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Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 110 (2015) 101–122

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Journal of Asian Earth Sciences

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Soft-sediment deformation structures in the Cretaceous Zhucheng depression, Shandong Province, East China; their character, deformation timing and tectonic implications

Bizhu He a,⇑, Xiufu Qiao a, Yingli Zhang b, Hongshui Tian c, Zhihui Cai a, Shuqing Chen d, Yanxia Zhang d a State Key Laboratory of Continental Tectonics and Dynamics, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China b Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China c Shandong Construction University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China d Dinosaur National Geopark, Zhucheng, Shandong 262200, China a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Various plastic and brittle soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDS) are recognized in Cretaceous sed- Received 2 April 2013 imentary rocks of the Zhucheng depression, East China record important information on the different Received in revised form 25 November 2014 sediment characteristics, depositional settings and tectonic movements involved in their formation. Accepted 15 December 2014 The recognized SSDS include undulate folds, mound-and-sag structures, diapirs, convolute features and a Available online xxxx seismically induced unconformity. The Lower Cretaceous sedimentary rocks are fine grained, lacustrine deposits, whereas those of the Upper Cretaceous are coarse-grained sandstones and conglomerates Keywords: formed in an alluvial fan or flood-plain setting. These SSDS with coarse-grained rocks are characterized by Soft-sediment deformation structures fault grading, load cast structures, ball and pillow structures and plunged sediment mixture structures. Deformed time Seismites We propose that the SSDS was triggered by paleo-earthquakes. Alternating deformed and undeformed Dinosaur fossils layers suggest frequent and repeated seismic activity. Stratigraphic correlations, the evaluation of Cretaceous magmatic events and the youngest detrital zircon ages indicate that the deformational events occurred Zhucheng depression mainly in the Early Cretaceous between 118 Ma to 105 Ma, and in the Late Cretaceous at approximately East China 100 Ma. Numerous giant hadrosaurid fossil skeletons have been found in the Upper Cretaceous Wangshi Group, and unusual and abundant dinosaur tracks are preserved in the Lower Cretaceous Yangzhuang Formation of the Laiyang Group. The zones of widespread SSDS closely underlie and overlie the dinosaur fossil-bearing strata. The depositional setting changed in response to multiple paleoseismic events and regional tectonic movements. After many paleoearthquakes and environmental changes in the Early Cre- taceous, many dinosaurs appear to have migrated, based on the presence of many tracks with a similar orientation in lacustrine sedimentary rocks. In the Late Cretaceous strata, large-scale dinosaur fossil layers are associated with paleo-earthquake records, suggesting that the dinosaur fossil burial may be associated with large-scale debris flows triggered by frequent earthquakes. Based on regional tectonic setting, the distribution of SSDS and the predicted paleo-earthquake magnitudes, the seismogenic fault may have been the Wulian Fault. 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction determine the exact cause of any given feature. Many things, such as the nature of the driving force, the sediment rheology, deforma- SSDS are features produced when deformation occurs in uncon- tion mechanism and timing of deformation relative to sedimenta- solidated sediment, typically close to the surface, during or shortly tion, can affect the final morphology and deformation style of after deposition and before significant diagenesis (Owen, 1987; soft-sediment structures (Obermeier, 1996; Moretti et al., 1999; Qiao et al., 2006; Owen et al., 2011). Because many processes can Qiao et al., 2006; Owen et al., 2011). Driving forces include gravity produce SSDS, such as tectonic activity, glacier-related deposition, acting on slopes, unequal loading, reverse density gradients, shear gravity-driven mass-movements, sediment mobilization in over- forces, and biological and chemical agents (Owen et al., 2011). pressured and collapsing environments, it can be difficult to Most SSDS are produced by inputs of kinetic energy from outside the deposystem (Leeder, 1987). Seismic activity with a magnitude of 5 or greater, related to episodic fault motion, is ⇑ Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected] (B. He). considered the most common trigger, leading to liquefaction of http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2014.12.005 1367-9120/ 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

(A) (B)

(D)

Fig. 1. Dinosaur fossils and footprints in Cretaceous strata of the Kugou and Huanglonggou quarries, Zhucheng depression, Shandong Province, China. (A) Bone bed in the middle part of Kugou quarry (view is about 1/8 the length of the whole quarry); (B) detailed view of fossils in the bone bed (hammer is 23 cm long, camera pointing south); (C) view of a dinosaur track in the Lower Cretaceous Yangzhuang Formation of the Laiyang Group (letters indicate the locations of the next two photographs; (D) dinosaur footprints in ripple marked sandstone; and (E) close-up of the dinosaur track (scale is 10 cm long). Photographs (A) and (C) are courtesy of the Zhucheng Dinosaur National Geopark.

5–10 cm long, whereas large footprints of theropods can be up to relationship between paleo-earthquake events and dinosaur fossil 40 cm long (Fig. 1C–E). Most footprints with similar motion orien- burial in this environment. tations are preserved in argillaceous siltstone and ﬁne-grained sandstone of offshore to shallow lacustrine environments with parallel bedding, small-scale cross-bedding and ripple marks (Liu 2. Geological setting et al., 2011; Li et al., 2011). Why are so many SSDS preserved here and how were they The Zhucheng depression is a triangular-shaped feature located formed? When did they occur? What can they tell us about synse- in the southwestern portion of the Jiaolai Basin, Jiaodong Penin- dimentary basin tectonics? Is there any relationship between the sula, eastern China. It is bounded on the south by the Wulian fault occurrences of SSDS and mass burial of dinosaur fossils? and on the western and northern margins by the Yishu and Bai- In this study we analyzed a variety of SSDS in many fossil quar- chihe faults, respectively (Fig. 2). The ENE-striking Wulian normal ries, including Kugou, Longgujian and Huanglonggou and adjacent fault extends for 140 km, and has a vertical displacement of 1000– areas in the southwestern part of the Zhucheng depression. The 2000 m (Zhang et al., 1997, 2008; Li et al., 2012). The Yishu fault sedimentology of the deposits hosting the SSDS is very similar to marks the eastern boundary of the middle Tan-Lu fault zone (Xu, that of the undeformed beds, which both overlie and underlie 1984). This fault experienced mostly normal displacement during the deformed beds. Morphological analysis of the deformational the Early Cretaceous, despite the complex history of the Tan-Lu features was used to identify the driving force involved and the system (Yin and Nie, 1993; Li, 1994; Xu and Zhu, 1994). The Bai- mechanism of deformation. Our goal was to use the SSDS and their chihe fault is a south-dipping, listric normal fault, 50 km long, that relationship to facies and architectural elements to reconstruct the was active during the Cretaceous (Dai et al., 1995; Chen and Dai, tectonic paleogeographic environment existing during deposition 1998). These major faults constrained the development of strati- of the Yangzhuang Formation and the Wangshi Group. We also car- graphic sequences in the Zhucheng depression, including the ried out U/Pb dating of detrital zircon in the sedimentary rocks Lower Cretaceous Laiyang and Qingshan Groups, and the Upper containing SSDS in order to place a minimum age on their deposi- Cretaceous Wangshi Group (Song et al., 2002; Shi et al., 2003; tion. Using these data we discuss the variety of SSDS in the differ- Zhang et al., 2006; Yin and Yang, 2005; Liu et al., 2010, 2011). ent deposition environments and the timing of activity on trigger The Laiyang Group is composed of 5 formations, which are from fault(s). A particular aim was to determine if there was any the base upward, the Linshansi, Zhifengzhuang, Yangzhuang,

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Fig. 2. Geologic map of the Zhucheng depression. (A) Location of the Jiaolai basin, Shandong Province, China; (B) sketch geological map of the Jiaolai basin (modiﬁed from Zhang et al., 2008); ZCD: Zhucheng depression; GMD: Gaomi depression; LYD: Laiyang depression; CGU: Chaigou uplift. F1: Changyi-Dadian fault; F2: Anqiu-Juxian fault; F3: Tangwu-Gegou fault; F4: Yishui-Tangtou fault; F5: Wulian fault; F6: Baichihe fault; F7: Jiaoxian fault; F8: Pingdu fault; F9: Wulonghe fault; F10: Maozhichang fault; F11: East Doushan fault; F12: Guocheng fault; F13: Zhuwu fault; F14: Haiyang fault; F15: Qingdao fault. Black round spots mark sites observed in this study. Spot: 1 – Kugou dinosaur skeleton fossil quarry, 2 – Longgujian dinosaur skeleton fossil quarry, 3 – Huanglonggou dinosaur track quarry, 4 – East of Huanglonggou dinosaur track quarry, and 5 – Northeast of Huanglonggou dinosaur track quarry.

