Fakes in Art

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Fakes in Art View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Universidade de Lisboa: Repositório.UL UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE LETRAS PROGRAMA EM TEORIA DA LITERATURA Fakes in Art Maria Teresa Gonçalves Doutoramento em Estudos de Literatura e Cultura Teoria da Literatura 2013 UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE LETRAS PROGRAMA EM TEORIA DA LITERATURA Fakes in Art Maria Teresa Gonçalves Dissertação orientada por: Professor Doutor Miguel Tamen Doutoramento em Estudos de Literatura e Cultura Teoria da Literatura 2013 To my parents. Contents Acknowledgements 1 Abstract 4 Introduction 5 1. Judgement and Attribution of a Work of Art: What Do Experts Look at? 8 2. Attribution: Luckily It Is Not a Science 27 3. Reattribution and Value 64 4. Authenticity and Value: What Is Wrong with a Forgery? 102 5. Trust, Silence and Implausible Confessions 157 Works Cited 182 Acknowledgements Writing the acknowledgements section has the effect of making all the hard work, worries and doubts that writing a dissertation entails seem less hard. Knowing there would be a lot of people to thank and share this work with is one of the reasons why it was worth doing. First, I would like to thank Professor Miguel Tamen for his support, patient guidance and invaluable suggestions throughout all the stages of the process. His supervision and seminars reminded me how thrilling changing one’s mind can be. To Professor António M. Feijó I owe much encouragement and stimulating questions. Some years ago, I learnt that spending a whole semester reading Hamlet is not too long – something I would never have realised had I not attended his lectures. I gratefully acknowledge Fundação Gulbenkian for the financial support. I was a recipient of a PhD scholarship from September 2009 to August 2012 which allowed me to do research in London. I was released from teaching for three school years, from September 2009 to August 2012. The conditions to focus on research and writing were provided by Ministério da Educação. I am indebted to Professors Frederico Lourenço and Abel Barros Baptista for their generosity and thought-provoking seminars. In London, I am grateful for the assistance of the staff at the National Art Library, at Sotheby’s and Christie’s and to Mr Vernon Rapley, head of security at the Victoria and Albert Museum. I cannot thank my friend Charles Hill enough for thoroughly answering all my questions and being so open about his work. I also thank him and his wife Carol for the hospitality. This work benefited enormously from discussions with Pedro M. Alvim, who could not have been more liberal with his time. I also would like to thank all the friends who have always been available despite my absence from social gatherings, recurring topics of conversation and occasional bad mood. My dear friend Claudia Fischer has been exceedingly supportive and affectionate, offering all kinds of help and advice. To Alexandra Mariano and Miguel Dias, António Ramalho, Elisabete Sousa, Fernando Carita, Maria Sequeira Mendes and Alex Gozblau, Patrícia and Nuno Proença, Pedro Lucena, Raquel Macedo and Rodrigo Magalhães I owe decades of loyal friendship, which have made my life richer in so many ways. Alda Rodrigues, Ana Paulino and João Figueiredo’s sensitivity, insightful remarks and optimism were very welcome. Ana Cláudia Santos, Joana Meirim, Nuno Amado, Manuel Oliveira Dias and Rita Furtado have kept in touch and showed interest in how the work was progressing, and that certainly made a difference. Ana Paula Silva and José Rodriguez offered accurate technical assistance. I appreciate everything Elísia Monteiro, Nilza Neves and Rui Esteves did to improve my working conditions. For the last twenty years I have relied on Maria José and Tomás Oliveira Dias’s affection, support and sense of humour. I have enjoyed these years immensely. 2 And last but not least, I thank my parents for everything. 3 Abstract Knowing a work of art is fake influences one’s opinion about it. Moreover, it has important effects on the lives of people who are interested in art. These claims will be made in articulation with the following: judgements about art are not much different from judgements about actions that are unrelated to art. Art forgery is not a special case within the judgement of actions and intentions. Opinions about works of art, particularly about the intention to deceive, are moral descriptions. Keywords: Art Forgery – Attribution – Intention – Value – Aesthetics – Market Resumo Saber que uma obra de arte é falsa influencia a nossa opinião acerca dessa obra e tem consequências importantes na vida das pessoas que se interessam por arte. Defender-se-á também que opiniões sobre arte não são muito diferentes de opiniões a respeito de acções que nada têm a ver com arte. As falsificações em arte não constituem um caso especial da avaliação de