How Prepared Is Your Engine Company? by BRETT SNOW

Continuing Education Course

How Prepared Is Your Engine Company? BY BRETT SNOW

TRAINING THE FIRE SERVICE FOR 134 YEARS

To earn continuing education credits, you must successfully complete the course examination. The cost for this CE exam is $25.00. For group rates, call (973) 251-5055. How Prepared Is Your Engine Company?

Educational Objectives On completion of this course, students will 1. Learn tips on hoseline management. 3. Develop skills in handling poor leadouts. 2. Understand the position of the hose team. 4. Learn proper ways to use the nozzle.

B Y B R E T T S N O W 1 our engine is the first company on the scene of a two-story brick, side-by-side town Y home separated by a firewall. Fire is showing from the second-floor window above the front entrance with heavy smoke pushing out the front bedroom windows. Police on-scene reported that a young girl was seen at the front bedroom window on the second floor.T he police officers told the girl to remain at the window and to get down. As an engine company, what would be your actions? This scenario recently occurred on the West Side of Chi- cago. Chicago (IL) Fire Department (CFD) Engine 68, the first company on the scene, rapidly stretched a hoseline to the second floor. With the hoseline in position and the noz- Photos by Gordon Nord. zleman directing its stream on the fire, members ofE ngine ship and have no clearly designated function and position 68 began a primary search, which resulted in the rescue on the hoseline will fail to reach the fire because every- of the young girl. This successful operation was a result of one wants to be on the nozzle. Consequently, the hose frequent, intense training in hoseline management. will snag on corners, doorways, stairs, and other obstacles Fire departments today provide many nonfirefighting while members crowd behind the nozzleman. services, such as technical rescue, hazmat, and emergency medical services. Their disciplines increase the level of HOW WELL DO YOU KNOW YOUR ENGINE? service to the community but require hours of training An effective hose stretch begins with a hose load con- that can compete with the time necessary to maintain figured to facilitate stretching with a minimum of person- and improve skills in the most important functions of an nel. Load hosebeds so that firefighters can carry the hose engine company—stretching, advancing, and operating in flakes or horseshoes instead of dragging the entire hoselines. You can recognize an engine company that has stretch. Keeping dragging of the hose on the ground to a neglected the basics of its job by its sloppy, undisciplined minimum will be to your advantage, as it will minimize hoseline operations. This is the company whose nozzle- the likelihood of its getting caught under vehicle tires, in man takes off running toward the fire with just the nozzle fence gates, in porch railings, and on building corners. and the end of the hose, that stretches short because most of its hose lies in a pile next to its apparatus, or that can- BEDDING/LOADING HOSE not flow sufficient water because its hoseline is a mess of In photo 1, this 200-foot 1¾-inch preconnected hose load kinks. Engine company members who lack strong leader- is bedded in two 100-foot stacks. The first 100-foot section www.FireEngineeringUniversity.com Engine Company ●

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is connected to the discharge swivel. Begin the second stack Photo 9 shows the top view of the rear hosebed with by placing the male coupling of the first 100-foot stack at three reverse horseshoes of 2½-inch hose (also known the bottom of the hosebed, loading the second 100-foot as drop loads) totaling 200 feet, which is reduced to 100 section and connecting the nozzle in the manner as the first or 150 feet of 1¾-inch hose connected to a 1¼-inch solid section was loaded. This is a fairly simple hoseload that one bore nozzle and a 2½- to 1½-inch gated wye. Photo 10 firefighter can stretch. shows a standing view facing the rear. Pull down the three 2½ horseshoes to a ready posi- Deploying a 200-Foot Crosslay 1tion (photo 11). A single firefighter can deploy a 200-foot crosslay as Place the 1¾-inch horseshoe on your right shoulder follows: 2 with the nozzle placed around your neck to control Face the hosebed. Line up one shoulder with the it from self-deploying (photo 12). 1nozzle. Place the section with the nozzle on the Grab the bottom right horseshoe with your right hand, shoulder opposite the shoulder that is lined up with that 3 because it is the first to be dropped.S lide your left nozzle. arm up though the two remaining horseshoes, and grab Pull the section halfway down while at the same time onto the 1¼-inch solid bore nozzle tucked into the top 2 keeping the load tight by compressing it with your horseshoe. You are now ready for deployment (photo 13). hands (photos 2, 3). On top of 500 feet of flat-loaded 2½-inch hose are three Step into the hose with your shoulder, and turn reverse horseshoes made from 200 feet of 2½-inch hose. 3 away from the load, allowing the hose to flip upside (The term is four to make three: four lengths of 2½-inch down, positioning the nozzle on the bottom (this allows hose to make three horseshoes.) Starting right to left, the hose to flake off from the top) (photo 4). make the horseshoes approximately five feet long; five Pull down the next section in the same manner as wraps give each horseshoe between 60 and 65 feet of 4 the previous section. Step into it with your shoulder, hose. Between each horseshoe, put a load of hose about and turn away from the load (again, this allows the hose eight to 10 feet (called a “runner”). This provides slack or to flake off from the top). Placing the hose on your shoul- spacing between each horseshoe to give room between der in this way will keep the few feet of hose connecting the nozzleman and the door firefighter and allows each the two sections, which touches the ground, behind your horseshoe to be deployed without pulling on the other. feet instead of in front, minimizing a trip hazard (pho- Dropping each horseshoe (drop load) one at a time tos 5, 6). You are now ready to proceed to your desired will allow one person to advance this type of load with location as the hose flakes off one shoulder at a time, minimal help. This will not be an expedient leadout, but minimizing the need for additional help (photos 7, 8). it will be a reminder of how important it is to have more than one person on a hose team. Deploying 2½-Inch Hose Through my trials and errors and from the training of A single firefighter deploying 200 feet of 2½-inch hose experienced firefighters and officers,I have learned that 25 attached to 100 or 150 feet of 1¾-inch hose may use the to 30 feet of hose is needed between floors.F or example, if following method (one of many procedures). you need to get to the third floor of an apartment building,