Fig. 3. Simpliﬁedstratigraphic chart and observed paleo-seismic records in Cretaceous strata, Zhucheng (r Song et al., 2002; s Zhanget al., 2008; t Liu et al., 2010; u Qiu et al., 2001; v Hu and Chen, 1986; and w Yan et al., 2005).

Qugezhuang, and Fayin (Fig. 3) (Zhai, 2003; Zhang et al., 2003; mudstone and conglomerate at the base. The upper part contains Song et al., 2002). The fossil-rich Laiyang Group, which is about many gastropod and bivalve fossils, typical of shallow, lacustrine 2000 m thick, was deposited in a piedmont, pluvial–fluvial–lacus- depositional environments. The Hongtuya Formation is dominated trine environment. The Linshansi Formation is mainly composed by grayish-purple, polymict conglomerate, gravel, sandstone and of the purplish-gray polymict conglomerate and coarse-pebble, siltstone, with some intercalated basalt, indicating deposition in a feldspathic sandstone, typical of alluvial fans. The Zhifengzhuang fluvial environment. The thickness of this formation varies dra- (Shuinan) Formation consists of gray to grayish-brown, pebbly matically from about 700 m to 4000 m (Song et al., 2002). Numer- sandstone with interbeds of tuff, siltstone and shale, formed in a ous dinosaur skeleton fossils and paleo-earthquake records have fluvial to shallow lacustrine setting. The Yangzhuang Formation been identified in sandstones and conglomerates of the upper parts is divided into three cycles; each of which consists, from the base of the Xingezhuang and Hongtuya Formations. upward, of gray sandstone, siltstone and gray-green mudstone and Three phases of Cretaceous volcanic activity are recognized in shale. Asymmetrical ripple marks are common in the lower part of the study area. A basalt flow in the middle of the Yangzhuang For- the formation, whereas cross-bedding and inclined bedding are mation southeast of the Jiaolai Basin has a zircon U/Pb age of well-developed at the top. The mudstones and shales in this forma- 129.4 ± 2.3 Ma (Zhang et al., 2008). Slightly younger U/Pb ages tion are rich in fossils, and contain many SSDS. The Qugezhuang ranging from 120 to 105 Ma have been obtained from volcanic Formation grades upward from light gray and yellowish-green, rocks of the Qingshan Group (Qiu et al., 2001), and a basalt flow silty shale to purplish-gray, conglomeratic and coarse-grained at Daxingzhuang, northwest of Qingdao, has an 40Ar–39Ar plateau sandstone, indicating development of a fluvial environment. Clasts age of 73.2 ± 0.3 Ma (Yan et al., 2003, 2005). in these sedimentary units consist mostly of volcanic rocks, granite, vein quartz and quartz. Some lava flows are also present in this formation. Along the eastern and southern margins of the Jiaolai 3. SSDS and their driving forces Basin, the Lower Cretaceous Qingshan Group, composed mainly of volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks, unconformably overlies the 3.1. Undulate folds: 3D geometry – ‘egg-box or bowl’ structures Laiyang Group. The Wangshi Group includes the Lower Cretaceous Linjiazhu- Several sedimentary layers with SSDS occur in the Huanglong- ang and the Upper Cretaceous Xingezhuang Formations, as well gou quarry (Fig. 4), where numerous dinosaur tracks have been as the Upper Cretaceous Hongtuya Formation, all of which are found. A single, well-defined layer with numerous undulate folds composed mainly of alluvial fan and floodplain deposits. The Lin- is bracketed by two undeformed layers. Both the deformed and jiazhuang Formation, which unconformably overlies rocks of the undeformed layers are gray mudstone, silty mudstone, and inter- Qingshan Group, consists of grayish-purple, polymict conglomer- bedded light gray siltstone, with thicknesses of about 5–7 cm. Rip- ate intercalated with purple, fine-grained siltstone. In contrast, ples are well-preserved on some of the undeformed layers (Fig. 1C), the Xingezhuang Formation consists mainly of yellowish-green to and undulate folds with an ‘‘egg-box’’ or ‘‘bowl’’ appearance are greenish-gray, fine-grained, sandstone with some intercalated widespread in the deformed layers. The folds in these layers form

Fig. 4. Undulate folds in the Lower Cretaceous Yangzhuang Formation of the Laiyang Group, Huanghua, Zhucheng. (A) Undulate folds, at the Huanglonggou excavation site (view toward the north); (B) sketch of undulate fold deformation, showing that the anticline axial planes strike 10 NE and 310 NW, and dip about 67 and 85 , respectively. Note that the underlying and overlying layers consist of undeformed light grayish-green sandstone and gray mudstone; (C and D) cross-section and planar characteristics of undulate folds, yielding an ‘egg-box’ (or bowl-like) appearance. The synclines are connected with antiformal folds within interbedded siltstone and mudstone.

Fig. 5. Convolute deformation and seismic unconformity in the Lower Cretaceous Yangzhuang Formation of the Laiyang Group. (A) Convoluted deformation and seismic unconformity; (B) close up of (A) showing laminated sand and mud with hydroplastic folds formed during fluidization, which were then covered by undeformed sediments; (C) multiple deformed layers interbedded with undeformed layers; convoluted deformation, mound–sag deformation and liquefied breccias occur in the deformed layers; (D) sketch of convoluted deformation and seismic unconformity. Hydroplastic fold shows recumbent folding (overturned), and partially liquefied sand vein; and (E) diapir, r plastic intrusion (diapir) of liquefied sediment in fine-grained, dark, silty marls; s upper beds are thinned by intrusion of sand dykes; t thickened fold limbs; and u on-lap deposition after formation of the mound and diapir.

Fig. 6. Liquefied sand veins and breccias in the Lower Cretaceous Yangzhuang Formation of the Laiyang Group. (A and B) Liquefied breccia and vertical liquefied sand vein, 880 m northeast of the Huanglonggou dinosaur track quarry (view toward the east); (C) vertical liquefied sand veins and fault-graded beds, showing the vein invading layered mud. Small, graded faults with offsets of about 0.5–3 cm cut laminations of sand and mud; r liquefied breccia; sliquefied sand vein; and t fault-graded beds.

Fig. 7. Plunged sediment mixtures in the Upper Cretaceous Wangshi Group, Kugou, Zhucheng. (A and B) Plunged sediment mixtures, showing that the SSDS occur at the boundary between two layers, and that the underlying sediment was displaced upward due to liquefaction, and the overlying sediment sank down due to shaking and gravity, producing a broad load structure and a large diapir; (C and D) & (E and F) photomicrographs of brown, pebbly, ﬁne-grained, lithic sandstone of the upper unit and grayish- green, pebbly, medium-grained, lithic sandstone of the lower unit, respectively (each in plane polarized light and with crossed polars); r unconsolidated or semi- consolidated, coarse, pebbly sand and s unconsolidated pebbly sand.

Fig. 8. Load, ball and pillow structures in the Upper Cretaceous Hongtuya Formation of the Wangshi Group, Kugou-Longgujian quarry, Zhucheng. (A) Load structure in the eastern part of the Kugou quarry (view toward the north); (B) load structure (ball-pillow) and flame-like deformation structure west of the Kugou quarry (view toward the north); (C) configuration of pebbly load structures – note that the grain size has changed from fine to coarse; (D) load and ball-pillow structures in the central part of Longgujian section (view toward the north) (the person is 180 cm tall); and (E) close up of the load structure in D (view toward the north-west; marker pen is 14 cm long); r load structure, s injection structure (flame-up), and t ball or pillow structure.