acções e intenções. Opiniões sobre obras de arte, particularmente sobre a intenção de enganar, são descrições morais. Palavras-chave: Falsificações em Arte – Atribuição – Intenção – Valor – Estética – Mercado 4 Introduction This dissertation is about how in our relationship with art, being sure that what one is looking at, buying, selling or showing is authentic makes all the difference. It will be claimed that information such as by whom and when an object was made is crucial in the judgement museum visitors, collectors, curators, art experts and dealers make about artworks every day all over the world. To demonstrate the relevance of such information, the intentions and actions of experts and art forgers are considered with the purpose of assessing the effects they have on the art market. My main claim is that finding out one has seen, sold or bought a fake art object is decisive in one’s judgements about art because valuing art is not separable from judging intentions and actions. Opinions about authenticity in art are, necessarily, opinions about intentions and actions. And those are moral opinions. Ultimately, the art market provides ample evidence for such assertion. The five chapters of this dissertation focus on the not so distinct aspects, at times, of the actions of art experts and forgers. The problems addressed are often interrelated. What follows is a summary of the contents of each chapter. Chapter 1 examines the role of the trained eye of the art expert in the attribution of a work of art and how that talent is developed. The combination of scholarship, experience, sensitivity to detail and an alert mind are the attributes an expert has to display so as to be recognised as such by his peers. Moreover, the chapter highlights the unscientific nature of the process of attribution of artworks. There is not a universally established protocol as far as judging art is concerned. There are, however, some procedures which are usually followed by connoisseurs. The chapter ends with the suggestion that the scientific tests available to analyse works of art do not override the trained eye of the expert. The description of the attempts to make connoisseurship a scientific subject is the object of chapter 2. I show the inadequacy of theories which presuppose that our relationship with art can be defined as an activity whose effects may be predicted. In my approach to the problem, explanations that restrict the appreciation of artworks to the identification of patterns and recurring elements in identical objects are refuted. In this context, the method of connoisseurhip developed by the art historian and doctor Giovanni Morelli is looked at closely. He believed that artists could be identified by the minutiae that are usually overlooked in paintings, rather than by larger elements. Morelli’s interest in anatomy informed his method. He argued that the way an artist renders hands, fingernails or ears is what should be examined in the attribution of artworks. In chapter 3 the talents of experts are again brought to the reader’s attention. The problem of attribution, or rather, of the consequences of the change of status of a work of art for its market value, is considered in conjunction with the growing reluctance on the part of experts to openly express their opinions about artworks for fear of litigation. In a market that lacks regulation and heavily relies on trust to work smoothly, less scholarship being produced and less experts willing to be clear about the authenticity of works will allow the proliferation of forgeries. The chapter also addresses the relationship between supply and demand and its implications for the 6 production of forgeries. Forgers are aware of the kind of objects that are scarce at a particular time. Hence they forge what is sought-after by collectors. Still, fakes are products of the period in which they were created – and that cannot be disguised. The transition to chapter 4 is made through the introduction of the influence that the knowledge about the authenticity of the objects one looks at has on one’s relationship with art. Thus, I show how the judgement of art forgeries is a moral problem. Chapter 4 turns to the relationship between authenticity and value, and the implications of distinct descriptions of authenticity for the establishment of the question of forgery as a moral problem. The classic debate about the physical properties of aesthetic objects is reviewed, as well as the theory that judgements are the attribution of intentions and properties to objects. In what follows the latter view is endorsed. In the evaluation of the intention to deceive as the key factor to describe art forgery as a moral issue, the seriousness and prevalence of art crime are also examined. They are contrasted with the glamorised depiction currently favoured in the media, which tend to treat art criminals as gentlemen who are interested in objects that are not subjected to market rules.
