and to re-imagine California, past “harmony evolved out of so wonderful, American travelers offer important and present, in broader and more so dangerous, so magnifi cent a chaos.” information about California history, inclusive ways. Taylor celebrates popular democracy but they do not present a full picture —Michelle Morton in the gold fi elds, observing that “In of life under Spanish and Mexican Postdoctoral Fellow, the absence of all law or available rule. Californio accounts of explora- Council on Library and protection, the people met and tion, settlement, and daily life in Information Resources adopted rules for their mutual California are a boon to anyone Latin American Collection, security…. The capacity of a people interested in the development of the The Bancroft Library for self-government was never so region. Fortunately, The Bancroft triumphantly illustrated.” Library has both. Its holdings include This view offers a dramatic a rich and diverse range of documen- contrast to Californio accounts of tation: extensive manuscripts and the post-war period, which describe imprints by explorers and merchants; decidedly non-magnifi cent chaos, a wide variety of travel accounts by violence, and despair. In his Bancroft American settlers, trappers, and dictation, Californio Antonio Franco gold-seekers; and deep reserves of Coronel describes the divisions among documentation on Spanish and races and nationalities in the gold Mexican California. This is largely fi elds, the mob mentality, and the because Bancroft himself saw Spain violence directed at miners perceived and Mexico as central to the history as foreign: “…there was no law or of the West. The Bancroft Library’s authority that could protect men’s continued emphasis on both Western rights and lives, and this gave bad and Latin Americana invites researchers

P AGE 19 / FALL 2006 N EWSLETTER OF THE FRIENDS OF THE BANCROFT LIBRARY Bancroft and the Big Trees ome years ago the Hewlett noting inputs of water, soil makeup SFoundation offered seed money and such, and, at the end of the to fund the development of courses semester, burn it and measure the co-taught by faculty from Letters & bio-mass. I couldn’t fi gure out any way Sciences and the professional schools. to build a bridge from Thoreau or Partnering with Forestry professor Joe Bierstadt or 17th century New England McBride, we began to develop a house joiners to that little ashen pile of course called “The American Forest—Its bio-mass. The solution that ended this History, Ecology, and Representation” impasse involves The Bancroft Library. (it will be taught next in Spring 2007). We assembled research packets Envisioned as a hybrid cultural geogra- of primary sources, each with four or phy, physical geography, forest science, fi ve disparate documents describing art history, economic history, and a single forest type at a single point American Studies it looks at how in history. They included scientifi c inhabitants of this continent have descriptions of species present, reports understood, used, and changed its of timber cruisers assessing commercial forests. The course focuses on what those value, poems, passages in novels, maps, forests and our uses of them say about us. descriptions of factories developing At the outset my part sounded ever-larger saws capable of cutting down pretty straightforward: I intended ever-larger trees as lumbering moved to draw on Thoreau’s Walden and westward, and we included period Bierstadt’s Yosemite, as well as my photographs and images of paintings. long-term research into the history Bancroft is best-known as a of America’s woodworking artisans— depository of books, manuscripts, carpenters, joiners, cabinetmakers. I letters, and papyri. It also has paintings, like wood, I like trees, I like forests— including—among other treasures— this, I thought, was going to be fun. Thomas Hill’s “The Wawona,” and From Joe McBride I anticipated “The Grizzly” (c. 1890, o/panel), learning the scientifi c names for the a pair of paintings, portraits really, trees I only knew by their humanist or of two trees. These trees have names, lumberyard nicknames (Tulip Poplar, personalities, eccentricities, and White Oak, Douglas Fir), why they portraits. They are culturally-appropri- grew where they grew, why they grew ated artifacts. “The Grizzly Giant,” was, in conjunction with other species, for instance, named, visited, photo- how fi re, grazing, lumbering, recreation, graphed, measured, and positioned and other intruding elements change as a kind of champion for the forest forests—in short, how forests work as it dominates, a symbol, like all of systems, in the way cities work as systems, California’s Big Trees, of longevity, a plea and how professional foresters have for taking the long view in human theorized their job descriptions for the affairs, a reminder of the trivialness of last century. human life-spans. Empires rise and fall Ambitiously we decided to and these leviathans of the forest endure. consider American forests from the Clubs—notably the Sierra Club— seventeenth century to the present were formed to pilgrimage to these and throughout the contiguous groves, encouraging the kind of 48 states. When we began to develop secular nature enthusiasm that became the semester-long research project characteristic of our culture in the to enable students to synthesize their nineteenth and twentieth centuries. learning, we hit a snag. I asked Joe For some in the late nineteenth what he usually assigned for term century, statistics like “305 feet high” research projects. He replied that or “9 feet in diameter” apparently

he often gives each undergraduate did not feel impressive or concrete Thomas Hill painted the Wawona Tree a seedling, asks them to care for it, enough, so, in a move that was on a panel of redwood.

