Index
Note: page numbers in bold indicate tables, figures or other illustrative material. Footnotes are indicated by page numbers in the form ‘96n14’, this example meaning footnote 14 on page 96.
Aboriginal Land Rights Act (NSW), 14 anthropology Aboriginal Land Rights Act (NT), applied, 6, 27–8 13–14, 19, 25, 97, 139, 153 and expert opinion, 34 acceptance, community see fieldwork, 133 recognition, community and land rights, 2 Acciaioli, G., 4 and legal requirements, 30, 51–3 adoption, 220–2 and native title claims research, conditions for, 221 1–5, 29–30, 134, 245–8 disputes relating to, 222 and native title disputes, 187–8, and filiation, 220–1 190, 194, 201, 206 Indigenous concepts of, 221 observation of exercise of affidavits, 22, 131, 135, 157 rights, 85 Akiba on behalf of the Torres Strait participant observation, 133–4 Islanders, 35, 96n14 and respondents to application, Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara 5–6 Land Rights Act, 14 see also anthropologist; field ancestral connections, 146, 147–8, data; field notes; recognition, 154 community anthropologists apical ancestors, 104, 195, 211, brief provided to, 206 212, 215 and code of ethics, 203–5 birth date of, 215 and conference of experts, 202–3 country of, 215 ethical issues for, 202, 203–5 Aplin on behalf of the Waanyi Peoples as expert witness, 2–3, 34, 67, v Queensland, 196–7 196, 201–2, 203, 206, 246 archival sources independence of, 202, 204, 205, see early texts 247, 248 Asche, W., 9, 233, 235 and lawyers, 246, 247 Australian Anthropological Society see also anthropology; informed (AAS), 203 consent
273 Australian Native Title Anthropology
Australian Law Reform Commission, Cape York Peninsula, 173 186–7, 188, 191, 241, 241n1 Capell, A., 164 authorisation see native title choice, exercise of in relation to Ayres Rock see Uluru country see descent—cognatic and exercise of choice Balladonia, 179 Christensen, W.J.K., 182n22 bands see local organisation circumcision see ritual Barkandji (Paakantyi) People #11, claim group membership see disputes 228 in native title—contested claim Barnes, J.A., 208, 209 group membership Barron, O., 208 clan see local organisation Bates, D., 38, 51n36, 63, 77, 94, code of ethics see anthropologists 163, 164, 194, 209, 210, 214 cognatic descent see descent—cognatic genealogies, 148–9 compensation and native title, 5, 8, Beagle Bay, 165 227–38, 241 Bennell v Western Australia, 242 anthropological research for, see also Single Noongar claim 234–8 Berndt, R.M., 40–1, 44, 80, 86, 95, compensatable actions, 230–1 110n5, 120 conditions relating to, 228, 237 Berndt, R.M. and C.H., 110n5, 115, cultural loss, intangible, 230, 116, 126n11, 142, 144 231–4 Bibbulmun, 63 inability to conduct rituals, 233, Biernoff, D., 96n15 237 Birdsell, J.B., 162, 194 inability to discharge duty, 236–7 birth dates, calculating, 215 Indigenous concepts relating to Bismarck, Otto, 24, 245 cultural loss, 235–6 Blackburn, J., 137 role of anthropology, 230, 238 Blowes, R., 60n1, 88n4 spiritual relationship to country, Bodney v Bennell, 242 232–3, 238–9 see also Single Noongar Claim statistics on, 228–9 Bootu Creek, 13n5 see also Timber Creek boundaries, 167, 172, 174, 175, compensation claim; sites, 175n13, 176, 177, 177n16, 178, sacred 180, 181, 182, 183 Compulsory Acquisition Act, 227 see also Tindale, N.B.—and conference of experts see boundaries; tribes anthropologists brief, legal see anthropologists connection to country see continuity Broad Arrow, 178, 179 consent, informed, 204–5 Bundaberg, 176 continuity and amalgamated country groups, Callion, 178, 179 89–90 Calma, T., 241 and change, 142–4, 146, 156, Cambridge expedition to Torres 159–60, 172–3 Strait, 161, 209 and claimant testimony, 109
