MORECAMBE BAY PARTNERSHIP HEADLANDS TO HEADSPACE

THE MILITARY ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS OF WALNEY ISLAND: ARCHAEOLOGICAL DESK‐BASED ASSESSMENT

The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk-Based Assessment

CONTENTS SUMMARY ...... 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... 2 TRAINING, RESEARCH AND REPORT INFORMATION ...... 2 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 3 1.1 Circumstances of Project ...... 3 1.2 The Purpose of the Desk‐Based Assessment ...... 4 2 METHODOLOGY ...... 4 2.1 Introduction ...... 4 2.2 Documentary Sources ...... 4 2.3 Site Visit ...... 5 3 BACKGROUND...... 6 3.1 Location, Topography and Geology ...... 6 3.2 Archaeological and Historical Background ...... 6 3.3 Military Heritage ...... 10 3.4 Other defence features/sites ...... 20 3.5 Previous Archaeological Works ...... 21 4 CARTOGRAPHIC AND PICTORIAL SOURCES ...... 23 4.1 Introduction ...... 23 4.2 RAF Barrow (Walney) at its immediate environs‐ North Walney ...... 24 4.3 Fort Walney‐ Central Walney ...... 25 4.4 Hilpsford Fort and H5 HAA Battery ...... 26 4.5 Aerial Photographs ...... 28 4.6 Site Visit ...... 31 5 CONCLUSIONS...... 31 5.1 Summary ...... 31 6 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 34 6.1 Secondary Sources ...... 34 APPENDIX 1: HERITAGE ASSET GAZETTEER ...... 39 APPENDIX 2: PLATES ...... 73 APPENDIX 3: FIGURES ...... 92

Cover Image: Searchlight emplacement associated with the Hilpsford Fort on South Walney by Louise Martin

The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk-Based Assessment

ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURES Figure 1: Site location Figure 2: Location of heritage assets within study area Figure 3: Location of military heritage assets Figure 4: The distribution of sites recorded as part of the Defence of Britain project.

PLATES Plate 1. Plan of Walney Island Battery in 1911 (National Archives WO 78/4754) Plate 2. 1945 Plan of RAF Barrow. Northern section. Provided by Jo Sweeny. Plate 3. 1945 Plan of RAF Barrow. Southern section. Provided by Jo Sweeny. Plate 4. Sketch plan of Fort Walney Dated c.1941 (National Archives WO192318) Plate 5. Plan of Fort Walney c.1941 (National Archives WO192318) Plate 6. Close‐up of plan of Fort Walney c.1941 (National Archives WO 192318) Plate 7. Plan of Fort Walney c.1941 (National Archives WO 192318) showing detailed plan of searchlight emplacements in top left corner Plate 8. 1940’s MOD aerial image showing the RAF Barrow airfield (49) and associated features. © Barrow Borough Council 2011 Plate 9. 2003 Google Earth image showing the former RAF Barrow airfield (49) and associated features. (© Infoterra Ltd and Bluesky Ltd.) Plate 10. 1940 MOD aerial photograph (© Barrow Borough Council 2011) and 2003 Google Earth Image (© Infoterra Ltd and Bluesky Ltd.) showing sites associated with RAF Barrow (29, 36 and 49). Plate 11. 1940’s MOD aerial photograph showing the southern section of RAF Barrow, including Battle Headquarters, ancillary buildings the shooting ranges. The southern section of the image also includes site 26‐ anti aircraft battery/military camp and site 11 military camp Plate 12. 2003 Google Earth image showing the area containing the former southern section of RAF Barrow 47 and 49). The southern section of the image also includes site 26‐ anti aircraft battery/military camp and site 11‐military camp Plate 13. 1940’s MOD aerial image of the south‐eastern extent of RAF Barrow showing the two rifle ranges (45).  Infoterra Ltd and Bluesky The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk-Based Assessment

