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Judicial Law Reform
CHAPTER VI· JUDICIAL LAW REFORM A. JUDGES AS LAW REFORMERS Most members of the judiciary hastily deny any implication that they reform the law. According to Lord Simonds, "heterodoxy, or as some might say, heresy is not the more attractive because it is dignified by the name of reform" and law reform "is the task not ofthe courts oflaw but ofPar liament".) Similarly, O'Higgins, C.l. says in the Norris case that Judges may, and do, share with other citizens a concern and interest in desirable changes and reform in our laws; but, under the Constitution, they have no func tion in achieving such by judicial decision....[T]he sole and exclusive power of altering the law of Ireland is, by the Constitution [Article 15.2.1], vested in the Oireachtas. The courts declare what the law is -- it is for the Oireachtas to make changes ifit so thinks proper.2 Similar views are expressed by Viscount Dilhome in Cassell & Co. Ltd. v Broome,3 by Lord ) ScrutlOns Ltd. v. Midland Silicones Ltd. [1962] AC 446 at 467/8 2 Norris v A.G. [1984] IR 36 at 53. See also Costello l. in Anorney General v Paperlink [1984] ll..RM 373 at 388-9 and Henchy J. in Siney v Dublin Corporation [1980] IR 400 at 420-1. 3 [1972) AC 1027 at 1107: "As I understand the judicial functions ofthis House, although they involve applying well established principles to new situations, they do not involve adjusting the common law to what are thought to be the social nonns of the time. -
Industrial Property
ANNUAL SURVEY OF CANADIAN LAW INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY William L. Hayhurst, Q.C. * I. INTRODUCTION ....................................... 394 II. RECENT LEGISLATION ................................. 395 III. PROPOSED LEGISLATION ................................ 398 IV . PATENTS ............................................ 399 A. Matters in Which the Patent Office has OriginalJurisdiction ............................... 399 1. Conflicts ...................................... 399 2. Compulsory Licences ............................ 400 3. Subject Matter Capable of Being Patented .......... 401 (a) Printed M atter .............................. 402 (b) Gam es ..................................... 402 (c) Mental Processes and Computer Programs ...... 402 (d) Living M atter ............................... 405 (e) Medical Treatment of Animals and Humans ...... 407 (f) Medical Inventions .......................... 408 (g) The Progeny of Sandoz v. Gilcross ............. 410 (h) Aggregations and Exhausted Combinations ...... 412 (i) Synergism .............................. 412 (ii) M ixtures ............................... 412 (iii) The Aggregative or Unnecessary Addition ... 413 4. D ivision ....................................... 4 15 5. R eissue ....................................... 4 16 6. D isclaimer .................................... 417 B. Substantive Matters in the Courts .................... 418 1. Intervening Rights .............................. 418 2. Personal Liability of Persons in Control of CorporateInfringers ......................... -
The Fundamentals of Constitutional Courts
Constitution Brief April 2017 Summary The Fundamentals of This Constitution Brief provides a basic guide to constitutional courts and the issues that they raise in constitution-building processes, and is Constitutional Courts intended for use by constitution-makers and other democratic actors and stakeholders in Myanmar. Andrew Harding About MyConstitution 1. What are constitutional courts? The MyConstitution project works towards a home-grown and well-informed constitutional A written constitution is generally intended to have specific and legally binding culture as an integral part of democratic transition effects on citizens’ rights and on political processes such as elections and legislative and sustainable peace in Myanmar. Based on procedure. This is not always true: in the People’s Republic of China, for example, demand, expert advisory services are provided it is clear that constitutional rights may not be enforced in courts of law and the to those involved in constitution-building efforts. constitution has only aspirational, not juridical, effects. This series of Constitution Briefs is produced as If a constitution is intended to be binding there must be some means of part of this effort. enforcing it by deciding when an act or decision is contrary to the constitution The MyConstitution project also provides and providing some remedy where this occurs. We call this process ‘constitutional opportunities for learning and dialogue on review’. Constitutions across the world have devised broadly two types of relevant constitutional issues based on the constitutional review, carried out either by a specialized constitutional court or history of Myanmar and comparative experience. by courts of general legal jurisdiction. -
USAID Legal Empowerment of the Poor