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Susan Snyder, Isabel & David Breskin, and Margaretta Lovell discussed the centennial the evening before the symposium began. probably defensive about accusations of species proved too diffi cult to fell and had been a success when the students humbuggery, the bark from another the appetite for beautifully-straight, writing about Bancroft paintings Giant Sequoia named “The Mother insect-resistant lumber fell mostly in their term research papers focused of the Forest” was stripped from the on the coastal redwoods. on the central irony of our culture’s tree, shipped to Europe in slabs, and Thanks to the Hewlett funding, attitude toward these trees and the reassembled to demonstrate the truth we were able to take the students to forests that support them. The students of the claims for these vegetable Yosemite and to the Mariposa Grove wove their comments about the artist, giants. Disney’s Grand Californian nearby. For most of the students this the trees, and the market for the images Hotel in Anaheim that opened in was their fi rst opportunity to see these in with comments about the ecology 2001 includes a poolside waterslide culturally potent Giant Sequoia or the of the region, the cultural history of that memorializes the erection of forest ecologies that support them, or the Big Trees, the market for lumber, this empty bark-stump in Paris to the to study the sites that had inspired and the fact that Hill painted these two admiring gaze of ‘the world’ that is, generations of artists and writers heartfelt odes to trees that have lived to those interested in the phenomenon whose works they had read and ‘forever’ on two panels of redwood, but not interested enough to come to scrutinized. Students consistently remnants of equally thought-provoking California and see the trees themselves, point to this two day excursion as trees that had clearly sacrifi ced their alive in their own habitat. the high point of the class, or the lives to enable the artist to memorialize Assigning Hill’s Grizzly and high point of their year, or, for some, these two renowned ‘cousins.’ Wawona prompted me to think hard the high point of their undergraduate Bancroft has paintings. They about what it means to make a portrait education. Unfortunately this funding decorate offi ces and enliven the of, to name, to put on exhibition has expired and, although we continue reading room, but they also are (whether as a painting or as an empty to teach this class with the hands-on primary sources of knowledge and bark stump) exemplary Big Trees at dimension, using California’s forests as part of that huge laboratory of things precisely the moment that lumber our laboratory has become increasingly that U. C. has collected to enable interests were developing strategies diffi cult and endangered. students to learn, faculty to teach, and technologies to turn California’s While “The American Forest” and scholars to do research. Big Trees into dimensioned lumber to course clearly has been a success from build the booming cities of the region. the point of view of the students from —Margaretta Lovell Happily for the Giant Sequoia, this the get-go, I learned that the course UC Berkeley, History of Art

P AGE 21 / FALL 2006 N EWSLETTER OF THE FRIENDS OF THE BANCROFT LIBRARY The Senator from Formosa: William F. Knowland’s Push for “Asia First”

he man who assumed the role beginning of McCarthyism, his well- importance, one that rivaled the Tof Senate Majority leader in May publicized expertise endowed the elite Eastern seaboard’s traditional demand of 1953 was often regarded as an Right with a foreign policy leader who of focus on Western Europe as opportunist by opponents on both spurred a broadening of conservative trading partner and ideological ally. sides of the aisle. Forceful, unsubtle, ideology. Thanks to Knowland, During a keynote address at the Bill Knowland knew how to capitalize American conservatism embraced a 1952 GOP convention, Knowland upon fortune’s prospects to further truly global stance. “We can no more insisted that “non-military expenditures his own ambitions and causes. During return to isolationism than an adult be limited drastically, and that even the Cold War, he transformed can return to childhood,” he remarked. in the fi eld of military expenditures anticommunist China into a water- The adoption of an “Asia First” the American people get a dollar’s shed issue within American politics. stance was a natural choice for worth of value for every dollar spent By declaring that Asia was just as, somebody born and bred on the and that the funds be spent on if not more, important than Europe building muscle and not fat in the to U.S. foreign policy, he equipped defense organization.” While urging Republicans with means to condemn fi scal responsibility, he was careful the Truman administration and not to propose cuts to the Defense conservative elites with an opening to Department’s budget. Knowland’s recover their party from liberal consensus. stance was the fi rst example of a Knowland’s senatorial tenure— conservative leader advocating the which lasted from 1945 to 1958— continuation of high federal spending, refl ected right-wing ideology and action and it set the tone for future during that period. His biography and Republicans who would consider political successes exemplifi ed the new defense reductions out of the question face of elite Republican conservatism: altogether. The call to arms diversifi ed militant anticommunism, Pacifi c the GOP platform and began the party’s internationalism, and defense-oriented offi cial association with the building of state expansion. An examination of a defense state. His political talents did his stance on China reveals the making not go unrecognized, and Knowland of a signifi cant national career. William F. Knowland was senator of California from assumed the position of Senate Majority But this is also a story about 1945 to 1958. Leader the following year. the Golden State, for William Fife The senator’s push to secure the Knowland was nothing if not a proud Pacifi c Coast. A democratic China was Pacifi c via defense spending owed Californian, and his politics were a cause close to Knowland’s heart and much to the Golden State’s postwar directly infl uenced by a keen sense of to his constituency. His background as economy. California was the single regionalism. Appointed by Gov. Earl a native Californian granted him special largest benefi ciary of federal defense Warren (an old family friend) to fi ll authority to speak as one with fi rst- dollars. The Cold War arms race Hiram Johnson’s old U.S. Senate seat, hand knowledge of American life on represented a fi nancial boom for the he made anticommunism in the Far the Pacifi c Rim. In particular, he could American West, providing employment East his signature issue. Knowland confi dently relate what Free China in defense as well as requiring services wasted no time in making hay out of meant to the West Coast and the danger from the private sector. The promise Mao’s victory and Chiang Kai-shek’s Red China posed to national security: of a well-paying job–as much as the exile to Formosa. In 1950 alone, he “I happen to come from a state where promise of good weather–inspired a delivered 115 Senate speeches on the the waters of the Pacifi c wash upon steady stream of westward migration Far East, mostly railing against Truman’s our shores, and we saw World War II that made California the most populous errors in foreign policy. By serving break out there,” Knowland declared state in the Union by 1962. After notice that politics did not stop at the in 1949. “And we certainly do not 1945, anticommunism in California water’s edge, Knowland revitalized believe they are giving proper attention was, for many of its residents, both Far Eastern relations as distinctly to that part of the world.” World War an ideological and fi nancial dogma. conservative territory. Within the II had instilled the American West As Majority Leader, the senator context of the Korean War and the Coast with a sense of its own strategic moved to thwart any Chinese

