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Index

21 February 1952, 113; see also Ekushe All-India Muslim League, see Muslim League 24-Parganas, 76 alluvial soil, 13 Abdul Bari, 98 aloe wood, 41, 54 Abedin, Zainul., see Zainul Abedin a¯lpana¯, 258 Abeng, 18 Al-Shams, 167 Aceh, 42 a¯man, 15, 234 active delta, 9, 37, 241, see also delta America, 15, 148, 227, 237, 263 Adamjee Jute Mill, 140 amnesty, 172 adoption, 70 Amnesty International, 214 Afghan, 33, 50, 89 animal husbandry, 13 Africa, 41, 43, 46, 273, 274 anti-colonial struggle, 49 Afsar Bahini, 166 Arab, 27, 39, 83 Agartala, 122 Arabia, 30, 41, 78, 254 Agartala conspiracy case, 122, 275 Arabic, 33, 113, 157 Agra, 83 Arakan, 22, 25, 33, 41, 43, 53, 54, 69, 227, 245 agrarian crisis, 25 Arakanese, 18, 32, 33, 50, 52, 53 agrarian involution, 25, 234 archaeology, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 20, 23, 26, 61 agrarian system, 25 Argentina, 126, 278 agricultural implements, 13 armed forces, see army Agricultural University of Mymensingh, 157 Armenian, 41, 45 agriculture, 7, 13, 15, 18, 20, 24, 25, 27, 30–2, 37, army, 28, 50, 54, 64, 74, 77, 91, 94, 107, 108, 45, 54, 57, 59, 60, 63, 67, 68, 71, 72, 74, 77, 110, 114, 117–22, 125, 129, 130, 135, 140, 144, 79, 116, 133, 135, 136, 138, 139, 140, 143–5, 145, 147, 161–3, 166, 167, 169, 170, 172, 173, 147, 174, 177, 193, 211, 225, 233, 236, 241, 178, 180, 182, 184, 193–7, 199, 202, 207, 212– 242, 246, 247, 254, 268 14, 221, 247, 250, 253, 273, 274–6, 278–80 Ahmadi, 209, 280 arsenic, 241 Ahmadiyya, see Ahmadi art, 15, 60, 61, 142, 154, 188 Ahmed (cartoonist), 138 artisan, 15, 83 Ahmed, Abbasuddin, 156 artist, 15, 76, 170 Aid-to-Pakistan consortium, 147 Arunachal Pradesh, 150 Ain-O-Shalish Kendro, 257 ashraf, 83 air traffic, 136 Asia, 5, 15, 21, 23, 26, 28, 31, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 54, ajlaf, 83 56, 71, 141 Alam, Shah, 209 Asian Development Bank, 224 Alaol, 52, 53, 54 Assam, 25, 33, 41, 44, 69, 72, 79, 96, 132, 136, 205, Al-Badr, 167, 170 225, 227, 272, 278 Alexandria, 20 a¯sura, 17 Ali, Intaz, 102 a¯tra¯p, 83 Aligarh, 274 Aurangabad, 207 Allah, 29, 34 a¯us´, 15, 234 All-India Communist Party, 91 Australia, 72, 227

334

Index 335

Austro-Asiatic languages, 17, 18 Begom, 153 Awami League, 117, 121–6, 129, 158, 162, 164, 175, Begum Rokeya, see Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain 177–82, 199–202, 206, 209, 213, 216, 218, Behula, 34 262, 274–6, 280, see also Awami Muslim Belgium, 147 League Benares, 126 Awami Muslim League, 113, 116, 206, Bengal, 11, 12, 15, 16, 19, 21, 24, 25, 27–33, 40, 41, 272, 275 43–6, 49–52, 54, 56, 57, 60, 65–7, 77, 79, Ayodhya, 208 80, 82, 89, 93, 95, 96, 107, 126, 131 Ayub, see Khan, Ayub Bengal Basin, 30 Ayub Khan, see Khan Ayub Bengal Fan, 4 Azad, Humayun, 209 Bengal terrorism, 80 Azam, Golam, 218, 275 Bengal terrorists, 208 Bengali (ethnic group), 17, 32, 38, 86, 111, 119, Babri Mosque, 208 183, 186, 194, 202 Badshah, 36 Bengali calendar, 57, 76, 154, 258 Bagbari, 278 Bengali culture, 31, 83, 152, 158, 184, 186 Bagerhat, 237 Bengali identity, 31, 32, 37, 38, 57, 86, 111, 152, Bagge Tribunal, 102 153, 158, 183, 184, 201, 202, 205, 211, 254 Bakhtiyar, see Muhammad Bakhtiyar Bengali language, 16, 17, 32, 40, 54, 84, 106, 110, BAKSAL, 181, 200 111, 116, 121, 152, 154, 157, 165, 186, 188–9, Baluchistan, 89, 274 259, 273 bamboo, 11, 89, 90, 91, 108, 133, 141, 188, 247 Bengali modernism, 154 Bande Ma¯taram, 81 Bengali New Year, 154, 188, 209, 257 ban˙gabandhu, see Bongobondhu Bengali script, 111, 112, 231 Bangla, see Bengali language Bengalian Rainforest, 11, 25, 245 Bangla Academy, 154, 186, 188, 257 betel leaf, 41 Bangla rock, 259 betel nut, 15, 41, 54, 60 Bangladesh Bank, 225 bhadralok, see bhodrolok Bangladesh Hindu Buddhist Christian Unity Bhagalpur, 84 Council, 209, 257 Bhagirathi, 100, 241 Bangladesh Indigenous Peoples Forum, Bhasha Andolon, see Language Movement 215, 257 Bhashan Chor, 205 Bangladesh Liberation War, 76, 126, 130, 151, Bhashani, Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan, 113, 173, 189, 196, 202, 215, 217, 218, 265, 274, 117, 179, 205, 206, 272 275, 277, 278 bha¯t, 14 Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), 199–201, Bhati, 50, 100 207, 278, 280 Bhattacharjee, Shishir, 262 Bangladesh Police Academy, 43 Bhedarganj, 279 18 Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee, bhit_a¯, see BRAC bhodrolok, 65, 78, 81, 85, 93, 152, 251, 253, 276 Bangladesh Shilpokola Academy, 155, 257 bhodromohila, 91 Bangladeshiness, 202, 204, 205, 207, 211, 278 Bhola, 76 bangle, 41 Bholahat, 174 banteng, 11 Bhutan, 54 Barind, 9, 61 Bhutto, Benazir, 274 Barisal, 46, 54, 59, 100, 156, 166, 180, 279 Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali, 124, 125, 129, 274–6, 278 Baro Bhuiya, 50 Bichitra, 187 basic democracies, 119, 146, 158, 273 Bihar, 13, 28, 56, 74, 77, 84, 94, 131, 132, 173 Basu, Khudiram, 80 Biharis, 173, see also stranded Pakistanis Battutah, Ibn, see Ibn Battutah bil, 9, 18 Baul, 37, 202, 259 Bin Laden, Osama, 209, 210 Bawm, 32 biodiversity, 11, 235, 243–6 Bay of Bengal, 4, 5, 25, 41, 74, 155, 184, 244, 246, birangona, 173 see also Indian Ocean Bissho Ijtema, 254, 255 Bayati, Abdul Gani, 156 Blue Mutiny, 78