70 vol%) which consist of tuff, rhyolite, silica, claystone and andes- dinosaur fossil quarry. The layers containing the load structures ite. The grains are sub-angular to sub-rounded and poorly sorted, are intercalated with undeformed layers. The scale of the load with grain sizes mainly in the range of 0.05–0.5 mm, but with a structures is variable with heights ranging from 20 to 30 cm, and few up to 10 mm. The grains are cemented by calcite and silica. widths from 60 to 80 cm; the smallest load is at the centimeter The lower unit of the deformed layer (Fig. 7E and F) consists of scale. Coarse, unconsolidated gravels and sands deposited in grayish-green, pebbly, medium-grained lithic sandstone with the braided fluvial channels with horizontal bedding were drawn by same composition and sedimentary structures as those of the gravitational forces, especially during shaking, into the lower upper unit, except for having a slightly coarser-grained texture. unconsolidated fine-grained sediments, which had previously been When an earthquake occurred, loose sand of the upper unit inter- deposited on a flood plain. The load structures are usually con- acted with sediment of the lower unit, which may have been nected with the host layer (native rock) (Fig. 8). Moreover, the load harder or had a higher density than the upper part. The deforma- casts may continue to descend to form an isolated body, such as a tion occurred at the boundary between these two units, producing ball (Fig. 8D and E), pillow or bag (Fig. 9B) (so-called ball-pillow discontinuous undulate surfaces. Fractures were generated at the structures) (Fig. 8D and E). top of the lower unit, and the sediments of the upper unit sank into Load structures also reflect obvious gravitational effects under the fractures. Spherical, mushroom-shaped and ellipsoidal bodies shaking. Fine-grained saturated sediments flow downward faster (Fig. 7A and B) of the lower unit also invaded the upper unit by liq- than larger pebbles, forming reverse size grading (Fig. 8A and C). uefaction and diapirism. Load structures are separated from each other, and do not extend far in a lateral direction. 3.6. Load, ball-and-pillow and injection structures A vertical, pebbly sand dyke is present west of the Longgujian quarry (Fig. 9B). The dyke is a steeply inclined body of sandstone Load structures are laterally persistent and continuous undula- and conglomerate that has sunk downward to form elongated tions at an interface between two layers of different density, with shapes 10 cm long and 5 cm wide that are connected with the relatively denser sediments above and less dense sediments below overlyinghost sediments (Rossetti et al., 2011 named this feature a (inverse density gradient). The deformation, size, and triggering of pebbly pocket). The light gray, coarse-grained sediments liquefied load structures have been discussed and simulated (Kuenen, 1958; downward into the underlying sediments; and the long axes of the Moretti et al., 2002; Moretti and Sabato, 2007; Yan et al., 2007; pebbles are aligned parallel to the walls of the dyke, indicating Qiao and Li, 2008, 2009; Owen et al., 2011). Load structures are liquefied flow. widely present in sandstone and gravel layers (Fig. 8) of the Upper Injection structures are usually accompanied by load structures. Cretaceous Hongtuya Formation at the Kugou and Longgujian The injection part consist of argillaceous sandstone and conglom-

Fig. 9. Load structure and liquefied pebbly sand dyke in the Upper Cretaceous Hongtuya Formation of the Wangshi Group, Longgujian, Zhucheng. (A) Overall view of western Longgujian, looking toward the north; (B) liquefied sand and gravel dyke, showing that the light-gray sediment became liquefied and was sunk downward into the underlying light-brown sediment layers. Note the arrangement of the gravel clasts, whose long axes are parallel to the edge of the column; and (C) load and injection structures showing that light gray sand and gravel sank downward through brown sand and that the underlying sediments were extruded upward; r liquefied pebbly sand dyke, s load, and t injection.

Fig. 10. Fault-graded beds and syn-sedimentary faults in the Upper Cretaceous Hongtuya Formation of the Wangshi Group, Longgujian dinosaur fossil quarry. (A) Fault grading and syn-sedimentary fault in brown, bedded, pebbly siltstone, east of Longgujian, r, s are syn-sedimentary faults with large offset resulting from repeated fault movement. Arrows show a series of normal fault grading features (view toward the south); (B) fault grading with syn-depositional deformation of coarse sediments on the downthrown side of the fault; (C) breakoff and rotation of a fault block, showing laminar bedding at the tail end of the fault system. (D) zone in (A) illustrates lateral liqueﬁed zone formed shortly after faulting.

207 206 207 235 206 238 207 206 207 235 206 238

this Pb Th U Pb/ Pb 1r Pb/ U 1r Pb/ U 1r Pb/ Pb 1r Pb/ U 1r Pb/ U 1r character, 1 310 458 422 1.09 0.0491 0.0002 0.1358 0.0008 0.0201 0.0001 150 11 129 1 128 0 101 128 0 article 2 1535 496 315 1.57 0.0639 0.0003 1.1055 0.0056 0.1255 0.0004 737 9 756 3 762 2 99 762 2 3 314 554 311 1.78 0.0531 0.0025 0.1468 0.0081 0.0200 0.0002 332 107 139 7 128 1 109 128 1

defor 4 621 1129 700 1.61 0.0493 0.0003 0.1370 0.0011 0.0201 0.0001 161 21 130 1 129 0 101 129 0 in 5 248 511 512 1.00 0.0488 0.0002 0.1343 0.0007 0.0199 0.0001 139 11 128 1 127 0 100 127 0 pre

m 6 151 264 151 1.75 0.0523 0.0021 0.1444 0.0064 0.0200 0.0001 302 93 137 6 127 1 107 127 1 s ation s 7 262 281 103 2.72 0.1643 0.0014 0.5503 0.0057 0.0243 0.0001 2502 15 445 4 155 1 288 155 1 as: 8 303 574 365 1.57 0.0533 0.0007 0.1525 0.0021 0.0208 0.0001 339 30 144 2 133 0 109 133 0 timing He, 9 79 274 241 1.13 0.0440 0.0006 0.1221 0.0025 0.0219 0.0009 Error Error 117 2 140 6 84 140 6 10 429 872 770 1.13 0.0487 0.0002 0.1325 0.0008 0.0198 0.0001 132 13 126 1 126 0 100 126 0 B 11 704 1647 239 6.89 0.0499 0.0020 0.1333 0.0062 0.0193 0.0001 191 92 127 6 123 1 103 123 1 . , and et 12 3044 1289 1411 0.91 0.1107 0.0009 0.9558 0.0055 0.0628 0.0003 1811 15 681 3 393 2 174 393 2

al. 13 1546 2748 776 3.54 0.0994 0.0006 0.3082 0.0029 0.0225 0.0001 1613 188 273 2 143 1 190 143 1 tectonic 14 233 475 194 2.45 0.0495 0.0004 0.1393 0.0013 0.0204 0.0001 172 20 132 1 130 0 102 130 0 S B. o 15 1029 2235 1146 1.95 0.0511 0.0002 0.1469 0.0007 0.0209 0.0001 256 9 139 1 133 0 105 133 0 ft-sedim He 16 340 769 758 1.01 0.0467 0.0003 0.1339 0.0051 0.0206 0.0006 35 18 128 5 131 4 97 131 4 et im 17 213 524 186 2.82 0.0491 0.0004 0.1358 0.0012 0.0200 0.0001 154 12 129 1 128 0 101 128 0 al. p 18 571 608 454 1.34 0.0512 0.0002 0.3311 0.0018 0.0469 0.0002 256 9 290 1 296 1 98 296 1 lications. / e Journal

nt 19 407 972 663 1.47 0.0500 0.0002 0.1434 0.0009 0.0208 0.0001 195 11 136 1 133 1 102 133 1

defor 20 1311 214 374 0.57 0.1289 0.0004 5.0944 0.0246 0.2868 0.0011 2083 6 1835 4 1625 6 128 2083 6 21 3 223 153 1.46 0.0485 0.0009 0.1281 0.0025 0.0192 0.0001 124 44 122 2 122 1 100 122 1 of m Jo 22 901 263 293 0.90 0.0691 0.0002 1.4277 0.0073 0.1498 0.0007 902 4 901 3 900 4 100 900 4 Asian ation u 23 936 146 230 0.64 0.1170 0.0024 2.1949 0.0531 0.1349 0.0007 1910 38 1179 17 816 4 234 816 4 rnal 24 1830 560 243 2.30 0.0658 0.0002 1.0917 0.0089 0.1203 0.0009 1200 7 749 4 732 5 102 732 5 Earth of struc 25 754 584 509 1.15 0.1294 0.0036 0.3954 0.0129 0.0218 0.0001 2100 48 338 9 139 1 243 139 1

Asian 26 314 572 316 1.81 0.0486 0.0003 0.1298 0.0010 0.0194 0.0001 128 8 124 1 124 1 100 124 1 Sciences

t 27 3741 323 130 2.48 0.1705 0.0003 10.6130 0.0571 0.4514 0.0023 2563 2 2490 5 2401 10 107 2563 2 ures 28 128 269 280 0.96 0.0487 0.0003 0.1319 0.0010 0.0197 0.0001 132 15 126 1 126 1 100 126 1 Earth 29 1728 555 590 0.94 0.0679 0.0002 1.0627 0.0073 0.1134 0.0007 866 7 735 4 693 4 106 693 4 in xxx 30 65 144 117 1.23 0.0493 0.0004 0.1350 0.0014 0.0199 0.0002 165 21 129 1 127 1 101 127 1 the Sci 31 145 273 130 2.09 0.0499 0.0007 0.1374 0.0023 0.0200 0.0002 187 27 131 2 128 2 102 128 2 (2015) e

