DOCSLIB.ORG

Proteus Mirabilis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Proteus Mirabilis REVIEWS Merging mythology and morphology: the multifaceted lifestyle of Proteus mirabilis Chelsie E. Armbruster and Harry L. T. Mobley Abstract | Proteus mirabilis, named for the Greek god who changed shape to avoid capture, has fascinated microbiologists for more than a century with its unique swarming differentiation, Dienes line formation and potent urease activity. Transcriptome profiling during both host infection and swarming motility, coupled with the availability of the complete genome sequence for P. mirabilis, has revealed the occurrence of interbacterial competition and killing through a type VI secretion system, and the reciprocal regulation of adhesion and motility, as well as the intimate connections between metabolism, swarming and virulence. This Review addresses some of the unique and recently described aspects of P. mirabilis biology and pathogenesis, and emphasizes the potential role of this bacterium in single- species and polymicrobial urinary tract infections. Pyelonephritis In Homer’s Odyssey, Proteus was pursued by many for bacteriuria in a given patient match the faecal isolates 9 An infection of the kidney his ability to foretell the future to anyone capable of cap- from that patient . parenchyma. turing him, but he changed shape to evade his pursuers. P. mirabilis is generally not the first organism found The name Proteus was first used in bacterial nomen- on the catheter surface, but it is common in long- Urolithiasis 10,11 The formation of calculi clature by Hauser in 1885 to describe a shape-shifting term catheterization . When P. mirabilis colonizes a 1 (stones) in the kidney, bladder bacterium isolated from putrefied meat . Proteus mirabilis, catheter, the bacterial cells develop in protected com- or urethra. a Gram-negative, dimorphic, motile member of the munities known as biofilms. The biofilms that are ini- family Enterobacteriaceae, has fascinated scientists for tially formed on catheters tend to be monomicrobial, Prostatitis more than 125 years owing to its ability to differentiate but rapidly become polymicrobial during long-term Inflammation of the prostate gland. from short rods into elongated, multinucleate swarm catheterization, with up to 72% of catheters being cells that express thousands of flagella2. Members of the colonized by two or more species12. Catheter bio- Bacteriuria genus Proteus are widely distributed in nature and can be films and urine samples taken from patients under- The presence of bacteria in the isolated from soil, stagnant water, sewage and the intesti- going long-term catheterization frequently contain urine. nal tract3. P. mirabilis is a leading agent of pyelonephritis, combinations of P. mirabilis, Morganella morganii, urolithiasis, prostatitis and catheter-associated urinary Providencia stuartii, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas tract infections (CAUTIs) and causes approximately 3% aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae5,7,13–16. Data com- of all nosocomial infections and up to 44% of CAUTIs piled over the past 30 years reveal that, depending on in the United States4–6. the study parameters and sample population, up to 77% Department of Microbiology CAUTIs are the most common health care-associated of CAUTIs are polymicrobial, and P. mirabilis is gener- and Immunology, University infections worldwide, accounting for up to 40% of hospital- ally the most common organism isolated from these of Michigan Medical School, 7 13–18 1150 West Medical Center acquired infections . The duration of catheter­ization infections . Drive, 5641 Medical Science is the most important risk factor associated with CAUTI P. mirabilis has many virulence factors that contribute Building II, Ann Arbor, development, as roughly 10–50% of patients under­­ to the establishment of a UTI in a mouse model of infec- Michigan 48109, USA. going short-term catheterization (1–7 days) develop tion19. The bacterium expresses fimbriae, or bacterial Correspondence to H.L.T.M. only bacteriuria, whereas essentially all patients catheter- appendages tipped with adhesive proteins, that mediate e‑mail: [email protected] 8 doi:10.1038/nrmicro2890 ized for 28 days or longer develop a CAUTI . CAUTIs attachment to cells in the urinary tract and probably also Published online are thought to be caused by self-inoculation of the to the catheter. In addition, P. mirabilis produces urease, 8 October 2012 catheter; indeed, for P. mirabilis, the strains causing which hydrolyses urea to carbon dioxide and ammonia. NATURE REVIEWS | MICROBIOLOGY VOLUME 10 | NOVEMBER 2012 | 743 © 2012 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved REVIEWS Table 1 | Fimbriae of Proteus mirabilis Type of Contribution to catheter Adherence capabilities in vitro Contribution to UTI pathogenesis fimbriae colonization ATFs Possible Unknown Not associated MRK fimbriae Likely Bowman’s capsules (kidney) Kidney colonization MRP fimbriae Unknown Kidney tubular cells, and epithelial cells from Bladder and kidney colonization, and reciprocal urine regulation of motility NAFs