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SENATOR FROM FORMOSA Continued from page 22 Second Installment of Bancroft at 100 On View at Berkeley Art Museum

Communist attempt to join the United Nations, arguing that membership would legitimize Mao’s government and generate communist revolution all over Asia. In May 1953, he introduced resolutions that urged the president to withdraw American membership from the U.N. if Communist China was either admitted or its delegation recognized as the Republic of China’s representatives. What Knowland proposed was a new sort of American isolationism: the execution of foreign policy unfettered by consideration of the U.N. He believed the U.N. was better The exhibition of Bancroft treasures at the Berkeley Art Museum runs until December 3, 2006. off dominated by constitutional nations with experience in democracy. The second installment of the construction of the San Francisco- If the organization’s bylaws could not exhibition Bancroft at 100: A Celebration Oakland Bay Bridge, dating from allow such domination, then the U.S. 1906-2006 continues its run through 1935 to 1936. should not take part. The potential December 3 at the UC Berkeley Art In addition to substituting admission of Communist China Museum with some notable changes photographs with different ones by brought this issue to a head, despite in the installation. Of the 351 objects such photographers as Michelle Vignes, the Right’s silence on the paradox at on display several are especially sensi- who was recently profi led in the San hand: Knowland and others like him tive to prolonged exposure to light and Francisco Chronicle Sunday Magazine, credited the U.N. with enough prestige therefore cannot be shown, even under we also changed out drawings by Georg to trigger a communist takeover of the low level lighting, for the duration Heinrich von Langsdorff. The Bancroft Far East even as they belittled it with of the exhibition. This includes most Library holds 37 sketches from assertions of American sovereignty photographs, drawings, watercolors, Langsdorff’s around-the-world voyage above all international coalitions. and color prints. For example, Gillian with the Kruzenshtern/Rezanov expedi- Cold War California was the Boal, Senior Conservator from the tion, 1803-1807. The charming sketch ideal breeding ground for a politician Library Preservation Department and on display depicts a rocky beach with like Knowland. Young, brash, and museum staff painstakingly re-installed sea otters off the northern California determined to signal a new postwar the 16th century Codex Fernández coast. Equally compelling are Andrew order, the senator embodied many of Leal, allowing the verso to be shown Jackson Grayson’s two watercolors from the qualities of his home state. Likewise, alongside a life-size digital facsimile his series of 150, entitled “Birds of the his demands for an anticommunist of the recto. This double-sided pic- Pacifi c Slope,” completed between China refl ected the vested interests of tographic scroll drawn with natural 1859 and 1869. Grayson who died of his Pacifi c Rim constituents, and it was pigments on native amatl paper, il- coast fever in Mexico, is considered to with the Asia First doctrine that he lustrating the lineage of Cuicatec rulers be the “Audubon of the West” and this experienced his greatest successes as a in the present-day state of Oaxaca, is is only the second time that his original policy advocate. As we can see from so rare and fragile that it has not been drawings have been exhibited since the current political and diplomatic displayed in more than 20 years. they were given to the University situation, his legacy has endured. Our concern for the preservation of California by his widow in 1879. of Bancroft treasures also affords us an The second installment of the —Joyce Mao opportunity to expand this celebratory exhibition is well worth a visit both for UC Berkeley exhibition. Thus, Eadweard fi rst-time viewers as well as those who Muybridge’s thirteen-part, mammoth have been before. plate, “1877 San Francisco Panorama” has been carefully folded back into —Jack von Euw its original portfolio. In its place we Curator, Bancroft Pictorial Collection are showing aerial photographs of the

