DOCSLIB.ORG

MYCOTIC INFECTIONS in the MIDDLE EAST (Basidiobolus and Rhinocladiella)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
MYCOTIC INFECTIONS in the MIDDLE EAST (Basidiobolus and Rhinocladiella) MYCOTIC INFECTIONS IN THE MIDDLE EAST (Basidiobolus and Rhinocladiella) Ziauddin Khan, PhD Professor of Medical Mycology Department of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine Kuwait University Basidiobolus and Basidiobolomycosis TAXONOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS Zygomycota underwent major taxonomic changes in 2007. Hibbet and others proposed to eliminate Zygomycota and the taxa conventionally placed in Zygomycota were distributed among the phylum Glomeromycota. Mucorales and Entomophthorales, which contain zoopathogenic fungi, and 2 other orders including Kickxellales and Zoopagales were raised to the rank of subphyla: Mucoromycotina, Entomophthoromycotina, Kickxellomycotina and Zoopagomycotina. TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION OLD NEW Kwon-Chung Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54:S8-S15 A proposed new classification schemes of the kingdom Fungi Basidiobolomycetes Neozygitomycetes Entomophothoromycetes Basidiobolus spp. Neozygitis spp. Conidiobolus spp. Humber, 2012 Phylogenetic classification of entomophthoroid fungi Phylum: Entomophthoromycota Class: Basidiobolomycetes Order: Basidiobolales Family: Basidiobolaceae Genus: Basidiobolus Gryganskyi et al. Persoonia 2013; 30;94-105. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Basidiobolomycotina (secondary conidiogenesis) Basidiobolus and the still formally undescribed genera Schizangiella and Drechslerosporium (LSU, SSU, RPB2, mtSSU, ITS). Gryganskyi et al. Persoonia 2013; 30;94-105 Life Cycle of Adapted from Mendoza et al. 2015 Basidiobolus ranarum in intestinal tract of bats, reptiles and amphibians Intestinal contents of 14 (7%) of 200 bats belonging to Rhinopoma hardwickei hardwickei Gray ('the lesser rat- tailed bat'), an insectivorous species captured from Delhi area. Chaturvedi et al. Sabouraudia. 1984;22:185-9. Intestinal tract of 50% of trapped reptiles and amphibians from Florida were found colonized with a Basidiobolus species. Okafor et al. Sabouraudia. 1984;22:47-51. Epidemiology • Most cases of basidiobolomycosis have been reported from tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, South America, and Asia • It usually causes subcutaneous infections • Infections caused by B. ranarum are mainly diagnosed in children (80% under the age of 20 years) with a male/female ratio of 3:1. • B. ranarum also causes chronic granulomatous infection of the gastrointestinal tract in apparently immunocompetent patients, mostly from Arizona (USA) and Middle East Basidiobolus is a ubiquitous fungus The majority of cases have been reported in South America, Africa and tropical Asia. However, recently this fungus has been classified as an emerging invasive fungal infection in desert regions of the US Southwest and Middle East causing gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis. Basidiobolomycosis: Clinical types Subcutaneous “Bathing suit distribution” Gastrointestinal Colorectal involvement Complications: Small bowel, Liver, Gall bladder, Kidney, Pancreas, other intraabdominal organs Clinical Manifestations: Basidiobolomycosis The presenting feature is a single painless, unilateral, well-circumscribed subcutaneous mass that usually affects the buttock or the thigh but can also be seen in the arm, the neck, the face or the trunk. The disease starts as a single nodule that progressively grows. The swelling is often described as woody and hard. The swelling over thigh in an 18-month-old female of three months duration caused by Basidiobolus ranarum (culture and histopathology proven). Treated with KI (3 times a day) and lesion resolved within 1 month Naniwadekar et al. 2009 A case from Karad, Karnataka Induration and multiple nodules in the Buttock (toilet leaves?) perineum and labia (biopsy site seen) Radjou & Rajesh Ind J Microbiol. 2011; 29:186-188 A case fro Puducherry Histopathology Chronic inflammatory process can be seen with small abscesses surrounded by a granulomatous tissue reaction. A strong eosinophilic perihyphal reaction is often observed (Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon) that is variable in size (2-6 µm). Board irregular hyphae (4-30µm) with thin walls and rare septation can be seen, singly or in clusters. There is no invasion of blood vessels or infection of tissue. Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon (H &E) and Broad, aseptate hyphal fragments (GMS) CULTURE Biopsy specimen should be cultured immediately as B. ranarum dies quickly in tissues kept in a refrigerator. Tissue biopsy should be minced and not homogenized. Homogenization in a tissue grinder should be avoided, because it decreases culture yield by destroying hyphae. SDA with antibiotics can be used. Cycloheximide should not be used in SDA. Incubation at 25°-30° C for 2-5 days. Gastrointestinal Basidiobolomycosis CASE 1: A 30-year-old Bangladeshi with rectal bleeding • Rectal mass ~10 cm large polypoid mass on lower third of rectum • Provisional diagnosis: Piles, rectal carcinoma • First biopsy: epithelioid cell granuloma infiltrated with eosinophils- Crohn’s disease Histopathology: Fungal elements were missed • Second biopsy: Histopathology: Fungal elements missed, culture yielded a fungus Khan et al. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;26:521-3 B. ranarum colonies on SDA Khan et al. Clin Infect Dis 1998;26:521 Zygospores Immunodiffusion test Case 2: A 41-year-old Indian male with history of repair of a left inguinal hernia • Examination: palpable, nodular mass near rt. hypochondrium, • Ultrasound: thickening of ascending colon and cecum and renal involvement • Provisional diagnosis: Intestinal tuberculosis Khan et al. J Clin Microbiol. 2001 ;39:2360-3 Hematoxylin-and-eosin-stained section An open segment of large intestine of intestinal mucosa showing a cross showing a thick-walled mucosa with a section of a B. ranarum hypha (arrow) cobblestone appearance mimicking surrounded by the Splendore-Hoeppli Crohn's disease phenomenon and many eosinophils KOH-calcofluor white mount showing broad, non- septate, branched hyphae in urine sediment The isolate was resistant to Amphotericin B (4 µg/ml) and itraconazole (8 µg/ml) Serodiagnosis Ag Ab-I Ab-II Ag-whole cell homoginate; patients’ sera Ab-I and Ab-II A case from Yemen/SA A 12-year-old Yemeni boy, living in Saudi Arabia, was referred with a 2-month history of diffuse abdominal pain, non-bilious vomiting, poor appetite and weight loss. percutaneous liver biopsy under ultrasound guidance and sent for histopathological evaluation, which revealed granulomatous lesions rich in eosinophils with broad aseptate fungal hyphae surrounded by eosinophilic material (Splendore–Hoeppli phenomenon). Saeed et al. JMM CR 2014 Abdominal CT showing multiple small, low-attenuation lesions scattered throughout both lobes of the liver, some showing ring enhancement Saeed et al. JMM CR 2014 Liver CT after treatment with itraconazole treatment. Complete resolution after 12 months. Saeed et al. JMM CR 2014 A case from Iran Gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis accompanied by liver Involvement Gross Pathology of the Granuloma, Eosinophilic Infiltration and Terminal Ileum and Right Splendore-Hoeppli Phenomenon (Arrow) Colon Shows Ulceration in the Cecum (Arrow) A 41-year-old lady from Shiraz, south of Iran. CT-scan of the abdomen and pelvic showed increased thickness of the cecum with infiltrative process and hypoattenuating lesions in the liver, supporting liver abscesses or metastasis with central necrosis Diagnosis was based on histopathologic observation and response to itraconazole therapy (200 mg twice a day for 4 months) Ejtehadi et al. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2014; 16: e14109. A case from Saudi Arabia Gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis with liver Involvement A 24-year-old woman from Saudi Arabia with type I diabetes mellitus presented to the emergency department with a 4-day history of severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, and constipation. Magnetic resonance imaging of the abdomen showed 2 long segments of circumferential heterogeneous enhancing soft tissue masses involving the descending colon and descending sigmoid colon Lactophenol cotton blue stain of and multiple different-size hepatic growth from fine needle aspiration lesions. Isolate identified by D1/D2 material from the liver lesion, X400 sequencing. Treated with voriconazole. Alhuraiji et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2014; 58:990 Eosinophilic granulomatous gastrointestinal and hepatic abscesses attributable to basidiobolomycosis in Iraqi Kurdistan (2009-2012) - All males (6 cases) - Age: 17 months -59 years - Sites affected: Cecum and/or colon-5 cases, oropharyngeal and transverse colon mass-1 - Diagnosis- Histopathological (sparsely septate hyphae) - Treatment: oral itraconazole -5, all responded, became asymptomatic (4-6 months); - One (17 months old) died after 2days of start of amphotericin B Hassan et al. BMC Infect Dis. 2013; 13: 91. Characteristics of 72 Patients With Gastrointestinal Basidiobolomycosis Variables Value Age, years 13 months-81 years, ~85% in pediatric age group Male sex 59 (82%) Country of residence United States 19, 17 from Arizona Saudi Arabia 16, 14 in <12 years Iran 18, 11 <12 years n=42 Kuwait 2, Adults (Indian, Bangladeshi) Iraq/Kurdistan 6, 2 in< 12 years Brazil 4 Others 7 (Nigeria, Italy, Netherlands, UK, Egypt, Thailand) Onset of GIB 1964–1994 8 1995–2008 64 (86%) (Geramizadeh et al. 2012; Vikram et al. 2012; Al-Asmi et al. 2013) Antifungal susceptibilities of Conidiobolus and Basidiobolus Species Geometric mean MICs (mg/L) (no. of isolates Amphot Fluconaz Flucytosi Itracona Ketocon Miconaz tested) ericin B ole ne zole azole ole Conidiob olus spp. (9) 3.1 107.5 234.6 11.3 20.7 11.3 Basidiob olus spp. (8)* 2.7 14.8 165.9 1.8 1.0 3.9 *Voriconazole
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Diversification of Fungal Chitinases and Their Functional Differentiation in 2 Histoplasma Capsulatum 3
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.09.137125; this version posted June 16, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Diversification of fungal chitinases and their functional differentiation in 2 Histoplasma capsulatum 3 4 Kristie D. Goughenour1*, Janice Whalin1, 5 Jason C. Slot2, Chad A. Rappleye1# 6 7 1 Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University 8 2 Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University 9 10 11 #corresponding author: 12 [email protected] 13 614-247-2718 14 15 *current affiliation: 16 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine 17 University of Michigan 18 VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Research Service 19 Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA 20 21 22 running title: Fungal chitinases 23 24 keywords: chitinase, GH18, fungi, Histoplasma 25 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.09.137125; this version posted June 16, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. 26 ABSTRACT 27 Chitinases enzymatically hydrolyze chitin, a highly abundant biomolecule with many potential 28 industrial and medical uses in addition to their natural biological roles. Fungi are a rich source of 29 chitinases, however the phylogenetic and functional diversity of fungal chitinases are not well 30 understood.
    [Show full text]
  • Fungal Evolution: Major Ecological Adaptations and Evolutionary Transitions
    Biol. Rev. (2019), pp. 000–000. 1 doi: 10.1111/brv.12510 Fungal evolution: major ecological adaptations and evolutionary transitions Miguel A. Naranjo-Ortiz1 and Toni Gabaldon´ 1,2,3∗ 1Department of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain 2 Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain 3ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain ABSTRACT Fungi are a highly diverse group of heterotrophic eukaryotes characterized by the absence of phagotrophy and the presence of a chitinous cell wall. While unicellular fungi are far from rare, part of the evolutionary success of the group resides in their ability to grow indefinitely as a cylindrical multinucleated cell (hypha). Armed with these morphological traits and with an extremely high metabolical diversity, fungi have conquered numerous ecological niches and have shaped a whole world of interactions with other living organisms. Herein we survey the main evolutionary and ecological processes that have guided fungal diversity. We will first review the ecology and evolution of the zoosporic lineages and the process of terrestrialization, as one of the major evolutionary transitions in this kingdom. Several plausible scenarios have been proposed for fungal terrestralization and we here propose a new scenario, which considers icy environments as a transitory niche between water and emerged land. We then focus on exploring the main ecological relationships of Fungi with other organisms (other fungi, protozoans, animals and plants), as well as the origin of adaptations to certain specialized ecological niches within the group (lichens, black fungi and yeasts).
