DOCSLIB.ORG

Spanish Colonization of the New World: Cultural Continuity and Change in Mexico (Die Spanische Kolonisierung Der Neuen Welt

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Spanish Colonization of the New World: Cultural Continuity and Change in Mexico (Die Spanische Kolonisierung Der Neuen Welt Spanish Colonization of the New World: Cultural Continuity and Change in Mexico (Die spanische Kolonisierung der Neuen Welt. Kulturelle Kontinuität und kultureller Wandel in Mexiko) Author(s): Karl W. Butzer Source: Erdkunde, Bd. 45, H. 3 (Sep., 1991), pp. 205-219 Published by: Erdkunde Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25645588 Accessed: 13-03-2015 20:58 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Erdkunde is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Erdkunde. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 128.62.59.252 on Fri, 13 Mar 2015 20:58:04 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 205 Karl W Butzer: Spanish colonization of theNew World SPANISH COLONIZATION OF THE NEW WORLD: Cultural Continuity and Change inMexico With 1 figure and 2 tables Karl W. Butzer zu einem Prozefi kultureller Zusammenfassung: Die spanische Kolonisierung der Neuen nialspaniern Divergenz gegen Welt. Kulturelle Kontinuitat und kultureller Wandel in iiber dem Heimatiand. Im Unterschied zu Spanien konnte Mexiko sich keine Schicht von Kleinbauern bilden, wahrend stad Neuen tische Autonomic und wurden. Die spanische Kolonisierung und Besiedlung der Biirgerrechte ausgeschaltet zur der nordamerikanischen Welt bedarf einer neuen makroanalytischen Untersuchung, Im Gegensatz Egalisierung aus sich im Bereich ein aus nicht im Rahmen des Weltsystemmodells, sondern kul Gesellschaft entwickelte spanischen um verstarkt durch die Rassenunter turokologischer Perspektive, Ahnlichkeiten und Unter gepragtes Klassensystem, das von der Kolonialelite vollkommen beherrscht schiede gegeniiber der englischen bzw. franzosischen Be schiede, zum Diese Elite stiefi zunehmend auf Widerstand bei siedlung Nordamerikas herauszustellen. Bis Jahre wurde. neu Beamten und und ver 1600 brachten die Spanier 175 000 Siedler, uberwiegend den eingetroffenen Offizieren aus Kastilien, in die Neue Welt. Sie setzten sich innerhalb scharfte die wirtschaftliche Konkurrenz gegeniiber Spanien. - - von von Bemerkenswert dafi das Mexiko trotz 100 Jahren in verschiedenen Kernraumen fest ist, unabhangige - Neu Mexiko bis Siidchile -, einer Strecke von 9500 km. offensichtlicher Widerspriiche auf die Symbole der ein um eine neue Alsbald war die spanische Einwohnerzahl auf 275 000 ange heimischen Vergangenheit zuriickgriff, von zu schaffen. stiegen, denen 40 000 in der Stadt Mexiko, weitere nationale Identitat 70 000 in anderen grofieren Stadten und fast 20 000 in den zu Hauptbergbauzentren lebten. Im Gegensatz den Eng landern und Franzosen liefien sich die Spanier vorwiegend so in von Eingeborenen dichtbevolkerten Gebieten nieder, Introduction dafi die einheimischen Arbeitskrafte zur wirtschaftlichen Produktion werden konnten. herangezogen the Spain's colonization of the Americas represents Die spezifischen Umweltbedingungen der Neuen Welt first, and in many ways the most ambitious, of Euro verlangten oft eine grundsatzliche okologische Umgestal pean ventures in overseas settlement. Within one tung des mediterranen Anbausystems. Da in den feuchten some 175,000 Castilian settlers had been Tropen die heimischen Getreidearten nicht gedeihen konn century, established over a vast and area ten, entfaltete sich hier vor allem die Rinderzucht, zu der heterogeneous some 9500 kilometers and 88 of sich allmahlich eine bescheidene Plantagenwirtschaft hin stretching degrees man zugesellte. In den Hochlandern stiefi auf Sommer latitude fromNew Mexico to the isle ofChiloe. At the so stattWinterregen und besondere Frostverhaltnisse, dafi time that theVirginia colonies were being founded, das den bekannte wer Spaniern Anbausystem umgestaltet the Spanish population of Hispanic America can be den mufite. des Bedarfs an Arbeitskraf Aufgrund geringen estimated at about 275,000 people, and Mexico City ten und der grofien Marktentfernungen entwickelte sich die had some 40,000 Spanish inhabitants, not counting Viehzucht besonders stark und blieb in den peripheren Ge other peoples. The Spanish urban