LEGAL EMPOWERMENT OF THE POOR: FROM CONCEPTS TO ASSESSMENT MARCH 2007 This publicationLAND AND was BUSINESS produced FORMALIZATION for review FOR by LEGAL the United EMPOWE StatesRMENT Agency OF THE POOR: for STRATEGIC OVERVIEW PAPER 1 International Development. It was prepared by ARD, Inc. Legal Empowerment of the Poor: From Concepts to Assessment. Paper by John W. Bruce (Team Leader), Omar Garcia-Bolivar, Tim Hanstad, Michael Roth, Robin Nielsen, Anna Knox, and Jon Schmidt Prepared for the United States Agency for International Development, Contract Number EPP-0- 00-05-00015-00, UN High Commission – Legal Empowerment of the Poor, under Global - Man- agement, Organizational and Business Improvement Services (MOBIS). Implemented by: ARD, Inc. 159 Bank Street, Suite 300 Burlington, VT 05401 Cover Photo: Courtesy of USAID. At a village bank in Djiguinoune, Senegal, women line up with account booklets and monthly savings that help secure fresh loans to fuel their small businesses. LEGAL EMPOWERMENT OF THE POOR FROM CONCEPTS TO ASSESSMENT MARCH 2007 DISCLAIMER The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. CONTENTS ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS..................................................................................... iii 1.0 DEFINING LEGAL EMPOWERMENT OF THE POOR .....................................................1 2.0 SUBSTANTIVE DIMENSIONS OF LEGAL EMPOWERMENT .........................................5 -
Law, Liberty and the Rule of Law (In a Constitutional Democracy)
Georgetown University Law Center Scholarship @ GEORGETOWN LAW 2013 Law, Liberty and the Rule of Law (in a Constitutional Democracy) Imer Flores Georgetown Law Center, [email protected] Georgetown Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 12-161 This paper can be downloaded free of charge from: https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/1115 http://ssrn.com/abstract=2156455 Imer Flores, Law, Liberty and the Rule of Law (in a Constitutional Democracy), in LAW, LIBERTY, AND THE RULE OF LAW 77-101 (Imer B. Flores & Kenneth E. Himma eds., Springer Netherlands 2013) This open-access article is brought to you by the Georgetown Law Library. Posted with permission of the author. Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub Part of the Constitutional Law Commons, Jurisprudence Commons, Legislation Commons, and the Rule of Law Commons Chapter6 Law, Liberty and the Rule of Law (in a Constitutional Democracy) lmer B. Flores Tse-Kung asked, saying "Is there one word which may serve as a rule of practice for all one's life?" K'ung1u-tzu said: "Is not reciprocity (i.e. 'shu') such a word? What you do not want done to yourself, do not ckJ to others." Confucius (2002, XV, 23, 225-226). 6.1 Introduction Taking the "rule of law" seriously implies readdressing and reassessing the claims that relate it to law and liberty, in general, and to a constitutional democracy, in particular. My argument is five-fold and has an addendum which intends to bridge the gap between Eastern and Western civilizations, -
Who Is the Attorney General's Client?
\\jciprod01\productn\N\NDL\87-3\NDL305.txt unknown Seq: 1 20-APR-12 11:03 WHO IS THE ATTORNEY GENERAL’S CLIENT? William R. Dailey, CSC* Two consecutive presidential administrations have been beset with controversies surrounding decision making in the Department of Justice, frequently arising from issues relating to the war on terrorism, but generally giving rise to accusations that the work of the Department is being unduly politicized. Much recent academic commentary has been devoted to analyzing and, typically, defending various more or less robust versions of “independence” in the Department generally and in the Attorney General in particular. This Article builds from the Supreme Court’s recent decision in Free Enterprise Fund v. Public Co. Accounting Oversight Board, in which the Court set forth key principles relating to the role of the President in seeing to it that the laws are faithfully executed. This Article draws upon these principles to construct a model for understanding the Attorney General’s role. Focusing on the question, “Who is the Attorney General’s client?”, the Article presumes that in the most important sense the American people are the Attorney General’s client. The Article argues, however, that that client relationship is necessarily a mediated one, with the most important mediat- ing force being the elected head of the executive branch, the President. The argument invokes historical considerations, epistemic concerns, and constitutional structure. Against a trend in recent commentary defending a robustly independent model of execu- tive branch lawyering rooted in the putative ability and obligation of executive branch lawyers to alight upon a “best view” of the law thought to have binding force even over plausible alternatives, the Article defends as legitimate and necessary a greater degree of presidential direction in the setting of legal policy. -
Introduction to Law and Legal Reasoning Law Is