    [Show full text]
  • Bodenmikrobiologie (Version: 07/2019)
    Langzeitmonitoring von Ökosystemprozessen - Methoden-Handbuch Modul 04: Bodenmikrobiologie (Version: 07/2019) www.hohetauern.at Impressum Impressum Für den Inhalt verantwortlich: Dr. Fernando Fernández Mendoza & Prof. Mag Dr. Martin Grube Institut für Biologie, Bereich Pflanzenwissenschaften, Universität Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010 Graz Nationalparkrat Hohe Tauern, Kirchplatz 2, 9971 Matrei i.O. Titelbild: Ein Transekt im Untersuchungsgebiet Innergschlöss (2350 m üNN) wird im Jahr 2017 beprobt. © Newesely Zitiervorschlag: Fernández Mendoza F, Grube M (2019) Langzeitmonitoring von Ökosystemprozessen im Nationalpark Hohe Tauern. Modul 04: Mikrobiologie. Methoden-Handbuch. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien. ISBN-Online: 978-3-7001-8752-3, doi: 10.1553/GCP_LZM_NPHT_Modul04 Weblink: https://verlag.oeaw.ac.at und http://www.parcs.at/npht/mmd_fullentry.php?docu_id=38612 Inhaltsverzeichnis Zielsetzung ...................................................................................................................................................... 1 Inhalt Vorbereitungsarbeit und benötigtes Material ................................................................................................... 2 a. Materialien für die Probenahme und Probenaufbewahrung ................................................................ 2 b. Materialien und Geräte für die Laboranalyse ...................................................................................... 2 Arbeitsablauf ...................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Case Study on Subcutaneous Zygomycosis with Ulcer
    Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2013) 2(10): 448-451 ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 2 Number 10 (2013) pp. 448-451 http://www.ijcmas.com Case report A Case Study on Subcutaneous zygomycosis with ulcer P.Hema Prakash Kumari1, M. SrinivasaRao2, S. Subbarayudu3, Y. Saritha4 and Amrutha Kar5 1,3,4,5Department of Microbiology ASRAM Medical College Eluru, A.P Pin 534004, India 2Department of Pediatrics ASRAM Medical College Eluru, A.P Pin 534004, India *Corresponding author A B S T R A C T K e y w o r d s Subcutaneous mycosis due to Basidiobolus ranarum is endemic in south Subcutaneous India. We hereby report a case of subcutaneous zygomycosis in a 6 months phycomycosis; old female child who presented with a painless, non-tender swelling Basidiobolus progressed to ulcer on the thigh. ranarum; Introduction Routine investigations were normal and x A 6 month female child was brought to ray left thigh showed soft tissue swelling. pediatric department with h/o gradually Tests for HIV negative, swabs were sent increasing painless ulcerated swelling over for bacterial and fungal culture. Bacterial the left thigh. There was history of insect culture was sterile and a 10% potassium bite 4 months ago. The swelling was hydroxide wet mount revealed broad, gradually increasing since then and irregular aseptate hyphae. Growth on progressed to ulcer formation covered by Sabouraud s dextrose agar after 3 days of eschar. incubation at 25 °C showed creamy brown, centrally heaped up, radially folded No discharge was observed. On cutaneous colonies with satellite colonies on the examination there was a single firm, well periphery (Figure 2).
