101

A "NEW" CHINOOK JARGON WORD LIST ~ jargon yet offered. It is compiled from all the vocabularies to which I could get access, together with the pronunciations as I knew them. Sarah G. Thomason It is likely that in different localities these pronunciations differed slightly, though not anywhere to my knowledge in what now consti­ June 1995 tutes Washington,-the territory which in 1852, at the Convention of Monticello, we petitioned Congress to call "Columbia." 'A Chinook vocabulary was published by the Columbian, edited by 1. INTRODUCTION. Some years ago, in a second-hand bookstore in Big­ McElroy and Wiley, the earliest paper, I believe, issued north of the fork, Montana, I bought a 1913 edition of Theodore Winthrop's 1863 book Columbia. Others were published later. There were several sources The Canoe and the Saddle. The editor, John H. Williams, had added an from which Winthrop might have secured his vocabulary. Certainly appendix with several essays by people who had known Winthrop during he could have got it at Fort Vancouver.' his time in the Northwest. One of these essays, entitled 'Colonel E. Jay Allen's Reminiscences' (pp. 326-331), contains the following passage about Chinook Jargon (329-30): I was studying Chinook Jargon structure and vocabulary at the time I found this reference, and I had never heard of a vocabulary compiled by Allen, so I was eager to find it, if it existed. 'I knew George Gibbs well. He was a likeable man and a learned Edward Jay Allen is described by the editor as 'the young engineer and student. I was with him while he was compiling his Chinook jar­ contractor at the head of the road builders in whose camp on the Greenwater gon dictionary. He made it quite complete, but it was less expressive Winthrop spent the night of August 26, 1853[; he] is now a highly respected than would have been one gotten together by illiterate Michael Sim­ citizen of Pittsburg, Pa.' When I returned to Pittsburgh, I looked in local mons of Tumwater. With some one to write out the difficult Indian libraries for references to a published version of Allen's 'coming volume The pronunciations, Simmons would have given the jargon just as it was Oregon Trail'. No luck. But a search under his name turned up a small actually used. The scholarly Gibbs, I think, could not refrain from volume of poetry with a title in Chinook Jargon (Allen 1900), and the treating it as if it had tense, whereas it had none, and the meaning Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine indicated that he was a colonel of a word was decided by emphasis. This is very apparent in the who commanded the 155 Pennsylvania Volunteers regiment (vol. 11:263, word "si-ah,", for example. This negligently uttered has a differ­ 1928), a contractor, and the great-grandfather of the novelist Hervey Allen ent meaning from the emphatic pronunciation of the word, with the (vol. 28:66, 1945). My next step was to find out if by any chance the last syllable prolonged. Then, too, the distinct French, Spanish and University of Pittsburgh's Special Collections Department had, in its Hervey English words in the jargon would, in scholarly hands, insist on a Allen Collection, any unpublished writings by Hervey Allen's literary great­ meaning closely allied to their originals; whereas with the greater grandfather. Charles Aston, Jr., Coordinator of the Special Collections vulgarism of an illiterate people, having no written records, the root Department, quickly found among Hervey Allen's papers a handwritten meanings "of the best usage" became greatly corrupted. Gibbs did diary kept by Edward Jay Allen before he left for the Northwest; but there not sufficiently consider this. The men like Mike Simmons, who were was no Oregon Trail manuscript, and no Chinook Jargon material. He said innocent of all knowledge of tenses and cases, and entirely untram­ that he would also check an old trunk of Hervey Allen's that was kept in meled, and who used Chinook as a necessity of their daily life, gave dead storage in the Special Collections Department, but that he thought it as the Indians rendered it. For my coming volume, "The Oregon the trunk was empty. Several months later, to his surprise and mine, he Trail," I have in manuscript perhaps the fullest vocabulary of the found in that trunk Edward Jay Allen's manuscript The Oregon Trail. The

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entire manuscript is a carbon copy of 355 double-spaced typed legal-size almost unique (I've found the word only in one or two sources that Allen pages-typed, apparently, to judge by a note on the package, by Hervey apparently used, so there are no independent attestations); and 4 = unique Allen (Charles Aston, personal communication, 1982). The copy includes (I haven't found the word in any other CJ sources). These designations are eleven legal-sized pages of Chinook Jargon words and an additional single based on the sources I have checked systematically; I haven't checked all sheet headed 'Sentences'. available sources, so the figures are on the low side. They should therefore This, then, is the "new" Chinook Jargon word list of my title. Clearly. ?e taken as ~ rough guide to the frequency with which the word appears whatever Edward Jay Allen's original intentions were, it is not ·the fullest m CJ materIals, not as a claim about overall attestation. Distributional vocabulary of the jargon yet offered' (as of 1913), and much of it is. as indicators in entries for phrases refer to the phrase as a whole, not to its he says, drawn from other written sources. Nevertheless, it provides a separate parts (even when the separate words don't appear elsewhere in considerable amount of Chinook Jargon material-400 lexical entries and Allen's list). Etymologies for the separate words in a phrase are given un­ 19 sentences-and should be of interest to any scholars concerned with der the phrase entry only if one or more words in the phrase do not also Chinook Jargon (CJ) and its lexicon. appear separately in the list.