Unknown Uroepithelial cells Unknown PMFs Unknown Uroepithelial cells Bladder colonization ATFs, ambient-temperature fimbriae; MRK, mannose-resistant Klebsiella-like; MRP, mannose-resistant Proteus-like; NAFs, non-agglutinating fimbriae; PMFs, Proteus mirabilis fimbriae; UTI, urinary tract infection. This reaction provides an abundant source of nitrogen Adherence to catheters. P. mirabilis readily colonizes the for the bacterium, but also causes the formation of crys- lumen and external surface of all current catheter types, talline biofilms that block the catheter. Furthermore, and adherence is enhanced in the presence of urine24–28. P. mirabilis can differentiate into swarm cells that con- P. mirabilis encodes 17 putative fimbrial operons, the tribute to the establishment of infection by migrating most encoded by any sequenced bacterial species20. Five along the catheter. Inside the urinary tract, the bacte- fimbrial types have been characterized and reviewed29 rium has mechanisms to scavenge nutrients and evade (TABLE 1), but little is known about the contribution of the host immune response, and is capable of reciprocal fimbriae to catheter adherence and colonization. P. mira - expression of fimbriae (for adherence) and flagella (for bilis expresses mannose-resistant Klebsiella-like (MRK) motility when it needs to ascend the urinary tract). fimbriae, a type that mediates catheter attachment by There have been many recent advances in our P. stuartii 30 and Proteus penneri 31 and might therefore understanding of P. mirabilis pathogenicity, includ- contribute to colonization by P. mirabilis. The ambient- ing the publication of the complete 4.06 Mb genome temperature fimbriae (ATFs) of P. mirabilis do not con- sequence of a CAUTI isolate (P. mirabilis str. HI4320)20, tribute to colonization of the mouse urinary tract but are the identification of novel pathogenicity factors by optimally expressed at ambient temperature and could signature-tagged mutagenesis21–23, and the elucidation of therefore influence catheter colonization32,33. the intricate connections between metabolism, swarming motility, urease activity and nitrogen availability in Swarming motility. An overview of P. mirabilis swarming the establishment and persistence of P. mirabilis UTIs. motility is presented in BOX 1. Swarming describes flagellum- This Review aims to address the most recent findings dependent movement across a surface, in contrast to concerning P. mirabilis pathogenicity and to place these swimming through liquid or soft agar. This form of findings in the context of CAUTI progression, identi- motility allows P. mirabilis to migrate across catheters, fying the stage of infection (for example, initial entry gaining entry to the urinary tract4,34,35. Swarming is to the urinary tract, ascending the tract and immune required for migration across most catheter types, as evasion) to which they contribute. non-swarming mutants traverse only hydrogel-coated Furthermore, given the growing appreciation in the latex catheters, by swimming through the water-filled field for the polymicrobial nature of many infections, it channels in the matrix36. In addition, P. mirabilis cath- is imperative to consider how knowledge gained from eter biofilms contain protruding swarm cells37. Although single-species investigations can be applied to the study the role of these biofilm-associated swarm cells is unclear, and treatment of polymicrobial infection. Although few they might seed dispersal from the catheter to the studies have addressed polymicrobial CAUTIs to date, urinary tract37. P. mirabilis is frequently isolated from these infections. Most strains of P. mirabilis are unable to differentiate It is therefore important to consider how P. mirabilis and into swarm cells in liquid medium without the addition other common causes of CAUTIs interact on catheters of a thickening agent, so it is thought that differentiation and during infections, and how these interactions influ- is triggered by surface contact or inhibition of flagellar ence the course of an infection. The final section of this rotation38. Several other factors have been implicated in Review discusses P. mirabilis pathogenicity factors in the the regulation of swarming motility (and are reviewed context of polymicrobial infection and considers ways in elsewhere39,40), including the upregulator of flagellar which this organism interacts with other uropathogens. master operon (Umo) proteins, the regulator of colanic acid capsule synthesis (Rcs) phosphorelay,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Proteus Vulgaris