336 Index

BNP, see Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) Catchment area, 4 boat, 39, 40, 74, 174, 244 cattle, 13, 57, 133, 233, 244 boat denial scheme, 75 ca¯ul, 14 Bodor Pir, 35 Central Asia, 30, 39, 42, 83 Bogra, 16, 54, 265, 278 Chaklapunji, 13 Bombay, 107, 272, see also Mumbai Chakma, 32, 33, 38, 125–277 Bonbibi, 34, 35, 268 Chakma language, 32, 33 Bongobondhu, 122 Chakma, Kolpona, 213, 214 Book Fair, 188 chandabaji, 253 border, 32, 68, 92, 95, 96, 98–100, 103, 163, 167, Chando, 39 168, 184, 206, 227, 229 Chandraghona, 141 border fence, 184 Chandraketugarh, 16–18, 39, 40 border incident, 100, 102 Chapai Nawabganj, 276 borderland, 97, 103, 140 charismatic leader, 177, 181, 274 boro, 15, 234 Charyapada, 40 Boro Porong, 150 Cherrapunji, 5 Boshundhara City, 240 Chhayanot, 154, 209 Bostami, Bayazid, 244, 245 chiefdom, 25, 50 Boundary Commissions, 95, 99 Children’s Academy, 257 BRAC, 222, 257 chilli, 15, 133, 263 brackish water, 5, 236 China, 11, 20, 28, 39, 41, 123, 147, 169, 179, Brahman, 22 206, 273 Brahmanbaria, 163, 209 Chinese, 21, 26, 41, 65 Brahmaputra, 3, 9, 12, 15, 39, 72, 205, 225, 243, Chittagong, 7, 9, 13, 22, 26, 27, 31–3, 41, 43, see also Jamuna; Tsangpo 46, 50, 52–4, 67, 74, 76, 77, 80, 157, 163, Brahmi, 17, 40 173, 195, 222, 225, 232, 244, 245, 259, Brahmi script, 17, 112 278–80 Brazil, 72, 73 Chittagong Armoury Raid of, 1930, 80 brick, 15, 113 Chittagong Hill Tracts, 9, 26, 31, 33, 43, 50, 99, British, 25, 26, 28, 56–8, 78–80, 83, 85, 94, 139, 100, 126, 141, 148–50, 167, 186, 211–14, 245, 194; see also English; United Kingdom 247, 248, 277, 279, 281 Buddhism, 26, 28, 31, 32, 38, 39, 54, 62, 82, 133, Chittagong Hill Tracts Regulation of, 1900, 211 186, 209, 257 Chittagong Hill Tracts War (1975–97), 211 buffalo, 11, 13, 54, 249 Chittagonian language, 33 Bulbul Academy for Fine Arts, 154 Chondi, 27 Burdwan House, 188 chor, 102 bureaucracy, 49, 52, 54, 58, 65, 80, 81, 98, 107, Chor Madhobpur, 102 108, 110, 112, 117–19, 123, 125, 126, 135, 142, Chor Mozlishpur, 69 144, 170, 175–8, 194, 195, 213, 253 Chowdhury, Abdul Gaffar, 112 Buriganga, 108 Christian, 54, 133, 186, 209 burka, 254–6, 263 Christianity, 32, 38, 46 Burma, 9, 13, 25, 33, 41, 44, 74, 117, 150, 225, Chryse, 40, 41 246, 273 church, 185 ‘Butcher of Bengal’, 162, 273 cinema, 209, 260 Buxar, 56 citizenship, 58, 97, 98, 100, 102, 103, 107, 109, 110, 116, 118, 138, 143, 150, 161, 162, 173, 185, Cabinet Mission of, 1946, 94 197, 211, 218, 230, 231, 275 Calcutta, see Kolkata civil disobedience, 78, 126, 162 Canada, 147 civil service, see bureaucracy 11 26 69 72 can_ d_ ¯ı, see Chondi climate, , , , Caribbean, 225 climate change, 243 cash cropping, see crop coal, 244 cash transactions, 45 coast, 6, 7, 20, 27, 40, 45, 52, 68, 75, 243, 246, cassia, 40, 41, 266 247, 263 caste-ism, 65 coconut, 15, 265

Index 337

coin, 15, 16, 39, 44, 62 declaration of independence, 163, 164 Cold War, 145, 161, 169, 220 deer, 11, 249 collaborators, 80, 172, 173, 277, 278 deforestation, 247, 248 Collaborators Tribunal, 172 Dehra Dun, 274 College of Arts and Crafts, 154 deity, 17, 26, 27, 31, 35, 36, 62 colonial period, 26, 58, 60, 62, 64, 67, 73, 76, 77, Delhi, 49, 52, 54, 56, 85, 229, 280 93, 116, 135, 211, 233, 247 delta, 3, 6, 11, 27, 30–2, 40, 52, 54, 62, 65, 69, 74, colonial state, 25, 49, 59, 60, 65, 77, 117, 247 100, 124, 140, 157, 165, 170, 172, 174, 223, colonial system, 49, 58, 64, 119, 131 225, 235, 236, 239, 241, 243–5, 247, 254, 263, Comilla, 13, 76, 85, 94, 145–8, 157, 162, 265 267, 268 Comilla model, 146, 147 democracy, 119, 176, 181, 182, 183, 198, 207, 215, communal riots, 85, 91, 94, 102, 131, 132 251, see also parliamentary democracy communalism, 83, 85, 86, 89, 93, 94, 100, 114, depopulation, 58 117, 131, 132, 208 deportation, 229 communications, 59, 136, see also development, 59, 80, 120, 131, 135, 136, 141, 144, telecommunications 145–7, 149, 150, 158, 177, 178, 194, 195, 219, communism, 78, 79, 86, 89, 91, 115, 179, 220–3, 250, 257 220, 276 development budget, 9 community religion, 26, 31, 82 developmental state, 135 Concert for Bangladesh, 168 Dewan, Rani Arati, 126 conch shell, 41, 162 Dhaka, 30, 32, 40, 42, 43, 46, 50, 54, 56, 64–7, Congress Party, 88, 93, 94, 211, see Indian 73, 74, 77, 81, 83, 100, 108, 111, 113, 114, 119, National Congress 125, 129, 130, 138, 141, 145, 152, 153, 155, 157, Constituent Assembly, 110, 116, 117 161–3, 170, 180, 182, 187, 188, 199, 209, 213, constitution, 88, 94, 115–17, 119, 125, 176, 181, 193, 217, 219, 221, 227, 232, 234, 239, 240, 244, 203, 207, 211, 215, 273, 279 254, 255, 257, 275, 277, 279 conversion, 30 Dhaka Medical College, 92 Cooch Behar, 229 Dhaka University, 113, 272, 275, 277, see also cooperative societies, 144, 146 University of Dhaka copper, 44 dha¯n, 14 coral reefs, 246 Dhanmondi, 142 corruption, 118, 144, 177, 197, 199, 253, 257, Dhanpara, 272 277, 280 diacritical marks, 112 cotton, 41, 42, 54, 60, 141 dialect, 17, 33, 155 coup d’e´tat, 117–19, 144, 146, 182, 193, 194–6, Diclofenac, 245 200, 212, 273, 275, 277–9 dictator, 117, 119, 161, 195, 273, 274, 276–8 cowries, 40, 41 diet, 54, 263 credit, 63, 147, 222, see also microcredit Dinajpur, 32, 62, 69, 90, 100, 167, 244, 280 cricket, 262 diwan, 52, 56 11 34 249 18 crocodile, , , d_ oba¯, crop, 7, 15, 17, 25, 26, 60, 63, 65, 68, 69, dolphin, see Ganges River dolphin 73–5, 140, 233, 235, 236, 263, see also domestic work, 84, 237, 238 agriculture domestication of animals, 13 cropping pattern, 15 Dravidian languages, 17, 18 Cuba, 180 drought, 57 cuisine, 40, 245, 263 Dubai, 231 cultivar, 14 Dudu Miah, 78 currency, 40, 98, 122, 179 Dutch, 43, 45, 46 Curzon Hall, 81, 82 Dutt, Michael Madhusudan, 47 cyclone, 5, 7, 9, 76, 124, 155, 243, 246 Dylan, Bob, 168