274 Index
of connection to country, 7, 8, Dempsey on behalf of the Bularnu, 16, 123 Waluwarra and Wangkayujuru of laws and customs, 21, 55, 108, People, 124n9, 136n3, 153–6 114, 119–20, 122, 123, 125, descent, 71, 72, 90 127, 128, 129, 140, 187, 207, and adoption, 222 210, 243, 247 cognatic, 58, 81–2, 90, 91, 92, 94 measure of, 121, 160 cognatic and exercise of choice, in native title, 8, 16, 21, 26, 31, 90–4 34, 82, 83, 89, 104–5, 134–5, cognatic and implications for 141, 142–7, 189–90, 239, 247 native title, 91–2 of normative system, 210 ‘cognation plus’, 94–6 and reconstruction, 50 definition of, 220 of rights, 55, 58, 69, 82, 85, 89, descent of rights, 8, 58–9, 61, 97, 161 65, 69, 76, 79, 98, 104, 140, of society, 27, 38, 50, 189, 173, 147n21, 184, 189, 197, 198, 247 208, 209, 211–12, 220, 221, and succession, 65–6, 68 222, 247, 248 and tenure system, 89, 69, 104 and normative system, 221 ‘uninterrupted’, 159 patrilineal and matrilineal, 63–4, see also sovereignty 71–3, 80–2, 83 Cook, Captain, 141 and totemic affiliation, 210 Cooper, J., 66–7 unilineal, 58, 78, 80, 92 country, concept of, 77–8, 80 see also rights; filiation country group, 71–4, 76, 80, 86–7, descent group see local organisation; 199 country group amalgamation in post-sovereignty disputes in native title, 6, 8, 27, formations, 89 185–206, 240 relationship with claim group, contested claim group 87–8, 89–90 membership, 191–2, 195–200 see also local organisation—clan errors resulting from ‘tribal’ Craigie, Bunny, 154–5 identities, 193–4 cultural bloc, 39–41 and kinship relationships, and Arnhem Land, 41 199–200 and Western Desert culture, 40 overlapping claims, 188–9, 191–5 Curr, E., 161 Djanggawul, 107 Djaru, 166, 168, 169, 172, 177n16 Dampier Peninsula, west Kimberley, Djerag, 167, 169 148 Dowsett J, 20, 198n16, 200 dangerous places, 78, 96–7, 102 Dreaming, 107–8, 110–11, 112–13, see also ngurlu 143, 144–5 Davidson, D., 43, 45 and totemism, 111 Davyhurst, 178, 179 Dreamtime see Dreaming De Rose Hill, 228 duty see rights—and duty deceased estates see succession
275 Australian Native Title Anthropology
early texts expert witness archival documents and disputes, see anthropologists; anthropology 195 extinguishment and native title, 17, and comparative ethnography, 20–1, 65, 227, 228 161 debate regarding age, 162–3, 164 family history see genealogies limitations of, 161–2, 164, 190, family tree see genealogies 198, 206 Family Tree Maker, 224 use of in native title, 8, 160–3, Federal Court of Australia, 1, 17, 164, 190, 194 20–1, 22, 112, 185, 186–7, 188, effective sovereignty see sovereignty 201, 203, 205, 227, 228, 229, Elkin, A.P., 75, 79, 115, 116, 148, 230, 241, 242 163, 164, 194, 210, 223 field data, 7, 29, 43, 50, 59, 61, 70, estate (of country group), 59, 80, 88, 79, 81, 83, 98–9, 108, 119–21, 89, 103, 104, 194 124, 129, 134, 151–2, 156, choice, exercise in relation to, 163–4, 166, 172, 174, 176–7, 91–2, 97 180, 182, 182n21, 205, 213, deceased see succession 220–1, 