P AGE 23 / FALL 2006 N EWSLETTER OF THE FRIENDS OF THE BANCROFT LIBRARY Building Cyclotrons: Bridges to Bigness he Bancroft Library established its the head of the world’s leading center for long-term development. To widen Tprogram in the history of science for nuclear physics, the Cavendish his appeal to foundations, he made his and electronics in the Bay Area around Laboratory in Cambridge, England. laboratory interdisciplinary. Chemists, 1970. The program focused on the Six months later, John Cockcroft doctors, and technicians were added history of Berkeley’s icon of Big Science, visited Berkeley. He and his colleague to the Rad Lab staff. Meanwhile at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Ernest Walton had built an electro- the Cavendish and elsewhere, nuclear and soon secured the E.O. Lawrence static accelerator at the Cavendish that physics remained small because it Papers, which became the basis for could hold a few hundred thousand was confi ned to nuclear physics. further successful proposals. The climb volts. With it they had disintegrated Cyclotrons were costly to run to bigness of the Lawrence Berkeley nuclei of lithium and other light as well as to develop. To meet their Laboratory thus seems an appropriate elements. Cockcroft judged that power demands, PG&E built a subject, and the Lawrence Papers an Cambridge had no reason to fear special substation. To meet his bills apt source, for a celebration of Bancroft’s competition from Berkeley. for electrical power and manpower, maturation as a collector of choice The Cambridge accelerator could Lawrence had to beg and scrimp; historical materials. not match Berkeley’s in energy. Why and the donors who answered his Big Science grew at Berkeley then was Cockcroft so cocky? The main calls wanted results in proportion following the logic and obeying the reason was that many more particles to their philanthropy. The situation demands of the cyclotron and against per second fell on targets in Cambridge was symbolic and inescapable: every a bleak fi nancial landscape unfertilized than in Berkeley. To make the cyclotron success increased the costs, and every by federal funding. The machine came work, Lawrence, or rather his graduate donation brought a demand, or at to life during the Great Depression. Its student Stanley Livingston, had to fi nd least an expectation, of continuing fi rst important manifestation, a model a way to accelerate the particles through success. Lawrence’s backers were with 27-inch pole pieces, incorporated spiral orbits within a vacuum chamber interested in energy too cheap to a 70-ton magnet salvaged from an empty enough to make collisions with meter, radioisotopes for chemical obsolete system of radio communica- residual air molecules unlikely. In the and medical diagnostics, and cures tion. The purpose of the huge magnet early days, collisions within the leaky for cancer. A tall order. was not to break atoms by falling vacuum and at the walls of the chamber To meet the demands for tracers on them, but to confi ne subatomic took so large a toll that the emergent and therapies, the cyclotron had to particles during their acceleration beam was too weak to provoke nuclear run all day and most of the night. to high energy. By January 1933, the transformations in detectable amounts. Lawrence organized his graduate 27-inch could accelerate protons to What to do about it? Like the students in teams to tend the machine 2.5 million electron volts. An English accumulation of energy on the in accordance with a production-and- physicist then visiting the laboratory circulating particles, the improvement maintenance schedule drawn up by the thought the performance trivial, and of the beam and the machine was laboratory’s chief engineer. Lawrence’s so reported it to Ernest Rutherford, incremental. Lawrence needed money brother John, a medical doctor, joined the lab together with a colony of rats, which he fed on radioisotopes. A nurse made her appearance to minister to the health of the animals and of the men who tended the machines. The early cyclotroneers lived in an oil bath, breathed toxic gases used to detect leaks in the vacuum system, dodged fl ying bits of iron attracted by the powerful magnet, and lived with the aroma of rats and the exhilarating prospect of imminent electrocution. Neutrons from the cyclotron made the fi llings in their teeth radioactive. Braving these dangers together forged them into a brotherhood, which helped them build and maintain the E.O. Lawrence incrementally produced big science with the cyclotron as he raised enough funds to run it.

P AGE 24 / FALL 2006 N EWSLETTER OF THE FRIENDS OF THE BANCROFT LIBRARY interdisciplinary bridges that made the labor in the laboratory supportable. The cyclotroneers worked very hard, much harder than their counter- parts at the Cavendish, which was open only between 10 in the morning and 6 in the evening. The Cambridge physicists protested against their forced liberty as much as the cyclo- troneers did against their serfdom and to as little avail. Rutherford and his staff had made many fi ne discoveries while working abbreviated hours. Susan Schrepfer and Barbara Young share the exhilaration of the 100th Anniversary. Lawrence and his boys had more to do than physics. They were busy building bridges to donors and engineers, to Barbara Young Joins Bancroft as Event Coordinator chemists and doctors and biologists. Theirs was not a 10-to-6 job, but hen Barbara Young joined the staff in February 2006 as the Event a 24/7 frenzy. WCoordinator for The Bancroft Library, she “hit the ground running.” The Cockcroft’s prediction came true. library was about to celebrate its 100th birthday and Barbara was asked to put Not only did Cambridge with its together a celebratory event by the end of April. During her fi rst two months relatively puny accelerator do its physics at Bancroft she worked non-stop assuring an exciting gala at the Berkeley Art before Berkeley, but so did Paris, Rome, Museum. Not only was the event successful at raising more than $275,000 for the and Berlin, and with apparatus even library and its projects, but also, the centennial celebration introduced the riches more primitive. Sometimes, however, in of the collection to a wider audience. following up a discovery made abroad, Modestly, Barbara says the success of the event depended on others, cyclotroneers found something new. especially Director Charles Faulhaber who had a clear vision and confi dence that Fishing around with the cyclotron after the event would be a success. Particularly helpful were the table sponsors, many the announcement of fi ssion, Glenn of whom were new friends of The Bancroft Library from the California wine Seaborg and Edwin McMillan caught industry. She is grateful to John De Luca and Cindy Testa who set professional some transuranic elements, which they expectations for the party and helped Bancroft achieve success. She also thanks called neptunium and plutonium, and the Friends of the Bancroft Library auction committee who brought in extra for which, in the course of time, they funds with clever donations. And the entire Bancroft staff worked quickly and received Nobel prizes. tirelessly to make it all happen. By 1940, cyclotrons could work Barbara formerly worked for Dominican University in San Rafael where productively in a regime of energy she was Event Coordinator for the university’s capital campaign. Before that and intensity unattainable by other she worked in development for community clubs and children’s schools. machines. That sowed the seeds of Here at Bancroft Barbara enjoys the exposure to and is stimulated by the grand discoveries. These were harvested great collection. To become better acquainted with Bancroft and its holdings after 1945, when research cyclotrons Barbara acts as a page for the circulation desk for a short time once a week. no longer had to pay for themselves by This experience has helped her become aware of the library’s vast materials and also making radioisotopes and irradiating to become comfortable with the curatorial staff. For example, Anthony Bliss, tumors. Eventually Berkeley accelera- curator of rare books, helped with a California Commonwealth Club event on tors created Nobel Prize winners almost November 15 remembering the obscenity trial for Allen Ginsburg’s poem, Howl. as plentifully as they made isotopes: Barbara coordinated a campus memorial for Willa Baum on October 22 and Seaborg and McMillan, as already is working with the Friends of the Bancroft events committee on a closing party mentioned; Emilio Segrè and Owen December 3 for the Centennial Exhibit currently on view at the Berkeley Art Chamberlain, for the antiproton; Luis Museum. The closing party will follow a program focusing on Ira Nowinski’s Alvarez for his bubble chamber and photography and the Bancroft/Heyday publishing collaborations. Bancroft various odd things found in it; and, at 100 has a lot to celebrate and Barbara Young is helping to do it in style. of course, and fi rst of all, Lawrence, for making it all possible. —Camilla Smith Editor, Bancroftiana —John L. Heilbron UC Berkeley History of Science & Technology