Creta 32 370 203 143 1.42 0.0589 0.0003 0.5777 0.0056 0.0711 0.0005 565 11 463 4 442 3 105 442 3 nces 33 622 1343 534 2.51 0.0500 0.0002 0.1382 0.0012 0.0200 0.0001 195 14 131 1 128 1 103 128 1 xxx

c 34 134 286 220 1.30 0.0497 0.0004 0.1370 0.0012 0.0200 0.0001 189 17 130 1 128 1 102 128 1 (2015), – eous

35 3616 246 135 1.82 0.2749 0.0050 13.9920 0.3729 0.3655 0.0047 3334 28 2749 25 2008 22 166 3334 28 xxx 36 256 575 250 2.30 0.0488 0.0003 0.1346 0.0011 0.0200 0.0001 200 15 128 1 128 1 100 128 1 Zhuch 37 138 289 169 1.71 0.0504 0.0004 0.1394 0.0013 0.0201 0.0001 213 20 132 1 128 1 103 128 1 http://dx 38 849 92 119 0.77 0.1670 0.0003 11.1190 0.0588 0.4828 0.0023 2527 4 2533 5 2540 10 100 2527 4

e 39 482 1165 959 1.21 0.0503 0.0004 0.1417 0.0011 0.0204 0.0001 209 21 135 1 130 1 103 130 1 ng 40 261 608 450 1.35 0.0524 0.0003 0.1449 0.0009 0.0201 0.0001 302 11 137 1 128 1 107 128 1 . depre doi.org/ 41 1227 2092 1273 1.64 0.0936 0.0014 0.2863 0.0046 0.0222 0.0001 1502 28 256 4 141 1 181 141 1 42 159 378 140 2.70 0.0514 0.0004 0.1473 0.0014 0.0208 0.0001 257 19 140 1 133 1 105 133 1

s 43 5 829 332 2.49 0.0509 0.0004 0.1675 0.0016 0.0239 0.0001 235 17 157 1 152 1 103 152 1 sion,

1 45 347 731 199 3.67 0.0825 0.0009 0.2458 0.0030 0.0216 0.0002 1257 21 223 2 138 1 162 138 1 0.1016/j. 46 219 420 423 0.99 0.0566 0.0004 0.1663 0.0016 0.0213 0.0002 476 19 156 1 136 1 115 136 1 Shandong 47 7127 11,235 3418 3.29 0.1792 0.0010 0.5107 0.0030 0.0207 0.0001 2646 10 419 2 132 1 317 132 1 49 2489 4854 1141 4.26 0.1148 0.0055 0.3732 0.0230 0.0223 0.0002 1877 87 322 17 142 1 226 142 1 j

seaes. 51 1195 2360 765 3.08 0.0933 0.0012 0.2622 0.0047 0.0204 0.0003 1494 8 236 4 130 2 181 130 2 52 153 47 26 1.81 0.0717 0.0007 1.5728 0.0298 0.1597 0.0028 977 15 960 12 955 15 100 955 15

Pro 53 2249 338 492 0.69 0.2750 0.0101 4.9665 0.0347 0.1452 0.0052 3335 57 1814 6 874 29 381 874 29 2 014.12.005 v 54 169 367 150 2.44 0.0521 0.0012 0.1519 0.0047 0.0211 0.0004 287 56 144 4 135 2 106 135 2 ince, 55 101 285 139 2.05 0.1337 0.0020 0.4101 0.0080 0.0222 0.0002 2147 26 349 6 141 1 247 141 1 56 315 166 102 1.63 0.0832 0.0006 1.2343 0.0189 0.1076 0.0014 1276 13 816 9 659 8 124 659 8 E a st

(continued on next page) 13 14 Please China; Table 1 (continued)

Spots Element (ppm) Th/U ratio Isotopic ratios Age (Ma) Conc. (%) Age (Ma) Error their cite Pb Th U 207Pb/206Pb 1r 207Pb/235U 1r 206Pb/238U 1r 207Pb/206Pb 1r 207Pb/235U 1r 206Pb/238U 1r this character, 57 128 525 366 1.43 0.0487 0.0003 0.1323 0.0012 0.0197 0.0001 200 15 126 1 126 1 100 126 1 58 145 711 219 3.26 0.0486 0.0003 0.1281 0.0011 0.0191 0.0001 128 17 122 1 122 1 100 122 1 article 62 89 555 560 0.99 0.0479 0.0002 0.1341 0.0010 0.0203 0.0001 95 11 128 1 130 1 99 130 1 63 126 779 204 3.82 0.0483 0.0008 0.1306 0.0034 0.0194 0.0002 122 39 125 3 124 1 101 124 1 defor

in 64 57 256 121 2.11 0.0570 0.0032 0.1621 0.0104 0.0206 0.0003 494 122 153 9 131 2 116 131 2 65 1016 312 449 0.70 0.1425 0.0005 5.7312 0.0309 0.2920 0.0012 2257 7 1936 5 1652 6 137 2257 7 press

m 66 437 1116 891 1.25 0.0501 0.0003 0.2745 0.0020 0.0398 0.0002 198 15 246 2 252 1 98 252 1 ation 69 222 638 253 2.52 0.1188 0.0014 0.3524 0.0046 0.0215 0.0001 1939 21 307 3 137 1 223 137 1 as: 70 2943 632 366 1.73 0.1805 0.0008 10.5060 0.0648 0.4224 0.0017 2657 7 2480 6 2271 8 117 2657 7 timing He, 71 980 171 113 1.51 0.1855 0.0009 12.0180 0.1035 0.4702 0.0033 2703 14 2606 8 2484 14 109 2703 14 72 2608 1905 726 2.62 0.0749 0.0004 1.1159 0.0093 0.1080 0.0004 1065 11 761 4 661 3 115 661 3 B

. 75 1223 5740 2064 2.78 0.0485 0.0002 0.1312 0.0007 0.0196 0.0001 124 42 125 1 125 0 100 125 0 , and et 76 324 1356 673 2.01 0.0590 0.0004 0.1644 0.0012 0.0202 0.0001 565 19 155 1 129 0 120 129 0

al. 77 3817 2787 1155 2.41 0.1771 0.0009 2.6334 0.0240 0.1082 0.0010 2626 9 1310 7 662 6 396 662 6 tectonic

S 78 311 239 138 1.73 0.0651 0.0002 1.1357 0.0058 0.1266 0.0005 789 6 770 3 768 3 100 768 3 B. o

ft-sedim 79 4510 17,360 1900 9.14 0.1783 0.0032 0.5763 0.0118 0.0233 0.0001 2639 63 462 8 149 1 311 149 1 He 80 234 1270 783 1.62 0.0486 0.0002 0.1287 0.0008 0.0192 0.0001 132 11 123 1 123 1 100 123 1 et im 81 715 2600 705 3.69 0.1155 0.0030 0.3398 0.0097 0.0212 0.0001 1888 52 297 7 135 1 220 135 1 al. p 82 37 161 138 1.17 0.0485 0.0004 0.1234 0.0013 0.0184 0.0001 124 22 118 1 118 1 100 118 1 / lications. e Journal nt 83 101 472 486 0.97 0.0486 0.0002 0.1312 0.0008 0.0196 0.0001 128 11 125 1 125 0 100 125 0

defor 84 107 382 192 1.99 0.0736 0.0008 0.2086 0.0024 0.0205 0.0001 1031 21 192 2 131 1 147 131 1 85 1308 333 356 0.93 0.1518 0.0008 5.2402 0.0216 0.2510 0.0016 2366 9 1859 4 1443 8 164 2366 9 of m Jou 86 368 1535 260 5.91 0.0485 0.0003 0.1267 0.0009 0.0190 0.0001 124 45 121 1 121 1 100 121 1 Asian

ation 87 120 319 59 5.37 0.1812 0.0062 0.5969 0.0267 0.0230 0.0002 2665 57 475 17 146 2 325 146 2 r nal 88 543 1337 763 1.75 0.1005 0.0024 0.2958 0.0081 0.0213 0.0002 1633 44 263 6 136 1 194 136 1 Earth of structures 89 202 671 415 1.62 0.0487 0.0002 0.1312 0.0010 0.0195 0.0001 200 11 125 1 125 1 100 125 1