population in all bieten vorherrschend. Dazu kam, dafi die lange anfanglich townswith more than 750 households total Landwirtschaft vor allem extensiv betrieben wurde und erst probably ed over 110,000 And almost 20,000 mit dem allgemeinen wirtschaftlichen Aufschwung inten (Table 1). miners and residents lived and worked in siver wurde. Die Behandlung der Indianer, besonders in Spanish den Gebieten alter Hochkulturen, wirkte sich schliefilich so the mining centers of Mexico, Colombia, Peru, and zwar zu aus, dafi diese einer Unterklasse herabgedriickt, Bolivia. aber nicht ausgerottet oder inReservate verdrangt wurden. The scale and intensity of the Spanish colonial Diese Verhaltnisse einen Kulturaus begiinstigten regen enterprise is perhaps underappreciated, especially as tausch und eine zunehmende Assimilation. gegenseitige it contrasts with itsFrench and British counterparts. Hierzu trug die spanische Regierungs- und Kirchenpolitik The Spanish dispersed across one and a half con bei, nach der die einheimische Bevolkerung, altromischem tinents by nodal or mosaic migration, establishing Vorbild entsprechend, sich zu vollen Teilhabern der christ several clusters of settlements. With the man lich-mediterranen Zivilisation entwickeln sollte. royal an neue date to and to also Die gezwungene Anpassung okologische Ver govern populate (Ordenanzas 1573, von Gongora 1975: McAlister 1984: haltnisse, die Ubernahme Kulturpflanzen und Arbeits 68-78, 108-109), methoden der Eingeborenen sowie die Eingliederung der the Spaniards sought out, rather than shunned, Kolonisten in eine altere Kulturwelt fuhrten bei den Kolo centers of indigenous population as foci of high poten This content downloaded from 128.62.59.252 on Fri, 13 Mar 2015 20:58:04 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 206 Erdkunde Band 45/1991 Table 1: Environmental units and estimated "Spanish" population in Spanish America about 1600 (adjusted from various con temporary reports from the 1560s to the 1640s) Naturraume und geschatzte Zahlen der ?spanischen" Bevolkerung in Spanisch-Amerika um 1600 Environment/Region Total "Spanish" LargeMining (Variants)Population Cities Centers Lowland Tropics (Gulf-Caribbean) 49,000 7,500 800 Subhumid Lowlands (Cuba-Yucatan) 6,500 Montane Tropics (NorthernAndes) 39,700 16,900800 Montane Subtropics (HighlandMexico) Basin ofMexico 45,000 40,000 2,000 Puebla-Tlaxcala 22,500 9,000 Oaxaca 2,200 Michoacan 2,000 - Baji'o 3,300 1,100 - Nueva Galicia 6,800 4,200 SemiaridMontane Tropics (CentralAndes) 53,20016,200 10,000 Other Lowland Ecozones (Coastal Peru-Chile-La Plata) Coastal Peru-Central Chile 32,200 20,500 Temperate Chile1} (3,300) Interior La Plata 5,000 Total267,400 110,10018,900 1) Territory reverted to Araucanian control at the end of the 16th century and temporarily abandoned. The figure of 3300 inhabitants represents an estimate for about 1590 that is not included in the total. tial productivity and as sources of labor. Where in tween subsistence, labor, demographic, and environ were or can digenous populations ephemeral sparse, mental strategies be examined in detail (Butzer Indian and African slaves or wage labor were in 1990). But italso lends itself to large scale study in the context of cultural and environmental or troduced for work in basic agriculture, small-scale diversity, or for and access to resources. plantations, mining (see Bowser 1984, Gibson competition unequal 1984, Lockhart 1984). In economic terms, this en Conquest and colonization involve more than diffu sured a moderately high productivity inmany regions sion of information,migration and settlement. They com of the Spanish colonial empire, constituting a major place different sets of adaptive strategies into source revenue to of for Spain. petition, and lead varying degrees of elimination, In contemporary, social and ethical terms, this selection, simplification, divergence and, ultimately, a conun This seeks to represents colonial exploitation and moral culture transformation. essay explore as a more drum, that regularly draws the ire of anglophone some of these themes, part of comprehen macro writers in particular. But one should also not forget sive study, that will combine and micro on research inMexico. the prominent role of theBritish, French, and Dutch approaches, based detailed in theTransatlantic