P AGE 25 / FALL 2006 N EWSLETTER OF THE FRIENDS OF THE BANCROFT LIBRARY Finding the Story Behind the Story The Great Earthquake and Firestorms of 1906. This latest book is the third book in a trilogy on earthquakes, the prior two being Magnitude 8 and Wildest Alaska. I am currently working on a biography of Wallace Stegner and, through him, a portrait of the American West in the 20th century. I follow the material. Where will the material take me? I am never sure because I’m not a specialist. I’m a grazer. I graze in the pastures of the American West. I descend to the roots with any number of species of plants. From what I’ve heard from the specialists here yesterday and today, they graze one species of plant. I hop around in the West, with a detour now and then to Alaska. When I began working on The Great Earthquake approximately fi ve years ago, I put “earthquake San Francisco” into Gladis, the electronic catalogue for UC Berkeley, from home; a number of interesting cita- tions came up. One of the fi rst was James Phelan. Now that was interesting. Who was he? I drove to Berkeley and found out at The Bancroft Library, where his extensive collection is housed. Phelan gave me the fi rst indication that this was not only a story about destruction and reconstruction. It was, “The very nature of disaster is that chaos prevails.” among other things, the story of a shift in political power from the claim a number of distinctions I had a wonderful time working pro-labor government of Mayor I today. I am the only, as far as I can with Theresa Salazar, James Eason, Eugene Schmitz and Abraham Ruef determine, non-academic speaker at Susan Snyder, Chris McDonald, Joyce to the pro-capitalist, civic government this celebration. I have no advanced Mao, and others. It was just wonderful of James Phelan, Rudolph Spreckels, degree. I barely got through my under- to hear Joyce Mao give a talk yesterday. and other Progressives. It was the graduate years with a C+ average. I think what Charles has done is given story of the rise of the Progressives My second claim to fame is that I’m youth, the people who are going to from the ashes of a city. Two of them, the only researcher who regularly used replace us old geezers, a chance to Hiram Johnson and Phelan, became U.S. the reading room and got the privilege show that, in fact, we’ll be replaced senators. So, besides a near-war with to work within the bowels of the with really quality minds. Japan, there was a national dimension old Bancroft Library. I worked as I write differently from most to this story. the consultant for the Bancroft’s 1906 scholars. I tell stories. I also have to The Chinese knew of such shifts Earthquake and Fire online archive. depend on my writing for an income. in power. They have 3,000 years of Believe me, the reading room was If you write serious nonfi ction that’s recorded history and some 13 million the most pleasant room in the impossible, so I have occasionally deaths from earthquakes. They knew building. What existed elsewhere taught. The most recent story I have that, given a large natural disaster, was a virtual rabbit warren of stacks told is of the 1906 San Francisco there would be regime change. The and offi ces. fi re and earthquake in a book titled emperors knew it and the Chinese

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Communists were aware of it during Galveston hurricane of 1900 to extract them, James Phelan, pervades the story. the 1970s when there were a number the same parallels. What I found is Fortunately for story telling purposes of disastrous earthquakes. consistency in chaotic situations. he has an antagonist, and that’s Behind this story was another story How can you function effectively Abraham Ruef. They have been cast as and that was the effect of nature in in a huge natural disaster? You can’t. the hero and the villain respectively by the form of a natural disaster—it How could President Bush or FEMA those who didn’t graze deep enough. could also be an act of terrorism or a really fi gure out what was happening In reality, they are equal shades of gray. war—on history, destiny, culture, and in New Orleans? You can say: “They So I resurrect Ruef and I sort of a group of people. In some way, I am should have done this; they should demote Phelan. What emerges is a convinced, these events shape us. have done that.” But that is in retro- very clear example of the unknown— I began this enquiry in a book spect, and usually from a distance. at least to us—effects of these massive titled The Seven States of California. The very nature of these disasters—if disasters that form us. The very fi rst sentences of that book you’ve ever been in one—is that chaos I can only say in conclusion and for are: “What explains California? The prevails. They cannot be properly the sake of my continued productivity landscape, to a great extent, has shaped understood until months or, more and the work of those new scholars its history and destiny.” I call this line likely, years afterwards. As a journalist like Joyce, that I hope the new Bancroft of thinking environmental history. I have witnessed earthquakes, fi res, will successfully resist the random Landscape means nature and earth- and fl oods in California. I’ve seen movements of the earth, have at least quakes, and because they have a defi nite wars. I’ve been in anti-war and urban as pleasant a reading room as the old impact, they are my designated hitters. riots. I didn’t know what was going on. Bancroft, that the hours will revert But it doesn’t have to be a natural I could only write a superfi cial story. to normal, and that we don’t have to event. It can be induced by humans. So, what happened in San call for as many books from NRLF Thus I draw parallels with the fi re- Francisco was that the vacuum was (Northern Regional Library Facility). bombing of German and Japanese fi lled by an oligarchy, an elite group cities in World War II, 9/11, and that had a vested interest in the —Philip L. Fradkin Hurricane Katrina. I go back in history commercial and political outcomes. environmental historian to the Chicago fi re of 1871 and the It took over the government. One of

The destruction of the earthquake brought a change in political power.