D’Oyly, Charles, 66 early warning system, 7 Dacca, see Dhaka earthquake, 9 dacoit, 34 East Bengal, 93, 96, 136, 169, 279 18 163 d_ a¯n˙ga¯, East Bengal Regiment,

338 Index

East Bengal State Acquisition and Tenancy Act Faridpur, 53, 76 of, 1950, 139 fashion, 254, 260 East India Company, 65 fatwa, 208 East Pakistan, 91, 96, 100, 101, 102, 107, 109, 120, Federation of Bangladeshi Associations of North 122, 130, 131, 133, 136, 143, 145, 147, 155, 161, America, 228 167, 169, 186, 195, 272, 278 feminism, 84, 208, 257, 263 East Pakistan Arts Council, 155 Ferdous, Lt., 214 East Pakistan Rifles, 162 fertiliser, 67, 72, 144, 148, 233, 234, 241, Eastern Bengal and Assam, 79, 80 244, 253 Eaton, Richard M., 24, 27, 30, 31 film, 155, 156, 161, 217, 252 economic crisis (1930s), 63 Fine Arts Institute, 154 ecopark, 257 Firingi, 43, see Portuguese eco-park, 215 First War of Independence, 77 Eden College, 108 first writings in Bengali, 32 education, 34, 61, 64, 65, 80, 82–4, 98, 113, 116, fish, 7, 12, 15, 22, 54, 55, 72, 134, 245, 246, 136, 152, 155, 156, 157, 221, 227, 275, 280 248, 263 Egypt, 40 fishing, 13, 17, 27, 31, 75, 174, 236, 243, 245, Ekushe, 114, 188 246, 248 electoral politics, 83, 86, 87, 115, 116, 117, 123, 124, fishing cat, 249 125, 153, 158, 164, 179, 182, 195, 199, 200, flag, 90, 129, 167, 188, 204 201, 205, 206, 207, 213, 253, 274, 275, 276, flood, 6–9, 57, 116, 124, 180, 205, 223, 236, 243, 280, 281 245, 268, see also ﬂooding electricity, 149, 150, 155, 231, 239, 244 Flood Action Plan, 223 elephant, 11, 36, 37, 54 flooding, 6, 15, 223, 243, see also ﬂood embankment, 13, 24, 146 floodplain, 3, 6, 9, 23, 133, 267 empire, 16, 49, 54, 56, 66, 94, 117 folk traditions, 155, 188 enclaves, 96, 97, 98 foreign aid, 144, 145, 147, 148, 150, 179, 194, 219, enemy property, 133 220, 223, 224, 227, 230, 253 energy policy, 243, 244 forest, 6, 18, 19, 24, 25, 27, 28, 31, 32, 34, 67, 141, English, 33, 43, 45, 49, 56, 64, 65, 78, 84, 112, 152, 245, 247, 248, 250, 254 153, 157, 186, 259 Forest Department, 247 English East India Company, 49, 56 fossilwood, 13 environment, 4, 7, 9, 11, 14, 30, 72, 126, 223, 227, France, 147 232, 235, 241, 243–7, 250, 269, 277 Freedom Fighters, 160, 163–7, 169–71, 175, 177, environmental movement, 243–5, 250 182, 196, 208, 216, 217, 273, 277, 278, see also epidemic, 21, 58 Mukti Bahini; Kader Bahini; Afsar Bahini; Ershad, Hussain Muhammad, 196, 195, 199–201, Shiraj Shikdar group 207, 208, 213, 277, 280, 281 French, 43 Ethiopian, 33, 39 frogs, 235 eunuch, 41, 54 frontier, 7, 20, 24–7, 30–4, 36, 37, 39, 67, 71, 74, Europe, 42–4, 46, 50, 54, 56, 60, 65, 77, 141, 148, 144, 213, 225, 233, 247, 254, 267 227, 237, 245 fruits, 264 European colonialism, 50 European Parliament, 214 Gandhi, Indira, 175, 176 evacuation, 7 Gandhi, ‘Mahatma’ M.K., 94 expatriates, 187, 220, 221, 245, 259 Ganges, 3, 12, 19, 20, 21, 30, 39, 40, 56, 100, 102, 206, 241, 281, see also Padma Fakir-Sannyasi resistance, 77 Ganges River dolphin, 12 family names, 52 garments, see textiles family planning, 70, 147 Garo, 18, 32, 38 famine, 57, 74, 76, 88, 89, 96, 161, 166, 174, gas, 113, 148, 184, 224, 244 180–2, 237, 269 gaur, 11, 249 Famine of, 1943, 74, 76, 180 Gaur, 19, 20, 21, 22, 43, 50 Faraizi, 78 Gazi Pir, 34 Farakka, 206, 241, 272, 281 gender relations, 31, 34, 133, 208, 237, 255, 260

