Gis Time Series Mapping of a Former South African Homeland
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GIS TIME SERIES MAPPING OF A FORMER SOUTH AFRICAN HOMELAND By SALIH MOHAMED SIDAHMED ALI 214319954 Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology in Cartography In the Faculty of Engineering At the Cape Peninsula University of Technology Supervisor: Mr. S. Motala Co-supervisor: Prof. R. Fox Bellville 2016 CPUT copyright information The dissertation/thesis may not be published either in part (in scholarly, scientific or technical journals), or as a whole (as a monograph), unless permission has been obtained from the University Declaration I, Salih Mohamed Sidahmed Ali, declare that the contents of this dissertation/thesis represent my own unaided work, and that the dissertation/thesis has not previously been submitted for academic examination towards any qualification. Furthermore, it represents my own opinions and not necessarily those of the Cape Peninsula University of Technology. Signed Date i Abstract This case study investigates the change in the geographical boundaries by creating a Spatio-temporal mapping of Ciskei (one of the so-called Bantustans or Homelands) during the period of Apartheid. It examines the reasons for its establishment, and what impact the apartheid land legislation had on the geographical boundaries of Ciskei. GIS technology was used in this study to create time series animation and Static map to display the spatial change of the Ciskei boundaries. This investigation was split into quantitative and qualitative assessments. The aim of the quantitative assessments was to determine the amount of the spatial change of the Ciskei geographic boundary. The qualitative methods was used to investigate the map viewer’s understanding of the amount of the information in the static and animated maps. The results of qualitative assessments showed that static and animated maps have their respective advantages in the visualization of the map viewer. The importance of this research is to take advantage of time series mapping techniques to study the homeland areas in South Africa and see all the changes that have occurred as a result of a period of apartheid legislation. For this research, the following data were gathered: Attribute and metadata was the legislation and laws related to the land and the geographic data was the historical maps and coordinate data. ii Acknowledgments Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Mr. S. Motala for the continuous support of my MTech research, for his patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge. His guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing of this thesis. I could not have imagined having a better advisor and mentor for my study. I would like to acknowledge the Department of Rural Development and Land Reform, Chief Directorate: National Geospatial information specially Mr. Aslam Parker for providing the necessary access to their library and historical data. Also I would like to thank the library staff in CPUT Bellville campus for their help and providing the references and journal articles from other institutions through Interlibrary Loan Request. Specially Engineering section and post graduate section. The financial assistance of the University Research Foundation towards this research is acknowledged. Opinions expressed in this thesis and the conclusions arrived at, are those of the author, and are not necessarily to be attributed to the University Research Foundation. iii Table of Contents Declaration ....................................................................................................................... i Abstract ........................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ........................................................................................................... iv List of Figuers................................................................................................................ viii List of Tables ................................................................................................................... x List of Acronyms ............................................................................................................. xi Chapter 1: Introduction of the study ................................................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Background and Motivation ............................................................................... 2 1.3 Problem statement ............................................................................................ 2 1.4 Research Questions .......................................................................................... 3 1.5 Significance ....................................................................................................... 3 1.6 Limitations ......................................................................................................... 4 1.7 Methodology ..................................................................................................... 4 1.7.1 Stage one (Data collection): ........................................................................... 4 1.7.2 Stage two data (Geoprocessing):................................................................... 5 1.7.3 Stage three (Quantitative Assessments): ....................................................... 6 1.7.4 Stage Four (Qualitative Assessments): .......................................................... 6 1.7.5 Stage Five (Results): ..................................................................................... 7 1.8 Objectives and Outcomes ................................................................................. 8 Chapter 2: Literature review ............................................................................................ 9 2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Time series animation ....................................................................................... 9 2.2.1 Types of animation ........................................................................................ 9 iv 2.2.2 Time Series Animation Techniques ............................................................. 10 2.3 Time series mapping ....................................................................................... 10 2.3.1 Animated Maps ............................................................................................ 11 2.3.2 Static Maps .................................................................................................. 13 2.4 Spatio-temporal and time series mapping ....................................................... 14 2.4.1 The significance of spatio-temporal mapping ............................................... 15 2.4.2 Types of spatio-temporal data ..................................................................... 16 2.4.3 Time as a dimension.................................................................................... 18 2.4.4 Spatio-temporal and animated mapping ...................................................... 19 2.4.5 Representation of spatio-temporal change in static maps ............................ 20 2.5 Mapping of historical data ............................................................................... 20 2.5.1 Background and History of South Africa ...................................................... 22 2.5.2 The Native Land Act 27 of 1913 .................................................................. 22 2.5.3 South African Homelands ............................................................................ 23 2.5.4 Land Acts .................................................................................................... 25 2.5.5 Ciskei History............................................................................................... 28 Chapter 3: Research design and methodology .............................................................. 31 3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 31 3.2 Research Resources ....................................................................................... 33 3.3 Data preparation ............................................................................................. 33 3.3.1 Data Sources ............................................................................................... 33 3.3.2 Data Cleaning Methods ............................................................................... 37 3.3.3 Problems Encountered ................................................................................ 43 3.4 Geo-processing ............................................................................................... 45 3.4.1 Georeferencing ............................................................................................ 46 3.4.2 Digitizing ...................................................................................................... 49 3.4.3 Adding attribute data.................................................................................... 54 v 3.4.4 Merge .........................................................................................................