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO LAW AND LEGAL REASONING LAW IS "MAN MADE" IT CHANGES OVER TIME TO ACCOMMODATE SOCIETY'S NEEDS LAW IS MADE BY LEGISLATURE LAW IS INTERPRETED BY COURTS TO DETERMINE 1)WHETHER IT IS "CONSTITUTIONAL" 2)WHO IS RIGHT OR WRONG THERE IS A PROCESS WHICH MUST BE FOLLOWED (CALLED "PROCEDURAL LAW") I. Thomas Jefferson: "The study of the law qualifies a man to be useful to himself, to his neighbors, and to the public." II. Ask Several Students to give their definition of "Law." A. Even after years and thousands of dollars, "LAW" still is not easy to define B. What does law Consist of ? Law consists of enforceable rule governing relationships among individuals and between individuals and their society. 1. Students Need to Understand. a. The law is a set of general ideas b. When these general ideas are applied, a judge cannot fit a case to suit a rule; he must fit (or find) a rule to suit the unique case at hand. c. The judge must also supply legitimate reasons for his decisions. C. So, How was the Law Created. The law considered in this text are "man made" law. This law can (and will) change over time in response to the changes and needs of society. D. Example. Grandma, who is 87 years old, walks into a pawn shop. She wants to sell her ring that has been in the family for 200 years. Grandma asks the dealer, "how much will you give me for this ring." The dealer, in good faith, tells Grandma he doesn't know what kind of metal is in the ring, but he will give her $150. -
Constitutional Law of the United States, by Hugh Evander Willis
Indiana Law Journal Volume 12 Issue 4 Article 15 4-1937 Constitutional Law of the United States, by Hugh Evander Willis Glenn D. Peters Member, Hammond Bar Follow this and additional works at: https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/ilj Part of the Constitutional Law Commons Recommended Citation Peters, Glenn D. (1937) "Constitutional Law of the United States, by Hugh Evander Willis," Indiana Law Journal: Vol. 12 : Iss. 4 , Article 15. Available at: https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/ilj/vol12/iss4/15 This Book Review is brought to you for free and open access by the Law School Journals at Digital Repository @ Maurer Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Indiana Law Journal by an authorized editor of Digital Repository @ Maurer Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INDIAN. LAW JOURNAL BOOK REVIEW CONSTITUTIONAL LAW OF THE UNITED STATES, by Hugh Evander Willis. 1936. The Principia Press, Bloomington, Indiana. This reviewer has just finished a most interesting task, the critical reading of Dr. Willis' new book on the Constitutional Law of the United States. When one reads this book he is immediately struck with the tremendous amount of intelligent labor that has been bestowed upon it. Not only does the book evince h careful and critical study of hundreds of authorities, both State and Federal, but it also indicates a most careful analysis of political science, philosophy and psychology. Dr. Willis' approach to the subject of the Constitution is most enlightening. Having due regard to Mr. Justice Hughes' holding that the Constitution is what the judges say it is, Dr. -
Legal Ethics and Law Reform Advocacy
Scholarly Commons @ UNLV Boyd Law Scholarly Works Faculty Scholarship 2020 Legal Ethics and Law Reform Advocacy Jeffrey W. Stempel University of Nevada, Las Vegas -- William S. Boyd School of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.law.unlv.edu/facpub Part of the Legal Ethics and Professional Responsibility Commons, and the Legal Profession Commons Recommended Citation Stempel, Jeffrey W., "Legal Ethics and Law Reform Advocacy" (2020). Scholarly Works. 1319. https://scholars.law.unlv.edu/facpub/1319 This Article is brought to you by the Scholarly Commons @ UNLV Boyd Law, an institutional repository administered by the Wiener-Rogers Law Library at the William S. Boyd School of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ARTICLE Jeffrey W Stempel Legal Ethics and Law Reform Advocacy Abstract. Social activism, particularly law reform, has long been an accepted, even revered part of the lawyer's identity. However, modern developments such as nation-wide firms, the economic importance of client development, and aggressive attempts by clients to deploy attorneys as de facto, undisclosed lobbyists have put substantial pressure on the traditional vision of the attorney as a "lawyer-statesman" or someone who "checks clients at the door" when participating in law reform activities. Furthermore, law reform activism on behalf of one client (or prospective client when attorneys use their law reform lobbying as part of their marketing strategy) poses a real danger of injury to other law firm clients. The latter may lose cases influenced by Restatements, Model Acts, Committee Reports, or White Papers produced by law reform organizations. Law reform organizations have paid insufficient attention to the problem of the partisan participant, and the legal profession has failed to sufficiently appreciate the positional and institutional conflicts created when lawyers engage in politico-legal activism on behalf of clients. -
Federalizing Contract Law