Index 339

General Officer Commanding (East Bengal), Hill Women’s Federation, 213 108 hilsa, 245 genocide, 164, 168, 173 Himalayas, 3, 9, 40, 41, 243, 245 gentry, see zamindar; bhodrolok Hindi language, 53, 54 Germany, 147 Hindu, 31, 35, 37, 38, 62, 65, 69, 80, 81, 82, 85, 86, Ghana, 73 87, 91, 110, 115, 131, 133, 161, 186, 209, 219, 40 261 265 gha¯t_, , gherao, 123, 179 Hinduism, 26, 27, 32, 34, 36, 37, 62, global warming, 243 227, 257 Goa, 41 Hindusthani, 33 goat, 13, 34, 133, 149 history-writing, 41, 49, 58, 65, 77, 99, 189, Goborgari, 69, 70 190, 269 gold, 21, 40, 41, 44, 54, 126, 156 Hiuen Tsiang, see Xuanzang Golden Bengal, 158, 172, 176, 180, 251, 257, hoe cultivation, 24 see also Shonar Bangla homestead, 9, 15 Gono Adalot, 217, 275 honey, 248, 268 Gopalganj, 275 Hong Kong, 74 government, 9, 49, 51, 52, 54, 58, 65, 76, 78, 94, Hooghly, 241 107, 112–14, 117, 119, 122, 136, 138, 144, 146, Hore, Somenath, 90 157, 172, 175, 177, 180, 181, 186, 193, 195, 199, horizontal expansion, see agriculture 207, 213, 215, 235, 275, 278, 280, 281 horses, 34, 41, 54 Government of India Act of, 1935, 94 hortal, 111, 113, 116, 179, 215, 253 government-in-exile, 164, 175 hospitals, 64 Governor-general, 65 Hossain, Mrs. R.S., see Rokeya Sakhawat Grameen Bank, 222, 257 Hossain Great Famine of 50, see Famine of 1943 human rights, 209, 214, 257 Great Famine of 1176, 57 Humayun, Emperor, 50 Great Port, see Chittagong Humayunpur, 272 Greece, 40, 42, 71 hundi, 230 green revolution, 235 hunting, 13, 27, 248 guerrilla, 77, 112, 164, 166, 168, 179, 182, 212, Husain Shahi, 50 217, 279 Hyderabad, 132 Gulf, 227, 253 Gulshan, 238 Ibn Battutah, 21, 28, 30, 39 Gupta, 21 Id, 36, 70 illiteracy, 119, 155, 156 Habiganj, 30 Imam, Jahanara, 217, 275, 277 Haji Shariatullah, 78 Independent Bangla Radio, 164 Hajj, 254 India, 3, 4, 20, 65, 66, 71, 94, 96, 107, 109, Hajong, 32 121, 132, 133, 136, 139, 143, 161, 164, 169, ha¯l, 18 172, 174, 180, 182, 184, 190, 211–13, 219, ha¯or, 9, 245 220, 241, 261, 281 Haq, Mahbub ul, 135 Indian Civil Service, 108 Harikela, 19 Indian National Army, 74 Haripur, 244 Indian National Congress, 83, 87, 272, see also Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami Bangladesh, 209 Congress Party Harrison, George, 168 Indian Ocean, 4, 28, 39, 41, 43, 45, 66, see also harta¯l, see hortal Bay of Bengal Hasina, see Wazed, Sheikh Hasina Indian subcontinent, 11, 28, 136, see also South hawala, 230 Asia health, 21, 64, 72, 92, 98, 174, 222, 223, 238, 241, India-Pakistan war, 170 243, 276 indigo, 15, 60, 63, 65, 78 herdsmen, 27 indirect rule, 26, 213 hills, 4–6, 9, 13, 25, 31, 43, 74, 100, 148, 149, Indo-European languages, 17, 19 see also Chittagong Hill Tracts Indonesia, 41

340 Index

industrialisation, 135 jan˙gal, 18 industry, 13, 15, 42, 43, 46, 65, 67, 73, 78, 80, Japan, 44, 71, 74, 88, 147, 224 107, 123, 135, 140, 141, 142, 148, 149, 155, Jatiyo Party, 199, 200, 277 177, 225, 235, 237, 238, 241, 243, 244, Jatiyo Shomajtantrik Dol, see JSD (Jatiyo 247, 249, 275, 278 Shomajtantrik Dol) infrastructure, 61, 145, 146, 157, 173, 177, Jatiyo Shongshod, see Parliament 221, 223 ja¯tra¯, 155 inheritance, 59, 61, 63, 139 Java, 39, 249 inherited charisma, 201 Jessore, 47, 52, 54, 90, 100, 163, 209 inscription, 16, 28, 40, 41 jhum, 211 internal colony, 119, 195 Jinnah, Muhammad Ali, 94, 111, 167, 186, International Development Agency, 224 211, 272 International Mother Language Day, 114 JSD (Jatiyo Shomajtantrik Dol), 179, 193, 278 International Women’s Day, 258 JSS (Jono Shonghoti Shomiti), 212, 213, 279 inter-wing trade, 136 judiciary, 58, 64, 80, 92, 102, 118, 197, 253 invasion, 74, 121, 132, 169, 170 Jumma, 211–14, 279 investments, 136, 140, 145, 219, 223, 233, 234 jute, 15, 54, 60, 62, 63, 65, 72, 73, 78, 80, 116, 136, Iran, 30, see also Persia 140, 141, 175, 178, 180, 188, 235, 238, 244 Iraq, 226, 274 Ireland, 57, 78, 80 Kabir, Shahriar, 209 iron-smelting, 15 ka˜ca¯, 18 Irrawaddy, 13 Kader Bahini, 166 irrigation, 9, 13, 24, 67, 110, 146, 147, 174, 234, Kahn, Louis, 114 243–5 Kakrail, 254 Islam, 27–31, 34, 36–8, 78, 83, 89, 100, 109, 111, Kali, 27, 81 157, 183, 203, 206, 207, 209, 253–5, 257, Kamal, Sufia, 165 260, 277 Kaptai, 126, 148–50, 247 Islam, Kazi Nazrul, 156, 202 Kaptai hydroelectric project, 126, 148, 150, 244, Islam, Muzharul, 154 277, 279 Islamabad, 111, 119 Kaptai Lake, 141, 149 Islamic State, 117 Karachi, 111, 195, 272, 278 Islamisation, 207, 262 Karnaphuli, 100, 141, 149 Islamism, 175, 198, 207, 209, 210, 211, 245, 257, Kashmir, 89, 121 260, 261, 275, 280 Kellamura, 150 island, 6, 7, 9, 25, 41, 68, 102, 126, 246 kerosene, 134, 244 Israel, 107 Khagrachhari, 214, 279 Italy, 80, 147 Khaleda Zia, see Zia, Begum Khaleda Ittefaq, 117, 163 Khan, Abdul Monem, 272 Khan, Akhter Hameed, 146 jackfruit, 15, 264 Khan, Ayub, 117, 119–21, 123, 145, 177, 195, 196, Jahan, Rounaq, 152 207, 273, 274, 276, 278 Jahangir, Emperor, 50 Khan, Liaquat Ali, 110 Jahangirnagar, see Dhaka Khan, Murshid Quli, see Murshid Quli Khan Jainism, 26, 62 Khan, Tikka, 162, 273 Jaintiapur, 13 Khan, Yahya, 123–5, 129, 161, 169, 195, 273, ja¯l, 18 274, 276 Jalal, Ayesha, 28, 29, 30, 135 Khasi, 18, 32 Jalal, Shah, see Shah Jalal khola¯, 18 Jalalpur, 53 Khudiram Basu, see Basu, Khudiram jalidha¯n, 15 Khulna, 54, 67, 99, 170, 236, 248 Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh, 207, 210, 217, 218, Khumi, 31 261, 275, 280 Khwaja Nazimuddin, see Nazimuddin, Khwaja Jamalpur, 244 Khyeng, 31 Jamuna, 3, 225, see also Brahmaputra Kibria, Shah, 209 Jamuna Bridge, 224 kinship, 134, 230, 268