Recommended publications
  • Interiors and Interiority in Vermeer: Empiricism, Subjectivity, Modernism
    ARTICLE Received 20 Feb 2017 | Accepted 11 May 2017 | Published 12 Jul 2017 DOI: 10.1057/palcomms.2017.68 OPEN Interiors and interiority in Vermeer: empiricism, subjectivity, modernism Benjamin Binstock1 ABSTRACT Johannes Vermeer may well be the foremost painter of interiors and interiority in the history of art, yet we have not necessarily understood his achievement in either domain, or their relation within his complex development. This essay explains how Vermeer based his interiors on rooms in his house and used his family members as models, combining empiricism and subjectivity. Vermeer was exceptionally self-conscious and sophisticated about his artistic task, which we are still laboring to understand and articulate. He eschewed anecdotal narratives and presented his models as models in “studio” settings, in paintings about paintings, or art about art, a form of modernism. In contrast to the prevailing con- ception in scholarship of Dutch Golden Age paintings as providing didactic or moralizing messages for their pre-modern audiences, we glimpse in Vermeer’s paintings an anticipation of our own modern understanding of art. This article is published as part of a collection on interiorities. 1 School of History and Social Sciences, Cooper Union, New York, NY, USA Correspondence: (e-mail: [email protected]) PALGRAVE COMMUNICATIONS | 3:17068 | DOI: 10.1057/palcomms.2017.68 | www.palgrave-journals.com/palcomms 1 ARTICLE PALGRAVE COMMUNICATIONS | DOI: 10.1057/palcomms.2017.68 ‘All the beautifully furnished rooms, carefully designed within his complex development. This essay explains how interiors, everything so controlled; There wasn’t any room Vermeer based his interiors on rooms in his house and his for any real feelings between any of us’.
    [Show full text]
  • Review 2009/2010
    Review 2009/2010 Review 2009/10 Contents 3 Introduction from the Director 4 Extending and Broadening Audiences 8 Developing the Collection 12 Increasing Understanding of Portraiture and the Collection 16 Maximising Financial Resources 20 Improving Services 21 Developing Staff 22 Acquisitions 30 Financial Review 32 Supporters 35 Exhibitions and Displays Inside front cover Gallery Main Entrance Inside back cover Francis Alÿs: Fabiola display ‘The growing engagement with our programmes – whether new commissioned portraits or exhibitions, national and digital developments, or research and learning – gives me great confidence in the Gallery’s future development.’ Professor Sir David Cannadine, Chairman, Trustees of the National Portrait Gallery 3 Introduction Board of Trustees 1 April 2009 to 31 March 2010 from the Director Professor Sir David Cannadine, FBA, FRSL Chairman The Rt Hon. Baroness Whatever the continuing difficulties for the economy and Royall of Blaisdon (ex-officio) Lord President of the Council the country during the past year, the Gallery attracted a (until June 2009) growing audience, with record numbers to the BP Portrait Zeinab Badawi Award and over 250,000 visitors seeing the Taylor Wessing Professor Dame Carol Black Photographic Prize . All the year’s exhibitions – from Gay Icons (from March 2010) to Beatles to Bowie , The Indian Portrait , The Singh Twins Sir Nicholas Blake and Steve McQueen’s Queen and Country – successfully Dr Rosalind Blakesley demonstrated the connections between portraits and (from March 2010) individuals with fascinating and inspiring stories. Dr Augustus Casely-Hayford The Marchioness of Douro The launch of the National Portrait Gallery/BT Road to 2012 Dame Amelia Chilcott Fawcett, DBE was indicative of the Gallery’s determination to create new Deputy Chairman and Chair of the work and widen engagement with communities as part of Development Board the Cultural Olympiad.