2. EDWARD JAY ALLEN'S CHINOOK JARGON LEXICAL LIST, ANNO­ Because of the length of Allen's list (and space limitations), I have omit­ TATED. In the list below, each item begins with Allen's CJ entry and ted other information here that might be of interest to Chinook Jargon gloss, both in boldface. I have retained Edward (or Hervey) Allen's spelling fans. ~urther comments on word forms, distribution, and etymologies, and punctuation, though apparent typographical errors are indicated in the comparIsons of Allen's words with forms found in other sources (espe­ annotations. In some cases someone-presumably either Edward or Hervey cially Swan 1857 and Winthrop 1863), and most cross-references to other Allen-has inserted hand-written emendations in the entries; in these cases entries in Allen's list are all omitted, but are included in a longer ver­ I have used the corrected spelling. The annotations, in plain type. include sion of the paper that I will be happy to send to anyone who asks for it correction of apparent typographical errors, no doubt an incomplete list, in (write to Sarah Thomason, Department of , University of Pitts­ parentheses after Allen's entry; a phonemic representation of the CJ word burgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA, after September 1st, or send email to or phrase; the gloss of the CJ word or phrase, where it differs significantly [email protected]). In the longer version of the paper, 'attested at all pe­ from Allen's gloss: the original source of the word or phrase: and riods' means that the word appears in several sources well into the 20th a characterization of the word's distribution in other CJ sources. century as well as in 19th-century and very early 20th-century sources. The phonemic CJ representations are based on 's svs­ Some of the bibliographical references are cited only in the longer version tern (1968). They are relatively transparent-for instance, a sequence Ik~vl but have been retained in the shorter version. or I qw I represents a labialized stop-except that Ihl represents a velar fricative and Ixl a uv'1llar fricative. Stress is on the initial syllable unless otherwise marked. The original source of the word-generally Chinook. )rootka, Salishan (specific language unspecified here). French, English. _-\.1- gonquian, onomatopoeia, or "?' for words whose origin is not given in any reliable source I've checked-is followed by a question mark in cases where the source language is provided only by non-linguist sources. The distribu­ tional characterizations are as follows: 1+ = very widely attested (upwards of 30 sources): 1 = widely attested (20 or more sources); 2 ~ well attested (ca. 8-19 sources): 3 = sparsely attested (fe\ver than 8 sources); 4+ = 103 H A C D

Abbe. Well, then, if that is the Capo. Cook. ?, ? 4. Dable. Devil. CJ /litsab, diab, Hack or House. House. 7; CJ case. CJ / aba/. ? 3. yab/ 'the devil'. French. 2. Jhaws/. 7; English. 4+; 1. Chaco. Come. CJ /tsaku, Askik. A fishook. (Aekik, tsakwa/. Nootka. 1. Delate. Straight. CJ /dlet, dret/. Hale. Nothing. None. CJ /hilu/ 'fishhook') CJ /ikik/. Chinook. 2. French. 1. 'absent, lacking'. Chinook. 1+. Chee. New. CJ /tsi, tshiJ. Asatshoot. A bear. (Aeatshoot) Chinook. 2. Ding ding. Hour. CJ /tintin, Halloyme. Another. Different. CJ /itsxut/ 'black bear'. Chinook. diNdiN/ 'bell, musical instrument; CJ /xluima/. Chinook. 1. Chitch. Grandmother. CJ 1. /tsats/. Salishan. 2. hour, o'clock'. Onomatopoeia Halluck laporte. Shut the door. Akapooit. A needle. CJ (English, French?). 2. ('open') CJ /~alaql lapot/ 'open Chick chick. Any wheeled /k'ipwut/ 'thorn, insect's stinger; DIy. Dry. CJ /dlay/. English. 2. door'. 3. See sentence 16. needle'. Chinook. 2. vehicle. CJ /ts'ikts'ik/ 'wheel; wagon'. ? 1. DIy Tupso. Hay. Straw. CJ Haul. Pull. CJ /hal/. English. 2. Alta. Now, at present. CJ Chicksmen. All kinds of metal. /dlay t;)psu/. 4+. He hee. To laugh. CJ /hihi/. /alta/. Chinook. 1+. (Chickamen) CJ /tsikmanJ. Nootka. Chinook. 2. ADd. Hereafter, after a while. E l. He hee lema. To gamble. CJ CJ /al*qi/ 'later, future'. Chinook. Chickamen shoe. Horse shoe. /hihi lima/. 3. 1. Ehee. Uncle. ?, ? 4. CJ /tsikman sus/ Nootka, English. Henkerchim. Handkerchief. CJ Amah. Exclamation of 4. Elites. Slave. (Elitee) CJ /ilaitih/. /hak;)ts;)m/. English. 2. 'astonishment. ?, ? 4. Cockshut. Break, to destroy. Chinook. 2. Hiycu. Plenty. (hiyo'lL) CJ Ankutty. Long ago. CJ /anqati/ CJ /kaksat, kaksat/. Nootka. 1. Ellinwill. Ribs. CJ /Hinwil/. 7. 3. /hayu./. Nootka. 1. 'former, past'. Chinook. 1. Clayl stone. Coal. CJ /li'dl stun/ Elp. First. CJ /il;)p/. Salishan7 1. Hiyass. Great, Plenty. CJ Appola. A roast of anything. 'black stone'. Chinook, English. 4. Ena~ Bear. CJ final 'beaver'. /hayas/ 'large in size'. Chinook. CJ /lapala/ 'roasted, baked'. ? 2. Cold illehe. Winter. CJ /kul Chinook. 2. 1+. ' Ats. Sister. CJ /ats/ '(younger) ili'i/. English, Chinook. '2-. Enpoosy. Lice. (Enpooey) CJ Hiyass, Sunday. Christmas. sister'. Chinook. 1. Cold elally. Cranberries. CJ /inapu/. Chinook. 2. Fourth of July. CJ /hayas sandi/ AttIe. To be pleased. CJ /kwH/ /kul ulili, ulall/. English, Chinook. 3. 'proud'. Salishan? 3. 4. G Hiyack. Hurry. CJ /hayaq, ayaqj Aqui~e. Belly. CJ /yakw'atin, Cold. A year. CJ /kul/. English. 'fast'. Chinook (& Nootka?). 1. kw'atin/. Chinook. 2. Gleece pire; Gleece pire stick. 2. How. Take notice. Attend. CJ Candles. CJ / glis; paya; stik/ 'fat; Comb. Comb. CJ /kumJ. /haw!/ 'come on! hurry!' Salishan. B fire; tree'. English. 4. English. 3. 3. Glass~ Looking-Glass. CJ /glas/. Boston tillicum. American Coat. Coat. CJ /kut/. English. 3 Hose hoee. Exchange. Barter. English. 3. • man. CJ /bastan talhamj. English, Chuck. Water. CJ /tsuqf. (Hoee hoee) CJ /huyhuy/. Salishan Chinook. 4+. Nootka & Chinook. 1. 2.