Index 341

Kishorganj, 36, 272 literacy, 31, 83, 112, 157, 233 Koch, 18, 32 literature, 19, 27, 32, 34, 54, 83, 111, 154, 161, 165, Kolkata, 12, 64–6, 73, 74, 76, 80, 81, 85, 91, 94, 186, 209, 251 99, 107, 108, 115, 131, 133, 140, 152, 153, 166, living standard, 74, 135, 177, 235, 250 175, 195, 227, 241, 275, 276, 278 logging, 247, 250 Konya, 28 London, 58, 225, 272, 311 Koran, 36, 37 Lower Bengal, 100 Korea, 224, 226 Lucknow, 83 Krishok Shobha, 89, 91 lungi, 254 Ksatriya, 22 Lushai, 32 Kuala Lumpur, 226 Kurukh, 18 ma¯dra¯sa¯, 157, 260 Kushtia, 37, 100, 163, 180 Magan Thakur, 54 Kuwait, 226 Maharaja of Burdwan, 188 Mahasthan, 16, 17, 40 labour, 24, 25, 30, 42, 54, 60, 61, 64, 68–70, 73, Mahasthan Brahmi Inscription, 17 74, 98, 122, 123, 136, 139, 140, 142, 146, 148, Mahasthangarh, 17, 268, see also Mahasthan 157, 177, 223–7, 230, 233–8, 272 Mainamati, 16 lac, 54 malaria, 21 Lahore, 83 Malaysia, 226 Lahore Resolution, 88, 89, 122 Maldives, 39, 40 lake, 4, 9, 241, 245 Malo, 18, 32 Lakhnauti, 20, 27 manasa¯, see Monosha Lallyaghona, 214 man˙galka¯bya, 27 Lalmai, 13 mango, 15, 49, 164, 264 Lalmon, 34 mangrove, 6, 68, 247 Lalmonirhat, 229 Manikganj, 61 Lalon Shah/Lalon Fokir, 37 manufacture, 42, 45 land, 4, 7, 15, 18, 24, 26, 30, 31, 58, 59, 63, 64, 67, Mao Tse Tung Research Centre, 279 68, 70, 71, 110, 133, 135, 139, 140, 149, 175, Maoism, see Naxalites 212, 213, 233, 235, 236, 243, 257 maritime trade, 15, 27, 33, 39, 41, 43, 45 land ceiling, 139, 175 market, 42, 45, 57, 60, 75, 98, 235 land fragmentation, 139 Marma, 18, 32 land reform, 139, 175, 193 martial law, 118, 123, 196, 276 land rights, 26, 30, 58, 59, 64, 139, 213 martial races, 194 land use, 15 martial rule, 117 landlord, see zamindar Martyrs’ Memorial, 113, 114, 115, see also Shohid la¯n˙gal, 18 Minar Language Action Committee, 1947, 111 massacres, 212, 213 Language Day, 257, see also Ekushe mastan, see mostan Language Movement, 112–14, 116, 118, 152, 153, Mastarda Surya Sen, see Sen, ‘Mastarda’ Surya 162, 186, 188, 203, 206, 272, 275 Maududi, Maulana, 207 Larkana, 276 maulana, 205, 272 Larma, Jyotirindra Bodhipriya (Shantu), 279 Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani, Larma, Manabendra Narayan, 279 see Bhashani, Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan lascar, 225 Maurya, 16, 21 lathyrism, 265 May Day, 258 leopard, 11 Mecca, 78, 132 Lhasa, 3 media, 121, 187, 210, 227, 257, 260, 273 Liberation War Museum, 257 Medina, 132 Liberation War of 1971, see Bangladesh Medinipur, 76 Liberation War Mediterranean, 28, 41 Libya, 226 mega-cities, 232 life expectancy, 143, 232 Meghalaya, 5 linguistic history, 19 Meghna, 3, 30, 45

342 Index

Meherpur, 164 music, 37, 53, 54, 155, 156, 188, 259, 260, 268 menhir, 13 Muslim, 27, 28, 31, 35, 37, 38, 62, 78, 80–3, 85–9, Mexico, 44 93, 99, 100, 109–11, 132, 157, 169, 172, 183, microcredit, 222 202, 209, 254, 255, 261, 272 Middle East, 30, 275, see also West Asia Muslim League, 83, 87, 88, 92, 93, 94, 109, 112, migration, 13, 25, 31, 68–70, 74, 110, 112, 131–3, 113, 115–18, 131, 153, 177, 206, 211, 272, 275, 153, 180, 184, 194, 211, 212, 219, 224–7, 276, see also All-India Muslim League 229–31, 237–9, 253, 254, 261 Muslim renaissance movement, 110 minorities, 32, 161, 186, 211, 215, 257, 261 muslin, 40 mishti, 265, 266 Mussalman, see Muslim missionary, 46 Mutiny, see Revolt of 1857 Mitra, Ila, 91, 92, 276 Myanmar, see Burma Mitra, Ramendra, 91, 276 Mymensingh, 32, 36, 54, 69, 73, 76, 77, 85, 90, Mizoram, 33 100, 142, 166, 209, 273, 277, 278 mobile phone, 222, 223, 231 modernity, 149, 186, 253 Nachol rebellion, 91, 92, 276 Modhupur, 9, 215, 245 Nadia, 100 Modon Baul, 37 Nankar movement, 91 mofussil, 152, 251 Narayanganj, 36, 72, 140, 142, 157, 209 mofussilisation, 251 Narikel Jinjira, 246, see St. Martin’s Island Moluccas, 41 Narsingdi, 15 monastery, 26, 28 Nasrin, Taslima, 208 monga, 237 National Academy of Fine and Performing Arts, monkey, 249 155 Monosha, 27 national anthem, 176 monsoon, 5, 24, 58, 165, 169, 243 National Archives and National Library, 257 Morocco, 21, 28, 39 National Assembly, 119, 120, 123, 125, 126, 277 Moscow, 206 National Association of Women Lawyers, 258 mosque, 21, 31, 37, 69, 133, 185, 203, National Awami Party, 123, 179, 206 209, 254 national culture, 186–8, 251, 267 mostan, 252, 253 national emblem, 189 mostanocracy, 252, 253 national identity, 107, 113, 183 Motijheel, 142 national language, 32, 109, 111, 113, 116, 186 Moulvibazar, 215 National Liberation Front of East Bengal, 279 mouza, 52 National Museum, 257 moving frontier, 7, 25 nationalisation, 116, 123, 175, 178, 193, Mru, 18, 31, 33 275, 278 Mughal, 28, 30, 31, 49–52, 54, 56, 62, 64, 100, nationalism, 81, 93, 122, 161, 176, 183, 186, 211, 114, 126, 138, 139, 203, 241, 254, 268 213, 251, 275, 279 Muhajirs, 110, 111, 132, 153, 173, 194 nationalist movement, 80, 186 Muhammad Bakhtiyar, 27 Nator, 73, 209, 264, 266 Mujib, see Rahman, Sheikh Mujibur Nawab, 56, 153 Mujibism, 177 Naxalites, 175, see also communism Mujibnogor, 164 Nazimuddin, Khwaja, 113, 203 Mukti Bahini, 164, 166, 171, see also Freedom Nepal, 12, 39, 261 Fighters Netherlands, 147 Muktijuddho Jadughor, see Liberation War New Delhi, 85, 107, see also Delhi Museum New York, 168, 209, 225 mulberry, 60, see silk newspapers, 80, 117, 122, 161, 163, 168, 179, 180, multilingualism, 32, 33 186, 231, 260 Mumbai, 107, 272 NGO, see non-governmental organisation Munda, 18 (NGO) muntjac, 249 Nile, 40 Murshid Quli Khan, 56 nilgai, 11 Murshidabad, 56, 57, 99, 277 Nirmul Committee, 217, 218