143, 248 early view of, 82 field notes, 121, 131, 174, 202, loss of, 89, 89n8, 199–200 204n21, 214 movement between, 72, 74, 82 see also field data and range, 80 fieldwork see anthropology rights in several, 75, 80, 81, 82, filiation, 8, 118, 211, 220–1 87, 90–1 matrifiliation, 64, 74, 81, 90, 94 size of, 72, 75 patrifiliation, 72, 75, 79, 81, 90, totemic affiliation with, 79 94, 210 see also local organisation; local see also adoption; descent— organisation—clan; country patrilineal and matrilineal group Finniss River, 69 ethics see anthropologist Form 1, 211, 211n3 ethnography see early texts Forrest River, 165, 168, 169 Eucla, 163 foundation ethnography, 160, 163–4, evidence, 30, 48, 51, 53, 60, 68, 88, 166, 172, 183, 189 89, 95, 100, 104, 112, 138, 139, importance in disputes, 189–90, 153, 154, 155, 188–9, 232, 246 194 of claimants, 1, 2, 7, 22, 34, 135, see also early texts 136, 136n3, 137, 140, 149, Fraser Range, 179 150, 152, 157, 220, 233, 243 ‘future acts’, 17, 229, 240, 241, 244 see also anthropologists—as expert witness; Evidence Act; hearsay Gallagher, M., 13n4 Evidence Act, 136n4, 136n5, 139 Ganggalida, 64, 66, 67 expert evidence practice note, Gawirrin Gumana v Northern 201n18, 205 Territory of Australia, 138 GEDCOM files, 224, 224n6
276 Index gender restrictions see religious beliefs; Griffiths v Northern Territory of ritual Australia [2016], 229–34, 235, genealogical software, 224–5 237–8 genealogies, 8, 146–50, 207–26 see also Timber Creek and adoption, 210, 220–2 compensation claim archival sources of, 148–9 Griffiths, A., 232 charts, 225 Groote Eylandt, 141, 173, 175 checking, 223 groups see language group and descent from apical ancestor, 210 Haddon, A.C., 161, 209 as early texts, 210, 223 Hawke, S., 13n4 history of, 208, 209 hearsay, 136–9 and Indigenous accounts, 149–50 see also evidence and kinship, 210 Hiatt, L.R., 81, 90 in native title research, 207, High Court of Australia, 11, 12, 15, 210–12, 219 24, 30, 31, 34, 230, 240, 249 problems associated with, 149 Hiley, G., 55, 129–30, 188 shallowness of oral accounts, 147 horde see local organisation as social construct, 223 Horton, D., 42 and social relationships, 209–10 ‘hot tub’ see anthropologist—and of Tindale, N.B., 216–20 conference of experts and totemism, 210 Howitt, A., 38, 40, 45, 161 use of in disputes, 194 Hughston, V., 65–6 veracity of, 208, 222, 223 Human Rights Commission, see also adoption; apical ancestors; Australian, 107n1 genealogical software; oral accounts; pedigrees identity Gibson Desert Nature Reserve, 229 contemporary, 172 Glaskin, K., 204n21 group (‘tribal’), 41, 42, 45, 157, Gluckman, M., 56–7 168, 172, 173, 177–8, 194, Goldfields (WA), 176, 177, 181 198, 218, 219 Goongarrie, 178 Indigenous, 34, 244 Gove Peninsula, 14, 26, 137 language, 45, 47, 134, 135, 146, Graham on behalf of the Ngadju 152, 155, 166, 189, 192, 193, People, 94n12 213 Gray, R.A., 136–9 self-identity, 197 greeting country rituals see ritual variation and changes in, 52, 167, Grey, G., 209 184, 194 Griffiths v Northern Territory of see also language group; tribes Australia [2006], 32, 46n31, informed consent, 204–5, 204n22 47–8, 138, 139–40 Indigenous Land Corporation, 240 see also Timber Creek Indigenous Land Fund, 240 Indigenous Land Use Agreement (ILUA), 242–3
277 Australian Native Title Anthropology