Plate 14. 1940’s MOD aerial image of the south‐eastern extent of RAF Barrow showing the two rifle ranges (45).  Infoterra Ltd and Bluesky Plate 15. 1940’s MOD aerial image of the area containing Fort Walney (31, 90 and 101).  Barrow Borough Council 2011 Plate 16. Google Earth Image of the Furness Golf Course and the surrounding area which formerly contained Fort Walney (31, 90 and 101)  Infoterra Ltd and Bluesky Plate 17. Aerial Image of Fort Walney from Fort Record Book No. 360. National Archive Ref. No. WO 192/318 Plate 18. 1940’s MOD aerial image of south Walney showing the coastal batteries (27, 30, 129 and 138) including barbed wire enclosures  Barrow Borough Council 2011 Plate 19. Google Earth Image of south Walney showing the remains of the coastal batteries (and expansion of the gravel pit () Infoterra Ltd and Bluesky Plate 20. 1940’s MOD aerial image of south Walney showing the H5 Anti‐Aircraft Battery (30) and associated military camp (129)  Barrow Borough Council 2011 Plate 21. Google Earth image of south Walney showing the H5 Anti‐Aircraft Battery (30) and associated military camp (129)  Infoterra Ltd and Bluesky Plate 22. Aerial Image submitted via Sarah Dalrymple (CWT South Walney Warden) from a photographic scrapbook of a former Walney resident. It is labelled ‘Lighthouse and Battery. The features to the right of the image are the gun placements and artillery stores that are sill extant. Plate 23. Goggle map image of the same area as shown in Plate *.  Infoterra Ltd and Bluesky Plate 24. Aerial Image submitted via Sarah Dalrymple (CWT South Walney Warden) from a photographic scrapbook of a former Walney resident. It is labelled ‘Walney Dummy Camp’. Location currently unknown Plate 25. Excerpt from scrapbook of a former Walney resident submitted via Sarah Dalrymple (CWT South Walney Warden) It is labelled ‘Heavy Gun Battery Walney’ and appears to show views of the Hilpsford Battery from the Lighthouse as well as the serving military. Plate 26. Excerpt from scrapbook of a former Walney resident submitted via Sarah Dalrymple (CWT South Walney Warden). It is labelled ‘Walney 1943’ and shoes images of the serving military. Plate 27. Excerpt from scrapbook of a former Walney resident submitted via Sarah Dalrymple (CWT South Walney Warden). It is labelled ‘Battery Personnel’ and shows images of the serving military The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk-Based Assessment

Plate 28. Excerpt from scrapbook of a former Walney resident submitted via Sarah Dalrymple (CWT South Walney Warden). It is labelled ‘The Lighthouse 1943’and show the camouflaged lighthouse and images of the battery Plate 29. Dr Richard Newman looking at documents with volunteers as part of the training sessions in Barrow during January 2017 Plate 30. Documentary Research Trainee Volunteers undertaking the site visit to South Walney Plate 31. The remains of a gun emplacement noted during the site visit on the beach to the north‐eastern side of the island Plate 32. Aerial view of the rifle range, the ‘stop butt’ is to the top of the image (not the horseshoe depression) with the ‘shooters gallery’ the bottom. © Oxford Archaeology North Plate 33. Southern revetment forming the rifle range (29) showing graffiti and current condition of this element of the site Plate 34. Remains of the concrete structures representing the remains of the former gunners training range (36) Plate 35. Concrete remains of the Gunner Trainer (36). This appears to be the rear stop butt that has fallen over/collapsed to the west Plate 36. The former control tower of Fort Walney (31/90/101; later used as the coastguard station). The green vent for the ROC bunker can been seen in front of this structure Plate 37. The northernmost searchlight emplacement associated with Fort Walney (31/90/101) Plate 38. The southernmost searchlight emplacement associated with Fort Walney (31/90/101) Plate 39. Former Pillbox (91) near the 9th tee on the golf course, associated with the protection of Fort Walney. Note the blocked up openings. Plate 40. Metal structure located on the golf course in the vicinity of the former Fort Walney. These features have been identified as Barnes as ‘Vickers Armstrong’ fire watchers posts (http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~rwbarnes/defence/walney.htm) Plate 41. Aerial image of the H5 HAA battery (30) in 2016. Oxford Archaeology North Plate 42. Remains of a breeze block ammunition store with the gun holdfast in the front of the store, associated with the H5 HAA battery (30) Plate 43. Remains of gun holdfast, part of the former H5 HAA battery (30). This image shows how coastal erosion is impacting on the archaeology in this area Plate 44. Former collapsed ammunition store associated with the H5 HAA Battery (30) Plate 45. Part of the remains of one of the former ammunition stores associated with the H5 HAA Battery (30) The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk-Based Assessment

Plate 46. Northernmost searchlight emplacement forming part of the Hilpsford Fort/Battery Plate 46. Northernmost searchlight emplacement forming part of the Hilpsford Fort/battery (27) Plate 47. Southern searchlight emplacement (now partially buried within the dunes), which formed part of the Hilpsford Fort/battery (27). It was recently being used as a support for a bird hide Plate 48. Remains of gun holdfast to the south of the lighthouse, associated with the former Hilpsford Fort/battery (27) Plate 49. Brick ‘walkway’ leading to artillery store from gun emplacement seen in Plate 48 Plate 50. Collapsed remains of a former possibly WW2 structure in the vicinity of the Hilpsfort Fort/battery (27) Plate 51. Excerpt for the Fort Walney Fort Book showing the range of gun reach (National Archives WO 19/2318)

The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk-Based Assessment

SUMMARY

This report provides a summary of a research project undertaken by Morecambe Bay Partnership and volunteers focussing on the military heritage of Walney Island. The project was run as part of the Heritage Lottery‐funded Headlands to Headspace Scheme, an initiative motivated by a community desire to protect and celebrate Morecambe Bay’s rich heritage. A key aim of the Scheme is to improve our understanding of the natural and cultural heritage of the Bay significantly and help conserve this heritage for future generations. This report is an outcome of this project, to record and promote the rich heritage of the Bay.