P AGE 27 / FALL 2006 N EWSLETTER OF THE FRIENDS OF THE BANCROFT LIBRARY From Big Oak Flat Road to Brokeback Mountain What a Difference a Century Makes

house they built along the road had become a way-station for travelers headed to Yosemite Valley, which was by then a national park. It was how they died that touched me. In 1903, John and Jason were in their eighties and ailing. John was so sick that a professor from UC Berkeley took him to Oakland for treatment. John never returned to Big Oak Flat Road. On August 2, Jason wrote in his diary, “went for mail heard the sad news of my Dear Partner Chaffee he died 2 oclock The morn of 31.” When I reached that fi nal entry, having already read fi fty years of those diaries, tears fi lled my eyes. But I still did not know how Jason happened to die the very same Big Oak Flat Road was a freight route linking Stockton to the Southern Mines, on the way to Yosemite Valley. year as John. I had work to do. I recalled that Jason and John were n 2005, Brokeback Mountain distant marriage until violence cuts connected in some way to Bret Harte’s Iprovoked such chatter that even short his life, leaving Ennis to mourn famous short story, “Tennessee’s Partner,” those who did not see the fi lm knew his losses and his choices. fi rst published in the Overland Monthly its plot, and not because they read the What does Brokeback Mountain, in 1869. So I traced that connection fi ne short story by Annie Proulx on a fi lm based on a work of fi ction set using the resources of Bancroft. It which it is based. Two gorgeous young in twentieth-century Wyoming, have turned out that Harte had been looking men (in the fi lm, not the story—in the to do with the history of nineteenth- to write a story about a mining partner- story, they are average-looking) meet century California, and with how ship when a mutual friend told him in the summer of 1963 when both that history is documented in the about John and Jason. They ended up sign on to watch a rancher’s sheep on extraordinary collections of The serving, very loosely, as prototypes for the Brokeback Mountain in Wyoming. Bancroft Library? Quite a lot. When miners depicted in “Tennessee’s Partner.” They fall in love and lust, until an early I researched the social history of the But if you know Harte’s story, you snowfall sends them and the sheep California Gold Rush, I spent weeks know that Tennessee and his partner, back down to their old lives. Ennis in Bancroft’s reading room poring over like Ennis and Jack, do not live happily Del Mar, the strong, silent one who the personal accounts of people who ever after. Tennessee, who everyone but sees no future for his summer passion, participated in the rush that ripped his partner considers a very bad apple, marries quickly and fathers two through the Sierra Nevada foothills gets lynched by his fellow miners. daughters. Jack Twist, the voluble after the discovery of gold in 1848. Tennessee’s partner (whose name we dreamer, holds out hope for a life with Only one set of papers moved me to never learn) is devastated by the loss, Ennis and drifts a bit longer, but then tears: the diaries, letters, and account and, in short order, he dies of grief, marries and fathers a son. Jack will not books of Jason Chamberlain and John joining Tennessee on that great Sierra let go of his dream, though, and Ennis, Chaffee, who came to California from Nevada foothill in the sky. Harte could try as he might, cannot let go of his Worcester, Massachusetts, in 1849 and not imagine a world in which two forty- passion. So they start stealing away never left. Instead, they forged a life niners could live out their days with together, telling their wives they are together on Big Oak Flat Road, a each other, and so he committed that fi shing or hunting, turning Wyoming’s freight route that linked Stockton to relationship to the afterlife, where all high country into the most spacious of the Southern Mines, the diggings in things are possible. no-tell motels. Ennis’s wife eventually the drainage of the San Joaquin River. I can imagine assigning that short divorces him, and Jack settles into a By the time they died in 1903, the story to undergraduates swept up in

P AGE 28 / FALL 2006 N EWSLETTER OF THE FRIENDS OF THE BANCROFT LIBRARY the Brokeback Mountain frenzy and Jason saw their chance and took it. assumed the sad task of taking John to hearing one of them say: Nothing in the two men’s papers an Oakland hospital. Groups of male “Awesome! It’s, like, the same story! suggests that they envisioned living travelers stopped as well, and Jason Two dudes try to be together, but together in the foothills for a half- noted each in his diary: the “Berkeley homophobia won’t let them, and it century, but that is what they did. boys,” the “Stanford boys,” the “San all ends in death. It was the 1800s— Jason and John settled down in the Francisco boys,” the “San Luis Obispo right?—and so Bret Harte couldn’t, 1850s near what became the town of boys.” Families stopped, too, and even like, come right out and say that Groveland. John continued to dig for all-female parties, such as the “school- Tennessee and his partner were, like, gold, but mining alone did not sustain marms from Reno, fi ve in number” lovers. Back then, everyone was so the partners. John, the wheelwright, which Jason recorded. closeted. It was different by the made and repaired wagons. Jason All the while, John and Jason 1960s; people were starting to come sowed oats and barley, grew asparagus cleaved to their neighbors—old out. But the culture was still way and peas, slaughtered livestock, tended mining pals, of course, but also homophobic, so dudes like Ennis and grapevines, kept bees, and harvested families with children, Miwok Indians Jack, dudes like Tennessee and his fruit. Both men cut roads, made who lived nearby, Chinese men with partner, are, like, totally screwed.” fences, and built barns; they hauled whom the partners traded goods and And I would reply like all good lumber, rails, and hay. They built their services, married white women who history professors, “It is more own sturdy home, which stood on Big supplemented the men’s home cooking complicated than that.” Oak Flat Road for a hundred years. with fresh baked goods. The partners To get the student to see how Neighbors said the men kept it attended weddings and funerals, and complicated it is, how tortuous the scrupulously clean: “The rude board Jason registered local voters. They were path is from the world evoked by Bret fl oors were swept each day with a respected, even beloved, members of Harte to the one evoked by Annie broom of Mr. Chamberlain’s making, a foothill community as well as sought- Proulx and adapted by director Ang and the hand-hewn pine furniture was out hosts for cosmopolitan sojourners Lee, I would tell her the story of John always carefully dusted with a piece of from the cities. and Jason, and I would start in tanned deerskin that might be found And all knew how intimate their Massachusetts. Jason and John were hanging from a peg back of the front partnership was. Yosemite-bound young artisans in Worcester at a time door, close to their trusty old shotgun.” travelers, while they savored Jason’s when the northeastern economy was By 1870, Jason wrote in his diary homemade cider, wrote in a guest changing. Jason was a carpenter, and of travelers headed to Yosemite, who book the two men kept. One referred John a wheelwright. But a market brought the men new income and to John and Jason in a guest book revolution was disrupting older linked them to the world of coastal entry as “wedded bachelors,” while patterns of craft production. In the California. Milicent Shinn, the fi rst others compared the partners to past, a white man learned a trade fi rst woman to earn a Ph.D. at UC Berkeley famous male couples from biblical as an apprentice and then moved on and an editor of the Overland Monthly, and classical sources—“Damon and to the intermediate status of journey- visited and befriended the partners, Pythias” and “David and Jonathan.” man working under a master craftsman; as did Walter Magee, the Berkeley Continued on page 30 he could hope to be a master craftsman professor of physical culture who later himself one day. In the nineteenth century, entrepreneurialism infused artisanal production, opening oppor- tunities for some to achieve wealth as master craftsmen, while others remained locked in the dependent status of journeyman, once only a stage in a working man’s life. Some journeymen banded together to resist these changes, inaugurating a union movement. But others sought individual rather than collective solutions to the looming portent of subordination. Only women and slaves, they reasoned, should live out their lives permanently dependent on more powerful men. When news of gold in California hit the Atlantic states, men like John and Joyce Mao and guest, and Susan Johnson discussed their symposium topics.