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allow 60 feet to get you to the land- 8 floors; most likely, it would be ing. Before you drop a pile of hose done in extreme circumstances. at the front of the building and start Discussing single-person lead- running up the stairs with the nozzle, outs may seem unrealistic or even stop and think of a better way to get impractical. However, when fire con- this nozzle to the third floor.F irst, a ditions warrant multiple leadouts, good size-up should give you an idea it is not uncommon to self-deploy of the fire’s location.I s it in the front a hoseline, such as exposure lines, or toward the rear? If the fire is deter- and get a line in place for searching mined to be toward the rear, then it is above a fire.A lso, keep in mind that common practice to shoulder 60 feet a great number of departments run plus an additional 20 feet of hose to with two-person engines. I am not be flaked out into the front room.I t is advocating freelancing hoselines or not uncommon to attack the fire from being in a fire building by yourself. the rear staircase as well (photo 14). I am advocating being skilled in leading out with minimal assistance. Charged Line If you can lead out on your own, Depending on your level of then having a two- or three-member experience and department policy, hose team can enhance your efforts going in with a dry line may not be and reputation as a good engine an option. To get a charged line to company. the third floor on your own or with limited personnel can be challenging. First, place the first coupling in the NOZZLEMAN front doorway. This will make it easier to get the first 50 Working as a team in advancing a hoseline is a coordi- feet of hose into the structure. It is much easier to move nated effort. Like all other tactical operations, each person 10 or 15 feet of hose at a time instead of 50-plus. Then, (position) has a specific job to do.T he nozzleman must load the stairs with a few loops, which should allow know how much hose is needed to get to the seat of the you to get the nozzle to the top of the third-floor stairs. fire or the desired location.F or example, you have a one- Other methods being taught—pushing the hose up story 25 × 40 single-family dwelling with fire showing in the staircase and leaving the nozzle at the bottom, for Division C (rear). At the minimum, you will need 60 feet on example—may work for a straight shot staircase but your shoulder to be brought to the front if you are leading will be difficult if there are turns.A lso, be careful on out to go in through the front. Sixty feet will get you out upper-floor landings in fire-threatened staircases with the back door as well as to the far walls (windows) and the nozzle at the bottom floor.T o be clear, it is difficult four corners in each room off the hallway. As I mentioned for one person to stretch a charged hoseline to upper earlier, if the space in front allows, flake the hose be-