Asian 92 1029 207 355 0.58 0.1681 0.0038 5.2217 0.0617 0.2308 0.0042 2539 38 1856 10 1339 22 190 2539 38 Sciences 93 136 339 158 2.15 0.0618 0.0027 0.1775 0.0082 0.0208 0.0002 665 99 166 7 133 1 125 133 1 96 194 603 313 1.93 0.0496 0.0003 0.1385 0.0013 0.0203 0.0002 176 15 132 1 129 1 102 129 1 E a 97 993 159 155 1.03 0.1375 0.0004 7.2598 0.0958 0.3828 0.0050 2196 6 2144 12 2089 23 105 2196 6 rth in xxx 99 198 99 133 0.75 0.0660 0.0003 1.1683 0.0088 0.1283 0.0009 809 9 786 4 778 5 101 778 5 the Scien 100 385 1337 543 2.46 0.0531 0.0003 0.1422 0.0014 0.0194 0.0001 332 15 135 1 124 1 109 124 1 (2015) Creta

c Note: All analytical data and uncertainties in age of Sample ZC-32 and Sample ZC-4 are given in Table 1 and 2, respectively. The data in bold font are the discordant data, the Concordia, histogram, and probability plots of ages es (Fig. 12 and 13) and the subsequent discussion on the regional tectonic events are not considered. xxx c ( 2 – eous xxx 015), Zhucheng http://dx . depress doi.org/ i 1 on, 0.1016/j. Shandong j seaes. Pro 2 014.12.005 v ince, E a st China; Please Table 2 Analytical data for U–Pb dating of detrital zircon – Sample ZC-4. their cite Spots Element (ppm) Th/U ratio Isotopic ratio Age (Ma) Conc. (%) Age (Ma) Error

207 206 207 235 206 238 207 206 207 235 206 238

this Pb Th U Pb/ Pb 1r Pb/ U 1r Pb/ U 1r Pb/ Pb 1r Pb/ U 1r Pb/ U 1r character, 1 50 100 92 1.09 0.0541 0.0016 0.1196 0.0041 0.0160 0.0003 376 69 115 4 102 2 112 102 2 article 2 46 51 51 0.99 0.1670 0.0041 0.4664 0.0106 0.0209 0.0005 2528 41 389 7 133 3 292 133 3 3 37 74 44 1.68 0.0490 0.0022 0.1276 0.0076 0.0182 0.0005 146 106 122 7 116 3 105 116 3 defor

in 4 105 235 272 0.87 0.0480 0.0004 0.1242 0.0013 0.0188 0.0001 98 19 119 1 120 1 99 120 1 5 116 237 271 0.88 0.0516 0.0005 0.1380 0.0015 0.0194 0.0001 265 16 131 1 124 1 106 124 1 pre

m 6 69 131 186 0.71 0.0502 0.0007 0.1360 0.0021 0.0196 0.0001 211 31 129 2 125 1 103 125 1 s ation s 7 79 120 176 0.68 0.0504 0.0000 0.1373 0.0000 0.0198 0.0000 213 0 131 0 126 0 103 126 0 as: 8 118 236 275 0.86 0.0488 0.0005 0.1287 0.0013 0.0191 0.0001 139 22 123 1 122 1 101 122 1 timing He, 9 155 310 274 1.13 0.0494 0.0006 0.1280 0.0015 0.0188 0.0001 165 28 122 1 120 1 102 120 1 10 123 285 140 2.03 0.0487 0.0010 0.1291 0.0025 0.0193 0.0001 132 53 123 2 123 1 100 123 1 B

. 11 1428 514 812 0.63 0.0670 0.0596 0.6290 0.1948 0.0822 0.0058 837 1214 495 122 509 35 97 509 35 , and et 12 31 58 57 1.01 0.0472 0.0012 0.1210 0.0040 0.0184 0.0003 58 59 116 4 117 2 99 117 2

al. 13 92 202 213 0.95 0.0518 0.0006 0.1296 0.0015 0.0182 0.0001 280 26 124 1 116 1 107 116 1 tectonic

S 15 56 140 126 1.12 0.0497 0.0008 0.1314 0.0021 0.0192 0.0001 189 37 125 2 123 1 102 123 1 B. o

ft-sedim 17 193 435 329 1.32 0.0472 0.0004 0.1226 0.0011 0.0189 0.0001 58 19 117 1 120 1 97 120 1 He 18 333 771 549 1.40 0.0477 0.0004 0.1225 0.0014 0.0186 0.0001 83 20 117 1 119 1 98 119 1 et im 19 7 11 14 0.75 0.0000 0.0000 1.1706 0.6687 0.0180 0.0114 Error Error 787 323 115 72 683 115 72 al. p 20 161 309 335 0.92 0.0477 0.0005 0.1279 0.0016 0.0195 0.0001 87 26 122 1 124 1 98 124 1 lications. / e Journal nt 21 166 346 348 0.99 0.0475 0.0004 0.1231 0.0015 0.0188 0.0001 76 22 118 1 120 1 98 120 1

defor 22 63 87 117 0.75 0.0496 0.0015 0.1647 0.0043 0.0243 0.0002 176 69 155 4 155 1 100 155 1 23 112 212 264 0.80 0.0514 0.0015 0.1325 0.0039 0.0188 0.0002 257 65 126 3 120 1 105 120 1 of m Jo 24 239 559 464 1.20 0.0472 0.0005 0.1200 0.0015 0.0185 0.0001 58 26 115 1 118 1 97 118 1 Asian ation u 25 47 103 67 1.54 0.0461 0.0010 0.1159 0.0029 0.0183 0.0002 400 350 111 3 117 1 95 117 1 rnal 26 354 734 1166 0.63 0.0492 0.0005 0.1270 0.0020 0.0188 0.0001 154 29 121 2 120 1 101 120 1 Earth of struc 27 122 300 210 1.43 0.0541 0.0007 0.1368 0.0023 0.0184 0.0002 376 30 130 2 118 1 111 118 1

Asian 28 87 129 152 0.84 0.0506 0.0006 0.1335 0.0022 0.0192 0.0002 233 30 127 2 123 1 104 123 1 Sciences

t 29 18 27 13 2.15 0.2985 0.0431 1.3052 0.8420 0.0300 0.0159 3462 226 848 389 190 100 446 190 100 ures 30 82 178 135 1.32 0.0484 0.0006 0.1249 0.0022 0.0188 0.0001 117 31 119 2 120 1 99 120 1 Earth 31 56 132 99 1.34 0.0501 0.0026 0.1254 0.0066 0.0182 0.0002 198 122 120 6 116 1 103 116 1 in xxx 32 89 175 257 0.68 0.0524 0.0011 0.1388 0.0033 0.0193 0.0002 302 46 132 3 123 1 107 123 1 the Sci 33 92 47 90 0.53 0.0588 0.0009 0.6319 0.0126 0.0785 0.0011 567 35 497 8 487 7 102 487 7 (2015) e Creta 34 204 68 117 0.58 0.0639 0.0006 1.0265 0.0127 0.1170 0.0009 739 25 717 6 713 5 101 713 5 nces 35 13 50 49 1.03 0.0506 0.0024 0.1314 0.0063 0.0189 0.0002 220 109 125 6 120 1 104 120 1 xxx c

(2015), 36 586 538 194 2.78 0.4073 0.0566 2.7020 1.9605 0.0526 0.0167 3936 210 1329 599 331 102 1191 331 102 – eous

37 192 493 364 1.36 0.0488 0.0006 0.1204 0.0016 0.0180 0.0001 200 30 115 1 115 1 100 115 1 xxx 38 69 141 186 0.76 0.0525 0.0005 0.1368 0.0017 0.0189 0.0001 309 24 130 2 121 1 108 121 1 Zhuch

http://dx 39 41 107 162 0.66 0.0487 0.0010 0.1331 0.0028 0.0199 0.0002 132 53 127 3 127 1 100 127 1 40 58 90 59 1.54 0.0574 0.0110 0.1564 0.0331 0.0194 0.0002 506 430 148 29 124 1 119 124 1

e 41 356 31 55 0.56 0.1633 0.0006 10.6697 0.1017 0.4743 0.0042 2490 6 2495 9 2503 19 99 2490 6 ng 43 177 391 373 1.05 0.0481 0.0004 0.1277 0.0012 0.0193 0.0001 106 17 122 1 123 1 99 123 1 . depre doi.org/ 44 354 891 433 2.06 0.0495 0.0003 0.1323 0.0011 0.0194 0.0001 172 12 126 1 124 1 102 124 1 45 92 213 154 1.38 0.0491 0.0006 0.1276 0.0017 0.0189 0.0001 150 26 122 2 121 1 101 121 1

s 46 92 195 225 0.87 0.0501 0.0007 0.1299 0.0028 0.0187 0.0002 211 31 124 2 119 1 104 119 1 sion,