LCB_24_1_Article_5_Plass_Correction (Do Not Delete) 3/6/2020 10:06 AM FEDERALIZING CONTRACT LAW by Stephen A. Plass* Contract law is generally understood as state common law, supplemented by the Second Restatement of Contracts and Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code. It is regarded as an expression of personal liberty, anchored in the bar- gain and consideration model of the 19th century or classical period. However, for some time now, non-bargained or adhesion contracts have been the norm, and increasingly, the adjudication of legal rights and contractual remedies is controlled by privately determined arbitration rules. The widespread adoption of arbitral adjudication by businesses has been enthusiastically endorsed by the Supreme Court as consonant with the Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”). How- ever, Court precedents have concluded that only bilateral or individualized arbitration promotes the goals of the FAA, while class arbitration is destruc- tive. Businesses and the Court have theorized that bilateral arbitration is an efficient process that reduces the transaction costs of all parties thereby permit- ting firms to reduce prices, create jobs, and innovate or improve products. But empirical research tells a different story. This Article discusses the constitu- tional contours of crafting common law for the FAA and its impact on state and federal laws. It shows that federal common law rules crafted for the FAA can operate to deny consumers and workers the neoclassical contractual guar- antee of a minimum adequate remedy and rob the federal and state govern- ments of billions of dollars in tax revenue. From FAA precedents the Article distills new rules of contract formation, interpretation, and enforcement and shows how these new rules undermine neoclassical limits on private control of legal remedies. -
Federalism and Constitutional Criminal Law Brenner M
Hofstra Law Review Volume 46 | Issue 2 Article 6 12-1-2017 Federalism and Constitutional Criminal Law Brenner M. Fissell Maurice A. Deane School of Law at Hofstra University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.hofstra.edu/hlr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Fissell, Brenner M. (2017) "Federalism and Constitutional Criminal Law," Hofstra Law Review: Vol. 46 : Iss. 2 , Article 6. Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.hofstra.edu/hlr/vol46/iss2/6 This document is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarly Commons at Hofstra Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Hofstra Law Review by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons at Hofstra Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Fissell: Federalism and Constitutional Criminal Law FEDERALISM AND CONSTITUTIONAL CRIMINAL LAW Brenner M. Fissell* I. INTRODUCTION Over the past fifty years, the Supreme Court has created an expansive and nearly comprehensive body of constitutional criminal procedure. These are the familiar rules about police investigation and fair trials. At the same time, though, the Court has repeatedly resisted doing the same for substantive criminal law and sentencing. It has generally avoided limiting what can be a crime, how it must be defined, and how much it can be punished. As William Stuntz concluded, while "policing and the trial process" have been "aggressively" regulated, "substantive criminal law" has been essentially left "to the politicians."' It takes an entire law school course to read just the highlights of the search and seizure cases; with respect to what can be a crime and how it must be defined, though, "constitutional law places few limits . -
A Matter of Voice and Plot: Belief and Suspicion in Legal Storytelling
Michigan Law Review Volume 87 Issue 3 1988 A Matter of Voice and Plot: Belief and Suspicion in Legal Storytelling Richard K. Sherwin New York Law School Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr Part of the Public Law and Legal Theory Commons Recommended Citation Richard K. Sherwin, A Matter of Voice and Plot: Belief and Suspicion in Legal Storytelling, 87 MICH. L. REV. 543 (1988). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr/vol87/iss3/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Michigan Law Review at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Law Review by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A MATTER OF VOICE AND PLOT: BELIEF AND SUSPICION IN LEGAL STORYTELLING Richard K. Sherwin* [And one day the Muses of Olympus, daughters of Zeus, taught Hesiod glorious song; and this word first the goddesses said: W]e know how to speak many false things as though they were true; but we know, when we will, to utter true things. - Hesiod They said, "You have a blue guitar, You do not play things as they are." The man replied, "Things as they are Are changed upon the blue guitar." Wallace Stevens If we can get our voice right - our sense of self, language, and audience - all else that matters will follow more surely than we can ever seek to compel it. - James Boyd White [But our problem today is] .