initiation see ritual kinship, 38, 47, 48, 49, 55, 57, 63–4, Injilarija, 64, 67, 68 72, 82, 86, 92, 166, 167, 174 interests see rights abbreviations for, 147n20, 214 International Year of the World’s classificatory, 49, 199–200 Indigenous People, 11 and genealogies, 210 interviews, 134 and group solidarity, 175 and Rivers, W.H.R., 210 and social recognition, 199–200 and Tindale, N.B., 177–80 systems of, 168 Koara, 176 Jango v Northern Territory of Australia, Kolig, E., 97–8, 130, 143 25, 162, 162n4, 162n5, 164n6, Koonibba Mission, 148, 173, 216–7 183n23, 228 Kunian, 166, 167, 168, 169, 172 Jones, P., 173n9, 175 land rights legislation, 2, 14, 19, 25, Kaberry, P., 75–9, 82, 90, 148, 161, 28, 97, 139, 153, 201 164, 165–73, 184, 194, 210, 223 see also index entries for individual on language and identity, 172, federal and state land rights 173 legislation social commonality, 172 language group, 45–7, 150, 152, 153, on societies, 173 154, 169, 172, 178, 179, 189, on tribes, 166–73 213 Kabikabi, 176 defining, 46–7 Kabul (group) see Kapurn and disputes, 192–4 Kalamayi, 177, 179, 180, 181, 182 and identity, 146 Kalarku, 181 not land-owning group, 88 Kalgoorlie, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, and permission, 101 182 and social recognition, 198–200 Kanowna, 178, 179 speaking and owning groups, 47 Kapurn, 178, 179, 180, 181–2 and succession, 64 Kariara see Kariyarra and tribes, 46, 89, 186 Kariyarra, 70, 71, 73, 75, 176, Laverton, 176 177n16 Law, Aboriginal, 61, 93, 99, 113–14, Keating, P., 11–12, 16, 24, 240 126, 127, 136, 144–5, 156 Keen, I., 36, 45–6, 86, 216 see also oral accounts; religious see also Peterson, N., Keen I. and beliefs; ritual Sansom B. (on succession) laws and customs see Law, Aboriginal; Kidja, 166, 167, 168, 169, 172, 173 normative system; religious Kimberley, 47, 75–6, 90, 148, 164, beliefs; ritual 165, 168–71, 169, 170, 172–3 Lee, J., 137–8 central, 13n4, 78, 90, 130, 164, Leonora, 176 165, 166 licence, 59, 61, 101 east, 76, 77, 165, 166, 172 local descent group see country group south, 77 local group see country group west, 48, 117, 120, 141, 148, 163
278 Index local organisation McGlade v Native Title Registrar, 242 and anthropological orthodoxy, McGrath, P., 3n1, 4, 120n8 70 mediation, 17, 186–7, 188, 194, 205, bands, 80, 86 228 clan, 63, 64, 73, 74, 80, 86, 92, Meekatharra, 179 116, 138, 175 Meggitt, M., 142–3 country group see separate entry Members of the Yorta Yorta Aboriginal distinction between local and Community v Victoria, 7, 25, residence group, 72, 76 30–3, 60n2, 66, 88, 159n1, in early ethnography, 69–70 159n2, 160n3 estate see separate entry Menzies (town), 176 flexibility, 72, 74–5, 77, 81–2, 83 Merkel J, 32–3 horde, 40, 43, 45, 71, 73, 74, 75, Milirrpum v Nabalco Pty Ltd, 14n6, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 86, 86n1, 137 92 Miriuwung and Gajerrong (Ward v Radcliffe-Brown’s account of, Western Australia), 25, 46n31, 71–4 137, 138n12 residence group, 72–4, 76, 86, 87, Monaghan, Paul, 44 87n2, 89 Moola Bulla, 77, 167, 168 Long, J., 147n22 Morphy, H., 141, 143 look after country see rights—and duty Mortimer, J., 154–6 Lozi, 56 Moses v State of Western Australia, 88 Lunga see Kidja Mt Margaret, 176 Mueller, Pastor, 217 Mabo decision, 11, 12, 15–16, 24, Murray Island, 15, 24, 209, 210, 222 137, 239, 240 Myers, F., 81, 143 Mabo v Queensland [No. 2], 11n1, myth see religious