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Diptera:Brachycera) UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO ABC CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS NATURAIS E HUMANAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUCAÇÃO EM EVOLUÇÃO E DIVERSIDADE Stephanie Sampronha AN ESSAY ON MORPHOLOGY AND PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF THE FAMILY ATHERICIDAE (DIPTERA:BRACHYCERA) Santo André – SP 2018 Stephanie Sampronha An essay on morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the family Athericidae (Diptera:Brachycera) Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Evolução e Diversidade da Universidade Federal do ABC como requisito à obtenção do título de Mestre. Linha de pesquisa: Sistemática e Biogeografia. Orientador: Charles Morphy Dias dos Santos Santo André - SP 2018 Sistema de Bibliotecas da Universidade Federal do ABC Elaborada pelo Sistema de Geração de Ficha Catalográfica da UFABC com os dados fornecidos pelo(a) autor(a). Sampronha, Stephanie An essay on morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the family Athericidae (Diptera : Brachycera) / Stephanie Sampronha. — 2018. 59 fls. : il. Orientador: Charles Morphy Dias dos Santos Dissertação (Mestrado) — Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós Graduação em Evolução e Diversidade, Santo André, 2018. 1. Sistemática Filogenética. 2. Entomologia. 3. Taxonomia. I. Dias dos Santos, Charles Morphy. II. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Evolução e Diversidade, 2018. III. Título. à minha mãe AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço aos meus pais que me deram amor, suporte, empoderamento e todas as condições para trilhar esse caminho. Agradeço especialmente ao Prof. Dr. Charles Morphy Dias dos Santos pela maravilhosa orientação, pela paciência e carinho, pela motivação e dedicação, pelos preciosos ensinamentos e pelo exemplo de profissional a ser seguido. Agradeço com muito carinho a todos os professores da Biologia, da UFABC, com quem tive contato, pela construção de conhecimento que possuo hoje. Agradeço aos meus amigos e principalmente os do LSD que fizeram meus dias alegres, amorosos e engraçados. "...Creio no mundo como num malmequer, Porque o vejo. Mas não penso nele Porque pensar é não compreender ... O Mundo não se fez para pensarmos nele (Pensar é estar doente dos olhos) Mas para olharmos para ele e estarmos de acordo... Eu não tenho filosofia: tenho sentidos... Se falo na Natureza não é porque saiba o que ela é, Mas porque a amo, e amo-a por isso, Porque quem ama nunca sabe o que ama Nem sabe por que ama, nem o que é amar ... Amar é a eterna inocência, E a única inocência não pensar..." (Poemas de Alberto Caeiro - O Guardador de Rebanhos) RESUMO A família Athericidae (Diptera, Brachycera) foi criada e posicionada como o grupo irmão da família Tabanidae por Stuckenberg (1973), incluindo vários gêneros anteriormente associados a Rhagionidae. Ainda não há estudo formal que discuta as relações filogenéticas entre as espécies de Athericidae. Portanto, as relações entre os gêneros permanecem incertas. Além disso, a recente descoberta de espécies fósseis previamente atribuídas à família traz à tona a importância de um correto posicionamento filogenético desse grupo. O objetivo deste projeto foi contribuir para o conhecimento taxonômico e filogenético da família, especialmente para a região neotropical, e também resolver as questões de posicionamento das espécies fósseis em relação à Athericidae. Este estudo possui grande relevância no sentido de reconstruir as relações entre as espécies da família, bem como fornecer informações filogenéticas que podem ser úteis para entender mais profundamente a evolução do grupo. Palavras-chave: Cladística; Filogenia; Morfologia; Tabanomorpha; Taxonomia. ABSTRACT The family Athericidae (Diptera, Brachycera) was erected and positioned as the sister- group of the family Tabanidae by Stuckenberg (1973), including several genera previously associated with Rhagionidae. There is still no formal study discussing the phylogenetic relationships among the species of Athericidae. Hence, the position of most athericid genera remains unclear. Besides that, the recent discovery of fossil species previously assigned to the family brings to light the importance of a correct phylogenetic positioning of this group. The aim of this project was to contribute to the taxonomic and phylogenetic knowledge of the family, especially to the neotropical region, and also to solve the issues of positioning of the fossil species in relation to Athericidae. This study has great relevance in the reconstruction of the relationships among the species of the family, as well as to provide phylogenetic information that can be useful to understand more deeply the evolution of the group. Key-words: Cladistic, Morphology, Plylogeny, Tabanomorpha, Taxonomy. LIST OF TABLES pp. Table 1. Extant and