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The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk-Based Assessment

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Morecambe Bay Partnership and Wardell Armstrong Archaeology would like to thank Mark Brennand at Cumbria County Council for providing information relating to the Historic Environment Record. We are grateful to the assistance of the staff at Barrow Record Office, in particular Susan Benson, during the research phase. Thanks are also extended to the staff of Cumbria Wildlife Trust‐South Walney Reserve, Furness Golf Course, Natural England and BAE Systems who gave permission for the site visits.

Special thanks are given to all the volunteers who attended the training, and contributed to the research presented as part of this report, in particular Jo Sweeny, Matt Sanderson, Kieon Thexton and Richard Bowden (Lancashire at War). The research and work of Nicolas Meany and Beverly Kerr of Purcell Heritage Consultants who compiled research as part of the conservation assessments, some of which is replicated in this report is also acknowledged. The assistance of Charlie McKeith, Gorge Nash, Maddi Nicolson on providing information/reports relating to the Discovering Fort Walney project is also appreciated.

The funding received from the Heritage Lottery Fund for the Headlands to Headspace Landscape Partnership Scheme has enabled the volunteer training and this research to be undertaken and is gratefully acknowledged.

TRAINING, RESEARCH AND REPORT INFORMATION

The training was led by Richard Newman and Cat Peters of Wardell Armstrong Archaeology, and the overall project managed by Louise Martin of Morecambe Bay Partnership. The site visit to Hest Bank jetty was guided by Richard Newman and Cat Peters of Wardell Armstrong Archaeology. The research was undertaken by Louise Martin and Morecambe Bay Partnership volunteers. The main report was produced by Louise Martin with contributions by Cat Peters and Richard Newman. The report production was co‐ordinated by Cat Peters and Richard Newman. The figures were produced by Adrian Bailey of Wardell Armstrong Archaeology. All photographic images in the main report were taken by Louise Martin, apart from where specifically stated in the captions.

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The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk-Based Assessment

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Circumstances of Project

1.1.1 This report provides a summary of a research project undertaken by volunteers, though professionally‐led, focusing on the military archaeology of Walney Island. The project was run by the Morecambe Bay Partnership as part of the Heritage Lottery funded Headlands to Headspace scheme (H2H), an initiative motivated by a community desire to protect and celebrate Morecambe Bay’s rich heritage. A key aim of this scheme is to improve the understanding of the natural and cultural heritage of the Bay significantly, and help to conserve this heritage for future generations.

1.1.2 An initial phase of the Headlands to Headspace documentary research project was undertaken in Spring/Summer 2015, delivered by Louise Martin and Louise Parkinson. Further training sessions were undertaken in 2016‐7 with a course in Barrow in February 2017 focusing on the military heritage of the area, including Walney Island. The training was undertaken to ensure that “community participants acquire the necessary skills and knowledge required to undertake documentary research of cultural heritage sites, produce reports and disseminate the results” (Morecambe Bay Partnership 2015, 1).

1.1.3 Training was delivered following the Morecambe Bay Partnership guidance (Martin et al 2016). The aim was to furnish volunteers with the requisite tools in order for them to convert their enthusiasm for the heritage of their locality into an archaeological study of a specified area of interest. The specified area of interest summarised by this report was Walney Island and its military archaeological remains.

1.1.4 Thus, this desk‐based assessment comprises the report‐producing and dissemination phase of the H2H project, one of six archaeological reports produced as a result of the Heritage Lottery funded H2H Cultural Heritage Documentary Research project.

1.1.5 This desk‐based assessment focuses on a study area at Walney Island. For this report the term ‘study area’ includes Walney Island, as shown in Figure 1.

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The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk-Based Assessment

1.2 The Purpose of the Desk‐Based Assessment

1.2.1 The desk‐based assessment seeks to improve our understanding of the military archaeological remains at Walney Island through research, and assess the significance of the some of the remains found during the site visits. The report has been produced to enable the dissemination of the data produced by the project to a wide audience, making the results of the study publicly accessible for future generations. As this is a volunteer project, covering a large study area it is appreciated that some elements of research may have been omitted and recommendations for containing and expanding/enhancing the research undertaken to date is presented in the conclusions (Section 5).

2 METHODOLOGY

2.1 Introduction

2.1.1 All work undertaken was consistent with the relevant standards and procedures of the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists, as set out in Standard and Guidance for Historic Environment Desk‐Based Assessment (CIfA 2014).

2.1.2 More specifically, this work followed methodologies outlined in the ‘Guide to Undertaking Documentary Research and Desk‐based Assessments for Volunteers’, produced by Louise Martin, Wardell Armstrong Archaeology and Louise Parkinson for the Morecambe Bay Partnership, in association with Mark Brennand, Peter Iles, Ken Davies and Eleanor Kingston (Martin et al 2016).

2.1.3 The data underlying the desk‐based assessment was gathered through desk‐based study of documentary sources and via a site visit, undertaken by volunteers under the supervision of Louise Martin of the Morecambe Bay Partnership, and Richard Newman and Cat Peters of Wardell Armstrong.