beliefs—narratives 137, 241 mythic beings see religious beliefs Mabuig Island, 209 Maddock, K., 36, 88 narratives see religious beliefs— Maduitja, 179–80 narratives Maduwongga, 176, 177, 179–80, National Native Title Tribunal 182 (NNTT), 3, 17, 22, 20, 23, 24, Malinowski, B., 165 124, 185, 186, 187, 191, 228 Malngin, 166, 169, 172 as mediator, 186n3, 186–7 Mangala, 177n16 research reports, 44–5 Mansfield, J., 229, 231, 237, 238 native title Maralinga Tjarutja Land Rights Act, and anthropology, 25–8 2, 14 applications, statistics, 22–3 Marduwongga see Maduwongga authorisation process, 188, Marlpa, 179, 182 191n7, 242 Martin, D., 3–4 centrality of traditional system of Master Genealogist, 224 land tenure, 88 Mathews, R.H., 38, 40, 164 and certainty, 12, 15–16, 21
279 Australian Native Title Anthropology
complexity of, 18–19, 24–5, 26 Noongar (Koorah, Nitja, Boordahwan) courses on, 4, 6 (Past, Present, Future) Recognition determination of, 18 Act 2016, 243–5 evaluation of, 239–41, 249 Noongar people, 243–5 impediments to recognition, Noonkanbah, 13, 13n4, 120 239–40 normative system legal definition of, 17–18 and compensation, 238 legal nature of, 19, 20–1, 246 and continuity, 31, 123, 210 and mediated agreements, 25 definition, 60 organisations, 3 as laws, belief, values and customs, popular response to, 16 2, 7, 56, 58, 60, 85, 110, requirements for recognition, 69 122–3, 159n1 respondent parties to, 21–2, 24 as legal construct, 26, 31, 33, 34, role of States and Territory, 22 159n1 and the state, 11, 16, 24 origins of in Aboriginal belief, 144 see also Native Title Act 1993 and rights to country, 62, 69, 91, Native Title Act 1993, 1–3, 5, 16–19, 92–3, 100, 104, 105, 113, 20–2, 24, 26, 32, 49, 53, 60n2, 221 62, 88, 120, 138, 159n1, 185, and social relations, 127 186–7, 189, 193, 196, 197, 211, and society, 2, 7, 33, 34 240, 241 see also continuity and compensation, 227–8, 238 Norseman, 179, 180, 181 and Single Noongar claim, 242, Northern Territory, 2, 14, 24, 25, 26, 244 69, 139, 140, 141, 173, 174, 175, Native Title Amendment (Indigenous 195, 230 Land Use Agreements) Bill, 243 see also Aboriginal Land Rights Act Native Title Bill 1993, 11–12 (NT) Native Title Representative Bodies, 3, Nyatha, 178 93, 134, 219, 224, 246 Nyikina, 77n19, 166, 168, 169, 177, Neowarra v State of Western Australia, 177n16 33, 46n31, 48 Nyul-Nyul, 167 Ngadju see Graham on behalf of the Ngadju People; Ngatjunmaya O’Brien, L.Y., 218 Ngaliwuru, 235 O’Farrell, P., 150 Ngaluma see Ngarluma Old Testament (Bible), 208 Ngarluma, 176, 177n16 Onslow, 176 Ngatjunma see Ngatjunmaya Orabanda, 178, 179 Ngatjunmaya, 179, 181, 182 oral accounts, 7–8, 119, 134–57 Nguburindi, 67 and Aboriginal Law, 144–5 ngurlu (sacred, dangerous), 111, 112 archival sources as corrective, Ngurlu (tribe), 176 149–50, 152, 157 Nicholson J., 88 and conservative tradition, 142–3, Nicholson River, 67 144, 146, 156 Noah’s Ark, 141 as evidence, 135–9, 140
280 Index
