Of Nationalism, Queer Nationalism and Counter-Nationalism
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QSMPC 2 (1) pp. 3–7 Intellect Limited 2017 Queer Studies in Media & Popular Culture Volume 2 Number 1 © 2017 Intellect Ltd Editorial. English language. doi: 10.1386/qsmpc.2.1.3_2 EDITORIAL BRUCE E. DRUSHEL Ph.D., Miami University Of nationalism, queer nationalism and counter-nationalism One of the privileges that accompanies the writing of a journal issue’s edito- rial introduction is the hope that its words will be the first readers encounter and that the words therefore will set the tone for the articles and reviews to follow. That privilege, of course, is offset by the reality those words will be less durable and less memorable than those in the remainder of the issue. That is, I suppose, as it should be: when was the last time someone referred to an editorial as ‘seminal’? If this essay, then, is more ephemeral, it seems less out of place that I devote at least some of it to observations about its temporal context. As we assemble this new issue, 2017 is dawning and with it new concerns both for queers and culture. 2016 saw the manifestations of what appears to be a growing embrace of nationalism, seen first in the UK referendum to leave the European Union and later in the election of Donald Trump in the United States. In the United States, the response has been a sharp increase in bias- related incidents across the country (Knight 2017). Additional bellwethers loom in the 2017 elections in the Netherlands, Germany and France, among others. The implications of a rejection of globalism on media and popular culture are obvious: for better or worse, both our media and popular culture are no longer purely indigenous and have not been for some time. Changes in 3 01_QSMPC_2.1_Editorial_3-7.indd 3 3/7/17 1:09 PM Bruce E. Drushel the political economies of the west and technological advancements only have accelerated the trend. There will be resistance and the philosophical clashes likely will play out in ways that are both public and jarring. The potential impact upon queer lives is less direct and not inevitable, but potentially more immediate and more threatening. The more porous political and social boundaries between states have been accompanied by increased freedom and advances in civil rights for LGBTQ people, as well as their greater assimilation into mass culture. Anti-discrimination laws and marriage equality are much more the norm particularly in the west, thanks in no small part to the influence of global media and more formal structures such as the European Union. Unfortunately, history has demonstrated that nationalism, particularly when it is motivated by perceived threats to economic well-being and political self-determination, frequently targets marginal subcultures, including racial, ethnic and religious minorities, the philosophical and political fringe, and queers. At the risk of disinterring overused and extreme examples, one only need consider the response of the conquistadors to the Two-Spirit people of the New World (Williams 1999), the queer purges of the Nazi regime and the fall of the Weimar republic in 1930s Germany, and the equating of homosexuality with un-Americanism during the anti-communist witch hunts in the United States of the 1950s to comprehend the stakes. Perhaps wary of being targeted anew and that recent progress towards equality could be rolled back, lesbian and gay couples have been rushing to apply for marriage licences across the United States, not an unreasonable move given the already rapid rise in state-level support for laws to protect private individuals and businesses that wish to deny service same-sex couples (Rueb 2016). But another historical reality seems to be that queer people respond to renewed social and political threats with activism and uncharacteristic unity – what one might call ‘queer nationalism’. The uprisings at the Black Cat, Compton’s Cafeteria, Stonewall Inn, and elsewhere in the 1960s were fed by frustration with efforts by powerful elites, including ambitious city leaders, corrupt law enforcement and hypocritical business owners, to impose tangible reminders on the LGBTQ communities that they were marginalized, isolated, and powerless. Zapping of media outlets in the 1960s expressed resent- ment that television audiences were being cultivated with images and rheto- ric representing queers as trivialized and spectacular, rather than as citizens with grievances against political and cultural elites that demanded redressing. Groups like ACTUP and Queer Nation, along with outing and more theatri- cal forms of direct action, arose in the 1980s and 1990s against a backdrop of demonization of lesbians and gays by the religious right wing and of inaction by the US government in the face of an HIV/AIDS pandemic that was deci- mating an entire generation. Though they have been more muted thus far, there have been hopeful early signs of a push back to the nationalistic impulses this time as well, a movement one might call ‘counter-nationalism’. Among the more note- worthy