Index 343

Nixon, Richard, 169 Pangkhua, 32 Noakhali, 7, 46, 69, 70, 91, 94, 131, 157, Panja, Sheena, 22 225 254 9 , pa¯_ra¯, Nobel Peace Prize, 223 pargana¯, 52 Nogor Baul, 259 parliament, 120, 179, 197, 199, 207, 211, 274, 280 Nolgram, 98 parliamentary democracy, 117–19, 123, 175, 176, non-governmental organisation (NGO), 221, 179, 195, 197, 199, 200, 274–6 224, 246, 253, 257 parrots, 17 non-Sanskritic, 20 Partition of 1905, 79, 85, 188, 201 Noori, 229 Partition of 1947, 76, 88, 91, 96, 97, 100, 101, 103, North Indian, 33, 39, 83, 110–12, 138 131, 133, 135, 136, 138–41, 161, 188–90, 207, North-east India, 9, 11, 74, 175, 184, 227 227, 241, 265, 269, 273 North-West Frontier Province, 273 Pashtun, 89 Nozir, 69 passports, 45, 98, 132 nuclear power, 244 patriarchy, 34, 255 Nudiya, 28 patronage, 31, 60, 66, 178, 215 181 18 Nyerere, Julius, pat_t_i, Patuakhali, 32, 46, 100 occupancy right, see land rights Peace Committees, 167 Odhikar, 257 peafowl, 11, 257 oil, 16, 40, 41, 134, 226, 244, 253, 263 pearl, 40, 41 Olabibi/Oladebi, 36 peasant utopia, 93, 116, 139 Oman, 226 peasants, 59, 61, 63, 64, 70, 75, 77, 78, 83, 86, Operation Closed Door, 140 90–3, 139, 206, 254, 272, 276 Operation Searchlight, 162, 273 people’s communes, 147 opium, 43, 60, 65 People’s Court, 277, see also Gono Adalot Oraon, 18, 32, 67 Peoples Jute Mill, 236 orchard, 15, 49 People’s Republic, 176, 251 Orissa, 13, 56 pepper, 44, 54 Osmany, M.A. G., 166, 274 per capita income, 136 oxbow lake, 6 Permanent Settlement, 58, 59, 139 Persia, 27, 39, 44, see also Iran Pabna, 78, 244 Persian, 33, 53, 54, 64, 83 Pabna Revolt, 78 Peshawar, 274 paddy, 14, 41, 76, 149, 189, see also rice pesticide, 234, 236, 241, 245 Padma, 3, 30, 43, see also Ganges pilgrim, 26, 39, 59, 78, 245 Padmavati, 54 pink-headed duck, 11 pagoda, 185 pı¯r, see spiritual guide Paharpur, 22 pirate, 43, 45, 53 Pakistan, 49, 89, 93, 94, 96, 100, 107, 110, 114, plantation, 60, 74, 247 116, 121, 125, 157, 169, 190, 207, 211, see also Plassey, see Polashi East Pakistan; West Pakistan plough, 18, 24, 27, 30, 59, 67, 100, 133, 233, 234 Pakistan Academy for Rural Development, 144, poet, 40, 47, 52, 53, 121, 132, 165, 209, 252, 273 145, see also Bangladesh Academy for Rural poetry, 37, 54, 202 Development Polashi, 49, 56, 66, 77 Pakistan Air Force, 163, 170 police, 52, 58, 64, 80, 89, 91, 98, 107, 113, 114, 122, Pakistan Educational Conference 1947, 109 162, 179, 182, 196, 214, 215, 229, 230, 253, Pakistan International Airlines, 137 276, 280 Pakistan Military Academy, 195, 278 political assassination, 80, 182, 193, 195–7, 200, Pakistan People’s Party, 125, 274, 276 201, 205, 275, 277, 278–80 Pakistan Resolution, 88 pollution, 13, 238, 239, 243, 245 Pala, 22 polypropylene, 140 Pali, 33 polythene bags, 243 palm-leaf manuscript, 62 ponds, 15, 72, 133, 234, 235, 241, 245 Panch Pir, 35 popular culture, 153, 252