slave trade (Rawley 1981), and in the slave economies of the Caribbean and the American South, which merit similar condemnation. Patterns ofmigration But the purpose of this paper is not to judge the pro are priety of the European colonial enterprise, or to Two studies available to estimate the flow of engage in the growing polemic about theColumbian Spanish immigrants to the New World. A list of been "encounter". It is to analyze and characterize the 55,000 migrants 1493-1600 has tabulated by at an macro who that this Spanish colonization experience explicit Boyd-Bowman (1976 a), suspects a a real because of scale, from culture ecological rather than world represents only 20% of the number, and A different systems perspective. incomplete lists many missing years.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Challenges of Cultural Relations Between the European Union and Latin America and the Caribbean
    The challenges of cultural relations between the European Union and Latin America and the Caribbean Lluís Bonet and Héctor Schargorodsky (Eds.) The challenges of cultural relations between the European Union and Latin America and the Caribbean Lluís Bonet and Héctor Schargorodsky (Eds.) Title: The Challenges of Cultural Relations between the European Union and Latin America and the Caribbean Editors: Lluís Bonet and Héctor Schargorodsky Publisher: Quaderns Gescènic. Col·lecció Quaderns de Cultura n. 5 1st Edition: August 2019 ISBN: 978-84-938519-4-1 Editorial coordination: Giada Calvano and Anna Villarroya Design and editing: Sistemes d’Edició Printing: Rey center Translations: María Fernanda Rosales, Alba Sala Bellfort, Debbie Smirthwaite Pictures by Lluís Bonet (pages 12, 22, 50, 132, 258, 282, 320 and 338), by Shutterstock.com, acquired by OEI, original photos by A. Horulko, Delpixel, V. Cvorovic, Ch. Wollertz, G. C. Tognoni, LucVi and J. Lund (pages 84, 114, 134, 162, 196, 208, 232 and 364) and by www.pixnio.com, original photo by pics_pd (page 386). Front cover: Watercolor by Lluís Bonet EULAC Focus has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 693781. Giving focus to the Cultural, Scientific and Social Dimension of EU - CELAC relations (EULAC Focus) is a research project, funded under the EU’s Horizon 2020 programme, coordinated by the University of Barcelona and integrated by 18 research centers from Europe and Latin America and the Caribbean. Its main objective is that of «giving focus» to the Cultural, Scientific and Social dimension of EU- CELAC relations, with a view to determining synergies and cross-fertilization, as well as identifying asymmetries in bi-lateral and bi-regional relations.
    [Show full text]
  • Diego, Frida, and Trotsky by Albert Bildner
    country willing to receive Trotsky. Diego Rivera, Diego, Frida, and Trotsky already internationally acclaimed as a muralist, and By Albert Bildner Frida were both communist sympathizers, so they offered Trotsky one of their homes as a refuge. he recent movie Frida, brought back vivid The Coyoacán house became a meeting place for memories of my youth. I knew all three the artist friends of Diego and Frida. One of the principals - Diego Rivera, Frida Kahlo regulars was Doctor Atl, the one legged painter and Leon Trotsky. whose specialty was painting Mt. Popocatepetl, a TThe year was 1937. I had just graduated from mountain the amputee would climb with one leg Yale University. With $200 saved from working in a and a crutch. Pablo O’Higgins and Alfredo Zalce grocery store owned by my father, I had bought a were also visitors there. David Alfaro Siquieros, second-hand 1931 Packard limousine, color black. It another famed artist friend who was known to be had a roll-up window between the front and back somewhat crazed, was already in jail for trying to kill seat; there was a voice tube for the back seat Trotsky. Since the house was mainly a refuge for passenger to speak through to give orders to the Trotsky, there were several, perhaps a dozen young driver; two small flower vases were on either side of people, doing translation work for the exiled the rear interior. Communist leader. I was given the job of With two friends, I embarked on a reading Spanish magazines and newspapers journey starting in New York City headed and translating certain articles into English, for Mexico City.