2.2 Documentary Sources

2.2.1 The primary and secondary sources used were derived from the Cumbria Archive Centre at Barrow, National Archives Kew, as well as from online sources, including The Archaeology Data Service (http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/ifp/wiki.pdf), the National Heritage List (https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the‐list/) and PastScape (http://www.pastscape.org.uk/). The sources were consulted between February and May 2017, however, this report also includes elements of research and site visits previously undertaken by Louise Martin of Morecambe Bay Partnership, alongside

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studies undertaken by Purcell Heritage consultants (Menay 2015 and Kerr 2016) and Manchester Metropolitan University (Edwards forthcoming).

2.3 Site Visit

2.3.1 During the course of H2H and as part of the built heritage project, key military heritage sites were visited and subjected to study, focusing on the current condition and conservation potential of the sites. A summary of this work is presented in Section 4.3. A brief site visit was undertaken to South Walney as part of the documentary research training on 4th February 2017. Given the size of the study area and number of sites it is recommended, where areas are accessible, that further site visits/walkover surveys are undertaken alongside volunteers to assess the current condition of all the sites listed. Such walkover surveys would aim to:

 identify any previously unknown archaeological features

 assess the previously known archaeological features and compare the current state of the feature with of the known record, in order to assess the accuracy of the known record.

2.4 Glossary 2.4.1 The following standard terms for compiling the assessment are used throughout the report:

 Heritage Asset – a building, monument, site, place, area or defined landscape positively identified as having a degree of heritage significance that merits consideration in planning decisions.

 Historic Environment Record (HER) – an information service, usually utilizing a database, which provides public access to up‐to‐date and dynamic resources relating to the historic environment of a defined geographic area.

 Significance – the value of a heritage asset to present and future generations attributable of its heritage interest. That interest may be archaeological, architectural, artistic or historic (including historical associations).

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The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk-Based Assessment

3 BACKGROUND

3.1 Location, Topography and Geology

3.1.1 Walney Island is located to the west of the town of Barrow–in‐Furness on the western Furness Peninsula (Figure 1). The island measures c. 13km in length by 1.6km in width. The Walney channel separates the island from the mainland, accessible via a bridge, which joins the Island at Vickerstown.

3.1.2 The Ordnance Survey mapping shows that most of the island is relatively flat and low lying, at around 10m AOD. There are some higher areas such as at Beacon Brow on the golf course, which is situated c. 20m AOD.

3.1.3 The solid geology across the island is formed from Triassic Rocks (undifferentiated) of Mudstone, Siltstone and Sandstone. This is a sedimentary bedrock formed approximately 200 to 251 million years ago in the Triassic period, in a local environment previously dominated by hot deserts.

3.1.4 The superficial (drift deposits) are unrecorded along the western strip of the island, whilst at the northern and southern end it comprises blown sand formed of sand and gravel. These superficial deposits were formed up to 3 million years ago in the Quaternary period, in a local environment previously dominated by wind blown deposits. A large proportion of the northern island, and pockets in the central and southern areas comprise Diamicton Till, formed up to 3 million years ago in the Quaternary period, in a local environment previously dominated by ice age conditions. The rest of the island is alluvium, comprising clay, silt and sand formed up to 2 million years ago in the Quaternary period, in a local environment previously dominated by rivers.

3.1.5 The geological information was acquired through the British Geological Survey (http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html).

3.2 Archaeological and Historical Background

3.2.1 This historical and archaeological background is compiled from secondary sources and primary records consulted during the desk based research. It is intended only as a summary of historical developments at Walney Island, relating to its military history. Given the nature of this project it is acknowledged that there may be omissions in the sources collected/consulted and further sources of information may exist for the study area and beyond. The location of known heritage assets on the island are illustrated in Figure 2, and summarised in Appendix 2.

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The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk-Based Assessment

3.2.2 Prehistoric: evidence of Prehistoric activity is found across Walney Island, primarily represented by single find spots, however there are a number of areas, e.g. North Walney, (Cross 1938‐1942a and 1946‐49, Barnes 1955 and Barnes and Jackson 1978) where concentrations of finds, and evidence of occupation, have been identified.

3.2.3 During the Mesolithic (c. 8000BC to c. 4000BC), the ice sheets of the Devensian Glaciation retreated and the climate became warmer, making the area more hospitable. The coastline of the North West of England at this time lay around 20m lower than it is today, forming a belt of submerged land (Hodgson and Brennand et. al., 2006, 23). Evidence of Mesolithic settlement within the study is represented by flint tools, such as at Asset No. 2/7 where microliths, cores, blades or flakes were found during the construction of West Shore Primary School at Sandy Gap, and at Asset No. 8 which included a scatter of mixed finds including Mesolithic material at Cross‐ Dyke Scar, Hillock Whins, and at Asset No. 123.