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Hhrowlket. Stubborn. Kapo. Coat. CJ /kapuj. French. Keekwully. Deep. Beneath. CJ Klap. Find. CJ /tl'ap/. Chinook. Determined. CJ /xauqwal/ 2. /kikwli/ 'lower, down'. Chinook. 1. 1. 'unable, impossible'. Chinook. 2. Kanim. Canoe. CJ /kanim/. Keekwully Coat. Petticoat. CJ Kleman. Sap leI. Bread. CJ Chinook. 1. /kikwli kut/ 'lower skirt'. 3. /tl'~n saplil/ 'flour' (lit. I Kalidon. Lead. CJ /kaiaytan/ Keekwully sockilox. Drawers. 'ground-up wheat'). Chinook. 3. Klemenwhit. False. CJ Ikt. One. 'arrow; bullet'. Chinook. 2. CJ /kikwli sak'aIuks/ 'leggins'. 3. /tl'minhw~t/ 'to lie'. Chinook. 1. Itka. What things. Things. CJ Tenaskaliden. Shot. CJ /t~nas Keaqua. Stars. ?, ? 4. Klapitt. Thread. CJ /l~pai.tj. /iktaj. Chinook. 1+. kalaytan/ 'small bullet'. 4+. Kelapie. Capsize. CJ /k'ilapay/. Chinook. 2. Ikt stick. Yard stick. CJ /iht Hiyas, Kaliden. Bullets. CJ Chinook. 1. . Klatawaw. Go. CJ /latwa/. stik/ 'one tree'. Chinook, English. /hayas kalaytan/. 4. Kinoose. Tobacco. CJ /k'aynul, Nootka. 1+. 4+. Kalock. Swan. CJ /qiluqj. kaynus/. Algonquian. 2. Kiayi. Black. CJ /li'~lf. Chinook. Illehe. Land. CJ /ili'i, ilahi/. Chinook. 2. Kinnikinnick. Anything 1. Chinook. 1+. Kallapooa. Mean Indian. CJ smoken in a pipe. CJ /kinikinik/ Klip. Deep. CJ /tl'~p/. Chinook Initie. Acress. The other side. /Kalapuya/ 'Kalapuya, mean 'tobacco mixed with bearberry'. & Salishan. 2. ('across') CJ /inatay/. Chinook. 1. Indian'. 4+. Algonquian. 3. Kloshe. Good. CJ /lusj. Nootka. Ipseet. Secret. (Jpsoot) CJ Kawhap. A hole. CJ /lhwap/. King George. English, Scotch, 1+. /ipsut/ 'hidden'. Chinook. 1. Chinook. 2. Irish. (Hudson's Bay men). CJ Klootchman. Woman. CJ Iskum. Take. Bring. CJ Kawqua. The same. CJ /kiNtsotsj. English. 2. /lutsm~n/. Nootka. 1. /iskam/. Chinook. 1. /kakwa/. Nootka? 1+. Kinsus. low. (Kinsua) ?, ? 4. Klo clo. Oysters. CJ /luxlux/. Issick. Paddle. CJ /iS3kj. Kapsuallo. To steal. CJ Kimla. Behind. (Kimta) CJ Nootka & Chinook. 3. Chinook. 2. /kapswalaj. ? 1. /k'imt'aj. Chinook? 1. Kli. To cry. CJ /klay /. English. IsseI. Corn. CJ /isal/. Chinook? Kapo. A relation. CJ /kaphu/ KIa how you. How do you do. 2. 2. 'elder sibling or cousin'. Chinook. 2. CJ /laxaw'ya!/. Chinook? 2. Klonass. Don't know. Doubt. Ituel. Victuals. CJ /ilw~l(i), Kar. Where. CJ /qa(x)/. Klacken. fence or field. CJ CJ /tl'unas/. Chinook. 1. i~w~l(i)/ 'meat, body'. Chinook. 2. Chinook. 1. /k'alax(an)/. Salishan. 2. Konsick. How much. CJ K Kettle. Bet. ('Pot'?) CJ Klackany. Out of doors. CJ /qansi(x)/. Chinook. 1. /kitl(~n)/ 'kettle, pot'? English. 2. /laxani/. Chinook. 1. Konamox. Both. CJ Kabbage. Cabbage. CJ /kab~tsj. Kamsack. Beads. CJ /kamusak/. Klack. Untie. CJ /lax/ 'free, /kana-makwst/ 'together with; English. 3. Chinook? 2. clear'. Chinook. 1. both'. Chinook. 1. Kaw kaw. Crow. CJ /k'ak'a/. Kataw. Why, wherefore. CJ Klackster. Who. CJ /laksta/. Kolan. Ear. CJ /qw'~I8.n/. Nootka. 2. fqada/. Chinook. 1. Chinook. 1. Salishan. 1. Kamox. Dog. CJ /kamuks/. Katsuck. Between, mid-way. Klaska. They. CJ /laska/. Kopet. Quit. Stop. CJ /kupat, Chinook. 1. CJ /kats~k/. Chinook. 2. Chinook. 1+. kap;\t/. Chinook. 1.