    48 Monte Carlo Crescent Kyalami Business Park Kyalami, Johannesburg, 1684, RSA Tel: +27 (0)11 463 3260 Fax: + 27 (0)86 557 2232 Email: [email protected] www.thistle.co.za Please read this section first The HPCSA and the Med Tech Society have confirmed that this clinical case study, plus your routine review of your EQA reports from Thistle QA, should be documented as a “Journal Club” activity. This means that you must record those attending for CEU purposes. Thistle will not issue a certificate to cover these activities, nor send out “correct” answers to the CEU questions at the end of this case study. The Thistle QA CEU No is: MT- 16/009 Each attendee should claim THREE CEU points for completing this Quality Control Journal Club exercise, and retain a copy of the relevant Thistle QA Participation Certificate as proof of registration on a Thistle QA EQA. MICROBIOLOGY LEGEND CYCLE 41 ORGANISM 3 Proteus Vulgaris Proteus Vulgaris is a rod shaped Gram-Negative chemoheterotrophic bacterium. The size of the individual cells varies from 0.4 to 0.6 micrometers by 1.2 to 2.5 micrometers. P. vulgaris possesses peritrichous flagella, making it actively motile. It inhabits the soil, polluted water, raw meat, gastrointestinal tracts of animals and dust. In humans, Proteus species most frequently cause urinary tract infections, but can also produce severe abscesses and is widely associated with nosocomial infections. Isolation of Organism With basic microbiological technique, samples believed to contain P. vulgaris are first incubated on nutrient agar to form colonies. To test the Gram-Negative and oxidase-negative characteristics of Enterobacteriaceae, Gram stains and oxidase tests are performed.
    [Show full text]
  • Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Its Potential Association with Idiopathic
    Journal of Immunology and Infectious Diseases Volume 2 | Issue 2 ISSN: 2394-6512 Research Article Open Access Helicobacter pylori Infection and its Potential Association with Idiopathic Hypercalciuric Urolithiasis in Pediatric Patients Ali AM*1, Abdelaziz SS2 and Elkhatib WF3,4 1Department of Pediatrics, International Islamic Center for Population Studies and Research, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt 2Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt 3Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, African Union Organization St. Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt 4Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, Hampton University, Kittrell Hall Hampton, Virginia, USA *Corresponding author: Ali AM, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt, Postal Code: 31991, Dr. Noor Mohammad Khan General Hospital, Fax: +966713221417, Tel: +966556847829, E-mail: [email protected] Citation: Ali AM, Abdelaziz SS, Elkhatib WF (2014) Helicobacter pylori Infection and its Potential Association with Idiopathic Hypercalciuric Urolithiasis in Pediatric Patients. J Immunol Infect Dis 2(2): 202. doi: 10.15744/2394-6512.1.203 Received Date: September 24, 2014 Accepted Date: January 05, 2015 Published Date: January 09, 2015 Abstract Objectives: To evaluate the role of Helicobacter pylori infection in the pathogenesis of idiopathic hypercalciuric urolithiasis. Design & Setting: Randomized longitudinal controlled study was carried out at Al-Azhar University Hospitals in Cairo and Dommiat, Egypt as well as at Noor Khan General Hospital in Hafer Al-Baten, Saudi Arabia. Participants: A total of 150 patients categorized into 100 cases (urolithiasis-positive) with urinary stone disease, aged from 5 to 18 years, and met the characteristics of idiopathic urolithiasis in children as well as 50 controls (urolithiasis-negative) that had relatively similar demographic criteria except for idiopathic urolithiasis.
    [Show full text]
  • Transposon Mutagenesis in Proteus Mirabilist
    JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, OCt. 1991, p. 6289-6293 Vol. 173, No. 19 0021-9193/91/196289-05$02.00/0 Copyright © 1991, American Society for Microbiology NOTES Transposon Mutagenesis in Proteus mirabilist ROBERT BELAS,1,2* DEBORAH ERSKINE,1 ANID DAVID FLAHERTY1 Center of Marine Biotechnology, The University of Maryland, 600 East Lombard Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21202,1* and Department ofBiological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 212282 Received 21 June 1991/Accepted 24 July 1991 A technique of transposon mutagenesis involving the use of TnS on a suicide plasmid was developed for Proteus mirabilis. Analysis of the resulting exconjugants indicated that TnS transposed in P. mirabilis at a frequency of ca. 4.5 x 10-6 per recipient cell. The resulting mutants were stable and retained the transposon-encoded antibiotic resistance when incubated for several generations under nonselective conditions. The frequency of auxotrophic mutants in the population, as well as DNA-DNA hybridization to transposon sequences, confirmed that the insertion of the transposon was random and the Proteus chromosome did not contain significant insertional hot spots of transposition. Approximately 35% of the mutants analyzed possessed plasmid-acquired ampicillin resistance, although no extrachromosomal plasmid DNA was found. In these mutants, insertion of the Tn5 element and a part or all of the plasmid had occurred. Application of this technique to the study of swarmer cell differentiation in P. mirabilis is discussed. Proteus mirabilis is a motile gram-negative bacterium with Media and growth conditions. Escherichia coli and P. the unique ability to move over agar surfaces by a locomo- mirabilis strains were grown in L broth (10 g of tryptone, 5 tive process referred to as swarming motility (12).