and genealogical research, and duty, 60 148–50, 222, 223 and rules, 113 as hearsay, 136 ‘standing permission’, 74, 101 importance of in native title, see also licence; ownership; rights; 134–5, 157 trespass inconsistencies in accounts, 151, Perth, 209 153–5, 157, 189, 191–4 Peterson, N., 147n22 limitations of, 135–6, 139, Peterson, N., Keen I. and Sansom B. 140–2, 147, 150–1, 157, 189 (on succession), 62–3 reliability of, 136–7, 139, 141–2, Piddington, M. and R., 79, 82 150–2, 189 Pintupi, 143 sanctions to ensure correct Point Pearce, 218 account, 145–6 Prescribed Body Corporate, 3 as shared process, 145–6 significance in Aboriginal Queensland Aboriginal Land Act, 153, discourse, 136, 152, 156–7 154–5 uses in native title research, 146–53, 156–7 Racial Discrimination Act, 15, 24, 227 validation of, 151, 152, 153–6, Radcliffe-Brown, A.R., 39, 45, 57, 157 70, 71–5, 76, 82, 86n1, 92, 92n9, see also ancestral connections; 97, 148, 161, 194, 210, 223 genealogies; Timber Creek range, 39, 80, 81, 82, 89, 97 oral traditions see oral accounts see also estate—and range; local ownership organisation and deceased estates, 62–9 recognition, community, 196–200 and anthropological research, and duty, 103–4, 236–7 198–9 and local group, 71, 79, 90 and country group membership, recognition of Indigenous prior 199–200 ownership, 15–16, 21, 69 and kinship, 199–200 and rights, 56–60, 104, 236–7 Registrar (of Federal Court), 203 and spiritual relationship with Registrar (of NNTT), 185 country, 122 registration test, 17, 185, 191n7, 242 and usufruct, 98 religious beliefs, Australian see also country group; religious Indigenous, 7, 107–23 beliefs; rights; succession animals and birds, relating to, 123 continuity of, in native title, 109, Palmer, A., 47 114, 119, 127, 129 participant observation see daily life, relating to, 122 anthropology differentiating belief and practice, Peawah River, 176 114 pedigrees, 209, 220 food, relating to, 122–3 permission, 71, 79, 81, 82, 99–101, food taboos, 117 104 gender restrictions, 112, 118, 119, and danger in country, 102–3 124, 130–1
281 Australian Native Title Anthropology
and the Law see Law, Aboriginal and kinship, 82–3, 101 mythic beings, 110, 119–20, 145 as laws, 60 narratives, 118–20 to licence, 59 popular ideas about, 107–8 of local group, 71 and rights to country, 113, 130 by matrifiliation, 64, 74, 76, 78 sacred and secret, 111–12, 130 multiple pathways, gained via, significance for native title, 108, 80–2 113, 129–30 and native title research, 104–5 spirits and access, 122 neglect of conditions for exercise, spiritual genesis (conception), 93 117–18 observation of, 85 spiritual relationship with by patrifiliation, 75, 76, 78 country, 93, 94, 96, 117–18 and permission, 82 totemism see separate entry potential, 59 see also normative system; ritual presumptive, 59 Representative Bodies see Native Title primary and secondary, 59, 63–4, Representative Bodies 74, 97–9 residence group see local organisation ranking of, 97–9 respondents, 6, 68, 129, 151, 186, realising, 96 193, 194, 201 by ritual qualification, 59, 64, Indigenous, 153, 155, 187, 192 76, 82 see also native title rules governing exercise of, 60–2, rights, 7, 55–62 79, 102, 104 affinal, 72, 74 by spiritual connectedness, 61, to be asked see permission 63, 76–8, 79 in spousal country, 101 by birth, 59, 63, 76–7 and transmissibility, 58–9 by burial, 63 types of rights, 78 centrality of in native title, 55, 83 usufruct, 98 choice, exercise of, 90–3, 97, 98 see also licence; local organisation; conditions for exercise, 92–7, 98 permission contingent, 58–9, 61 ritual, 113, 123–9 core, 59 circumcision, 126–7 definition of, 56–7 as entertainment, 128 by descent, 58, 61, 71, 72 gender restricted, 124, 126, 127, determinative, 58 128, 131, 234 and duty, 102–3, 59–60, 79, 237 greeting country, 103–4, 122, exclusive, 102–3 125, 129, 236 exercise of, 60, 85–105 higher, 127 and knowledge of country, 96 initiation (induction), 126–7 exercise and spiritual imbuement, loss of, 124–5 94–6 mortuary, 128–9 exercise and ‘standing’ (status), 99 and normative system, 127 and interests, difference, 19n10 practical applications in native intra-mural allocation, 88–9 title, 123–4, 125