extinct genera of Athericidae ...............................................................73 Table 2. Data matrix with 39 terminal taxa and 10 characters (chapter 2) ..........................74 Table 3. List of species used in chapter 2 ............................................................................75 Table 4. Data matrix with 19 terminal taxa and 23 characters (chapter 3) ..........................76 Table 5. List of species used in chapter 3 ............................................................................77 LIST OF FIGURES pp. Figure 1. Phylogeny of the infraorder Tabanomorpha stricto sensu....................................79 Figure 2. Habitus (lateral view) of Dasyomma sp. n. 1........................................................79 Figure 3. Head (frontal view) of Dasyomma sp. n. 1...........................................................80 Figure 4. Head (lateral view) of Dasyomma sp. n. 1............................................................80 Figure 5. Head (dorsal view) with antenna details of Dasyomma sp. n. 1...........................81 Figure 6. Thorax (dorsal view) of Dasyomma sp. n. 1.........................................................81 Figure 7. Thorax (lateral view) of Dasyomma sp. n. 1.........................................................82 Figure 8. Wing of Dasyomma sp. n. 1..................................................................................82 Figure 9. Female terminalia (ventral view) of Dasyomma sp. n. 1......................................83 Figure 10. Habitus (lateral view) of Suragina sp. n. 1.........................................................83 Figure 11. Head (frontal view) of Suragina sp. n. 1............................................................84 Figure 12. Head (lateral view) of Suragina sp. n. 1.............................................................84 Figure 13. Head (dorsal view) of Suragina sp. n. 1.............................................................85 Figure 14. Antenna of Suragina sp. n. 1..............................................................................85 Figure 15. Thorax (dorsal view) of Suragina sp. n. 1..........................................................86 Figure 16. Thorax (lateral view) of Suragina sp. n. 1..........................................................86 Figure 17. Wing of Suragina sp. n. 1...................................................................................87 Figure 18. Abdomen (dorsal view) of Suragina sp. n. 1......................................................87 Figure 19. Female terminalia (ventral view) of Suragina sp. n. 1.......................................88 Figure 20. Habitus (lateral view) of Suragina sp. n. 2.........................................................88 Figure 21. Head (frontal view) of Suragina sp. n. 2............................................................89 Figure 22. Head (lateral view) of Suragina sp. n. 2.............................................................89 Figure 23. Head (dorsal view) of Suragina sp. n. 2.............................................................90 Figure 24. Antenna of Suragina sp. n. 2..............................................................................90 Figure 25. Thorax (dorsal view) of Suragina sp. n. 2..........................................................91 Figure 26. Thorax (lateral view) of Suragina sp. n. 2..........................................................91 Figure 27. Wing of of Suragina sp. n. 2...............................................................................92 Figure 28. Abdomen of Suragina sp. n. 2............................................................................92 Figure 29. Female terminalia (ventral view) of Suragina sp. n. 2.......................................93 Figure 30. Habitus (lateral view) of Suragina sp. n. 3.........................................................93 Figure 31. Head (frontal view) of Suragina sp. n. 3............................................................94 Figure 32. Head (lateral view) of Suragina sp. n. 3.............................................................94 Figure 33. Head (dorsall view) of Suragina sp. n. 3............................................................95 Figure 34. Antenna of Suragina sp. n. 3..............................................................................95 Figure 35. Thorax (dorsal view) of Suragina sp. n. 3..........................................................96 Figure 36. Thorax (lateral view) of Suragina sp. n. 3..........................................................96 Figure 37. Wing of Suragina sp. n. 3...................................................................................97 Figure 38. Female terminalia (ventral view) of Suragina sp. n. 3.......................................97 Figure 39. Habitus (lateral view) of Suragina
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