7 8 105

Kopa. From. Towards. W.FElit. L Lepla. The Plate. CJ jliplaj. Lesack. Bag. CJ /liscik/. French. CJ /kupa, kapa;' Chinook? 1. French. 3. 2. Laween. Oats. CJ jlawfmj. Keory. Run. (Koory) CJ jkuri/. CJ /lipul/. ('Sheep') CJ French. 2. Lepole. The hen. Lamute. Sleep. French. 1. French. 2. /limutoj. 'sheep'. French. 2. Lara. Barley. CJ /lal~~/. French. Koory. Koory. Hurry. 4. 3. Laporte. The door. CJ jlapotj. Laselle. Saddle. CJ /laselj. Koory. Kuitan. A race horse. French. 1. French. 3. Le Biscuit. Biscuit. CJ CJ /kuri kiutan/ lit. 'run horse'. 3. /libiskuij. French. 2. Lapoulsh. The mouth. CJ Lesitro. Spurs. CJ /lisipro/. Kowie. Tie. CJ /k'aw j. Chinook. /labus, lapus/. French. 2. French. 3. Le breed. Bridle. CJ /labrfd/. 1. French. 3. Lapola. Ribbons. CJ /liluba/. Leshawl. Shawl. CJ /lisal/. Kluckamon. Money. CJ French. 3. French. 3. Lecock. Rooster. CJ /likcik/. /tsikm~nj. See Chicksmen above. French. 3. Lapiesge. Hoe. CJ /lapiosj. Lesway. Silk. CJ /lasueyj. French. 2. French. 2. Kochen. A Pig. CJ /kosoj. Lecreme. Cream. Yellow. CJ French. 2. jlikremj. French. 3. Lapoelle. Frying pan. CJ Le karrot. Carrot. CJ /lakaratj. French. 3. Kuitan. A Horse. CJ /kiutan/ Ledowa. Turnips. CJ /linawU/. /lapuelj. French. 2. 'horse'. Chinook? 1. French? '3. Lapell. Spade. CJ /lapelj. Lice. Rice. CJ flays;' English. 3. Kultus. Nothing. Gratis. CJ Leglow. Nail. CJ /likluj. French. French. 3. Lek les. Keys. CJ /likli;. French. /kaltas/ 'worthless'. Chinook. 1. 2. Lapeige. Trap or snare. CJ 2. Kull. Hard. CJ /k'~lj. Chinook. Lehash. An axe. CJ /laMs;' /lapies/. French. 3. Lemoro. Wild. CJ /limoro, 2. French. 2. Lapeep. Pipe. CJ /lapip, pipj. limoloj. French. 2. Kulla. kulla. Birds. CJ Ie, gum stick. Pine. CJ /lagom French. 2. Lesap. An egg. CJ /lisep/. /k~la.blaj. Chinook? 1. stik/ 'pitch tree'. French, English. Lapulla. The Back. ('bake'?) CJ French. 3. Kull kull stick. Oak. CJ /k'~l 3. /lap~la/ 'roasted, baked'. See Lesonion. An onion. CJ /lisoyoj. stik/ 'hard tree'. 4+. Leeds, Ledentz. Teeth. CJ /lida, Appola above. French. 3. Kultus he he. Dance. CJ /kaltas lita/. French. 2. Lapoosh. Peas. CJ /lipuaj. Leverlitch. A bottle. ?, ? 4. hihij. 4+. Lejob. The Devil. CJ /litsabj. French. 2. Lolo. To carry. CJ /lulu/. Kultus tee hee. Play. CJ /kaltas See Dable above. Lema. Hand. CJ /lima/. French. Chinook. 1. tihij. 4+. Leki. Spotted. CJ /likay/ 1. Lope. Rope. CJ jlup /. English. Kumtux. Understand. CJ 'piebald (horse)'. French. 2. Lemaeia. Old woman. CJ 2. jkamtaksj. Nootka. 1+. Leplash. Stick. Cedar. CJ /lamiey, labiey/. French. 2. Lum. Rum. Liquor. CJ /lam/. Kushaw. Hog. See Kochen /laplciSj 'board'. French. 2. Lemule. Mule. CJ /limelj. English. 2. above. Leprats. The priest. CJ jliplet/ French. 3. Luckwulla. A Nut. CJ /t~kwdlaj Kquillet. To collapse. ?, ? 4. 'clergyman'. French. 2. Lelang. Tongue. CJ /lalaN(g)j. 'hazel-nuts; any nuts'. Chinook. 2. Lepied. The Foot. CJ /lipii;. French. 2. Lakutchee. Clams. CJ /lakats{/. French. 2. Lelo. Wolf. CJ /lilu/. French. 2. French. 3.