signs has been the growth in the so-called ‘sanctuary movement’, in which cities and university campuses have proclaimed their intent to not cooperate with federal and state officials in any efforts to identify, register or deport those in targeted groups, like Muslims or undocumented residents. For the LGBTQ communities, the signs have extended to a reversal in policy at the venerable family publication Highlights for Children which, henceforth, will include mention of families headed by same-sex couples in its issues and National Geographic’s decision to devote a special issue to gender issues 4 Queer Studies in Media & Popular Culture 01_QSMPC_2.1_Editorial_3-7.indd 4 3/7/17 1:09 PM Of nationalism, queer nationalism and counter-nationalism around the globe (Miller 2016) complete with a cover photo of a 9 year-old transgender girl (Guarino 2016). Whether a prolonged escalation in the culture wars has begun or whether recent events will prove transitory of course has yet to play out. But just as, as the old saying goes, nothing happens in world capitals that doesn’t make more work for lawyers, nothing in the contests among nationalism, counter- nationalism and queer nationalism won’t make for compelling subjects for queer scholars or for fascinating reading in Queer Studies in Media & Popular Culture. It is with that cautionary context that I welcome you to our second volume, in which both spaces and identities figure prominently. Like most one year- olds, we’re obsessively moving about our environment, uncovering the novel and revisiting previous discoveries with renewed curiosity. Coming out, for example, is a subject scholars have addressed multiple times employing multi- ple approaches. But in their essay, ‘Sex, lies and the locker room: A critical discourse analysis of athletes coming out in the media’, Cu-Hullan Tsuyoshi McGivern and Paul Chamness Miller interrogate the discourses concerning the queer self-disclosure of male professional athletes in online news sites. Among their findings is that the locker room is more than merely a fraught space for gay athletes: it is one in which many masculinities may coexist, perhaps amica- bly but perhaps not, and therefore a potential site for the negotiation of mascu- linity, in spite of the ever-present spectre of a culture of homophobia. The closet, of course, always has figured prominently in discourses of queerness and professional athletics, particularly team athletics. Over the last decade, it also has been a recurring issue in social media, where virtual identities and user characteristics may not be subject to confirmation in ‘real’ space. In addition, as websites such as Facebook and Google increasingly have exploited their users’ interests for commercial purposes, the degree to which virtual identities are subject to customary assumptions of privacy has become a subject of interest to scholars from fields ranging from law and political science to sociology and marketing. In ‘The contextual integrity of the closet: Privacy, data mining and outing Facebook’s algorithmic logics’, Kenneth C. Werbin, Mark Lipton and Matthew J. Bowman take a case studies approach to examine the phenomenon of users’ being outed unwittingly by Facebook. They argue that the ‘one identity’ precept articulated by co-founder Mark Zuckerberg is fundamentally incongruous with prevailing scholarship concerning intersectional identities. As National Geographic’s special issue cover has illustrated, transgender identities finally are receiving long-overdue attention in popular media. What is particularly distinctive about recent coverage of the transgender community generally and transgender individuals specifically is the degree to which trans people themselves are able to contribute to their representations in mean- ingful ways. In ‘Trans sites of self-exploration: From print autobiographies to blogs’, Reid Lodge argues that among those contributions is an expansion and nuancing in conversations surrounding sex and gender. Lodge breaks impor- tant new ground by identifying three distinct ‘waves’ in trans activism and advocacy. The first, with echoes of the homophile movement, emphasized respectability and relied to a great extent upon hegemonic (and heteronor- mative) identity conventions. The second ‘wave’ accompanied the increase in transitioning and departed from those narratives, but retained as a foundation a sense of gender stability and cohesion. A third ‘wave’ has begun and tends to question that clear and enduring gender identity. www.intellectbooks.com 5 01_QSMPC_2.1_Editorial_3-7.indd 5 3/7/17 1:09 PM Bruce E. Drushel G Patterson and Leland Spencer find the increased visibility of transgen- der people and gender-nonconforming identities to have permeated recent animated films aimed at children as well. In their article, ‘What’s so funny about a snowman in a Tiara? Exploring gender identity and gender noncon- formity in children’s animated films’, they use inductive and deductive thematic analysis to examine gendered messages in four years of popular feature-length animated films from 2012 to 2015.