    [Show full text]
  • Carbamazepine, Triclocarban and Triclosan Biodegradation and the Phylotypes and Functional Genes Associated with Xenobiotic Degr
    Carbamazepine, Triclocarban and Triclosan Biodegradation and the Phylotypes and Functional Genes Associated with Xenobiotic Degradation in Four Agricultural Soils Jean-Rene Thelusmond, Timothy J. Strathmann and Alison M. Cupples Highlights • Rapid triclosan, yet slow carbamazepine & triclocarban degradation • Soils contained genera from previously reported CBZ, TCC or TCS degrading isolates • Several functional genes were enriched in the PPCP amended samples • Bradyrhizobium & Rhodopseudomonas were linked to xenobiotic degradation pathways 1 Carbamazepine, Triclocarban and Triclosan Biodegradation and the Phylotypes and 2 Functional Genes Associated with Xenobiotic Degradation in Four Agricultural Soils 3 Jean-Rene Thelusmond, Timothy J. Strathmann and Alison M. Cupples 4 Abstract 5 Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are released into the environment due to 6 their poor removal during wastewater treatment. Agricultural soils subject to irrigation with 7 wastewater effluent and biosolids application are possible reservoirs for these chemicals. This 8 study examined the impact of the pharmaceutical carbamazepine (CBZ), and the antimicrobial 9 agents triclocarban (TCC) and triclosan (TCS) on four soil microbial communities using shotgun 10 sequencing (HiSeq Illumina) with the overall aim of determining possible degraders as well as 11 the functional genes related to general xenobiotic degradation. The biodegradation of CBZ and 12 TCC was slow, with ≤ 50 % decrease during the 80-day incubation period. In contrast, TCS 13 biodegradation
    [Show full text]
  • Gastrointestinal Basidiobolomycosis, a Rare and Under-Diagnosed Fungal Infection in Immunocompetent Hosts: a Review Article
    IJMS Vol 40, No 2, March 2015 Review Article Gastrointestinal Basidiobolomycosis, a Rare and Under-diagnosed Fungal Infection in Immunocompetent Hosts: A Review Article Bita Geramizadeh1,2, MD; Mina Abstract 2 2 Heidari , MD; Golsa Shekarkhar , MD Gastrointestinal Basidiobolomycosis (GIB) is an unusual, rare, but emerging fungal infection in the stomach, small intestine, colon, and liver. It has been rarely reported in the English literature and most of the reported cases have been from US, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Iran. In the last five years, 17 cases have been reported from one or two provinces in Iran, and it seems that it has been undiagnosed or probably unnoticed in other parts of the country. This article has Continuous In this review, we explored the English literature from 1964 Medical Education (CME) through 2013 via PubMed, Google, and Google scholar using the credit for Iranian physicians following search keywords: and paramedics. They may 1) Basidiobolomycosis earn CME credit by reading 2) Basidiobolus ranarum this article and answering the 3) Gastrointestinal Basidiobolomycosis questions on page 190. In this review, we attempted to collect all clinical, pathological, and radiological findings of the presenting patients; complemented with previous experiences regarding the treatment and prognosis of the GIB. Since 1964, only 71 cases have been reported, which will be fully described in terms of clinical presentations, methods of diagnosis and treatment as well as prognosis and follow up. Please cite this article as: Geramizadeh B, Heidari M, Shekarkhar G. Gastrointestinal Basidiobolomycosis, a Rare and Under-diagnosed Fungal Infection in Immunocompetent Hosts: A Review Article. Iran J Med Sci.
    [Show full text]
  • Case Report of Subcutaneous Entomophthoromycosis with Retroperitoneal Invasion
    RELATO DE CASO/CASE REPORT Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 38(4):348-350, jul-ago, 2005 Case report of subcutaneous entomophthoromycosis with retroperitoneal invasion Relato de caso de entomoftoromicose subcutânea com invasão retroperitoneal Leonora Maciel de Souza Vianna1, 2, Marcus Vinícius Guimarães de Lacerda1 and Mário Augusto Pinto de Moraes1 ABSTRACT The authors describe a case of entomophthoromycosis in a previously healthy patient, who presented with an abscess in the right buttock. After surgical drainage it evolved into a retroperitoneal tumor. The patient improved clinically after resection of the mass and ketoconazole treatment. The histopathological analysis showed the Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon, suggesting Basidiobolus ranarum infection, a zygomycosis generally restricted to the subcutaneous tissue, with rare gastrointestinal involvement. Key-words: Basidiobolus ranarum. Zygomycosis. Entomophthorales. Clinical features. Histopathology. Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon. RESUMO Os autores descrevem um caso de entomoftoromicose em paciente previamente saudável, que apresentou abscesso em nádega direita, evoluindo, após drenagem cirúrgica, para tumoração retroperitoneal. Após ressecção da massa, o paciente obteve melhora clínica, em uso de cetoconazol. A análise histopatológica evidenciou fenômeno de Splendore-Hoeppli, sugerindo infecção por Basidiobolus ranarum, uma zigomicose geralmente restrita ao tecido subcutâneo, com raro comprometimento gastrintestinal. Palavras-chaves: Basidiobolus ranarum. Zigomicose.