    [Show full text]
  • {PDF} Art Forgery. Where Authenticity Ends and Fraud Begins
    ART FORGERY. WHERE AUTHENTICITY ENDS AND FRAUD BEGINS PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Anna-Theresa Lienhardt | 24 pages | 04 Jun 2014 | GRIN Publishing | 9783656660224 | English | none Art Forgery. Where authenticity ends and fraud begins PDF Book James still doesn't know it's me. Nevertheless, the paper defines art forgery as an illegal imitation of another artist's artwork and its selling with the name of the original artist. Over the ensuing four years, a number of scammed collectors including Lagrange settled privately. Watch these snowboarders make NYC streets their slopes. Share Selection. My paintings were natural progressions. Orion was run, and staffed almost solely by, James Martin, who has loaned his forensic skills to the FBI for many art forgery investigations. And all the time, the art world is embarrassed, annoyed and furious as the forgery had made a fool of it. Life has plenty of opportunities. Mapped for calcium, the painting showed yellow-green splashes where conservators had made repairs with a calcium carbonate filler. While there are no Rothkos or Pollocks to be found on the FreedmanArt Web site, the gallery has exhibited the work of former Knoedler stalwart Frank Stella. The person who actually creates the fraudulent piece, the person who discovers a piece and attempts to pass it off as something it is not, in order to increase the piece's value, and the third who discovers that a work is a fake, but sells it as an original anyway. The evidentiary burden, as in all criminal prosecutions, is high; proof "beyond a reasonable doubt" is required.
    [Show full text]
  • Two Artists: Vermeer's Forger
    Two Artists: LEVELED BOOK • R Vermeer’s Forger Two Artists: A Reading A–Z Level R Leveled Book Word Count: 1,147 Vermeer’s Forger Written by Dina Anastasio www.readinga-z.com Visit www.readinga-z.com for thousands of books and materials. Photo Credits: Front cover: © Andy Shaw/Bloomberg News/Landov; back cover: © Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden/The Bridgeman Art Library; title page, pages 6 (top), 12 (bottom), 18: © Francis G. Mayer/Corbis; page 4: © Mauritshuis, The Hague, The Netherlands/Giraudon/The Bridgeman Art Library International; page 5 (all): Two Artists: © Mary Evans Picture Library; pages 6 (bottom), 17 (bottom): © The Bridgeman Art Library International; page 7: scan of The Century, Vol 50, Issue 6 (Oct. 1895)/courtesy of Cornell University Library, Making of America Digital Collection; page 8: © SuperStock; pages 9, 19: © The Bridgeman Art Library; page 10: © REUTERS/Jasper Juinen; page 11: photo by M.M. Couvée, courtesy of The Netherlands Institute of Art History (RKD); page 12 (top): © National Gallery Vermeer’s Forger Collection; by kind permission of the Trustees of the National Gallery, London/ Corbis; page 13: © ullstein bild/The Granger Collection, New York; page 14: © Bettmann/Corbis; pages 15, 17 (top): © The Granger Collection, New York; page 16: © Michael Boys/Corbis Two Artists: Vermeer’s Forger Level R Leveled Book Correlation Written by Dina Anastasio © Learning A–Z LEVEL R Written by Dina Anastasio Fountas & Pinnell N All rights reserved. Reading Recovery 30 www.readinga-z.com www.readinga-z.com DRA 30 Table of Contents Great Masters ...................................................... 4 Van Meegeren’s First Paintings .......................
    [Show full text]
  • Authentication, Attribution and the Art Market: Understanding Issues of Art Attribution in Contemporary Indonesia
    Authentication, Attribution and the Art Market: Understanding Issues of Art Attribution in Contemporary Indonesia Eliza O’Donnell, University of Melbourne, Australia Nicole Tse, University of Melbourne, Australia The Asian Conference on Arts & Humanities 2018 Official Conference Proceedings Abstract The widespread circulation of paintings lacking a secure provenance within the Indonesian art market is an increasingly prevalent issue that questions trust, damages reputations and collective cultural narratives. In the long-term, this may impact on the credibility of artists, their work and the international art market. Under the current Indonesian copyright laws, replicating a painting is not considered a crime of art forgery, rather a crime of autograph forgery, a loophole that has allowed the practice of forgery to grow. Despite widespread claims of problematic paintings appearing in cultural collections over recent years, there has been little scholarly research to map the scope of counterfeit painting circulation within the market. Building on this research gap and the themes of the conference, this paper will provide a current understanding of art fraud in Indonesia based on research undertaken on the Authentication, Attribution and the Art Market in Indonesia: Understanding issues of art attribution in contemporary Indonesia. This research is interdisciplinary in its scope and is grounded in the art historical, socio-political and socio-economic context of cultural and artistic production in Indonesia, from the early twentieth century to the contemporary art world of today. By locating the study within a regionally relevant framework, this paper aims to provide a current understanding of issues of authenticity in Indonesia and is a targeted response to the need for a materials- evidence based framework for the research, identification and documentation of questionable paintings, their production and circulation in the region.