    [Show full text]
  • 12Th Grade Senior English IV and Dual Enrollment 2021 Summer
    Summer Reading List: Senior English and Dual Enrollment Pride and Prejudice 1. Read and annotate this novel. Take note of literary elements, characterization, plot, setting, tone, and vocabulary. 2. Choose one of the following options below. The piece must be 500 words (about two pages, typed, double-spaced, 12-point Times New Roman) Due date: This assignment will be submitted electronically via TEAMS as well as TurnItIn.com during the first week of school. Be sure the assignment is completed when you arrive the first day of classes so that you are able to submit it as soon as TEAMS and TurnItIn.com are launched. a. Quote, cite, and analyze three passages from the novel that represent or discuss gender, social norms, or class and status-based ideas addressed in the novel. b. Write an original letter from any character to another character that reveals his or her personality, fears, desires, prejudices, and/or ways of dealing with conflict. c. Write a skit or scene based on your own rendition of the customs and values of the time and place in which the novel takes place. This would be an added scene in the story. Make sure you inform me where this scene would take place if it were actually in the novel. d. Write an original poem (30-line minimum) about the ideals, values, or concerns of the Bennet family or the society in which people live. Examples: the soldiers, fate, religion, upper class, etc. Mythology by Edith Hamilton 1. Read the novel. You do not have to annotate.
    [Show full text]
  • Uncommon Pathogens Causing Hospital-Acquired Infections in Postoperative Cardiac Surgical Patients
    Published online: 2020-03-06 THIEME Review Article 89 Uncommon Pathogens Causing Hospital-Acquired Infections in Postoperative Cardiac Surgical Patients Manoj Kumar Sahu1 Netto George2 Neha Rastogi2 Chalatti Bipin1 Sarvesh Pal Singh1 1Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, CN Centre, All Address for correspondence Manoj K Sahu, MD, DNB, Department India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, CTVS office, 7th floor, CN 2Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India India (e-mail: [email protected]). J Card Crit Care 2020;3:89–96 Abstract Bacterial infections are common causes of sepsis in the intensive care units. However, usually a finite number of Gram-negative bacteria cause sepsis (mostly according to the hospital flora). Some organisms such as Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus are relatively common. Others such as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Chryseobacterium indologenes, Shewanella putrefaciens, Ralstonia pickettii, Providencia, Morganella species, Nocardia, Elizabethkingia, Proteus, and Burkholderia are rare but of immense importance to public health, in view of the high mortality rates these are associated with. Being aware of these organisms, as the cause of hospital-acquired infections, helps in the prevention, Keywords treatment, and control of sepsis in the high-risk cardiac surgical patients including in ► uncommon pathogens heart transplants. Therefore, a basic understanding of when to suspect these organ- ► hospital-acquired isms is important for clinical diagnosis and initiating therapeutic options. This review infection discusses some rarely appearing pathogens in our intensive care unit with respect to ► cardiac surgical the spectrum of infections, and various antibiotics that were effective in managing intensive care unit these bacteria.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Aphrodite in Sappho Fr. 1 Keith Stanley
    The Rôle of Aphrodite in Sappho Fr.1 Stanley, Keith Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies; Winter 1976; 17, 4; ProQuest pg. 305 The Role of Aphrodite in Sappho Fr. 1 Keith Stanley APPHO'S Hymn to Aphrodite, standing so near to the beginning of Sour evidence for the religious and poetic traditions it embodies, remains a locus of disagreement about the function of the goddess in the poem and the degree of seriousness intended by Sappho's plea for her help. Wilamowitz thought sparrows' wings unsuited to the task of drawing Aphrodite's chariot, and proposed that Sappho's report of her epiphany described a vision experienced ovap, not v7rap.l Archibald Cameron ventured further, suggesting that the description of Aphrodite's flight was couched not in the language of "the real religious tradition of epiphany and its effect on mortals" but was "Homeric and conventional"; and that the vision was not, therefore, the record of a genuine religious experience, but derived rather from "the bright world of Homer's fancy."2 Thus he judged the tone of the ode to be one of seriousness tempered by "a vein of prettiness and almost of playfulness" and concluded that there was no special ur­ gency in Sappho's petition itself. While more recent opinion has tended to regard the episode as a poetic fiction which serves to 'mythologize' a genuine emotion, Sir Denys Page has not only maintained that Aphrodite's descent is a "flight of fancy, with much detail irrelevant to her present theme," but argued further that the poem as a whole is a lightly ironic melange of passion and self-mockery.3 Despite a con- 1 Sappho und Simonides (Berlin 1913) 45, with Der Glaube der Hellenen 3 II (Basel 1959) 109; so also J.