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Lake. A Lake. CJ /leykj. Man. Man. CJ /man/. English. Moos moos. Cow. CJ /musmus/. Okoke. This or that. CJ /ukukj. English. 3. 1. Chinook? 1. Chinook? 1. Lachaise. Chair. CJ /IMesj. Man moos moos. Ox. CJ /man Mowitch. Deer. CJ /mawetsj. Okoke sun. Today. CJ /ukuk French. 3. musmus/.3. Nootka. 1. sanj. 2. Lay. Tired. Slow. (Lazy) CJ Mauk. Duck. ?, ? 4. Muck a muck. Food. CJ Olally. Berries. CJ /ulili, ulali/. /leysi/. English. 3. Memeloose. Kill. CJ /mimlust/. /makmak/ 'eat'. Nootka. 2. Chinook. 1. Lay lay. A long time. CJ /lilij. Chinook. 1. Mus achy, Bad. CJ /masatsij. Oleman. Old man or woman. Chinook. 1. Mesika. You. (plural) CJ Chinook. 1. CJ /ulman/. English. 1. Lag A saw. CJ /lakuin, likufn/. /msaykaj. Chinook. 1. Musket. Gun. CJ /maskitj. Oleman sickallox. Second hand French. 3. clothes. CJ /ulman sak'aIuks/ lit. Mercie. Thanks. CJ /masi/. English. 2. Lapusha Saddle blanket. CJ 'old trousers'. 4+. French. 3. /ldp;$smo /. French article, N 010. Hungry. Thirsty. CJ /ulu/. Algonquian stem. 4+. Miami. Below. Down the Chinook. 2. stream. CJ /maimi/. Chinook? 2. Lalame. A (file) CJ /lallm/ 'a file; New whitka. Yes. CJ /nawitka/. Oluck. Snake. CJ /ulq'/. Midlight. Sit down. Put down. sharp'. French. 2. Chinook. 1. Salishan. 2. Rest. CJ /mdlayt/ 'sit (down); Lacasset. A trunk. CJ /lakasetj. Oluck hyas. Seal. CJ /ulhayuj. stay'. Chinook. 1+. N anitch. Observe. Look. CJ French. 2. /nandts/ 'see'. Nootka. 1+. Chinook. 2. Midwhit. Get up. Stand up. Latable. A table. CJ /Iatabj. Neim. Name. CJ /neym/ 'name'. Opoeltch. Tail. CJ /uputs, Move. CJ /mdthwitj. Chinook. 1. French. 2. English. 1. uputsj. Chinook. 1. Mika. You. CJ /mayka/ 'you Nesika. We. CJ /nsaykaj. Opkan. A basket. CJ /upkwanj. M (sg.)'. Chinook. 1+. Chinook. 1. Chinook? 2. Molally. Towards the land. CJ Opsich. Back. (vulgar) See Makook Buy or Sell. CJ Nika. I. CJ /nayka/. Chinook. 1. /malxwdli/ 'shoreward (on water), Opoeltch above. /makukj. Nootlm. 1. Nika six. My love. CJ /nayka inland (on land)'. Chinook. 1. Oskan. A cup. CJ /uskanj. Mahook house. Store. (Makook) siks/ 'my friend'. 4. Moolack. A moose. CJ /mulak/ Chinook? 2. CJ /makuk haws/. 3. Ninamox. Otter. CJ /nanamuks/ 'elk'. Chinook. 2. Opson. Knife. (Opsoh) CJ Maleaqua. Mosquito. CJ 'river otter'. Chinook. 2. Moola. A saw mill. CJ /mula/. /uptsax/. Chinook? 2. /malakwa/. French? 3. Nowwha. How is it. CJ /nihwa/ French. 2. Ou. Brother. CJ /aw/ '(younger) Mamook. To make. CJ 'let it be that .... ' Chinook. 2. brother'. Chinook. 1. /mamukj. Nootka. 1+. Molass. Molasses. CJ /mdla4. French/English. 2. Owhy he. Sandwich Islander. Mamook chaco. To bring. CJ o See 0 why ee above. /mamuk tsaku/ lit. 'make come'. 4. Moon. Moon. CJ /mun/. Oree Brother See Ou above. Mamook ipsoot. To conceal. CJ English. 2. o why ee Sandwich, islander. /mamuk ipsut/ lit. 'make hidden'. Moosem. Sleep. CJ /musdmf. CJ /(u)way'i/ 'Hawaiian'. Ohehut. Road. CJ /uihatj. 4+. Salishan? 1. Etymology: Hawai'i. 3. Chinook. 2.