1 47 402 902 654 1.38 0.0504 0.0006 0.1361 0.0025 0.0196 0.0002 213 30 130 2 125 1 104 125 1 0.1016/j. 48 56 119 155 0.77 0.0487 0.0005 0.1257 0.0015 0.0187 0.0001 200 26 120 1 120 1 101 120 1 Shandong 49 223 490 223 2.19 0.0469 0.0004 0.1245 0.0015 0.0193 0.0001 43 22 119 1 123 1 97 123 1 50 146 314 399 0.79 0.0497 0.0003 0.1326 0.0013 0.0194 0.0002 189 15 126 1 124 1 102 124 1 j seaes. 51 69 172 110 1.56 0.0479 0.0011 0.1059 0.0033 0.0159 0.0003 95 56 102 3 101 2 101 101 2 52 14 31 33 0.94 0.0404 0.0062 0.1107 0.0099 0.0167 0.0007 Error 107 9 107 5 100 107 5 Pro 53 76 136 132 1.03 0.0509 0.0013 0.1329 0.0037 0.0189 0.0002 239 61 127 3 121 2 105 121 2 2 014.12.005 v 54 127 273 320 0.85 0.0479 0.0006 0.1229 0.0016 0.0186 0.0001 100 28 118 1 119 1 99 119 1 ince, 55 42 93 94 0.99 0.0424 0.0021 0.1106 0.0048 0.0191 0.0002 Error Error 107 4 122 2 88 122 2 56 24 77 93 0.83 0.0492 0.0030 0.1284 0.0117 0.0183 0.0002 154 147 123 11 117 1 105 117 1 E a st

(continued on next page) 15 16 Please China; Table 2 (continued)

Spots Element (ppm) Th/U ratio Isotopic ratio Age (Ma) Conc. (%) Age (Ma) Error their cite Pb Th U 207Pb/206Pb 1r 207Pb/235U 1r 206Pb/238U 1r 207Pb/206Pb 1r 207Pb/235U 1r 206Pb/238U 1r this character, 57 670 68 415 0.16 0.1314 0.0012 4.2544 0.0678 0.2349 0.0033 2116 15 1685 13 1360 17 156 2116 15 58 584 1331 565 2.35 0.0539 0.0008 0.1399 0.0028 0.0189 0.0003 365 33 133 2 120 2 110 120 2 article 59 457 160 182 0.88 0.0640 0.0003 1.0034 0.0069 0.1137 0.0007 743 3 706 4 694 4 102 694 4 60 48 50 89 0.56 0.0501 0.0006 0.2688 0.0035 0.0389 0.0003 211 29 242 3 246 2 98 246 2 defor

in 61 36 88 92 0.96 0.0467 0.0011 0.1076 0.0032 0.0167 0.0003 35 65 104 3 107 2 97 107 2

press 62 137 258 269 0.96 0.0489 0.0006 0.1432 0.0022 0.0212 0.0001 146 27 136 2 135 1 100 135 1

m 63 1148 116 78 1.49 0.1617 0.0005 10.2269 0.0797 0.4585 0.0032 2474 5 2456 7 2433 14 102 2474 5 ation 64 245 126 308 0.41 0.0553 0.0002 0.5413 0.0034 0.0709 0.0004 428 9 439 2 442 2 99 442 2 as: 65 65 161 167 0.96 0.0477 0.0008 0.1280 0.0024 0.0195 0.0002 83 43 122 2 124 1 98 124 1 timing He, 66 348 769 798 0.96 0.0466 0.0002 0.1240 0.0008 0.0193 0.0001 28 13 119 1 123 1 96 123 1 67 364 130 175 0.74 0.0635 0.0003 1.0267 0.0067 0.1173 0.0006 724 8 717 3 715 4 100 715 4 B

. 68 667 255 224 1.14 0.0634 0.0004 1.0191 0.0092 0.1166 0.0008 720 18 713 5 711 5 100 711 5 , and et 69 114 279 199 1.40 0.0510 0.0007 0.1288 0.0018 0.0184 0.0001 239 33 123 2 117 1 105 117 1

al. 70 112 274 249 1.10 0.0495 0.0006 0.1232 0.0017 0.0181 0.0001 169 28 118 2 115 1 102 115 1 tectonic

S 71 92 223 230 0.97 0.0482 0.0007 0.1202 0.0021 0.0181 0.0001 106 32 115 2 115 1 100 115 1 B. o

ft-sedim 73 9 68 84 0.81 0.0508 0.0010 0.1346 0.0033 0.0192 0.0002 232 46 128 3 122 1 105 122 1 He 74 94 228 220 1.03 0.0480 0.0009 0.1284 0.0028 0.0194 0.0001 98 44 123 3 124 1 99 124 1 et im 75 20 44 46 0.96 0.0473 0.0011 0.1265 0.0032 0.0194 0.0002 65 56 121 3 124 1 98 124 1 al. p 76 130 314 307 1.02 0.0474 0.0005 0.1220 0.0013 0.0186 0.0001 78 19 117 1 119 1 98 119 1 / lications. e Journal nt 77 36 0 1 0.00 0.4312 0.0322 1.0218 0.8960 0.0169 0.0140 4022 112 715 483 108 89 662 108 89

defor 78 110 261 304 0.86 0.0493 0.0004 0.1290 0.0012 0.0190 0.0001 167 25 123 1 121 1 102 121 1 79 6 0 0 Error 0.0914 0.0363 0.8298 0.3379 0.0059 0.0204 1454 827 614 190 38 131 1618 38 131 of m Jou

80 7 0 1 0.57 0.2179 0.1923 0.5223 0.6100 0.0061 0.0069 2966 981 427 431 39 44 1081 39 44 Asian

ation 81 277 740 279 2.65 0.0462 0.0007 0.1172 0.0019 0.0184 0.0001 9 46 113 2 118 1 96 118 1 r nal 82 66 191 87 2.19 0.0502 0.0012 0.1213 0.0035 0.0175 0.0002 206 56 116 3 112 1 104 112 1 Earth of structures 83 446 180 263 0.68 0.0640 0.0003 0.9715 0.0067 0.1100 0.0006 743 3 689 3 673 3 102 673 3

Asian 84 15 35 32 1.08 0.0535 0.0037 0.1508 0.0124 0.0193 0.0005 350 157 143 11 123 3 116 123 3 Sciences 85 111 221 261 0.85 0.0467 0.0004 0.1227 0.0013 0.0191 0.0001 32 22 118 1 122 1 97 122 1 86 62 130 52 2.49 0.0465 0.0011 0.1196 0.0031 0.0186 0.0002 33 46 115 3 119 1 96 119 1 E a 87 72 172 194 0.88 0.0475 0.0006 0.1217 0.0017 0.0186 0.0001 76 25 117 2 119 1 98 119 1 rth in xxx 88 17 58 97 0.60 0.0500 0.0031 0.1332 0.0088 0.0192 0.0001 195 151 127 8 123 1 103 123 1 the Scien 89 149 302 273 1.11 0.0782 0.0020 0.2111 0.0059 0.0195 0.0001 1152 82 194 5 125 1 156 125 1 (2015)

Creta 90 131 310 323 0.96 0.0492 0.0005 0.1220 0.0015 0.0180 0.0001 167 29 117 1 115 1 102 115 1 c es