    [Show full text]
  • Zerohack Zer0pwn Youranonnews Yevgeniy Anikin Yes Men
    Zerohack Zer0Pwn YourAnonNews Yevgeniy Anikin Yes Men YamaTough Xtreme x-Leader xenu xen0nymous www.oem.com.mx www.nytimes.com/pages/world/asia/index.html www.informador.com.mx www.futuregov.asia www.cronica.com.mx www.asiapacificsecuritymagazine.com Worm Wolfy Withdrawal* WillyFoReal Wikileaks IRC 88.80.16.13/9999 IRC Channel WikiLeaks WiiSpellWhy whitekidney Wells Fargo weed WallRoad w0rmware Vulnerability Vladislav Khorokhorin Visa Inc. Virus Virgin Islands "Viewpointe Archive Services, LLC" Versability Verizon Venezuela Vegas Vatican City USB US Trust US Bankcorp Uruguay Uran0n unusedcrayon United Kingdom UnicormCr3w unfittoprint unelected.org UndisclosedAnon Ukraine UGNazi ua_musti_1905 U.S. Bankcorp TYLER Turkey trosec113 Trojan Horse Trojan Trivette TriCk Tribalzer0 Transnistria transaction Traitor traffic court Tradecraft Trade Secrets "Total System Services, Inc." Topiary Top Secret Tom Stracener TibitXimer Thumb Drive Thomson Reuters TheWikiBoat thepeoplescause the_infecti0n The Unknowns The UnderTaker The Syrian electronic army The Jokerhack Thailand ThaCosmo th3j35t3r testeux1 TEST Telecomix TehWongZ Teddy Bigglesworth TeaMp0isoN TeamHav0k Team Ghost Shell Team Digi7al tdl4 taxes TARP tango down Tampa Tammy Shapiro Taiwan Tabu T0x1c t0wN T.A.R.P. Syrian Electronic Army syndiv Symantec Corporation Switzerland Swingers Club SWIFT Sweden Swan SwaggSec Swagg Security "SunGard Data Systems, Inc." Stuxnet Stringer Streamroller Stole* Sterlok SteelAnne st0rm SQLi Spyware Spying Spydevilz Spy Camera Sposed Spook Spoofing Splendide
    [Show full text]
  • Artists Post 1990 in Turkey
    WHY HAVE THERE BEEN NO MEN ARTISTS? ANALYZING AWARENESS OF MASCULINITIES THROUGH THE ARTWORKS OF "MEN" ARTISTS POST 1990 IN TURKEY by ÇAĞLAR ÇETİN Submitted to the Graduate School of Arts and Social Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Art Sabancı University Spring 2013 © Çağlar Çetin 2013 All Rights Reserved iii << For Gezi Park protestors >> iv ABSTRACT WHY HAVE THERE BEEN NO MEN ARTISTS? ANALYZING AWARENESS OF MASCULINITIES THROUGH THE ARTWORKS OF "MEN" ARTISTS POST 1990 IN TURKEY Çağlar Çetin Visual Arts and Visual Communication Design, M.A. Thesis, 2013 Thesis Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Lanfranco Aceti Keywords: Gender, Masculinities, Feminism, Contemporary Art, Turkey. In parallel with feminist, LGBT and queer discussions, this research examines critical awareness of masculinities in the works of men artists in Turkish contemporary art after 1990. The research discusses criteria for critical masculinities that men artists can develop against the gender order, as well as the necessity and possibility of such an opposition. The main criteria of choosing the works of men artists, which present or do not present critical awareness of masculinities, are that these works have to have been produced and exhibited after 1990, and they discuss gender regimes through masculinities. Artworks are questioned if and how the gender order and artists' own masculinities are problematized and/or cooperation of the artists with masculine domination through their artistic visualization and conceptualization. Criticisms about the works and the statements of the artists are also referred in the examination. The thesis concerns embracing criticaly that 'men identities' are only temporarily necessary for 'men artists,' who are usually referred to as only 'artists,' unlike 'women artists.' It suggests that men should start seeking subversive strategies to transform the gender order by making their beneficiary gender visible and their agencies questionable.