P AGE 29 / FALL 2006 N EWSLETTER OF THE FRIENDS OF THE BANCROFT LIBRARY

FROM BIG OAK FLAT ROAD TO BROKEBACK MOUNTAIN Continued from page 29

In 1903, when John was sick, the sexuality did not exist—and neither cross-cultural encounter, from the entries turned melancholy. One did heterosexuality. The homo-hetero most benign to the most lethal. That man wrote of Jason, “His meditative, divide is a peculiar product of the diversity diminished over time through absent look, and day dreams indicate twentieth century, and it will be with the state-sponsored exercise of white that his mind, thought, and anxiety us for some time to come. It is a racial power, but it did not disappear, are in Chaffee while he lingers in East historical invention. It is a way of as Jason and John’s Miwok and Chinese Bay Sanatorium at Oakland. A love categorizing people according to their neighbors demonstrate. Many scholars could not miss his sweetheart more.” presumed proclivities. It has fostered have used The Bancroft Library to A husband wrote, “Today we fi nd emancipation, to be sure. But it also research Latino, African American, Mr. Chamberlain here alone, and has fostered catastrophe. The world Asian American, and Indigenous Mr. Chaffee far away... Yet in thought Annie Proulx imagined for Jack and Wests, but there is more to be done. we know they are together, and instead Ennis, of course, was all catastrophe, Else we wind up with whitewashed of wishing the old gentlemen wealth which has much to do with both time histories, that in turn lend themselves and prosperity, I simply wish they and place. But that world is not entirely to whitewashed fi ction and fi lm—a might again be able to live upon the foreign to us, which is why we feel so Brokeback Mountain in which Basque old claim together as in the happy good feeling bad about Brokeback and Chilean sheepherders as well as days of yore—and then might the Mountain. The world that is foreign to male prostitutes in Mexican border silver cord be parted.” us is the world of Jason and John. That towns remain shadowy characters. I That wish was not fulfi lled. In less is the difference a century makes. wait for the day when historians have than a month, John Chaffee was dead. But it is even more complicated produced enough great books to Six weeks later, Jason sat on the front than this. And libraries like Bancroft convince Hollywood that a fi lm about porch and methodically rigged the can help us sort out the complications. sexuality can also be a fi lm about race, trigger of the old shotgun with a For one, John and Jason did not live that Brokeback Mountain can meet string that he attached to his toe. A in a lily white world. They lived in Crash, one of last year’s other great neighbor boy soon found him, shotgun California’s most demographically western-themed fi lms. These are between his legs, head half blown off. diverse mining region, the Southern interconnected stories, and pieces of A friend, writing in the Overland Mines, where Mexican, Chilean, both are scattered throughout Bancroft. Monthly, said this of Jason’s death: African American, Chinese, and We all have work to do. “Old, infi rm, alone and stricken with Miwok people, as well as various disease beyond relief, is it [any] wonder Europeans, lived in great numbers, —Susan Lee Johnson, that he passed away by a short route to and daily life there was a study in University of Wisconsin-Madison meet his life-long mate and partner?” We have come full circle. The story of Jason and John, like that of Tennessee and his partner, like that of Ennis and Jack, ends in tragedy. Now, however, I am sure I have that student’s attention. Because the tragedy of Jason and John is not like the tragedy of Tennessee and his partner, and it is altogether different from the tragedy of Ennis and Jack. Jason and John spent fi fty years together, openly and happily, and their story of aging, illness, and grief has little to do with what we nowadays call sexuality. No forces of homophobia kept them apart or visited violence upon them. So now I can say what historians of sexuality have been saying for a quarter century, and the student might believe me: homophobia did not exist in the Lifelong friends and partners were not considered homosexual in the 19th century “because homosexuality did not nineteenth century because homo- exist—and neither did heterosexuality.”