    [Show full text]
  • Mycology Proficiency Testing Program
    Mycology Proficiency Testing Program Test Event Critique January 2014 Table of Contents Mycology Laboratory 2 Mycology Proficiency Testing Program 3 Test Specimens & Grading Policy 5 Test Analyte Master Lists 7 Performance Summary 11 Commercial Device Usage Statistics 13 Mold Descriptions 14 M-1 Stachybotrys chartarum 14 M-2 Aspergillus clavatus 18 M-3 Microsporum gypseum 22 M-4 Scopulariopsis species 26 M-5 Sporothrix schenckii species complex 30 Yeast Descriptions 34 Y-1 Cryptococcus uniguttulatus 34 Y-2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 37 Y-3 Candida dubliniensis 40 Y-4 Candida lipolytica 43 Y-5 Cryptococcus laurentii 46 Direct Detection - Cryptococcal Antigen 49 Antifungal Susceptibility Testing - Yeast 52 Antifungal Susceptibility Testing - Mold (Educational) 54 1 Mycology Laboratory Mycology Laboratory at the Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) is a reference diagnostic laboratory for the fungal diseases. The laboratory services include testing for the dimorphic pathogenic fungi, unusual molds and yeasts pathogens, antifungal susceptibility testing including tests with research protocols, molecular tests including rapid identification and strain typing, outbreak and pseudo-outbreak investigations, laboratory contamination and accident investigations and related environmental surveys. The Fungal Culture Collection of the Mycology Laboratory is an important resource for high quality cultures used in the proficiency-testing program and for the in-house development and standardization of new diagnostic tests. Mycology Proficiency Testing Program provides technical expertise to NYSDOH Clinical Laboratory Evaluation Program (CLEP). The program is responsible for conducting the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA)-compliant Proficiency Testing (Mycology) for clinical laboratories in New York State. All analytes for these test events are prepared and standardized internally.
    [Show full text]
  • Reference Guide to the Classification of Fungi and Fungal-Like Protists, with Emphasis on the Fungal Genera with Medical Importance (Circa 2009)
    Reference Guide to the Classification of Fungi and Fungal-like Protists, with Emphasis on the Fungal Genera with Medical Importance (circa 2009) This outline lists some common genera of fungi and fungal-like protists, which are classified into a number of phyla, subphyla, classes, subclasses and in most cases orders and families. The classification is patterned after the broad schemes of Hawksworth et al. (1), Kirk et al. (2), Eriksson et al. (3), Alexopoulos et al. (4), and Blackwell et al (5) and was devised by PJS to reflect his perception of the relationships of the various organisms traditionally studied by mycologists and included in textbooks and manuals dealing with mycology. The classification ranks below class reflect interpretations of Alexopoulos et al. (7), and PJS. It should be noted that different biologists until recently have had varying opinions on which organisms to include in the Kingdom Fungi and on what rank should be accorded each major group. This classification outline distributes the fungi and fungal-like organisms often dealt with in traditional mycology among the three kingdoms, Protozoa, Chromista and Fungi. With only a relatively few exceptions, the genera listed are very common or are of medical importance. However, not all genera of the Kingdom Fungi involved in human and animal medical mycology are listed. Kingdom: Protozoa/Amebozoa/Eumycetozoa (collection of numerous phyla of eukaryotic, generally wall- less, unicellular, plasmodial, or colonial phagotrophic microorganisms, which includes at least four fungal-like phyla that are no longer considered to be part of the Kingdom Fungi). These have all been reclassified and renamed to reflect their nonfungal nature (see for example Reading Sz 5, which discusses the reclassification of Rhinosporidium seeberi into the additional new Phylum Mezomycetozoea).