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P Pire gleecs. Tallow. (gleece) CJ S Skin shoes. Moccasins. CJ jskin j paya glis j. 4+. susj 'skin shoes'. English. 3. Paper. Paper Books. CJ Pire Olally. Strawberries. CJ Skokum. Strong. CJ jskukumj. jpeypaj. English. 2. Sabud. Salmon. CJ jsam~nj. jpaya ulalij lit. 'fire berry'. 3. English. 2. Salishan. 1. Pasaiocks. French. Foreign. Pish pish. Cat. CJ jpispisj. ? 2. (Pasaiooks) CJ jpaseyuksj 'French Sale. Cotton. Calico. CJ jseylj Sick. Ill. Sick. CJ jsikj. English. Pire chuck. Ardent Spirits. CJ (Canadian)'. Chinook? 2. 'cloth, cotton'. English. 2. 1. jpaya tsuq/ lit. 'fire water'. 4+. Sick tum tum. Sorry. CJ jsik Patlum. Drunk. CJ jpaHarnj = Tanas Sabud. Trout. CJ jt

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Snow. Snow. CJ /snu/. English. Tanass man. Boy. CJ /t'dnas Tikka. Like. Want. Desire. CJ U 2. manj. 1. /t'dki, tq'ixj. Chinook. 1. Soap. Soap. CJ /supj. English. 3. Tanass musket. Pistol. CJ Tillicum. Friend. People. CJ Utescut. Short. CJ /yutsqat/. Sockally Tiee. The Almighty. /t'dnas maskit/ lit. 'small gun'. 4+. /t'dlh'dm/. Chinook. 1+. Chinook. 3. CJ /saxali tayij. CJ /saxali/ Tanass moos moos. A calf. CJ Tin tin. To pray. CJ /tintin, Unnecut. Long. CJ /yulqat/. 'above' is from Chinook (1). 2. /t'dnas musmus/ 'small buffalo/cow'. diN diN /. See Ding ding above. Chinook. 2.Cf. Yoolkut below. Sowash. Indian. CJ /sawai;j. 3. Allen's gloss: 4. French. 1. Tanass klootchman. Girl. CJ Tissick. Music. ?, ? 4. W Statejay. An Island. ?, ? 4. /t'dnas lutsm'dnj. 2. Titheup. A cut. (Tith(e)cup) CJ Wicht. Also. CJ /wiht, wehtj. Stigwaach. Touch. ?, ? 4. Tanass sun. Morning. CJ /t'dnas /lq'upj. Chinook. 2. Chinook? 1. Stick shoes. Moccasins. ('leather san/. 2. Til til. Tired. Weary. CJ /t'dlj. Wake. No. CJ /wikj. Nootka. shoes') CJ /stik susj. English. 3. Chinook. 2. Tanass polakly. Dusk. 1+. Stoegeon. Sturgeon. CJ Gloaming. CJ /t'dnas pulaklij. 3. Tootoosh. Milk. CJ /tutus/ Wahwah. To speak. CJ /wawa/. /stats'dn/. English. 2. 'suck; woman's breast; milk'. Tanass lakutchee. Mussels. CJ Nootka & Chinook. 1+. Stowton. North. ?, ? 4. /t'dnas lakatsi/ 'small clam'. 4. Algonquian. 2. Toctoosh glece. Butter. Wake Skokum. Week. ('weak') Sugwa. Sugar. CJ /sukwa, sugaj. Tance. Dance. CJ Itans, dans/. (Tootoosh gleece) CJ /tutus glis/ CJ /wik skukumj. 4+. English, 2. English & French. 2. 'milk fat'. 3. Wake consick. Never. CJ /wik Sukim. Middle half. CJ Talepas. Wolf. CJ It'alap'asl qansi(x)j. 2. /sitkum/ 'half'. Chinook. 1. Tolo. To win. CJ /tulu'/. 'coyote; a sneak'. Chinook. 2. Kalapuya? 2. Warm illehe. Summer. CJ /wam Sun. Day. CJ /sanj. English. 1. Tamanawas. Medicine. Tunelwitch. A barrel. CJ ili'ij. English; Chinook. 2. Sunday. Sunday. CJ /sandi, Witchcraft. CJ /t'amanawas/ /t'amul'dtsj. Chinook? 2. Waugh. To spill. CJ /waxj. santi/. English. 2. 'guardian spirit; magic'. Chinook. Tupso. Grass. CJ /t'dpsuj. Chinook. 2. Sun chaco. East. CJ /san tsaku/ 2. Chinook. 1. Waugh waugh. Owl. ?, ? 4+. lit. 'sun comes'. 4(+). Tamanaus man. Doctor. CJ Tum tum. Heart. CJ /t'dmt'dm/. Wapito. Potato. CJ /waptu/ Sun midlight. West. CJ Isan It'amanawas man/. 4+. Onomatopoeia? 1. 'potato; root of sagittaria m'dlayt/ lit. 'sun sits down'. 4. T'cope. White. CJ /tk'upj. Tomolla. Tomorrow. CJ sagittifolia. Algonquian. 