91 25 71 39 1.80 0.0469 0.0014 0.1050 0.0034 0.0162 0.0002 43 80 101 3 104 1 98 104 1 xxx c ( 92 160 336 330 1.02 0.0478 0.0004 0.1303 0.0013 0.0198 0.0001 87 14 124 1 126 1 98 126 1 2 – eous xxx 015), 93 166 356 393 0.91 0.0471 0.0003 0.1250 0.0011 0.0193 0.0001 54 21 120 1 123 1 97 123 1 94 13 36 39 0.92 0.0479 0.0012 0.1231 0.0033 0.0187 0.0001 100 61 118 3 119 1 99 119 1 Zhucheng

http://dx 95 94 73 109 0.67 0.0538 0.0006 0.3282 0.0041 0.0443 0.0003 361 24 288 3 279 2 103 279 2 96 69 153 82 1.88 0.0672 0.0113 0.1743 0.0311 0.0184 0.0001 856 356 163 27 117 1 139 117 1 97 127 262 600 0.44 0.0486 0.0006 0.1174 0.0016 0.0176 0.0001 128 28 113 1 112 1 100 112 1 98 57 117 353 0.33 0.0488 0.0004 0.1164 0.0013 0.0173 0.0001 139 23 112 1 110 1 101 110 1 . depress doi.org/ 99 141 340 233 1.46 0.0472 0.0018 0.1228 0.0051 0.0186 0.0004 58 85 118 5 119 2 99 119 2 100 188 409 476 0.86 0.0487 0.0004 0.1218 0.0014 0.0181 0.0002 132 14 117 1 116 1 101 116 1 101 976 128 267 0.48 0.1132 0.0003 4.6121 0.0287 0.2955 0.0016 1851 1 1751 5 1669 8 111 1851 1 i 1 on, 102 1039 123 280 0.44 0.1402 0.0015 6.5297 0.4228 0.3467 0.0235 2229 18 2050 57 1919 112 116 2229 18 0.1016/j. 103 79 139 199 0.70 0.0494 0.0005 0.1285 0.0021 0.0188 0.0002 169 26 123 2 120 1 102 120 1 Shandong 104 922 117 162 0.72 0.1224 0.0003 5.7658 0.0611 0.3414 0.0035 1992 5 1941 9 1894 17 105 1992 5 105 648 722 791 0.91 0.0509 0.0002 0.2623 0.0029 0.0374 0.0004 235 5 237 2 237 2 100 237 2 j seaes. 106 157 378 305 1.24 0.0497 0.0004 0.1236 0.0017 0.0180 0.0002 189 16 118 2 115 1 103 115 1 107 24 48 62 0.78 0.0485 0.0009 0.1244 0.0024 0.0187 0.0002 120 41 119 2 119 1 100 119 1 Pro 108 82 150 200 0.75 0.0493 0.0005 0.1283 0.0014 0.0189 0.0001 167 8 123 1 121 1 102 121 1 2 014.12.005 v 109 221 672 380 1.77 0.0470 0.0003 0.1205 0.0010 0.0186 0.0001 50 15 116 1 119 1 97 119 1 ince, 110 81 159 80 1.99 0.1241 0.0027 0.3467 0.0081 0.0202 0.0001 2017 39 302 6 129 1 234 129 1 E a st B. He et al. / Journal of Asian Earth Sciences xxx (2015) xxx–xxx 17

Fig. 11. Cathodoluminescence images of selected detrital zircons in samples ZC-4 and ZC-32 from rocks with load cast structures in the Cretaceous Wangshi Group and Yangzhuang Formation, respectively, showing the dated spots and ages in Ma.

0.6 50 (a) (b) (c) 10 45 (c) 9 0.5 2600 Relative 40 8 7 2200 Relative 0.4 35 6 probability 30 5 U 4 238 1800 Number / 0.3 25 3 probability Pb 206 1400 Number 20 2 1 0.2 15 0 1000 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 600 10 0.1 5

0.0 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 207Pb 235U Age (Ma)

Fig. 12. Concordia, histogram, and probability plots of ages (Table 1) of detrital zircons in sample ZC-32from the Zhucheng depression; peak indicate constituent age populations of Table 1.

The youngest detrital zircons from sample ZC-32 form a group from this sample and all have a degree of concordance (97–100%). of 12 grains ranging in age from 118 ± 1 Ma to 125 ± 0 Ma. They These dates suggest that the depositional age was no younger represent 23% of the reliable ages with high degrees of concor- 101 Ma. dance (100%) (Table 1) and suggest a lower age limit of approxi- Fossils from the Hongtuya Formation in the Zhucheng depres- mately 118 Ma. Plant fossils, including Y. sinensis, Y. chekiangensis sion include Cypridea sp., Eucyprs sp., Talicypridea amoena, E. bulla- ta, and Y. kyongsangensis of the Yanjiestheri fauna occurring in rocks Candona sp. and Candoniella sp. Talicypridea is a widely of the Laiyang Group in the Zhucheng depression are representa- distributed and stable genus of ostracods with a Late Cretaceous tive of a conchostracans assemblage with an Early Cretaceous age age. Also present are Shantungosaurus giganteus and Tyrannosaurus (Song et al., 2002). Zircon U/Pb ages from volcanic rocks of the cf. res in the Hongtuya Formation that span the period between Qingshan Group range from 120 to 105 Ma (Qiu et al., 2001), sim- Early and Late Cretaceous (Hu and Chen, 1986; Song et al., 2002). ilar to the detrital zircon ages. The stratigraphic sequence from Bivalves, such as Pseudohyria cardiiformis, P. aff. gobiensis, Plicatou- which sample ZC-32 was collected was probably deposited some- nio zhuchengensis, Sphaeriumtani and S. shantungense, are also com- where between approximately 118 Ma and 105 Ma, indicating a mon in these rocks and were well developed in the Late Cretaceous similar age for the Early Cretaceous SSD events. (Song et al., 2002) or in the end of the Early Cretaceous–early Late The youngest zircons recovered from the Late Cretaceous sample Cretaceous (Sha, 2007). All of the available data place the strata ZC-4 of a cluster of ages ranging from 101 ± 2 Ma to 116 ± 3 Ma from which sample ZC-4 was collected in the early Late Cretaceous. (Table 2). This group of 16 analyses makes up 19% of the reliable ages The Zhucheng basalts, which are included in the Hongtuya Forma-

0.6 100 (a) (b) (c) 18

90 16 Relative 0.5 2600 (c) 14 80 12 Relative 2200 70 0.4 10 probability 8

U 60 1800 Number 238 / 6 probability 0.3 50 Pb 4 206

1400 Number 40 2 0.2 0 1000 30 95 105 115 125 135 145 Age (Ma) 20 0.1 600 10

0.0 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 207Pb 235U Age (Ma)

Fig. 13. Concordia, histogram, and probability plots of ages (Table 2) of detrital zircons in sample ZC-4 from the Zhucheng depression; peaks indicate separable age populations of Table 2. tion crop out located at about 10 km west of the Longgujian dino- sedimentary facies of sediments can significantly affect the styles saur fossil quarry and these have a whole-rock K–Ar date of 76 Ma of SSDS. (Meng et al., 2006). On the basis of the available stratigraphic and geochronological data, the deformational events that produced the SSDS in the 5.2. SSDS triggered by seismic activity Zhucheng depression took place between approximately 100 Ma and 76 Ma (Meng et al., 2006), with the detrital zircon ages favor- All of the SSDS in study area occur in alluvial–lacustrine sedi- ing the early part of this range. Obviously, the time span is large, ment layers, which are laterally continuous and separated verti- and more data are needed, particularly from the Zhucheng basalts, cally by undeformed sediment. Both the deformed and to obtain a more precise age. However, we suggest that the defor- undeformed layers have similar lithologies and facies characteris- mation in the Upper Cretaceous took place shortly after 100 Ma. tics. The intensity, complexity and abundance of the SSDS form zonal patterns and they all satisfy the criteria (as described in Sec- tion 1) needed to demonstrate their relationship to seismic activity 5. Discussion of deformation mechanisms and their (Seilacher, 1984; Qiao et al., 1994; Leeder, 1987; Obermeier, 1996; implications Ettensohn et al., 2002; Montenat et al., 2007; Qiao and Li, 2008, 2009; Owen et al., 2011). Thus, we propose that all of the observed 5.1. Distribution of the SSDS deformation in the area was seismically triggered. Each layer containing SSDS, separated by undeformed layers, is considered to The SSDS in the Zhucheng depression occur in distinct layers in a reflect a single seismic event, thus the multiple layers observed sedimentary sequence, which are separated by undeformed layers. in the area suggest frequent seismic activity. At least 8 distinct layers containing SSDS are visible in the exposed sequence at the Huanglonggou quarry and at 3 exposed sections in the adjacent area (Fig. 14, spot 3–5), 4 layers are present 5.3. Analysis of paleo-seismic activity in the Kugou quarry (Fig. 14, spot 1) and 5 layers are present in the Longgujian quarry (Fig. 14, spot 2). These layers of SSDS occur in The Zhucheng depression is surrounded by boundary faults; on sedimentary sections ranging from 15 to 20 m thick. the west is the NNE-trending Yishu strike-slip fault (the middle The SSDS in the Shandong Peninsula have a wide range of mor- part of the Tanlu fault), on the north is the EW-trending normal phology and style. Those preserved in the Upper Cretaceous sedi- Baichihe fault and on the south is the ENE-oriented Wulian fault. Is mentary rocks are mainly load structures, injection structures, it possible to determine which the seismogenicfault was? fault-graded beds and liquefied sand veins, whereas undulate folds The mound–sag structures of the Laiyang Group were formed and convoluted deformation structures are confined to the Lower by unidirectional shortening triggered by simple compression, Cretaceous sections. The Lower Cretaceous Yangzhuang Formation whereas the undulate folds were formed under multidirectional, of the Laiyang Group consists mainly of lacustrine sedimentary interfering compressional stress. On the basis of the rheological rocks, including fine sand, silt and mud. Thus, this formation was behavior of cohesionless sediments and the associated deforma- generally weak and had little competency (Chen et al., 1996), tional structures, the deformational mechanisms were likely and thus was susceptible to convolute deformation and folding. hydro-plasticity, liquefaction and fluidization, which reflect On the other hand, the Upper Cretaceous Xingezhuang and Hon- increasing deformational strength (Lowe, 1975; Allen, 1977; gtuya Formations of the Wangshi Group are mainly composed of Owen, 1987; Guiraud and Plaziat, 1993; Qiao et al., 2008). The type coarse sand, gravel and conglomerate deposited in alluvial fan of SSDS in the Yangzhuang Formation changes upward from plastic and flood-plain settings. These deposits were stronger, with a lar- convolute deformation to liquefied vein to liquefied breccia ger competency, and were thus able to form load structures and (Fig. 14), implying that the seismic activity was stronger in the plunged sediment mixtures in response to tectonic activity. All later period than in the early period. The abundance of paleo-seis- these observations indicate that the lithology, lithofacies and mic records decreases to the north, suggesting that movement on