    [Show full text]
  • Two New Mexican Lives Through the Nineteenth Century
    Hannigan 1 “Overrun All This Country…” Two New Mexican Lives Through the Nineteenth Century “José Francisco Chavez.” Library of Congress website, “General Nicolás Pino.” Photograph published in Ralph Emerson Twitchell, The History of the Military July 15 2010, https://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/congress/chaves.html Occupation of the Territory of New Mexico, 1909. accessed March 16, 2018. Isabel Hannigan Candidate for Honors in History at Oberlin College Advisor: Professor Tamika Nunley April 20, 2018 Hannigan 2 Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 2 I. “A populace of soldiers”, 1819 - 1848. ............................................................................................... 10 II. “May the old laws remain in force”, 1848-1860. ............................................................................... 22 III. “[New Mexico] desires to be left alone,” 1860-1862. ...................................................................... 31 IV. “Fighting with the ancient enemy,” 1862-1865. ............................................................................... 53 V. “The utmost efforts…[to] stamp me as anti-American,” 1865 - 1904. ............................................. 59 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 72 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Tale of Two Republics
    A Tale of Two Republics: Why Liberalism Succeeded in America but Faltered in Brazil Matthew Braz Honors 490: Senior Honors Seminar Professor Blais May 1, 2019 Braz1 The history of human civilization in the Western Hemisphere begins in when hunter gathers first stepped foot onto North America, and continued their march south to the tip of Patagonia. In a land diverse in geography and people, these human tribes would form new societies vying for resources to become the dominant power. And of all societies to flourish, the Mesoamerican civilizations including the Olmec and later the Aztec would rise as the most powerful empire in North America. South of Panama, the Inca would establish an empire in the Andes Mountains as the dominant power of South America. Yet the powerful Aztecs warriors and the high Incan forts would not withstand the guns nor devastating germs of European colonizers who would replace these native empires as the dominant power. Now it was the empires of Europe who were the true superpowers of the Western Hemisphere, establishing political, cultural, and economic control both continents. European colonialism would reshape the Western Hemisphere into a new world born from the ashes of Native People. Their former lands were fenced for European colonizers, of men and women who sought wealth that this new world provided. That wealth needed extraction, and so millions of enslaved people were chained and shipped from Africa towards the horrors of chattel slavery. The combination of these different people and cultures reshaped the Western Hemisphere, and the result of this clash of cultures is still evident today 527 years after Columbus arrived in Hispaniola.