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hind you, and set the first coupling at the doorway.I f the balconies saves time and the amount of hose needed. nozzleman fails to bring the amount of hose needed and When choosing to lead out through a window, keep in set it up for advancement, the operation will be delayed, mind that you may not be able to protect or control con- and the work of the heelman (also referred to as the door ditions in the staircase and that your emergency exit is a position, the firefighter who feeds and withdraws hose window, not a doorway. So, it’s a good practice to think into a doorway) is multiplied. This is not a static position. about having a ladder thrown to the window and making The door firefighter must position himself on the hoseline the window opening as wide as possible. whenever necessary, to provide the nozzle team with hose as it advances. This method of positioning the hose outside TOO MUCH OR NOT ENOUGH HOSE? the structure makes it easier to advance a charged line Having too much hose, especially in heavy-smoke inside. situations, can be quite difficult. If the nozzleman makes a huge mistake by dropping a pile of hose inside the DOOR FIREFIGHTER structure, it may be easier to leave it and deploy another The door firefighter is the primary workhorse in the hosebed. You can spend twice as much time trying to leadout operation. A common mistake and misconception straighten out hose in poor visibility than it would take is that the door firefighter stays on the heel of the nozzle- to lead out another line the correct way. As I mentioned man. This couldn’t be farther from the truth. Until the earlier, use available space for excess hose—for example, nozzle is at the seat of the fire with water flowing, the door if you are on an upper-floor landing of a three-story, firefighter should be in constant motion.I f the nozzleman six-unit apartment building with a center staircase, then needs more line, that is the job of the door firefighter.T he force or kick in the door to the apartment adjacent to the experienced firefighters and officers with whomI work apartment on fire and flake excess hose.A nother option and I pride ourselves on not depending on members of would be to flake the hose up and down the stairs. Make other companies to stretch our line. It is very unnerving sure the nozzle is shut. After putting it at the door, and and indicative of a weak engine company when the door as the hose is being charged, lift the hose up against the firefighter is at the top of a third-floor landing scream- wall and allow it to stand up as the hose fills with water ing down to the first floor for more line. When a member (air most likely at first).T his can be quite a challenge, fails to perform his duties, it directly affects the duties of especially when companies are trying to use the stairs. others. As a door firefighter, do not commit yourself to the fire floor until you are certain there is a sufficient amount LESSONS LEARNED of hose in place. To do this requires constant communica- I learned this option the hard way when I misread the tion between the nozzleman and the door firefighter and height of a structure. Fire was pushing out of three win- constant movement from the top to bottom floors and in dows in the rear of the top floor.E xpecting another set of and out of the structure. Keeping a distance no closer than stairs, I found myself at the door of the fire floor with 30 a length of hose away from the nozzleman is a good mark feet of hose on my shoulder. The staircase was black with of where the heelman/door position needs to be. To move smoke, so I set the nozzle down, making sure the bail was the hose, start from the engine and work forward, not the shut, and then flaked the hose on the stairs.A member other way around. It is much easier to push hose into a from the truck and I stood the hose up in loops, allowing structure or up to a structure’s upper floors than it is to it to successfully charge. Because of the heavy smoke con- pull it. Load front or backyards, living/dining rooms, loops ditions of the staircase, I wanted to keep the door to the in stairwells, and riding railings (on top of handrails) when apartment shut until we had a charged line. Normally with possible. an upper-floor fire in the rear,I would lead out inside, dry, Other ways to help with advancing hose to upper with the amount of hose needed to get to the fire floor and floors is for the nozzleman to carry 50 feet of rope in his enough to flake out into the front room, allowing me to pocket with a carabiner. Hoisting the nozzle up from the reach the hallway. However, because I misread the build- upper-floor window, an outside staircase/fire escape, or ing, we were forced to manage the situation in a black