3.2.4 The Neolithic period (c. 4000 ‐ c. 2500) was a time when transient populations began to live more settled lives, adopting agricultural regimes, although it is likely that the population still maintained a significant degree of seasonal or transitory movement (Hodgson and Brennand, 2006, 29). Evidence for Neolithic settlement has been recovered from Walney, particularly on the beaches at North Walney where some of the earliest, and largest assemblages of flint scatters in the Furness Peninsula have been found (Cross 1938, 1939 in Tonks and Ellsworth, 2007). Between 1936 and 1956, extensive Neolithic/Bronze Age flint working sites were discovered in the sand dunes at the north of the island and reported by Cross (Greenlane Archaeology 2015, 21). Neolithic find spots identified as part of this project include a number of examples of polished stone axes (some of which were incomplete; Asset Nos. 7, 75, 76, 108, and 111). Flint tools of typologically Neolithic date were recovered from Asset No. 8, and late Neolithic pottery has been recorded as being retrieved from the Hiillock Whins area (Asset No. 10) and South End (Asset No. 123).

3.2.5 The transition from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age (c. 2500) in the North West region is represented by broad changes in religious, agricultural and social practices, although the use of stone tools such as axe hammers, indicates some continuity of Neolithic practices into the early Bronze Age (Hodgson and Brennand, 2006, 29‐30). On Walney, a number of stray finds of Bronze Age pottery and flint/stone tools attest to activity during this period, as well as the larger assemblage discovered to the north of the island (previously discussed). The find spots include a perforated pebble

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The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk-Based Assessment

(Asset No. 19), a mace head (Asset No. 97), a perforated stone (Asset No. 105) and Bronze Age pottery (Asset No. 123).

3.2.6 Continuity of settlement is represented in the archaeological record with sites producing mixed assemblages sometimes covering the period from the Mesolithic to Bronze Age (Asset No.s 7, 8 and 123). There are a number of sites listed within the Gazetteer which have not been assigned a specific date but are likely to be of Prehistoric date including a shell midden (Asset No. 32) found at North End Haws during gravel extraction and flint finds/assemblages (Asset Nos. 3, 4, 9, 50, 51, 68, 69, 71, 97, 102 and 104).

3.2.7 No sites of Iron Age date have been identified as part of this study, although it is likely that settlement continued during this time. The upper stone of a quern (Asset No. 103) could possibly date to this period.

3.2.8 Roman: no conclusive evidence for the Roman occupation of Walney was encountered during research for this project, and publications suggest that the Roman invasion had a minimal impact on the native population of this area (e.g. Philpott 2006, 73‐4 in Greenlane 2015, 21 and Roper 2004, 4). The only find which may be of Roman date is a pebble scratched with lines (Asset No. 4) found at South End, with Roman coins and pottery being recovered from Foulney Island (Ellsworth 2015, 21).

3.2.9 Medieval: the early medieval period is poorly represented in the archaeological record for Walney, however, by the 9th/10th century the island appears to have been colonised by Norse settlers from the Isle of Man and Ireland. Evidence of this settlement is preserved in place‐names, in ‘Walney’, originally ‘Hougunai’ (meaning Island of Hougun), containing the Norse suffix ‘ai’ meaning ‘island’ (Greenlane Archaeology 2015, 22). ‘North Scale’ may be derived from the Norse word ‘Skala’ which means ‘shelter’ (Trescatheric 1984 and Laird 1992 in Roper 2004, 4), with Tonk and Ellsworth (2007, 9) suggesting that ‘North Scale’ means ‘the north temporary settlement’ demonstrating that settlements were probably present during the early medieval period.

3.2.10 In 1066, Walney was part of the estate of Tostig, Earl of Northumbria, passing for a short time to Roger of Poitou following the Battle of Hastings, before returning to the Crown (Tonk and Ellsworth 2007, 9).

3.2.11 King Stephen granted large areas of Furness, including land on Walney, to the Abbott of Savigny in 1127 (Barrow Borough Council 2006, in Tonk and Ellsworth 2007, 9).

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Furness Abbey was constructed on this land, founding granges (farming estates) on Walney by 1247 at Northend, North Scale, Biggar and South End (Kendall 1899, 46‐7 in Tonk and Ellsworth 2007, 9). It is likely that these granges were originally farmed by the lay brethren but, within fifty years, let out to tenants (Trescatheric 1984, 1 in Greenlane Archaeology 2015, 22). The desk‐based assessment for Mill Lane (Tonk and Ellsworth 2007) identified that the area was farmed by tenants of Furness Abbey during the medieval period.

3.2.12 Evidence for the use of the landscape for crop production survives as ridge and furrow, still fossilised across the island (Asset Nos 15, 87, 112, 113, 127, 128, 131, 132, 136 and 146). The broad form of this ridge and furrow suggests that much of it dates to the medieval period, although some appears to have continued in use and/or has origins in the post‐medieval period.