    [Show full text]
  • Study Reveals Racial Inequality in Mexico, Disproving Its ‘Race-Blind’ Rhetoric
    Study reveals racial inequality in Mexico, disproving its ‘race-blind’ rhetoric theconversation.com/study-reveals-racial-inequality-in-mexico-disproving-its-race-blind-rhetoric-87661 For centuries, the United States has been engaged in a thorny, stop-and-go conversation about race and inequality in American society. And from Black Lives Matter demonstrations to NFL players protesting police violence, public discussions on racism continue in full force today. That’s not the case in Mexico. Mexicans have divergent ancestry, including Spanish, African, indigenous and German. And while skin color in Mexico ranges from white to black, most people – 53 percent – identify as mestizo, or mixed race. In Mexico, inequality, though rampant, has long been viewed as a problem related to ethnicity or socioeconomic status, not race. Our new report suggests that assumption is wrong. Published in November, “Is Mexico a Post-Racial Country?” reveals that in Mexico darker skin is strongly associated with decreased wealth and less schooling. Indeed, race is the single most important determinant of a Mexican citizen’s economic and educational attainment, our results show. Unequal in every way The study, published last month by the Latin American Public Opinion Project at Vanderbilt University, or LAPOP, drew on data from the university’s Americas Barometer, a poll of 34 nations across North, Central and South America, as well the Caribbean. To capture information on race, which is often not reflected in Latin American census data, the pollsters themselves categorized respondents’ face skin tone on a standardized 11-point scale that ranges from darkest to lightest. We were fascinated to see that the Mexico data clearly showed people with white skin completing more years of schooling than those with browner skin – 10 years versus 6.5.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Section I Hispanic Heritage Month Reference and Resources Legislative History of Hispanic Heritage Month Section II List of Local Museums Section III Florida Hispanic Heritage Timeline Section IV Lesson Plans o Hispanic Americans and their Contributions to the United States and the World o Famous First by Hispanic Americans o Analyzing Primary Sources o Early Hispanic Civilizations: Mayan, Aztec Section V Activities o Collaborative/Individual o Hispanic American Ancestors Origin o Art o Study Skills o Famous Hispanic Americans of the Past o Famous Hispanic Americans of Today Section VI Hispanic Heritage Month Suggested Reading List (Florida Department of Education) 3 Hispanic Heritage Month Reference and Resources Secondary September 15 – October 15 5 Hispanic Heritage Month: September 15 – October 15 The following online databases are available through the Broward Enterprise Education Portal (BEEP) located at http://beep.browardschools.com/ssoPortal/index.html. The databases highlighted below contain resources, including primary sources/documents, which provide information on Hispanic heritage, history, and notable Hispanics and Latinos. Along with reference content, some of the online databases listed below include lesson plans, multimedia files (photographs, videos, charts/graphs), activities, worksheets, and answer keys. Contact your library media specialist for username and password. Database Suggested Type of Files Sample Search(es) Search Term(s)* Gale Hispanic Americans, Magazines, newspapers, academic Enter the search term “Hispanic heritage.” Click on the link Audios Latinos, Latin journals, eBooks, podcasts, images, to read the transcript of an interview with Dominican writer Julia maps, charts, graphs America, South Alvarez. Click on the link Chicano Activist Sees Dream Live on America, Spanish in her Sons, to listen to an NPR interview with Mexican-American Rosie Castro, mother of Texas State Representative Joaquin Language, Hispanic Castro and San Antonio Mayor Julian Castro.
    [Show full text]
  • Mexican Migration to NYC. the Social, Economic, and Cultural Characteristics in Comparison to Traditional Mexican Migration to the Southwest
    Melissa Muriente BLPR 102 Latino Communities - 1 - Mexican migration to NYC. The social, economic, and cultural characteristics in comparison to traditional Mexican migration to the Southwest. Melissa Muriente BLPR 102 Latino Communities - 2 - Introduction With the establishment of Latinos as the largest ethnic/racial group in the city, the Hispanic population of New York City has fixed itself as a dominant presence among the city's community. Even more recently, specific Latino groups have begun to make their marks on the city. For years, the dominant Latino presence in the city has rested among people of Puerto Rican descent. While Puerto Ricans still remain the dominant Latino group in the city, they're beginning to face some stiff competition from a rather unexpected source: Mexico. Only ten years ago, Mexicans were present in sparse numbers throughout the city. In 2001, the number of Mexicans living within the city has increased to such an extent that Mexicans have become the third-largest Hispanic group after Puerto Ricans and Dominicans. (Dallas, pg.30) This is an interesting concept being that for years the traditional destination for Mexican migrants was. among the southwestern states. However, recent data shows that this is changing as more and more Mexican immigrants discover new frontiers within the U.S. Why is this happening? Why are so many people coming to New York? How is this different or similar to the traditional Mexican immigration to the southwest? In my paper, I will be looking at the reasons why so many Mexicans are coming to NYC and comparing them to the characteristics associated with past, more traditional Mexican migration to the southwest.