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staircase with changing conditions. necting the female end of the dam- 12 Not having enough hose or having aged length and dropping it down a length of hose rupture is challeng- to the ground and tying it to the ing and dangerous for the interior male end of the replacement length crews. Being short of hose can be allowed me to raise the good length the result of a poor size-up or maybe of hose to the third floor and quickly an uncommon interior layout that reconnect the hoses to get back in necessitates more hose than normal. service. This is one way among many The most common cause for having to add or replace a length of hose a short leadout with departments during operations. that run with a 2½- or three-inch hose that reduces to a (wye) or a NOZZLE MANAGEMENT 1¼-inch shutoff (smooth bore nozzle) Although there are several points attached to a 1¾-inch hose is the I can discuss in regard to operat- placement of the wye or the shut- ing the nozzle, I will focus on bail off (nozzle). I have learned through control and hose stream application. experience and lessons learned When putting water on the fire,open from experienced CFD firefighters the nozzle all the way. Gallons per that if the leadout nozzle is through minute (gpm) put out fire.I f you can- the rear of the structure, then the not handle a 1¾-inch nozzle with the divider and shutoff (nozzle) should bail fully opened, then the pressure is also be brought to the rear along entirely too high, or your technique 13 with enough 2½-inch hose to darken needs work. Remember to use fixed down heavy fire if needed. When objects (walls or door frames) to the wye is dropped in the gangway help with the back pressure of the or at the side of the structure, be hoseline. Also, try to keep the nozzle prepared to be short. For a 25 × 50 an arm’s length in front of you to building with the wye in the middle allow more range of direction for the of the gangway or on the side of the stream. If the pipe is too close to your structure, a loss of 25 feet of hose is body, it becomes difficult to handle automatic. and limits your range of direction. If you find that your leadout is short When applying water during sup- and you can’t reach the fire area, then 14 pression or overhaul, use a straight consider breaching walls to create or solid stream. Straight and solid a path for the hose stream to begin streams provide reach, penetration, putting water on the fire.T o add hose as well as gpm without steam blast- to your leadout, make sure the added ing the interior crew or victims who length of hose is stretched out in posi- may still be inside. What has always tion before shutting down the line; worked for me is to give the ceiling this will allow for a quick hookup and a quick shot side to side or back and advancement. It may be advantageous, forth and then attack the contents. if interior conditions permit, to add the Also, if the area is smoky and hot and additional length of hose nearest to the nozzle to avoid hav- you have not yet reached the fire, keep the ceiling cool by ing to advance 150 feet of hose vs. 50 feet or less. In freez- giving it a quick shot of water as you advance through the ing weather, allowing the hose to trickle may help prevent structure. Keeping the ceiling cool will reduce the chances the line from freezing. Also, stretching a different line of of flashover. appropriate length may prove to be your best bet. Once the major body of fire is knocked down, fog out You can replace a ruptured length of hose in the same the window using horizontal hydraulic ventilation. Once manner as described above. For example, I was the heel- the area is fogged out, back out of the way and let the truck man/door position for a leadout to the fourth floor of a team go in and do its job. The most effective way to fog out four-story, multiunit apartment building with fire pushing a room is to kneel down, adjust the fog pattern to cover through the roof of an interior stairwell. We stretched a line most of the opening, and make sure no one is standing in up the rear outside staircase to the fourth floor above the the doorway. After the walls and ceilings have been opened first engine’s position.A s the nozzle was in position and up, adjust the nozzle back to a straight stream and open the charged, glass from a rear window punctured a length of nozzle all the way, slowly working each bay, forcing the wa- hose that was stretched on the third-floor porch. Discon- ter into every wood to wood joint. Also, if fire was running

www.FireEngineeringUniversity.com Engine Company ● the walls, shove the nozzle in the opened-up wall spaces handlines they had placed in the windows. and shoot the water up and down the walls. Applying your Using a master stream/deck gun to knock down a large hose stream during overhaul in this way will reduce your amount of fire is quite effective.H owever, it is a first-engine chances of having to return for a rekindle. maneuver; the idea is to angle the stream toward the ceiling One last point I want to mention is the use of handlines to create a sprinkler effect for an approximate 10-second or master streams outside the structure while companies count. Be careful not to direct the stream straight into the are inside. Do not put water into a window when compa- window and down a hallway toward the rear of a structure nies or people are still inside. This will without a doubt— unless the structure is fully involved. and many can testify to this—push hot air, gases, and pos- These are just a few areas of hoseline operations that sibly steam beyond the room on fire.I have experienced are important. I hope this article will stimulate discus- an instant change of conditions while inside a structure. sion and a personal evaluation of your level of comfort in We were the first engine at a two-story frame with fire hoseline management and engine operations. ● pushing out three windows on the second-floor rear.A s we were advancing down the hallway toward the rear, the heat ● BRETT SNOW is a 21-year veteran of the fire was bearable because the fire was venting out the win- service, serving the past nine and a half years with dows. Then, instantly, the hallway went black, and the heat the Chicago (IL) Fire Department. He spent the first forced me to the floor, facedown. When the outside crews seven years on a West Side engine and is now on realized we were inside, they withdrew the two 2½-inch Squad 2. Notes