3.2.13 Towards the south of the island, at Biggar, a medieval/post‐medieval stone dyke is still visible. The origins of this feature are unclear as there are no records relating to its construction. However, it has been proposed that the Monks of Furness Abbey built it in the 13th century as part of a scheme to reclaim parts of Walney (Pastscape SD 16 NE 10, Asset No. 109). The dyke was passed to the Crown following the Dissolution.

3.2.14 There are several medieval find spots from the island, highlighted during research for this project, including an iron arrowhead of probable 14th century date (Asset No. 52; Cross 1942b), a silver penny of Edward II (Asset No. 65) and a shipwreck (Asset No. 125).

3.2.15 Post medieval: the post‐medieval landscape of Walney comprised small settlements with agricultural land, and a number of known heritage assets date to this period. Agricultural production is evident at Mill Lane where a windmill was constructed around the 16th century (Asset No. 6) and rabbit warrens are known from North End in‐between the dunes (SLR 2013, 4). During the 17thcentury, the lands of Walney were awarded to the Duke of Albemale, and later inherited by the Duke of Buccleuch (Laid, 1992 10‐15 in Roper 2004, 4). The inhabitants of Walney were tenants of the Crown, and then various families (Tonk and Ellsworth 2007, 9). The sea defences that once were maintained by the Monastery, fell into disrepair, which may have contributed to two catastrophic flooding events in 1546 and 1581 (Kendall 1899, 49 in Tonk and Ellsworth 2007, 9)

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3.2.16 Increased demand for grain production in the early 19th century saw the construction of a further windmill at North End (Asset No. 85), close to the North End Farm (Asset No. 98). This farm may have originated in the 13th century and originally focused on arable crop production, however, limited documentary evidence suggests that sheep farming became the primary industry in the 15th century, reverting to arable farming in the 18th century (SLR 2013, 4). The windmill is known to have been worked during the early 19th century, and probably took over the main milling function from the Mill Lane mill after that was condemned or demolished in the early 19th century. By 1870, North Mill had ceased to operate, although it remained standing until 1940, when it was demolished as part of the construction work associated with RAF Barrow (see below).

3.2.17 Within the centre of the island, Furness Golf club (Asset No. 54), was founded as a links golf course in 1872. This was later partly occupied by Fort Walney.

3.2.18 At the south of the island, the lighthouse (Asset No. 18), which still stands today, was constructed in 1790, along with cottages and a storeroom. A further lighthouse (Asset No. 17), comprising red light markers, is on the 1849 historic mapping, off South East Point. There are numerous shipwrecks listed on Pastscape (search for Walney), however they are all listed in the same location and therefore have not been included as part of this study.

3.2.19 Other features/finds of post‐medieval date recorded within the records studied include a cockpit (Asset No. 5) limekilns (Asset Nos 100 and 124) and a Halfpenny of William III (Asset No. 106).

3.3 Military Heritage

3.3.1 Early history and World War I: the earliest evidence for military activity on Walney is a battery post (Asset Nos 31 and 101), established in 1881, on the golf course, in the area later to become Fort Walney (Walney Webs 2017). Coastal batteries had been developed along the north‐west coast during the 18th and 19th centuries, to protect port facilities from perceived attacks, such as the threat of war with the French or American Privateers (Eadie 2012, 63). These coastal batteries were designed to protect key sites, and fire on enemy ships or aircraft (Ibid, 64). Research undertaken during the 2014 HLF funded Fort Walney Uncovered project identified that either in the late 1880s or early 1890s a lease had been drawn up between the landowner and the War Department to erect a gun battery (Nash Survey and Environmental Ltd and

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Archaeological Landscape Investigation 2015, 6). Further research is required to establish if this lease relates to the battery at Fort Walney.

3.3.2 Fort Walney was located in the north central area of the island, on an elevated piece of land that was strategically located to protect the Vickers shipyards to the east. The safety of the dockyard in Barrow led the War Office to announce in 1903 its intention to construct fortifications on Walney Island, reported in regional newspapers such as the Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser (Tuesday 21st September 1909). These stated that the new defences were to ensure ‘complete command of the entrances to Barrow and the Duddon Harbours’, with construction beginning in 1909 under Hill & Son London (Kerr 2016, 24). The fort was completed in May 1911, at a total construction cost of £5,499, and records held at the National Archives (WO 192/318), indicate that the battery was armed with two 6‐inch BL mark VII guns (Kerr 2016, 25). A contemporary photograph of such guns at Chapel Bay, Angle in Pembrokeshire is shown by Lowry (1998, 98 Fig. 50). A plan of 1911 (Plate 1; National Archives WO 192/318) shows that the fort was constructed to a standard design, with two circular gun positions/emplacements, and a magazine and shelter in‐ between. Two concrete defence posts labelled ‘blockhouses’, flanked the gun emplacements, with auxiliary support buildings, including barracks, stores and a cookhouse, surrounded the battery. A one‐pounder ‘Pom‐Pom’ anti‐aircraft gun was placed adjacent to the battery, which was replaced by a 2 x 18 pounder anti‐aircraft gun. Defences around the site included trenches to the front of the battery, excavated by the Royal Engineers, with barbed wire entanglements on their eastern side (Kerr 2016, 25).