    [Show full text]
  • Loeb Lucian Vol5.Pdf
    THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY FOUNDED BY JAMES LOEB, LL.D. EDITED BY fT. E. PAGE, C.H., LITT.D. litt.d. tE. CAPPS, PH.D., LL.D. tW. H. D. ROUSE, f.e.hist.soc. L. A. POST, L.H.D. E. H. WARMINGTON, m.a., LUCIAN V •^ LUCIAN WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY A. M. HARMON OK YALE UNIVERSITY IN EIGHT VOLUMES V LONDON WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS MOMLXII f /. ! n ^1 First printed 1936 Reprinted 1955, 1962 Printed in Great Britain CONTENTS PAGE LIST OF LTTCIAN'S WORKS vii PREFATOEY NOTE xi THE PASSING OF PEBEORiNUS (Peregrinus) .... 1 THE RUNAWAYS {FugiUvt) 53 TOXARis, OR FRIENDSHIP (ToxaHs vd amiciHa) . 101 THE DANCE {Saltalio) 209 • LEXiPHANES (Lexiphanes) 291 THE EUNUCH (Eunuchiis) 329 ASTROLOGY {Astrologio) 347 THE MISTAKEN CRITIC {Pseudologista) 371 THE PARLIAMENT OF THE GODS {Deorutti concilhim) . 417 THE TYRANNICIDE (Tyrannicidj,) 443 DISOWNED (Abdicatvs) 475 INDEX 527 —A LIST OF LUCIAN'S WORKS SHOWING THEIR DIVISION INTO VOLUMES IN THIS EDITION Volume I Phalaris I and II—Hippias or the Bath—Dionysus Heracles—Amber or The Swans—The Fly—Nigrinus Demonax—The Hall—My Native Land—Octogenarians— True Story I and II—Slander—The Consonants at Law—The Carousal or The Lapiths. Volume II The Downward Journey or The Tyrant—Zeus Catechized —Zeus Rants—The Dream or The Cock—Prometheus—* Icaromenippus or The Sky-man—Timon or The Misanthrope —Charon or The Inspector—Philosophies for Sale. Volume HI The Dead Come to Life or The Fisherman—The Double Indictment or Trials by Jury—On Sacrifices—The Ignorant Book Collector—The Dream or Lucian's Career—The Parasite —The Lover of Lies—The Judgement of the Goddesses—On Salaried Posts in Great Houses.