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COURSE EXAMINATION

1. What is important when setting up a hose load? 6. If the space outside the structure permits, what is an effective way to lay the hose out for advancing a charged line A. The ease of reloading into the structure? B. Making sure the nozzle is on top to protect it from damage C. To provide options for the leadout A. Make sure the nozzle is placed at the doorway with the first 50 feet stretched straight back behind the nozzle D. Making sure the hose deploys off the officer’s side B. Place the nozzle and the first coupling at the entrance of the building 2. Before pulling hose off the engine, the member assigned to C. Leave the nozzle outside the structure and load the front the nozzle should first entrance with several loops A. Drain the hose of water D. Keep the first 50 feet in a shoe at the front door to begin B. Make sure the hydrant works dragging the nozzle in as the hoseline is charged C. Make sure the engine is in pump D. Size up the structure to estimate how much hose will be 7. What is the job of the nozzleman’s position? needed A. To recon in search of the fire location before pulling off any hose 3. As described in this course, when a single person is deploy- B. To know how much hose will be needed to reach the seat ing a crosslay, what is the first step? of the fire or desired location A. Pull the first section off and place it on the ground C. To secure a primary source of water B. Face the hosebed, and whichever shoulder the pipe section D. To check the entire leadout for kinks lines up with, place that section on the opposite shoulder C. Face the hose and pull the section with the pipe to the 8. What position is the primary workhorse of the leadout ground operation? D. First, pull down the section without the pipe and then step A. Hydrant man into it with your shoulder B. Nozzleman C. Door firefighter (heelman) 4. What is a safe number of hose when estimating how much D. Engineer hose is needed between floors of a residential building?

A. 75 feet 9. While advancing a charged hoseline into a structure and B. 25-30 feet prior to reaching the seat of the fire, how close to the C. 50 feet nozzleman does the door firefighter need to be? D. 10-15 feet A. No closer than a length of hose away B. Maintain a distance within arm’s reach away at all times 5. If you had a fire on the top floor of a three-story apartment C. No more than 10 feet away building, how much hose would be needed to reach the D. None of the above third-floor landing?

A. 100 feet 10. As a door firefighter, you should not commit yourself to the B. 25 feet fire floor until C. 60 feet A. You are certain there is a sufficient amount of hose in place D. 90 feet B. The pipe has reached the fire floor C. The truck company arrives on-scene D. A positive water source as been secured

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11. What is important to keep in mind when leading out 16. As a nozzleman, what must you be able to do to control the through a window? fire if the leadout is too short? A. You may not be able to protect or control the conditions in A. Shut down the pipe and back out until a second line is the stairway deployed B. Your emergency exit is a window and not a door B. Flow water protecting hallways and stairways or breach C. You should make the window as wide as possible walls, allowing direct stream contact to the fire D. All of the above C. Back out and go defensive D. None of the above 12. What is another tool that can be carried by the nozzleman to help with advancing a hoseline to the upper floors? 17. What is one way to troubleshoot a short leadout or a burst section of hose? A. 15-foot piece of webbing B. 50 feet of rope with a carabiner A. While a fire is being controlled, have a dry line stretched in C. 14-foot pike pole ready position for easy advancement closest to the nozzle as possible D. 12-pound sledgehammer B. Drop the female end of the hose being replaced or added to, and tie the male end to the replacement length of hose 13. Once the walls and ceilings are pulled, exposing charged C. Leadout a different hosebed, especially in subzero weather studs and joists, what should the nozzleman do? D. All the above A. Open the bail all the way with a solid or tight stream and slowly spray all wood to wood joints 1 18. When leading out to the rear with a 2 ⁄2-inch hose attached 3 B. Adjust the nozzle to medium fog and quickly spray all to 1 ⁄4-inch hose via a shutoff pipe or divider, where should wood to wood joints the shutoff pipe or divider be placed? C. Open the bail halfway, washing down the walls and ceilings A. At the front door D. Call for less pressure to minimize water damage B. On the side of the structure C. Only use a crosslay to the rear 14. What is an effective way to horizontally ventilate using a 1 D. To the rear with enough 2 ⁄2-inch hose for darkening down fog nozzle? the fire or advancement into the structure A. Place the nozzle just outside the window while using a wide fog pattern 19. Fire is showing out a window with fire crews inside; what B. Stand in the doorway of the room and use a tight stream should the nozzleman do? flowing out the bottom half of the window opening C. Kneel down and adjust the fog to cover most of the window A. Leadout the hoseline to the best position for protecting the opening, making sure no one is blocking the doorway interior crews D. Stand at the window and adjust the fog to cover the entire B. Flow water into the window from the outside window opening C. Call for the deck gun to be used D. None of the above 15. What can be done with the excess hose when there is too much hose in the stairway of a multi-family apartment 20. When using a deck gun, what should be considered? building? A. Position of the engine A. Use the adjacent apartments B. Location of fire companies B. Use the apartment below the fire floor C. How the stream is placed in the window C. Stand the hose up in loops D. All of the above D. All the above

Notes

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