2. Swaam. Panther. (Swaaw) CJ Chinook. 1. /t'dmala/. English. 2. Weltch. Here. CJ /wiht, wehtj. /swawa'j. Salishan. 4+. Teehee. To laugh. CJ /tihij. Tunpule. The back. ?, ?4+. See Wicht above. English. 4+. Whaah. Indeed. CJ /h.wa!/ (an T Tzae. Sweet. CJ /tsij. Chinook? Tickaerchy. Although. ?, ? 4+. 2. exclamation of surprise, admiration, earnestness). ? 3. Tanass. Anything small. A Teowit. Leg. CJ /tia'wit/. child. CJ It'dnasj. Algonquian, via Chinook. 2. Nootka. 1+. Tiee. Chief. CJ /tayij. Nootka. 1.

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Y Quinem. Five. CJ /qw'dn'dmj. 3. EDWARD JAY ALLEN'S CHINOOK JARGON SENTENCES. Below are Chinook. 1. Allen's nineteen CJ sentences. As with the lexical entries, Allen's material Yachoot. Belly. CJ /yakw'atin, Tahum. Six~ CJ /tax'dm/. is in boldface and his spelling and punctuation of the manuscript have kw'atinj. See Aquine above. Chinook (& d. Salishan). 1. been preserved. So, for instance, there is only one question' mark in the Yaka. He CJ /yaka, yaxkaj. Sinamox. Seven. CJ ms.; otherwise, all questions end in a period, both in Allen's CJ and in Chinook. 1+. /s'dnmakwstj. Chinook. 2. the English gloss. I've numbered the sentences to make cross-referencing Yakwa. Here. CJ /yakwaj. Setkin.Right. ('eight') CJ easier (but cross-references appear only in the longer version of this paper). Chinook? 1. /stuxtkinj. Chinook. 2. The only annotations in this short version are corrections of typos, literal glosses (where needed), and identifications of words not found in the word Yakallo. Eagle? (but see Kulla. Quies. Nine. CJ /kw(a)itstj. list above. kulla above). ? 4+. Chinook. 1. Yaksoot. Hair. CJ /yaqsuj. Tatilum. Ten. CJ /taHam/. SENTENCES Chinook. 2. Chinook. 1. Yawa. There CJ /yawa/. Tatilum pe ikt. Eleven. CJ 1. Kar mika chaco. Where do you come from. Chinook. 1. /taHam pi iht/. 3. 2. Kar mika clatawah. Where are you going to. Yoolkut. Long. CJ /yuIqat/. Tatilum pe mox. Twelve. CJ 3. Kar mika illihe. Where is your home. Chinook. 2. Cf. Unnecut above. /taHam pi makwstj. 3. 4. Klaw how yam shicks. How are you friend. CJ /laxaw'yam/ Tatilum tatilum. Takamonack. 'good-bye; pitiful'. Chinook. 1. x One Hundred. CJ ./taHam taHam; 5. Konsick siya copa mika illihe. How far to your home. Z tak'amunakj. Chinook. 3; 2. Ikt hyas Takamonack. 1000 CJ 6. Kopet wawah. stop talking. Zum. To paint. To write. CJ /iht hayas tak'amunak/ lit. 'one big 7. Konsick copa yaka tenas kanim. How much for that small /ts'am/ 'marked'. Chinook? 2. hundred'. 4. canoe. 8. Konsick spose mika clatawah copa nika pe kanim. How much Zum zeahouse. To paint the if you go with me with the canoe. face. CJ /ts'am siaxustj. 4. 9. Itka mika tikke. What do you want. NUMERALS 10. Iscum Lacuche. Bring me clams. 11. Mika cumtux. Do you understand. Ikt. One. CJ /iht/. Chinook. 1+. 12. Mika tikke mahkook issick. I want to buy a paddle. (Nika) Mox. Two. CJ /makwstj. 13. Nika tikke kuitan ikt day, konsick? How much for a horse for Chinook. 1. one day. Lit. 'I want horse one day, how much?'. Klone. Three. CJ /Iun/. 14. Konsick copa okuk sabud. How much for that salmon. Chinook. 1. 15. Konsick copa okuk kulla kulla. How much for the birds. Locket. Four. CJ /lak'dtj. 16. Pooey laporte. Shut the door. Chinook. 1. 17. Wake nika cumtux. I do not understand.