282 Index
smoking, 128 anthropological definition of, status and ritual experience, 127 49–50 see also compensation and native and boundaries, 50–1 title; religious beliefs and cultural bloc, 39–41 Rivers, W.H.R., 209–10, 222, 223 and cultural cohesion, 47–8 Roheim, G., 165 importance of, 34 Roper River, 173 and language groups, 46–7 Rose, D.B., 141, 149n26 legal definition of, 34–6 Roth, W., 40 models used in native title, 38–9 Roundhead, D. and N., 177–8 and tribes, 41–6 Rowley, C., 36 variation within, 50–1 Roxborough Downs, 154, 155 and Yorta Yorta case, 30–2 Royal Palace of Jogjakarta, 208 see also continuity; Kaberry, P.; Rubibi Community v State of Western normative system; tribes Australia, 32–3 solatium, 229, 229n10 rules see rights—rules governing see also compensation—cultural exercise of loss Rumsey, A., 44 South Australian Museum, 173 South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Sackett, L., 28, 175n11 Council (SWALSC), 242 Sampi on behalf of the Bardi and Jawi South West Native Title Settlement People, 35 see Noongar Recognition Act Sampi v State of Western Australia, sovereignty 135n2 change post-sovereignty, Sansom, B., 50n34, 63–4, 94, 94n11, evaluation and implications 139–42, 162, 232, 233 of, 65, 66–7, 68, 140–1, 162, section system see social categories 163–4, 190 Single Noongar Claim, 124n9, 242–5 date of, 138, 147, 147n24, 240 site protection legislation, 12–14, effective, 67, 147–8, 150, 160, 12n3, 16, 120 161, 162, 173, 180, 184, 189, see also sites, sacred 194, 195, 210, 212, 215, 219 sites, sacred, 12–13, 82, 96, 98, 144 pre-sovereignty formations, 34, and compensation, 233 52, 66, 160n3, 178, 180, 189, difficulties over use and meaning, 200 120–1 maps of for native title reports, significance for native title 121 research, 1, 7, 11, 16, 21, 24, ‘skins’ see social categories 26–7, 31–2, 34–5, 38, 65, 69, smoking rites see ritual 82, 83, 104, 105, 120, 129, social categories, 76, 199–200 134, 139, 150, 159n1, 160, see also kinship 194–5, 215, 247–8 society in native title, 7, 30–53, 89 ‘sovereignty report’, 160 in Aboriginal studies, 38 see also anthropologists—as expert anthropological concepts of, witness; continuity; early texts; 36–7, 51–2 terra nullius
283 Australian Native Title Anthropology
Spencer, B. and Gillen, F., 63 Tindale, N.B., 43, 87n3, 148, 162, spiritual relationships to country 164, 173–83, 193, 194 see religious beliefs—spiritual achievements, 173–4, 183 relationship with country; and assimilation, 216 totemism and boundaries, 50, 175, 175n13, standing (status) see rights—exercise 183 and ‘standing’ (status) definition of tribes, 175 Stanner, W.E.H., 75, 80 and environmental determinism, status see rights—exercise and 176–7, 182 ‘standing’ (status) and genealogical data, 93, 148, strangers in country, 49, 102, 200, 152, 164, 174, 207–8, 214, 236 215, 216–20, 218, 220, 223 see also permission; trespass misconceptions relating to