    [Show full text]
  • Antibiotic Use Guidelines for Companion Animal Practice (2Nd Edition) Iii
    ii Antibiotic Use Guidelines for Companion Animal Practice (2nd edition) iii Antibiotic Use Guidelines for Companion Animal Practice, 2nd edition Publisher: Companion Animal Group, Danish Veterinary Association, Peter Bangs Vej 30, 2000 Frederiksberg Authors of the guidelines: Lisbeth Rem Jessen (University of Copenhagen) Peter Damborg (University of Copenhagen) Anette Spohr (Evidensia Faxe Animal Hospital) Sandra Goericke-Pesch (University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover) Rebecca Langhorn (University of Copenhagen) Geoffrey Houser (University of Copenhagen) Jakob Willesen (University of Copenhagen) Mette Schjærff (University of Copenhagen) Thomas Eriksen (University of Copenhagen) Tina Møller Sørensen (University of Copenhagen) Vibeke Frøkjær Jensen (DTU-VET) Flemming Obling (Greve) Luca Guardabassi (University of Copenhagen) Reproduction of extracts from these guidelines is only permitted in accordance with the agreement between the Ministry of Education and Copy-Dan. Danish copyright law restricts all other use without written permission of the publisher. Exception is granted for short excerpts for review purposes. iv Foreword The first edition of the Antibiotic Use Guidelines for Companion Animal Practice was published in autumn of 2012. The aim of the guidelines was to prevent increased antibiotic resistance. A questionnaire circulated to Danish veterinarians in 2015 (Jessen et al., DVT 10, 2016) indicated that the guidelines were well received, and particularly that active users had followed the recommendations. Despite a positive reception and the results of this survey, the actual quantity of antibiotics used is probably a better indicator of the effect of the first guidelines. Chapter two of these updated guidelines therefore details the pattern of developments in antibiotic use, as reported in DANMAP 2016 (www.danmap.org).
    [Show full text]
  • Investigating the Biological and Mechanical Performance of Cranberry-Modified Silicone Materials for Use in Implantable Medical Devices
    Investigating the biological and mechanical performance of cranberry-modified silicone materials for use in implantable medical devices By Louis Briggs Department of Chemical Engineering McGill University, Montreal August 2014 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Engineering © Louis Briggs 2014 Abstract Catheter associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are the second most common type of hospital acquired infection in North America with over a million cases reported each year. This high incidence rate, together with the dissemination of antibiotic resistant uropathogens has resulted in much interest in the development of preventative measures within the research community. The consumption of Vaccinium macrocarpon, the North American cranberry, has been linked with the prevention of bacterial infections in the urinary tract for over 100 years. The McGill Biocolloids and Surfaces Laboratory has shown that cranberry derived materials (CDMs) can inhibit bacterial adherence to surfaces, impair bacterial motility, and influence various bacterial virulence functions. It is therefore hypothesized that cranberries and CDMs could prevent the development of CAUTIs via the disruption of various stages of pathogenesis. Herein, we report on the bioperformance of cranberry impregnated biomedical grade silicone against the biofilms formed by Proteus mirabilis, a clinically relevant uropathogen. In addition, the mechanical performance of this cranberry-silicone hybrid material is studied. First, the release of bioactive cranberry materials into an aqueous environment is demonstrated in lysogeny broth using a spectrophotometric method. Second, the ultimate tensile strength, elongation at break, storage modulus, and contact angle of CDM impregnated silicone are reported. Finally, the ability of P.
    [Show full text]
  • Original Article COMPARISON of MAST BURKHOLDERIA CEPACIA, ASHDOWN + GENTAMICIN, and BURKHOLDERIA PSEUDOMALLEI SELECTIVE AGAR
    European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology 7 (2017) 1, pp. 15–36 Original article DOI: 10.1556/1886.2016.00037 COMPARISON OF MAST BURKHOLDERIA CEPACIA, ASHDOWN + GENTAMICIN, AND BURKHOLDERIA PSEUDOMALLEI SELECTIVE AGAR FOR THE SELECTIVE GROWTH OF BURKHOLDERIA SPP. Carola Edler1, Henri Derschum2, Mirko Köhler3, Heinrich Neubauer4, Hagen Frickmann5,6,*, Ralf Matthias Hagen7 1 Department of Dermatology, German Armed Forces Hospital of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany 2 CBRN Defence, Safety and Environmental Protection School, Science Division 3 Bundeswehr Medical Academy, Munich, Germany 4 Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany 5 Department of Tropical Medicine at the Bernhard Nocht Institute, German Armed Forces Hospital of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany 6 Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany 7 Department of Preventive Medicine, Bundeswehr Medical Academy, Munich, Germany Received: November 18, 2016; Accepted: December 5, 2016 Reliable identification of pathogenic Burkholderia spp. like Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei in clinical samples is desirable. Three different selective media were assessed for reliability and selectivity with various Burkholderia spp. and non- target organisms. Mast Burkholderia cepacia agar, Ashdown + gentamicin agar, and B. pseudomallei selective agar were compared. A panel of 116 reference strains and well-characterized clinical isolates, comprising 30 B. pseudomallei, 20 B. mallei, 18 other Burkholderia spp., and 48 nontarget organisms, was used for this assessment. While all B. pseudomallei strains grew on all three tested selective agars, the other Burkholderia spp. showed a diverse growth pattern. Nontarget organisms, i.e., nonfermentative rod-shaped bacteria, other species, and yeasts, grew on all selective agars.