    [Show full text]
  • Authenticity in the Performing Arts: a Foolish Quest? Maud Derbaix, University of Namur, Belgium Alain Decrop, University of Namur, Belgium
    ASSOCIATION FOR CONSUMER RESEARCH Labovitz School of Business & Economics, University of Minnesota Duluth, 11 E. Superior Street, Suite 210, Duluth, MN 55802 Authenticity in the Performing Arts: a Foolish Quest? Maud Derbaix, University of Namur, Belgium Alain Decrop, University of Namur, Belgium This research is about authenticity in the performing arts. Departing from the hyperreal condition of postmodernism, we attempt to argue that some performing arts’ spectators look for and experience a kind of authenticity when attending such shows. Looking at the different dimensions of authenticity, a series of propositions is made about its applications to the performing arts. We namely rely on a “constructivist” perspective supporting that the distinction between the authentic and the inauthentic can be socially or personally constructed. We argue that authenticity in performing arts remains in the communion of honest and true artists with a passionate audience. [to cite]: Maud Derbaix and Alain Decrop (2007) ,"Authenticity in the Performing Arts: a Foolish Quest?", in NA - Advances in Consumer Research Volume 34, eds. Gavan Fitzsimons and Vicki Morwitz, Duluth, MN : Association for Consumer Research, Pages: 75-80. [url]: http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/12741/volumes/v34/NA-34 [copyright notice]: This work is copyrighted by The Association for Consumer Research. For permission to copy or use this work in whole or in part, please contact the Copyright Clearance Center at http://www.copyright.com/. Authenticity in the Performing Arts: A Foolish Quest? Maud Derbaix, University of Namur, Belgium Alain Decrop, University of Namur, Belgium Although philosophers (Benjamin [1936] 1973), anthropolo- tourism, products such as souvenirs or works of art are usually gists and sociologists (MacCannell 1973) have examined the con- described as authentic or inauthentic depending on whether they are cept of authenticity decades ago, it has been neglected by consumer made or performed by locals according to local traditions (Reisinger researchers for a long time.
    [Show full text]
  • Art Forgery and Fakes
    Art Forgery and Fakes What percentage of the art in museums would you guess are fakes? According to some estimates, it could be 20%. Particularly with old masters, it is often difficult to distinguish the authentic from the fake without extensive forensic analysis and the keen eyes of experts. Despite modern technology, the market remains riddled with forged masterpieces. Sometimes, a painting that has been attributed to a famous painter turns out to be the work of his/her apprentice. In 2009, the Prado Museum in Madrid announced that Colossus, long attributed to Francisco Goya, was probably painted by his apprentice. Colossus Frequently, paintings originally thought to be the work of a highly regarded artist are actually the work of expert forgers who are trying to dupe museums and collectors. Franco Modigliani, who died impoverished at the age of 35, is one of the most frequently forged artists in history. Partly because of his easily replicable style and partly because his paintings can garner extremely high prices, forging his works has been a temptation worldwide. His 1917 Nu Couché sold at Sotheby’s in 2018 for $157.2 million, at the time the fourth highest price paid for a piece of art at auction. In 2017, Genoa’s Ducal Palace hosted an exhibit of 21 of what were believed to be Modigliani paintings. Of the 21, 20 were determined to be fakes. The exhibit was shut down and the paintings turned over to police for investigation. Today, the investigation is ongoing. The police have said that they have identified suspects: an artist who may have forged them, two collectors, including an American who procured most of the works, the head of the organization who organized the exhibit and the curator.