groups, Strehlow, T.G.H., 95 177–9, 182–3 Strelein, L., 34 race and mixed race, ideas succession, 62–9 regarding, 174, 216–7 conditions required for, 64–5 reconstructive ethnography, 177, and disputes, 68–9 178 and Ganggalida, 66–7 record cards, 218 group and subgroup, 64–5 research interest, 174, 175, problems for native title, 65–6, 175n13 68, 69 selective use of data, 44, 180–2, and Waanyi, 67–8 182n22 Sundberg, J., 48 Traeger’s classification, 217–8 supernatural beings see religious and tribal data, 43, 45, 164n6, beliefs—mythic beings 174, 175, 177–8, 181–2, Sutton, P., 5, 38n26, 39, 40, 47, 48, 182–3, 184 49, 56, 64, 75, 81, 87n2, 89n8, Tjayuwara Unmuru Compensation 144, 162, 164n6, 182n21, 212, Application, 228 214, 221 totemism, 38, 40, 114–18, 163, 166, Swan Valley, 163 167, 210, 213 and country, 55, 59, 61, 76, terra nullius, 14–15, 20, 249 77–8, 79, 82, 93, 94, 95, 98, Timber Creek, 47–8 102, 111, 117–18, 117n6, and oral account, 139–40 117n7, 119, 143 see also Griffiths v Northern definition of, 115–16 Territory of Australia [2006] and natural species, 111, 115, 121 Timber Creek compensation claim, as relationship, 116 228n6, 229–34, 235, 236 and ritual, 118, 127 appeals, 229–30 sites, 79 determination, 229, 237 types of, 116 see also compensation and native see also Dreaming; genealogies— title; Griffiths v Northern and totemism; religious Territory of Australia [2016] beliefs—spiritual genesis
284 Index
(conception); religious Uluru, 102n19, 108 beliefs—spiritual relationship with country van Gennep, A., 125 traditional, legal definition of, 159n1, Victoria River District, 141 160n3 traditional owner, 236 Waanyi, 64, 67, 68, 196, 197 Traeger, Pastor, 216–17 see also Aplin on behalf of the trespass, 71, 96, 99, 100, 102–3, 104 Waanyi Peoples v Queensland tribes Wagurl, 107 application of term in native title Wakawaka, 177 research, 184 Walbiri, 142–3 boundaries, problems relating to, Walmanjari, 166, 169, 172 44, 175–8, 182–3, 193 Ward v Western Australia see as contemporary corporations, 89, Miriuwung and Gajerrong 193, 194 Warner, L., 75, 125, 165 not corporations, 45, 184 Weinberg J, 32, 47–8, 138, 139 and country groups, 80 Williams, N., 100 and disputes, 193 witness statements see affidavits and early ethnography, 44 Wolmeri see Walmanjari imprecision/ambiguity of names, Wula, 168, 169, 170, 171 42, 44, 181–2, 184 Wyndham, 165, 167 and Kaberry, 76, 166–73, 169, 170 Yindjibarndi, 87n3, 110, 176 not land-owning group, 43, 45 Yirrkala, 64 and language, 167–8, 171, 172 Yolngu, 138, 141, 143 mapping, 44, 175–7, 178 Yorta Yorta case see Members of the popular misconceptions regarding, Yorta Yorta Aboriginal Community 41–6, 70, 171 v Victoria as post-sovereignty creations, 42 Yulara case see Jango v Northern problems relating to use of term, Territory of Australia 40–1, 171, 178–9 Yule River, 176 and Radcliffe-Brown, 73–5 and society, 39–46, 89 use of term in early accounts, 38, 171, 199 and Tindale, 42, 43–4, 173–83, 181 see also index entries for individual named language groups; language group—and tribes; Tindale, N.B.—and tribal data Trigger, D., 27n16, 28, 65, 66–9, 197 Turner, V., 125
285 This text is taken from Australian Native Title Anthropology: Strategic practice, the law and the state, by Kingsley Palmer, published 2018 by ANU Press, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.