Kugou East Longgujian North Longgujian Spot 1 (K2 h) Spot 2-1 (K2 h) Spot 2-2 (K2 h) 8 8 8

7 7 7

6 6 6

Sample 5 ZC-4 5 5

4 4 4

3 3 3

2 2 2

1 1 1

0 0 0 (m) cl si fss mss css peb cob (m) cl si fss mss css peb cob (m) cl si fss mss css peb cob &gran &gran &gran Huanglonggou East Huanglonggou Northeast Huanglonggou Spot 3 (K1 y) Spot 4 (K1 y) Spot 5 (K1 y) 8 10 8

7 9 7

6 8 6

5 7 5

4 6 4

3 3 3

2 2 2

Sample 1 ZC-32 1 1

0 0 0 (m) cl si fss mss css peb cob (m) cl si fss mss css peb cob (m) cl si fss mss css peb cob &gran &gran &gran

Load structure Undulate fold Normal fault Ripple mark

Plunged sediment Graded fault Cross bedding mixtures Dome-trough Diapir Seimic unconformity Liquified breccia Inclined bedding

Dinosaur track Dinosaur skeleton fossil

Fig. 14. Paleo-earthquake records and their distribution in the Cretaceous strata of Zhucheng (observed sites shows in Fig. 2B). the Wulian fault was responsible for the early deformation under Load structures, fault grading and syn-sedimentary faults, liq- weak compressional stress. ueﬁed veins and plunged sediment mixtures are the dominant

5.4. Age of SSDS deformation and triggering fault 6. Conclusions Stratigraphic correlations, the ages of the associated volcanic (1) Various brittle and plastic SSDS are preserved in the Creta- rocks (Qiu et al., 2001; Yan et al., 2003, 2005; Zhang et al., 2008), ceous strata exposed in dinosaur fossil quarries in Zhucheng, and the detrital zircon ages indicate that the Early Cretaceous SSDS Shandong Province. The structures include undulate folds, in the Zhucheng depression were formed about 118–105 Ma diapirs, liquefied breccias, liquefied sand veins and plunged (Fig. 12), whereas the Late Cretaceous features probably formed sediment mixtures, fault-graded beds, convolute deforma- around 100 Ma or a little later. Previous studies suggested that tion and seismic unconformities, as well as load-and-injec- the SSDS in the Early Cretaceous were formed at about 129– tion structures. 120 Ma and that the younger features formed somewhere between (2) The sediment properties, competency of the strata, driving 105 and 73 Ma on the basis of regional magmatic events (He et al., force and deformational mechanism combined to determine 2011). This earlier study also suggested that the Wulian fault, the morphology and style of the SSDS. In the middle part of along which the paleoseismic activity occurred, operated in a com- the Early Cretaceous Laiyang Group, SSDS are mainly pressional stress field during the period between 118 Ma and mound–sag features formed under unidirectional compres- 105 Ma but shifted to an extensional stress field from 100 Ma to sive stress, whereas the associated undulate folds formed 76 Ma. under multidirectional interfering compressional stresses. In the Upper Cretaceous Lower Wangshi Group SSDS are 5.5. Relationship between paleo-earthquake events and buried mostly load structures and fault-graded beds formed in an dinosaur fossils extensional setting. (3) On the basis of their morphology and distribution, the Paleo-earthquake records in the middle of the Early Cretaceous observed SSDS in the Zhucheng depression are identified Yangzhuang Formation indicate that the seismic activity was peri- as seismites. Stratigraphic correlations, associated magmatic odical, frequent and related to weak compressional stress, corre- events and detrital zircon ages indicate the paleoseismic sponding to the assumed regional stress at that time (Zhang et activity took place both in the Lower Cretaceous between al., 2008). Both the stratigraphic sequences and tectonic activity about 118–105 Ma, and in the Upper Cretaceous at around recorded in the Yangzhuang and Qugezhuang Formations indicate 100 Ma. deposition in continental extensional environments, and the envi- (4) The distribution of paleo-seismic records and intensity of the ronment changed from lacustrine to fluvial, with the lacustrine paleo-earthquakes suggest that the seismic activity was depocenter moving northwest of Huanglonggou (Ren et al., 2008; associated mainly with the Wulian fault. The possible effect Liu et al., 2011). Diverse dinosaur tracks in the Early Cretaceous of the Tanlu fault needs to be further investigated. We pro- Laiyang Group (Li et al., 2011) are mainly footprints of theropods pose that burial of dinosaur tracks may have been induced and ornithopods that were able to live in lacustrine and swampy by earthquake activity and environmental changes resulted environments (Zhao et al., 2007; Li, 2010). Because regional tec- in dinosaur migration in the early Cretaceous. Late Creta- tonic activity and seismic events changed the local environment, ceous buried dinosaur skeletons are associated with large- the dinosaurs may have migrated to the swampy areas containing scale debris flows and frequent earthquake events. lush vegetation, after the paleo-earthquake events, possibly (5) Study of SSDS can help to establish a relationship between accounting for the aligned footprints oriented in about the same sedimentary setting and tectonic evolution, constrain the direction. location and timing of tectonic events, and provide evidence Dinosaur skeleton fossils in the Upper Cretaceous Wangshi for changes in sedimentary environments. Group were buried in debris flows and flood plain and braided- channel deposits (Liu et al., 2010). The fossils are oriented with a preferred direction of approximately N–S (He et al., 2011), indicating that they were transported by high energy debris flows in that Acknowledgements direction. According to the gravel component of the sediments and the fossil distribution, the paleo-currents were from the SSW to the This study was supported by a Special Research Grant from NNE (Zhang et al., 2008; Liu et al., 2011; He et al., 2011). The con- Ministry of Land and Resources of the People’s Republic of China glomerate clasts were derived mainly from rocks of the Laiyang (No. 201011034), the Science Research from SINOPEC (P05036, and Qingshan Group, and deposited near their source. KY2013-s-024), and the Innovation Group of National Natural Sci- Earthquakes usually occur on the margins of tectonic plates, ence Foundation of China (Nos. 40921001, 41272066). We are and debris flows and landslides are mostly distributed along rising grateful to academician Zhiqin Xu and Prof. Jingsui Yang for their

Please cite this article in press as: He, B., et al. Soft-sediment deformation structures in the Cretaceous Zhucheng depression, Shandong Province, East China; their character, deformation timing and tectonic implications. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2014.12.005 B. He et al. / Journal of Asian Earth Sciences xxx (2015) xxx–xxx 17 supporting of this project, and thank Professors Yongqing Liu, A.J. Leeder, M.R., 1987. Sediment deformation structures and the paleotectonic analysis (Tom) Van Loon, Zeming Zhang, Xuexiang Qi, Zengqi Zhang, Fan- of sedimentary basins, with a case-study from the Carboniferous of Northern England. In: Jones, M.E., Preston, R.M.F. (Eds.), Deformation of Sediments and cong Meng, Hongwei Kuang, Lingsen Zeng and Associate Professor Sedimentary Rocks, vol. 29. Geological Society, London, Special Publication, pp. Xin Dong for their contributions of helpful data. Professors Haibing 137–146. 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