344 Index

population, 7, 21, 25, 63, 65, 67, 70, 71, 74, 81, Ramna, 142, 209 96, 99, 100, 107, 131, 133, 135, 139–41, 143, Rangamati, 126, 210, 248, 277 144, 181, 186, 194, 220, 225, 232, 233, 241, Rangpur, 32, 54, 69, 73, 84, 90, 167, 196, 275, 243, 247, 250, 261 277, 278 population census, 71, 107, 156 rape, 52, 214 porcelain, 41 Rarh, 19 ports, 15, 20, 21, 27, 41, 43, 65, 80, 99, 107, 157, Rawalpindi, 111 173, 225, 241, 242 Razakar, 167 Portuguese, 21, 33, 43, 45, 46, 50, 52, 53 rebellion, 91 potato, 15 refugees, 74, 92, 126, 131–3, 150, 161, 163, 164, pottery, 13, 15, 75 166, 168, 169, 173, 175, 212, 213, 220, 227, pottonidari, see sub-infeudation 243, 277 poverty, 54, 70, 72, 140, 143, 145, 147, 151, 173, regional autonomy, 115, 116, 121, 123, 129, 143, 177, 220, 222, 227, 229, 233, 250 145, 158, 198, 207, 211, 276, 279 Prakrit, 16, 19, 32 regional council, 26, 213 preacher, 28, 30, 78, 209, 275 regional culture, 11, 37, 153, 268 pre-colonial economy, 45 regional disparity, 157 prehistoric humans, 11 regional regulation, 26 press, see newspapers regional specialisation, 60 priest, 26, 27 religion, 27, 28, 30, 62, 100, 158, 185, 254 Pritilata Waddadar, 81, see Waddadar, Pritilata religious identities, 26, 27, 91 protection racket, 253 religious nationalism, 107 Provincial Assembly, 87, 275, 279 religious teacher, 69 provincial civil service, 108 remittances, 224, 225, 229, 230 provincialism, 120, 122 rentiers, 59 public works programme, 146 revolt, 77, 78, 86, 88, 89, 91, 114, 123, 125, 175, Pudanagala, see Pundranagara 179, 194–6, 200, 279 pukur, see pond Revolt of 1857, 77 Pundra, 19 rhinoceros, 11, 34, 41, 44, 249 Pundranagara, 16 Riang/Brong, 32 Punjab, 87, 89, 95, 96, 101, 110, 119, 131, 194, rice, 13, 14, 16, 30, 31, 41, 54, 60, 76, 91, 133, 140, 273, 274 178, 180, 233–5, 263, 265, 268 Punjabi (ethnic group), 110, 194 rice-husker, 264 Puranas, 37 rickshaw, 141–2, 237 purification movements, 253 Rinku, 260 Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain, 84, 85 Radcliffe, Cyril, 95 Rokkhi Bahini, 178, 182 radio, 64, 155, 162, 163, 164, 196, 231, 278 Rome, 15, 40, 42 Radio Pakistan, 121, 156, 273 Rooppur, 244 Rahkain, see Arakanese Roxburgh, William, 12 Rahman, Hamidur, 154 Roy, Raja Devasish, 126 Rahman, Shamsur, 209 Roy, Raja Nalinaksha, 277 Rahman, Sheikh Mujibur, 117, 121–3, 125, 126, Roy, Raja Tridiv, 125–6, 277, 278 129, 162, 164, 175, 177–82, 186, 193, 199–201, rubber, 247 206, 211, 262, 274–6, 279, 280 Rupba¯n, 155 Rahman, Ziaur, 163, 193–7, 199–203, 205, 207, rural society, 67, 89, 133, 220 212, 223, 275, 277–80 ruralisation, 67 railways, 64, 65, 135, 173 Russia, 71, 73, 80 rain, 4–7, 9, 58, 234, 243 rainforest, 11 sailor, 225 ra¯iyat, 60 saint, 28, 30 raja, 26, 125, 126, 213, 277, 278 Sak, 32 Rajbongshi, 38 saltpetre, 43 Rajshahi, 28, 43, 54, 61, 67, 91, 92, 100, 103, 180, Salvation Army, 144 206, 265, 272, 276 sama¯j, see shomaz

Index 345

Samandar, 27, 41 Shotto Pir/Shotto Narain, 36 Samatata, 19, 26 shrimp, 12, 235, 236, 237 Sandhurst, Royal Military College at, 273 shrine, 30, 31, 78, 245 Sandvip, 43 shushuk, 12 Sanskrit, 19, 33, 53, 111 Siberia, 245 Sanskritic, 19, 20, 24, 26, 27, 31, 111 silk, 41–3, 45, 54, 60, 63, 126 Sanskritic culture, 19, 20, 26 silt, 3, 4, 6, 241, 246 Santal, 18, 32, 67, 91, 92, 276 silver, 15, 36, 40, 41, 44 Santosh, 205 Sindh, 89 Sardah, 43 Singapore, 74, 226 sari, 126, 165, 254 Sirajganj, 272 sarka¯r, 52 Sirajuddaula, 56 Sasanka, 22 Sitakunda, 13, 244 Sattigaon, 41 ´s¯ıtala¯, see Shitola 121 3 129 275 satya pı¯r/na¯ra¯yan_ , see Shotto Pir/Shotto Narain Six-Point Programme, – , , Saudi Arabia, 226 slave, 41, 43, 52, 53, 54 Savar, 41, 190, 239, 261 slums, 162, 173, 229, 239 scheduled castes, 86, 93 smallpox, 27, 57 Scotland, 72, 73 smugglers, 98, 140, 178, 180, 181, 182 sea, 3, 6, 41, 45, 66, 136, 243, see also Bay of socialism, 176, 183, 251 Bengal; Indian Ocean soldiers, 46, 77, 130, 172, 182, 193, 214, 279 sea level, 243 Sonargaon, 30, 42 sea turtle, 41, 245, 246, 247 Song of Freedom, 217 seawater, 5 South Asia, 11, 19, 21, 29, 30, 49, 60, 66, 80, 84, second capital, 119 89, 110, 112, 169, 183, 190, 194, 225, see also secret society, 80 Indian subcontinent secularism, 51, 114, 117, 176, 183, 187, 203, 207, South-east Asia, 15, 126, 278 209, 217, 251, 260, 261, 262, 267, 275 Soviet Union, 169, 179, 219, see also Russia Sen, ‘Mastarda’ Surya, 80 Spain, 44 Sena, 21 Special Powers Act, 180 settlement pattern, 9, 268 spices, 44, 264 Shah Jalal, 28, 29, 30 spikenard, 40, 41 Shankar, Ravi, 168 spiritual guide, 30, 35, 244 Shankharipotti, 162 Sri Lanka, 39, 41, 54, 126, 278 Shanti Bahini, 212, 279 St. Martin’s Island, 41, 246 sharecroppers, 63, 64, 86, 89, 91, 133, 139 staple food, 13, 140, 233, 263 Shariatpur, 279 state, 9, 13, 15, 21, 25, 26, 33, 88, 109, 116–18, 122, Shariatullah, Haji, see Haji Shariatullah 145, 147, 164, 169, 170, 172, 174, 176–8, 183, Sheikh Hasina, see Wazed, Sheikh Hasina 193, 195, 202, 218, 230, 251, 268 Shibir, 261 state elite, 38 shifting cultivation, 13, 24, 31, 247 state formation, 21, 28, 38, 64, 107, 265 Shihabuddin Talish, 52 state fragmentation, 50 Shikdar, Shiraj, 166, 182 state language, 64 Shilpokola Academy, see Bangladesh Shilpokola state religion, 207, 208, 257, 277 Academy state socialism, 145, 193 shipbuilding, 43 stone, 11, 13, 15, 16, 62 Shiraj Shikdar group, 166 stranded Pakistanis, 173 shishu, 11, 12, 13 student politics, 113, 123, 157, 260 Shitola, 27 suba¯, 52 Shiva, 27 sub-infeudation, 59 Shohid Minar, 113, 115, 162, see also Martyrs’ Sufism, 29, 30, 37 Memorial sugar, 41, 54, 63, 141, 175, 265 shomaz, 31 sugarcane, 15, 60, 73 Shonar Bangla, 158, see also Golden Bengal Sulla, 222 Shorbohara Party, 182, 279 Sultanate period, 28