    [Show full text]
  • Dutch Art, 17Th Century
    Dutch Art, 17th century The Dutch Golden Age was a period in the history of the Netherlands, roughly spanning the 17th century, in which Dutch trade, science, military, and art were among the most acclaimed in the world. The first section is characterized by the Thirty Years' War, which ended in 1648. The Golden Age continued in peacetime during the Dutch Republic until the end of the century. The transition by the Netherlands to the foremost maritime and economic power in the world has been called the "Dutch Miracle" by historian K. W. Swart. Adriaen van Ostade (1610 – 1685) was a Dutch Golden Age painter of genre works. He and his brother were pupils of Frans Hals and like him, spent most of their lives in Haarlem. A01 The Painter in his Workshop 1633 A02 Resting Travelers 1671 David Teniers the Younger (1610 – 1690) was a Flemish painter, printmaker, draughtsman, miniaturist painter, staffage painter, copyist and art curator. He was an extremely versatile artist known for his prolific output. He was an innovator in a wide range of genres such as history, genre, landscape, portrait and still life. He is now best remembered as the leading Flemish genre painter of his day. Teniers is particularly known for developing the peasant genre, the tavern scene, pictures of collections and scenes with alchemists and physicians. A03 Peasant Wedding 1650 A04 Archduke Leopold Wilhelm in his gallery in Brussels Gerrit Dou (1613 – 1675), also known as Gerard and Douw or Dow, was a Dutch Golden Age painter, whose small, highly polished paintings are typical of the Leiden fijnschilders.
    [Show full text]
  • Elmyrdehory, Artist and Faker
    Elmyr de Hory, Artist and Faker Hillstrom Museum of Art Elmyr de Hory, creating a drawing with figures in the style of Modigliani, Picasso, and Matisse, photographed by Pierre Boulat for a February 6, 1970 Life Magazine article, at de Hory’s villa La Falaise, Ibiza Elmyr de Hory, Artist and Faker February 15 through April 18, 2010 Opening Reception February 15, 7 to 9 p.m. Public Lectures Jonathan Lopez, Sunday, February 28, 2010, 3:30 p.m. Mark Forgy, Sunday, March 21, 2010, 3:30 p.m. Lectures are free and open to the public, and will be presented in Wallenberg Auditorium, Nobel Hall of Science on the Gustavus Adolphus College campus. Elmyr de Hory, Artist and Faker is supported by a generous grant from the Carl and Verna Schmidt Foundation. The majority of the photographs of works lent by Mark Forgy are by Robert Fogt Photography. On the cover: Portrait of a Woman, in the style of Amedeo Modigliani, c.1975, oil on canvas, 21 x 14 ½ inches, Collection of Mark Forgy Hillstrom Museum of Art gustavus.edu/finearts/hillstrom DIRECTOR’S NOTES he exploits of numerous infamous art forgers have been widely recounted, and one of the most fascinating and notorious cases has to do with Hungarian-born Elmyr de Hory (1906-1976). After an early life of privilege that included art studies in Budapest, Munich and Paris, de Hory’s situation was turned upside down by World War II, during which he was imprisoned thrice, his family’s estate was Ttaken, and his father died in Auschwitz.
    [Show full text]
  • Forgers and Fiction: How Forgery Developed the Novel, 1846-79
    Forgers and Fiction: How Forgery Developed the Novel, 1846-79 Paul Ellis University College London Doctor of Philosophy UMI Number: U602586 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U602586 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 2 Abstract This thesis argues that real-life forgery cases significantly shaped the form of Victorian fiction. Forgeries of bills of exchange, wills, parish registers or other documents were depicted in at least one hundred novels between 1846 and 1879. Many of these portrayals were inspired by celebrated real-life forgery cases. Forgeries are fictions, and Victorian fiction’s representations of forgery were often self- reflexive. Chapter one establishes the historical, legal and literary contexts for forgery in the Victorian period. Chapter two demonstrates how real-life forgers prompted Victorian fiction to explore its ambivalences about various conceptions of realist representation. Chapter three shows how real-life forgers enabled Victorian fiction to develop the genre of sensationalism. Chapter four investigates how real-life forgers influenced fiction’s questioning of its epistemological status in Victorian culture.
    [Show full text]