    [Show full text]
  • US Historians of Latin America and the Colonial Question
    UC Santa Barbara Journal of Transnational American Studies Title Imperial Revisionism: US Historians of Latin America and the Spanish Colonial Empire (ca. 1915–1945) Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/30m769ph Journal Journal of Transnational American Studies, 5(1) Author Salvatore, Ricardo D. Publication Date 2013 DOI 10.5070/T851011618 Supplemental Material https://escholarship.org/uc/item/30m769ph#supplemental Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Imperial Revisionism: US Historians of Latin America and the Spanish Colonial Empire (ca. 1915–1945) RICARDO D. SALVATORE Since its inception, the discipline of Hispanic American history has been overshadowed by a dominant curiosity about the Spanish colonial empire and its legacy in Latin America. Carrying a tradition established in the mid-nineteenth century, the pioneers of the field (Bernard Moses and Edward G. Bourne) wrote mainly about the experience of Spanish colonialism in the Americas. The generation that followed continued with this line of inquiry, generating an increasing number of publications about the colonial period.1 The duration, organization, and principal institutions of the Spanish empire have drawn the attention of many historians who did their archival work during the early twentieth century and joined history departments of major US universities after the outbreak of World War I. The histories they wrote contributed to consolidating the field of Hispanic American history in the United States, producing important findings in a variety of themes related to the Spanish empire. It is my contention that this historiography was greatly influenced by the need to understand the role of the United States’ policies in the hemisphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Olena Semenyaka, the “First Lady” of Ukrainian Nationalism
    Olena Semenyaka, The “First Lady” of Ukrainian Nationalism Adrien Nonjon Illiberalism Studies Program Working Papers, September 2020 For years, Ukrainian nationalist movements such as Svoboda or Pravyi Sektor were promoting an introverted, state-centered nationalism inherited from the early 1930s’ Ukrainian Nationalist Organization (Orhanizatsiia Ukrayins'kykh Natsionalistiv) and largely dominated by Western Ukrainian and Galician nationalist worldviews. The EuroMaidan revolution, Crimea’s annexation by Russia, and the war in Donbas changed the paradigm of Ukrainian nationalism, giving birth to the Azov movement. The Azov National Corps (Natsional’nyj korpus), led by Andriy Biletsky, was created on October 16, 2014, on the basis of the Azov regiment, now integrated into the Ukrainian National Guard. The Azov National Corps is now a nationalist party claiming around 10,000 members and deployed in Ukrainian society through various initiatives, such as patriotic training camps for children (Azovets) and militia groups (Natsional’ny druzhiny). Azov can be described as a neo- nationalism, in tune with current European far-right transformations: it refuses to be locked into old- fashioned myths obsessed with a colonial relationship to Russia, and it sees itself as outward-looking in that its intellectual framework goes beyond Ukraine’s territory, deliberately engaging pan- European strategies. Olena Semenyaka (b. 1987) is the female figurehead of the Azov movement: she has been the international secretary of the National Corps since 2018 (and de facto leader since the party’s very foundation in 2016) while leading the publishing house and metapolitical club Plomin (Flame). Gaining in visibility as the Azov regiment transformed into a multifaceted movement, Semenyaka has become a major nationalist theorist in Ukraine.
    [Show full text]
  • CAMOC Museums of Cities Review
    01 / 2017 www.camoc.icom.museum MUSEUMS OF CITIES REVIEW ISSN 2520-2472 The Lisbon that Could Have Been A new temporary exhibition at the Museum of Lisbon ANTÓNIO MIRANDA / RAQUEL HENRIQUES DA SILVA* The Eduardo VII park, view to the Tagus river. © www.all-free.photos.com “The Lisbon that could have been” is the newest and “Fragments of Colour - The Tiles Collection of temporary exhibition of the Museum of Lisbon, on the Museum of Lisbon”, the city museum keeps on show at the Black Pavilion gallery from January 27 pursuing research and exhibition projects that reveal the up to June 18. Following exhibitions like “Fishermen museum’s collections in innovative ways. wives – Memories of the City”, “The Light of Lisbon” This exhibition uncovers how Lisbon was being thought over and planned for by mainly Portuguese architects and * Exhibition Curators: AM is a researcher at the Museum of Lisbon, and RHS is an Art Historian at Universidade Nova de Lisboa. urbanists, through the lens of projects that were CONTENTS 01 The Lisbon that Could Have Been 23 Urban Life, City Museums, and Children 04 The Chair’s Note 26 Antwerp à la carte 06 Migrations and Spontaneous Museums in Italy 29 The Power of Darkness-The night as a cultural landscape 09 Presenting Immigrant Culture at the National 33 City Circles Athens Museum of Ethnology, Japan 36 5th International Conference: Creative Cities 12 National Museum of Taiwan History and Immigrants 54 Special Dossier: Athens Workshop 14 CAMOC Annual Conference Call, Mexico 2017 57 Exhibition Alert 20 Towards the Hrant Dink Site of Memory 58 Conference Alert 1 CITY MUSEUMS Let us listen to the curators.