346 Index

Sumatra, 43, 44, 225 timber, 43, 54, 247, 248, see also logging Sunamganj, 274 Timor, 44 Sundarbans, 6, 34, 54, 68, 245, 247, 248, 249, 268 tin, 44 sustainability, 58, 222, 223, 235, 236, 247, 250 Tin Netar Mazar, 203 Swadeshi movement, 80, 81, 83 Titu Mir, 78 sweets, 54, 265, see also mishti tobacco, 15, 63 Swing Festival of Krishna, 36 tomato, 15 Sylhet, 9, 13, 19, 28, 30, 32, 54, 74, 91, 96, 100, Tongi, 254, 255 148, 163, 167, 222, 225, 244, 274 tortoise-shell, 41 Sylheti, 33, 225 tourism, 246, 249, 250 trade, 20, 21, 31, 33, 36, 39–43, 45, 54, 56, 65, 68, Tabligh, 254 76, 96, 116, 122, 136, 140, 233, 235, 237, Tagore, Rabindranath, 121, 156, 158, 176, 202, see also maritime trade 251, 273 trade unions, 178 Taher, Abu, 193, 278, 279 transnational linkages, 219, 231, 251 taka, 179, 181, 189, see also currency transport, 40, 42, 64, 65, 136, 141, 212, Taliban, 207 237, 239 Talish, Shihabuddin, see Shihabuddin Talish Tripura, 22, 25, 32, 43, 69, 132, 227 Tamluk, 16, 20 Tripura (ethnic group), 32 Tamralipti, 16, 20, 41 Tripura, Nripati Ranjan, 150 Tangail, 100, 166, 205 Tsangpo, see Brahmaputra Tangchangya, Shilabrata, 149 Tungipara, 275 Tanka movement, 91 Turkey, 28, 30, see also Turkish Tantric tradition, 37 Turkish, 27, 28, 29, 33 Tanzania’s, 181 turtle, 244, 245 Tariqah-i-Muhammadiyah, 78 two-economy policy, 145 Taungchangya, 32 two-nations theory, 89 taxation, 26, 30, 43, 49, 52, 56, 57, 58, 59, 69, 74, 77, 92, 97, 122, 126, 139, 175, 213, Ukhia, 209 247, 253, 277 UNICEF, 114 tea, 60, 65, 74, 80, 141, 222, 264 United Arab Emirates, 226 teak, 247 United Bengal, 94 Tebhaga movement, 89, 276 United Front, 116 technological innovation, 59 United Kingdom, 33, 147, 225, see also British; tectonic plates, 9 English Tejgaon, 142 United Nations, 169, 174, 214 telecommunications, 173, 224, 231 United Nations Relief Organisation in telegraph, 64 Bangladesh (UNROB), 179 telephone, 64, 163, 231, 253 United People’s Democratic Front (UPDF)., television, 231, 259, 260 213, 279 temple, 26, 37 United People’s Party, see JSS tenants, 59, 61, 62, 78, 79, 83, 93, 132, 133, 139 United States, 145, 146, 147, 169, 180, 227, terracotta, 15, 17, 62 273, 277 terrorism, 208, 261, 262, 280 university, 64, 113, 157, 260 textiles, 41–3, 46, 54, 65, 141, 175, 188, 222, University of Chittagong, 157, 261 223, 237 University of Dhaka, 157, 227, see also Dhaka Thailand, 73 University tha¯na¯, 52, 146 University of Engineering and Technology, 157 theatre, 155 University of Rajshahi, 157 theocratic state, 207 urban bias, 136 Theravada Buddhist [¼Sthavira] school, 26 urban centre, 15, 16, 20, 24, 26, 40, 232, 237, 238, Tibet, 3, 39 240, 247, 253, 265 Tibeto-Burman languages, 17, 18, 33 urbanisation, 20, 21, 67, 141, 232, 237, 252, 254 tidal bores, 5 Urdu language, 38, 83, 109–13, 116, 152, 153, 157, tiger, 11, 34, 249, 250 186, 272

Index 347

USSR, see Russia; Soviet Union West Bengal, 13, 21, 93, 98, 136, 140, 153, 245, 259 Uttar Pradesh, 74, 132 West Pakistan, 50, 107, 110, 111, 118, 120, 121, 123–5, 129, 133, 136, 138, 139, 141, 145, 151–3, V-AID programme, 145 161, 162, 170, 176, 182, 189, 196, 202, 219, Vaisnava tradition, 37 227, 274–8, 280 Vanga, 19 wetlands, 11, 245, 268 Varendra Research Museum, 61 wheat, 146, 264, 265 Varendri, 19 wildlife, 11, 149, 249, 250 vegetation, 3, 6, 248 wind, 244 vernacular elite, 152, 157, 158, Wisconsin, 71 202, 251 wolves, 11 Viceroy of India, 65 women, 27, 34, 70, 125, 142, 153, 161, 173, 208, Victory Day, 172, 257 222, 227, 237, 257, 263, see also feminism; village, 9, 25, 42, 52, 69, 80, 102, 133, 144, 146, gender relations 147, 149, 152, 155, 156, 163, 202, 205, 222, Women’s Self Defence Association, 91 232, 254 wood, 11, 13, 41, 54, 244, 247 voting rights, 86 Words of Freedom, 218 vulture, 245 World Bank, 147 world economy, 66 Waddadar, Pritilata, 80 World Health Organisation, 241 Wahhabism, 78 World Trade Center, 209 wandering river, 6 World War II, 74, 88, 94, 273, 274 war, 9, 39, 50, 74, 77, 84, 121, 212, 247, 273, 278, written records, 19 see also Bangladesh Liberation War; World War II Xuanzang, 26 war crimes, 172, 217 War of 1971, see Bangladesh Liberation War Yahya, see Khan, Yahya Wari-Bateshwar, 15, 39 youth culture, 259 water, 3–7, 15, 18, 24, 149, 184, 206, 223, 235, 241, Yunus, Mohammad, 209, 223 243, 244 water hyacinth, 72, 73 Zainul Abedin, 75, 76 Water Scarcity, 10 zamindar, 36, 51, 58–62, 65, 74, 77, 78, 91, 92, water transport, 40 116, 139 water-lily, 189 zenana, 84 Wazed, Sheikh Hasina, 199, 200–2, 204, 209, Zia, see Rahman, Ziaur 262, 280 Zia ul Haq, 276 wealth, 39, 42, 54, 59, 60, 135, 138, 139, 145, 150, Zia, Begum Khaleda, 199–201, 203, 205, 213, 278, 178, 224, 230, 238, 239, 251, 265, 273 280, 281 West Asia, 226, 253 Zinga Gosthi, 259