P AGE 30 / FALL 2006 N EWSLETTER OF THE FRIENDS OF THE BANCROFT LIBRARY Willa Baum Nationwide Pioneer in Oral History

ing in Germany, Switzerland, and New When Willa assumed the director- York in the 1930s and 1940s before ship of the offi ce in 1958—supervising settling in Ramona, California for high a staff of two to four part-time school. She was a star student at workers and overseeing a shoestring Whittier College. Her youthful interests budget—oral history was just getting and job experiences were diverse— underway as a recognized research skiing, folk dancing, playing piano and methodology. She immediately grasped trombone, reading history, working as the signifi cance of the tape-recorded a social reporter on a local newspaper, interview in creating new primary and fruit picking. In 1947, before resources for scholars (much as Willa Baum came to Berkeley as a graduate student in enrolling in a master’s program at Hubert Howe Bancroft did with U.S. history. Mills College, Willa hitchhiked across his Dictations in the 19th century.) the country. The following year, she Over the years, she built a nationally illa Baum, former director of the enrolled at Berkeley as a graduate acclaimed oral history offi ce docu- Regional Oral History Offi ce, W student in U.S. history (one of only menting subject areas such as the arts passed away on May 18, 2006, while two women in the program at the time). and agriculture, biotechnology in recovery from back surgery. Willa In the next eight years, she married, and banking, higher education was present at the founding of ROHO started a family, studied and taught and engineering, music and mining, in 1954, and she served as its director American history, and became involved politics and printing, health care and for forty-three years until her retirement in the fl edgling Regional Cultural health sciences, and community history. in 2000. During her career, she built History Project, which soon became When she retired, she left a loyal staff and sustained one of the leading oral the Regional Oral History Offi ce. of 35 employees, many still part-timers, history programs in the country and Starting as transcriber and research with an annual budget of $500,000. became an internationally recognized assistant, she was offi cially appointed The Regional Oral History Offi ce fi gure in the fi eld. in March of 1955 as interviewer/editor was the second university program in Willa was born in Chicago on specializing in the fi elds of agriculture oral history in the country, and Willa October 4, 1926. Her unconventional and water development, at the grand was a pioneer in the development childhood and youth included school- salary of $1.70 an hour. of the fi eld nationwide. She was a founding member and leader in the Oral History Association, and her publications on oral history methods, processing, uses, and theoretical approaches have guided several generations of oral historians. Her concise and eminently practical book on designing and carrying out an oral history project, Oral History for the Local Historical Society, fi rst published in 1969 and now in its third edition, is still recommended reading for begin- ners to the fi eld. She later co-edited, Oral History: An Interdisciplinary Anthology, which addressed leading issues in oral history. In recognition of her many contributions, Willa received upon retirement the Berkeley Citation, the University’s highest honor, and the Bancroft Library’s Hubert Howe Bancroft Award. —Ann Lage, Willa retired in 2000 after 43 years as director of ROHO. Regional Oral History Offi ce

P AGE 31 / FALL 2006 Fall 2006 Calendar EXHIBITIONS EVENTS The Council of the Friends of The Bancroft Library February 11–December 3, 2006 Sunday, December 3, 2006 3:00 PM THE BANCROFT LIBRARY AT 100: THE BANCROFT LIBRARY AT 100 2005–2006 A CELEBRATION 1906–2006 CLOSING RECEPTION Craig Walker, Chair Amy McCombs Berkeley Art Museum Berkeley Art Museum Connie Loarie, Sylvia McLaughlin The centennial of Bancroft’s arrival "Ira Nowinski's San Francisco: Vice-Chair Alan C. Mendelson on the campus provides an occasion to Poets, Politics, and Divas" Charles B. Faulhaber, Velma Montoya showcase the variety and richness, scope Panel Discussion with Ira Nowinski, Jack von Secretary Terry O’Reilly Euw, Jack Hirshman, Malcolm Margolin and and depth of The Bancroft Library Richard C. Otter, Gregory Price Rebecca Solnit collections. The second installment of Treasurer Katherine Schwarzenbach the exhibition continues its run through Sunday, December 3, 2006 5:00 PM Hans Baldauf Catherine Spieker December 3 at the Berkeley Art Museum THE BANCROFT LIBRARY AT 100: Paul Bancroft III James M. Spitze with some notable changes in the instal- 1906-2006 CLOSING RECEPTION Lucy Campbell R.G. Sproul III lation. Our concern for the preservation Berkeley Art Museum Robert Chlebowski John B. Stuppin of Bancroft treasures also affords us an Richard P. Fajardo Elaine C. Tennant opportunity to expand this celebratory Spring 2007 Fred Gregory Jeffrey Thomas exhibition. The exhibition is well worth FRIENDS OF THE BANCROFT Robert Hirst Robert R. Tufts a visit both for fi rst-time viewers as well LIBRARY ANNUAL MEETING Alexandra Marston Daniel Volkmann as those who have been before. Dorothy Matthiessen Christopher Warnock Beverly Maytag Midge Zischke BANCROFTIANA Number 129 Editor Camilla Smith Managing Editor Elizabeth Gardner Copy Editor Ben McClinton Digital Images Peg Skorpinski Production Celery Design Printer Minuteman Press

IN THIS ISSUE NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATION U.S. POSTAGE MARK TWAIN PAID Page 8 BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA PERMIT NO. 411

JOAN DIDION & 100 YEAR CELEBRATION Page 10

NARRATIVES OF SPANISH & MEXICAN CALIFORNIA Page 18

T HEX F RIENDSX OFX T HEX B ANCROFTX L IBRARY