3.3.3 Fort Walney was manned by the Lancashire and Cheshire Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) and formed part of the 24th Lancashire and Cheshire Fire Command RGA. In 1914, the battery was manned by an officer and ten men (Walney Island Battery Record of Events 1914‐1919 National Archives WO 192/318 in Kerr 2016, 25).

3.3.4 Two extant coastal artillery searchlight (CASL) emplacements, located to the west of the battery, have been attributed to this phase of activity, based on their design and finish (Barnes 2017). Such structures were typically part of the standard equipment for close defence (CD) batteries, like Fort Walney (Dobinson, 2002, 38 in Kerr 2016, 25). To the east of the battery at Fort Walney, an anti‐aircraft battery is recorded on Pastscape, located to the south of Jubilee Bridge, at Vickerstown (Asset No. 72). The records indicate that in 1914 it was armed with a single one‐pounder gun on a travelling carriage, and in 1916, with two additional six‐pounder Nordenfeldt guns.

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This site was not mapped as part of the NWRCZA and hence all traces must have been removed following the war.

3.3.5 The first decade of the 20th century saw the construction of an airship production shed (c. 1910). This shed was originally built to construct the airship ‘Mayfly’, which was constructed on a floating shed in Barrow. On its maiden voyage, the Mayfly endured a storm in which significant damage meant that the airship never flew (Ferguson 2007, 50). An airship production factory, located on north Walney (Asset No. 11/58), operated from 1913‐21, although a number of different locations are recorded for this site (see Asset No. 58) and further research into this facility is required to determine its actual/accurate location.

3.3.6 To address the lack of defence to the south of the island, and protect Barrow from attack from the south, garrisons were constructed around the docks in Barrow, in addition to an examination battery on South Walney. This battery was designed to monitor the movement of shipping into the port. No plans of this site have currently been located, but it is likely this it was established around the lighthouse and Hilpsford Point in c. 1915. The battery included two 4.7inch Coast Defence (CD) guns, with two searchlights being installed in 1916 (National Archives WO 192/318; History of the 24th Coast Artillery Group in Kerr 2016, 26). Following the conclusion of the First World War, the Hilpsford battery was dismantled in the 1920’s, providing much needed local employment (Barnes 2017).

3.3.7 Towards the northern extent of the island, several trenches (Asset Nos 35, 143‐4, and 147) have been identified and investigated through a series of archaeological investigations/studies. Asset No. 35 was identified through air photography as part of the first phase of the north‐west rapid coastal zone assessment (Johnson 2009, 167), and the trenches were recorded during a walkover survey undertaken as part of the phase 2 works (Eadie 2012, 207‐8). These trenches have been interpreted as practice trenches and the crenulated rather than zigzag pattern suggests an association with WW1 rather than WW2 activities.

3.3.8 Subsequent walkover surveys by SLR consulting in 2012 (SLR 2013 and 2015) and Nash Survey and Environmental Ltd and Archaeological Landscape Investigation in 2015 as part of the Fort Walney Uncovered Project, recorded these features in more detail, revealing a network of trenches in the area. Further detailed examination of the castellated trenched (Asset 35) was afforded as part of an excavation undertaken in 2014 which found that the trenches were up to 0.6m in depth and contained artefactual evidence to support a WW1 date (Nash, Nicholson and Wellicome 2015). 12

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These trenches are located some distance from the nearest contemporary coastal battery at Fort Walney, and the 1913 Ordnance Survey map of the area indicates that they would have been positioned in North End Rabbit Warren (Asset 99). The reason for this placement and the trenches’ association with other military installations of WW1 date on the island is still unclear, and is an area of research that may warrant further study.

3.3.9 World War II: a new programme of rearmament by the British Government was commenced following disarmament talks of 1934 and Hitler’s rise to power. This included the construction of airfields, anti‐aircraft and searchlight batteries and barrage balloon emplacements. From May 1940, as invasion loomed, more defences were quickly erected, including pillboxes, with vast numbers of structures constructed around the coast to act as defence to the threatened invasion (Kerr 2016, 26). Vestiges of this defence landscape survives both as extant structures and as records in historic photographs and documents relating to the area. The record of military sites has been enhanced in recent years as part of the Defence of Britain (DoB) project, which during 1995‐2002 researched, identified and recorded over 20,000 British Military sites. This record was enhanced through the North West Rapid Coastal Zone Assessment, in particular, the national mapping programme (NMP) element, which assessed air photographs including 1940s RAF collections (Bacillieri et al 2009, Johnson 2009 and Eadie 2012). Many sites were added to the National Monument Record (NMR) for Walney as part of the NMP project and are included in this study. Together with the previously recorded sites, this presents a comprehensive network of defence contained on Walney Island, which included an airfield, two coastal batteries, military camps, buildings, pillboxes, weapons, pits and barbed wire enclosures, all forming part of the wider defensive landscape which was built to protect the docks in Barrow (Bacillieri et al, 2009, 30‐31). The defence network in Barrow‐in‐Furness formed part of Sector No. 10 (Vickerstown on Walney Island and Barrow town and docks) within the military Lancaster and Barrow Sub‐ Area (Foot 2009, 2).