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18. Wake nika tikke okuk ikta. I do not like that thing. FOOTNOTES 19. Nika attle copa mika. I am pleased with you. * Edward Jay Allen's Chinook Jargon material is published here with permission from the Special Collections Department of the University of Pittsburgh Library System. Anyone wishing to use this material should request permission from the Special Collections Department, 363 Hillman Library, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260. I am most grateful to Charles Aston, Jr., for his help in locating this material and in making it available to me.

1 Allen says at the beginning of his essay that, some time after his meeting with Winthrop, he was secretary to Captain McClellan for several months, and that he, McClellan, and George Gibbs lived together in the same cabin in Olympia during that period; this is presumably when Gibbs was compil­ ing his Chinook Jargon dictionary. The Michael Simmons he mentions in this passage is probably the Michael T. Simmons referred to in the 1845 en­ try in Munford's chronology (1973:9): 'Michael T. Simmons and party first American settlers on Puget Sound, at Tumwater'. The editor of the 1913 edition of The Canoe and the Saddle adds a footnote to Allen's comment about The Columbian, giving the date of the first number as September 11, 1852.

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REFERENCES Shaw, George C. 1909. The Chinook Jargon and how to use it. Silverstein, Michael. 1973. Dynamics of recent linguistic contact. In IYes Goddard, ed., Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 16, , 1. Stuart, Granville. 1865. Montana as it is. New York. Allen, Edward Jay. 1900. Hiou Tenas Iktah. Cambridge: The Riverside Press. Swan, James Gilchrist. 1857. The Northwest coast, or, Three years' residence in Washington Territory. New York: Harper & Brothers; also published in Boas, Franz. 1892. The Chinook Jargon. Science (4 March 1892, p. 129). London. [Swan arrived in the region in 1849; he came to Shoalwater Bay, Demers, Rt. Rev. Modeste; Most Rev. F. N. Blanchet; and Rev. L.N. St. now called Willapa Bay, in 1852.) Onge. 1871. Chinook dictionary, catechism, prayers, and hymns. Montreal: Thomas, Edward Harper. 1935. Chinook: A history and dictionary. Port­ Quebec Mission. land, Oregon: Metropolitan Press. Durieu, Paul. 1879. Chinook practical vocabulary. Winthrop, Theodore. 1913 [1863). The Canoe and the Saddle, ed. by John Gibbs, George. 1863. A dictionary of Chinook Jargon. Washington, D.C.: H. Williams. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections and New York: Cramoisy Press. Hale, Horatio. 1846. exploring expedition during the years 1838.. 1842, vol. 6: Ethnography and philology. Philadelphia: Sherman. [Reprinted Ridgewood, NJ: Gregg, 1968.] Kaufman, Terrence. 1968. Chinook Jargon vocabulary with grammatical notes. University of California, ms. Le Jeune, Pere Jean-Marie Raphael. 1924. Chinook rudiments. Lionnet. 1853. Vocabulary of the Jargon or Trade Language of Oregon. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. Munford, J. Kenneth. 1973. Two centuries of development. In Atlas of the Pacific Northwest, 5th edn., ed. by Richard M. Highsmith, Jr., 4-17. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press. Palmer. 1847. Journal of travels over the Rocky Mountains. Cincinnati. Phillips ("EI Comancho"). 1913. Chinook book. Pinart, Alphonse Louis. 1849. Dictionnaire du Jargon Tchinouk-1849. Robinson, George. 1900. Haisla-Chinook Jargon-Tsimshian word list. Kiti- mat, BC, ms. Robinson was an Englishman who married into Kitimat village-Emmon Bach, p.c., 1982. Ronan, Peter. 1890. Historical sketch of the Flathead Indian Nation. Min­ neapolis: Ross & Haines.

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