    [Show full text]
  • Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes
    University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Biological Sciences Faculty Publications Biological Sciences 9-26-2018 Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes Christopher E. Lane Et Al Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/bio_facpubs Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology ISSN 1066-5234 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes Sina M. Adla,* , David Bassb,c , Christopher E. Laned, Julius Lukese,f , Conrad L. Schochg, Alexey Smirnovh, Sabine Agathai, Cedric Berneyj , Matthew W. Brownk,l, Fabien Burkim,PacoCardenas n , Ivan Cepi cka o, Lyudmila Chistyakovap, Javier del Campoq, Micah Dunthornr,s , Bente Edvardsent , Yana Eglitu, Laure Guillouv, Vladimır Hamplw, Aaron A. Heissx, Mona Hoppenrathy, Timothy Y. Jamesz, Anna Karn- kowskaaa, Sergey Karpovh,ab, Eunsoo Kimx, Martin Koliskoe, Alexander Kudryavtsevh,ab, Daniel J.G. Lahrac, Enrique Laraad,ae , Line Le Gallaf , Denis H. Lynnag,ah , David G. Mannai,aj, Ramon Massanaq, Edward A.D. Mitchellad,ak , Christine Morrowal, Jong Soo Parkam , Jan W. Pawlowskian, Martha J. Powellao, Daniel J. Richterap, Sonja Rueckertaq, Lora Shadwickar, Satoshi Shimanoas, Frederick W. Spiegelar, Guifre Torruellaat , Noha Youssefau, Vasily Zlatogurskyh,av & Qianqian Zhangaw a Department of Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5A8, SK, Canada b Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
    [Show full text]
  • Differences in Fungi Present in Induced Sputum Samples from Asthma
    van Woerden et al. BMC Infectious Diseases 2013, 13:69 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/13/69 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Differences in fungi present in induced sputum samples from asthma patients and non-atopic controls: a community based case control study Hugo Cornelis van Woerden1*, Clive Gregory1*, Richard Brown2, Julian Roberto Marchesi2, Bastiaan Hoogendoorn1 and Ian Price Matthews1 Abstract Background: There is emerging evidence for the presence of an extensive microbiota in human lungs. It is not known whether variations in the prevalence of species of microbiota in the lungs may have aetiological significance in respiratory conditions such as asthma. The aim of the study was to undertake semi-quantitative analysis of the differences in fungal species in pooled sputum samples from asthma patients and controls. Methods: Induced sputum samples were collected in a case control study of asthma patients and control subjects drawn from the community in Wandsworth, London. Samples from both groups were pooled and then tested for eukaryotes. DNA was amplified using standard PCR techniques, followed by pyrosequencing and comparison of reads to databases of known sequences to determine in a semi-quantitative way the percentage of DNA from known species in each of the two pooled samples. Results: A total of 136 fungal species were identified in the induced sputum samples, with 90 species more common in asthma patients and 46 species more common in control subjects. Psathyrella candolleana, Malassezia pachydermatis, Termitomyces clypeatus and Grifola sordulenta showed a higher percentage of reads in the sputum of asthma patients and Eremothecium sinecaudum, Systenostrema alba, Cladosporium cladosporioides and Vanderwaltozyma polyspora showed a higher percentage of reads in the sputum of control subjects.
    [Show full text]
  • Entomophthorales
    USDA-ARS Collection of Entomopathogenic Fungal Cultures Entomophthorales Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit L. A. Castrillo (Acting Curator) Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture & Health June 2020 539 Tower Road Fully Indexed Ithaca, NY 14853 Includes 1901 isolates ARSEF COLLECTION STAFF Louela A. Castrillo, Ph.D. Acting Curator and Insect Pathologist/Mycologist [email protected] (alt. email: [email protected]) phone: [+1] 607 255-7008 Micheal M. Wheeler Biological Technician [email protected] (alt. e-mail: [email protected]) phone: [+1] 607 255-1274 USDA-ARS Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture & Health 538 Tower Road Ithaca, NY 14853-2901 USA Front cover: Rhagionid fly infected with Pandora blunckii. Specimen collected by Eleanor Spence in Ithaca, NY, in June 2019. Photograph and fungus identification by LA Castrillo. i New nomenclatural rules bring new challenges, and new taxonomic revisions for entomopathogenic fungi Richard A. Humber Insect Mycologist and Curator, ARSEF (Retired August, 2017) February 2014 (updated June 2020)* The previous (2007) version of this introductory material for ARSEF catalogs sought to explain some of the phylogenetically-based rationale for major changes to the taxonomy of many key fungal entomopathogens, especially those involving some key conidial and sexual genera of the ascomycete order Hypocreales. Phylogenetic revisions of the taxonomies of entomopathogenic fungi continued to appear, and the results of these revisions are reflected
    [Show full text]