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical Antibiotic Guidelines†
    CLINICAL ANTIBIOTIC GUIDELINES† ACYCLOVIR IV*/PO *RESTRICTED TO ANTIBIOTIC FORM Predictable activity: Unpredictable activity: No activity: Herpes Simplex Cytomegalovirus Epstein Barr Virus Herpes Zoster Indicated: IV: 1. Therapy for suspected or documented Herpes simplex encephalitis 2. Therapy for suspected or documented Herpes simplex infection of a newborn or immunocompromised patient 3. Therapy for primary varicella infection in immunocompromised patients 4. Therapy for severe or disseminated varicella-zoster infections in immunocompromised or immunocompetent patient 5. Therapy for primary genital herpes with neurologic complications Oral: 1. Therapy for primary Herpes simplex infections (oral/genital) 2. Suppressive (preventative) therapy for recurrent (³ 6 episodes/year) severe Herpes simplex infections (oral/genital) 3. Episodic therapy for recurrent (³ 6 episodes/year) Herpes simplex genital infections (initiate within 24 hours of prodrome onset) 4. Prophylaxis for HSV in bone marrow transplants where patient is seropositive 5. Therapy and suppressive therapy for Eczema Herpeticum 6. Therapy for varicella-zoster infections in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients (if not severe) 7. Therapy for primary varicella infections in pregnancy 8. Therapy for varicella in immunocompetent patients > 13 years old (initiate within 24 hours of rash onset) 9. Therapy for varicella in patients < 13 years old (initiate within 24 hours of rash onset) if there is a chronic cutaneous or pulmonary disorder, long term salicylate therapy, or short, intermittent or aerosolized corticosteroid use Not Indicated: 1. Therapy for acute Epstein-Barr infections (acute mononucleosis) 2. Therapy for documented CMV infections CLINICAL ANTIBIOTIC GUIDELINES† AMIKACIN RESTRICTED TO ANTIBIOTIC FORM Predictable activity: Unpredictable activity: No activity: Enterobacteriaceae Staphylococcus spp Streptococcus spp Pseudomonas spp Enterococcus spp some Mycobacterium spp Alcaligenes spp Anaerobes Indicated: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Enterotube System in the Identification of Enterohacteriaceae and Yersinia
    13 February 1974 S.A. MEDICAL JOURNAL 257 (Supplement-South African Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine) LCM 9 The Enterotube System in the Identification of Enterohacteriaceae and Yersinia M. H. FINLAYSON, B. GIBBS SUMMARY Dulcitol agar for detection of acid production, absent in Proteus sp., most Enterobacters sp., Hafnia and Serratia, A trial of the Enterotube system for the identification of A rizona and Edwardsiella. Enterobacteriaceae and a comparison with the methods Urea agar for detection of urea cleavage, absent in at present in use in the Tygerberg Hospital Microbiology Escherichia, Shigella, Providencia, Enterobacter aerogenes, Laboratory, were carried out. One hunded cultures be­ Hafnia, Salmonella, A rizona and Edwardsiella. longing to the family Enterobacteriaceae including Phenylalanine agar for detection of phenylalanine Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, deaminase by production of a green colouration after Proteus morgani, Proteus rettgeri, Providencia, Edward­ addition of ferric chloride solution. This reaction is posi­ siella, Shigella, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratis, Sal­ tive only in the Proteus and Pro\'idencia groups. monella, Citrobacter and Arizona were tested with con­ ventional procedures and also with the Enterotube. The Hydrogen sulphide and indole agar for detection of conventional procedures, designed to identify the hydrogen sulphide and indole, the latter being detected organisms within 24 hours after isolation, were used. Three after the addition of Kovac's reagent to the compartment. of the cultures examined were not identified by the Hydrogen sulphide is produced by some Proteus strains Enterotube technique when their identity was established and by Salmonella, Citrobacter, Arizona and Edwardsie/la by routine conventional methods. These were non­ while indole is produced by Escherichia, .some Proteus urease-producing non-motile organisms which may have strains, Providencia and Edwardsiella.
    [Show full text]