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Trends in Suspended-Sediment Concentration at Selected Stream Sites in Kansas, 1970–2002

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Trends in Suspended-Sediment Concentration at Selected Stream Sites in Kansas, 1970–2002 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Trends in Suspended-Sediment Concentration at Selected Stream Sites in Kansas, 1970–2002 By JAMES E. PUTNAM and LARRY M. POPE Water-Resources Investigations Report 03–4150 Prepared in cooperation with the KANSAS WATER OFFICE Lawrence, Kansas 2003 U.S. Department of the Interior Gale A. Norton, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Charles G. Groat, Director Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. For additional information write to: Copies of this report can be purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Information Services 4821 Quail Crest Place Building 810 Lawrence, KS 66049–3839 Box 25286, Federal Center Denver, CO 80225–0286 CONTENTS Abstract.................................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................... 2 Background.................................................................................................................................................................. 4 Factors Affecting Sediment Transport......................................................................................................................... 5 Study Methods....................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Site Selection and Sample Collection.......................................................................................................................... 5 Development of Regression Models and Trend Analysis............................................................................................ 11 Results of Trend Analyses ..................................................................................................................................................... 14 Evaluation of Trend Results .................................................................................................................................................. 17 Use of Turbidity to Develop Regression Equations for Estimating Suspended-Sediment Concentration ............................ 22 Future Sediment Data-Collection Needs ............................................................................................................................... 23 Summary and Conclusions .................................................................................................................................................... 26 References ............................................................................................................................................................................. 27 Supplemental Information ..................................................................................................................................................... 29 FIGURES 1. Map showing location of major river basins and sediment sampling sites in Kansas ............................................ 3 2. Map showing land use in Kansas, 1988–90 ............................................................................................................ 6 3–8. Graphs showing: 3. Comparison of suspended-sediment concentrations in historic sediment samples and 2000–02 samples collected at four sediment sampling sites in Kansas............................................................................ 8 4. Relation between suspended-sediment concentration and discharge for site 12, Walnut River at Winfield..... 13 5. Number of sediment samples collected annually at site 12, Walnut River at Winfield..................................... 14 6. Mean annual discharge and number of suspended-sediment samples collected annually at two sediment sampling sites in Kansas.................................................................................................................................... 16 7. Cumulative number of small watershed impoundments in Kansas completed and funded by Kansas State Conservation Commission, 1974–2002............................................................................................................. 18 8. Cumulative number of flood-control structures in the Walnut River Basin upstream from Winfield completed and funded by Natural Resources Conservation Service, 1950–2001 ............................................. 19 9. Map showing location of Natural Resources Conservation Service flood-control structures and Kansas State Conservation Commission watershed impoundments in the Walnut River Basin upstream from Winfield........... 20 10. Map showing location of Natural Resources Conservation Service flood-control structures in the Elk River Basin upstream from Elk Falls................................................................................................................................ 21 11. Graph showing relation between percentage of watershed affected by impoundments and suspended-sediment trends for 11 sediment sampling sites in Kansas .................................................................................................... 22 12. Graphs showing relations between discharge and suspended-sediment concentration and turbidity and suspended-sediment concentration for two sediment sampling sites in Kansas ..................................................... 24 13. Map showing location of major river basins and sediment sampling sites with statistically significant time trends from Jordan (1985)....................................................................................................................................... 30 TABLES 1. Description of 14 sediment sampling sites in Kansas............................................................................................. 7 2. Statistical summary of discharge and suspended-sediment concentration data used for time-trend analysis at 14 sediment sampling sites in Kansas..................................................................................................................... 10 Contents III TABLES—Continued 3. Comparison of sediment concentration trends computed by Jordan (1985) and trends computed using ESTREND .............................................................................................................................................................. 12 4. Results of time-trend analysis of suspended-sediment concentrations at 14 sediment sampling sites in Kansas..................................................................................................................................................................... 15 5. Percentage of watershed drainage area affected by impoundments upstream from selected sediment sampling sites in Kansas ........................................................................................................................................................ 19 6. Diagnostic statistics for the relations between discharge and suspended-sediment concentration and turbidity and suspended-sediment concentration for selected sediment sampling sites in Kansas....................................... 23 7. Results of statistically significant time-trend analysis of suspended-sediment concentrations through 1983....... 31 8. Regression equations for estimation of suspended-sediment concentrations at 13 sediment sampling sites in Kansas, 2000–02..................................................................................................................................................... 34 CONVERSION FACTORS, ABBREVIATIONS, DATUM, AND DEFINITION Multiply By To obtain acre 4,047 square meter (m2) cubic foot per second (ft3/s) 0.02832 cubic meter per second (m3/s) inch (in.) 2.54 centimeter (cm) inch per hour (in/h) 2.54 centimeter per hour (cm/h) mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer (km) milligram per liter (mg/L) 5.39 pound per day (lb/d) milligram per liter per year [(mg/L)/yr] 1,967 pound per year (lb/yr) pound per day (lb/d) 453.6 gram per day (g/d) pound per year (lb/yr) 453.6 gram per year (g/yr) square mile (mi2) 2.590 square kilometer (km2) Horizontal coordinate information is referenced to the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83). Water year, as used in this report, is the 12-month period beginning October 1 and ending September 30. The water year is designated by the calendar year in which it ends. For example, the 12-month period beginning October 1, 1999, and ending September 30, 2000, is called the 2000 water year. IV Trends in Suspended-Sediment Concentration at Selected Stream Sites in Kansas, 1970–2002 Trends in Suspended-Sediment Concentration at Selected Stream Sites in Kansas, 1970–2002 By James E. Putnam and Larry M. Pope Abstract had statistically significant decreasing suspended- sediment concentrations; however, only 2 sites, Knowledge of erosion, transport, and deposi- Walnut River at Winfield and Elk River at Elk tion of sediment relative to streams and impound- Falls, had trends that were statistically significant ments is important to those involved directly or at the 0.05 probability level. Increasing sus- indirectly in the development and management of pended-sediment concentrations were indicated at water
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