    [Show full text]
  • RECONQUEST and REPOPULATION Ence Close to the Church of a Spring Enclosed by Ma- from North Africa Who Overthrew the Visigothic King- Sonry of the Same Period
    RECONQUEST AND REPOPULATION ence close to the church of a spring enclosed by ma- from North Africa who overthrew the Visigothic king- sonry of the same period. It is likely that the site was dom in 711. Modern historians have questioned the part of a royal estate. validity of this traditional concept, but Derek Lomax ROGER COLLINS pointed out that the Reconquest was “an ideal invented by Spanish Christians soon after 711” and developed Bibliography in the ninth-century kingdom of Asturias. Given the failure of the Muslims to occupy the Collins, R., Early Medieval Spain: Unity in Diversity, entire Iberian Peninsula, several tiny, independent 400–1000. London, 1983, 108–45. kingdoms and counties emerged in the foothills of the Navascue´s, J. M. de. La dedicacio´n de San Juan de Ban˜os. Palencia, 1961. Cantabrian and Pyrenees mountains, namely, Asturias, Thompson, E. A. The Goths in Spain. Oxford, 1969, Leo´n, Castile, Navarre, Arago´n, and Catalonia. The 199–210. idea of reconquest originated in Asturias, where King Pelayo (718–737), the leader of a hardy band of moun- taineers, proclaimed his intention to achieve the salus RECEMUND Spanie—the “salvation of Spain”—and the restoration Bishop of Elvira and caliphal secretary (mid-tenth cen- of the Gothic people. His victory over the Muslims at tury). Known to the Arabs as Rabi ibn Sid al-Usquf, Covadonga in 722 is traditionally taken as the begin- the Christian Recemund served as a secretary under ning of the Reconquest. A ninth-century chronicler af- the caliph Abd al-Rah.ma¯n III (929–961).
    [Show full text]
  • Rethinking the Conquest : an Exploration of the Similarities Between Pre-Contact Spanish and Mexica Society, Culture, and Royalty
    University of Northern Iowa UNI ScholarWorks Dissertations and Theses @ UNI Student Work 2015 Rethinking the Conquest : an exploration of the similarities between pre-contact Spanish and Mexica society, culture, and royalty Samantha Billing University of Northern Iowa Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy Copyright ©2015 Samantha Billing Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd Part of the Latin American History Commons Recommended Citation Billing, Samantha, "Rethinking the Conquest : an exploration of the similarities between pre-contact Spanish and Mexica society, culture, and royalty" (2015). Dissertations and Theses @ UNI. 155. https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd/155 This Open Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at UNI ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses @ UNI by an authorized administrator of UNI ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Copyright by SAMANTHA BILLING 2015 All Rights Reserved RETHINKING THE CONQUEST: AN EXPLORATION OF THE SIMILARITIES BETWEEN PRE‐CONTACT SPANISH AND MEXICA SOCIETY, CULTURE, AND ROYALTY An Abstract of a Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts Samantha Billing University of Northern Iowa May 2015 ABSTRACT The Spanish Conquest has been historically marked by the year 1521 and is popularly thought of as an absolute and complete process of indigenous subjugation in the New World. Alongside this idea comes the widespread narrative that describes a barbaric, uncivilized group of indigenous people being conquered and subjugated by a more sophisticated and superior group of Europeans.
    [Show full text]