3.3.10 Coastal Batteries‐ Fort Walney Fort Walney (Asset Nos 31, 90, 101 and possibly feature 95) continued to be operational up until the Second World War complete with the WW1 6‐inch mark VII guns. In 1940, the searchlights were moved to Hilpsford Point, initially leaving Fort Walney as a Day Battery, however, these were later replaced so it could operate as a Day and Night Close Defence (CD) Battery (Kerr 2016, 26 and 32).

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3.3.11 Contemporary sketches and plans record the site in detail (including position of barbed wire enclosures‐ see Plates 4‐7) and show that the WW1 battery plan was retained, with the two gun emplacements, flanked by blockhouses and associated buildings separated by a revetment wall, with barrack blocks, a hospital, NAAFI, cookhouse and a guard room are located behind the main battery (Kerr 2016, 26). Lowry states that to during WW2 to counter the threat to coastal batteries existing guns were contained within gun houses, which protected the crews from aerial bombardment (1998, 98), however, whether this change occurred at Fort Walney is unclear. Plate 4 shows the position of the two CASL searchlight emplacements (CASL No. 1 and No. 2), which may date to the WW1 phase of the site. This site is listed as a series of records in the Historic Environment Record and it would be prudent to undertake further research to amalgamate and consolidate these records into a single asset entry. Asset No. 31 records the gun battery, observation tower (Plate 36), two searchlight housings (Plates 37‐38), two pillboxes (Plate 39) and a ROC bunker. Asset 90, records a military camp, military buildings, a military road and coastal artillery searchlights, whilst Asset no 95, located to the north of the battery is recorded as a number of Second World War trenches, weapons pits and probable spigot mortar emplacements located through aerial photographs. The grid reference given is within the vicinity of Fort Walney and may be associated with this complex of defences. In addition, a least two conical metal structures (Plate 40) survive on the golf course and are interpreted as ‘Vickers Armstrong’ fire watchers’ posts (Barnes 2017‐ http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~rwbarnes/defence/walney.htm).

3.3.12 Hilpsfort Fort: at the southern end of the island there is a concentration of defensive structures, protecting the southerly tip of the island and the Walney channel. In 1939, an application was made to the War Office to reinstate the Hilpsford Fort to assist with the examination of vessels (Plates 46‐50). At first this request was ignored but after the evacuation of Dunkirk the threat was re‐appraised and many coastal batteries were hurriedly erected, including Fort Walney. The History of the 24th Coast Artillery Group (National Archives WO192318 in Kerr 2016, 26) records that this Fort was constructed on a site ‘almost identical’ to the location of the battery in the previous war.

3.3.13 During the collation of information as part of the Headland to Headspace Scheme a search of the national and local archives was undertaken, however, no plans of the site have been located to date (Kerr 2016, 31). Contemporary aerial photographs do, however, provide an overview of the layout of the site surrounding the lighthouse

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and towards the southern tip of the island. At the centre of the battery was the battery observation post (BOP), which would have directed operations; Hilpsford was furnished with two 6 inch mark XII naval guns without gun pits, with magazine stores located to the rear. Kerr (ibid) records that a gun‐house may have provided overhead cover and that the battery required two searchlights (which remain extant on the shore at South East Point, Plates 46 and 47). During 2015, as part of the Headlands to Headspace Scheme, a walkover survey led by Manchester Metropolitan University (MMU), and assisted by volunteers, recorded significant surviving elements of this battery, including the gun emplacements (Plate 48), artillery stores (Plate 49), searchlight emplacements and spigot mortar. Spigot mortar’s (or Blacker Bombard) are often found flanking coastal batteries and used as anti‐tank or anti‐personnel defence (Lowry 1998, 88‐9 and 92). It comprised a circular trench containing a concrete mounting known as a ‘thimble’, with a stainless steel pin, which mounted a weapon with a range of c.365m (ibid). The results of MMU’s work are currently being compiled and will be reported in due course (Edwards 2017, forthcoming).

3.3.14 Anti‐aircraft batteries: beyond the two main batteries, further aerial defence was provided by a number of anti‐aircraft batteries (located primarily on the western coast from Earnst Point to South End. Further research would be required in order to establish how these batteries functioned alongside the two coastal batteries of Fort Walney and Hilspford.

3.3.15 To the north of Fort Walney and south‐west of RAF Barrow at Earnst Point, an anti‐ aircraft battery and associated camp, possible radar station, trench, trackways and barbed wire construction has been located through aerial survey (Asset 26/48). The HER record states that four guns were in the vicinity of this battery. A large circular feature, noted to the north of the main camp/battery, is intriguing and would require further research to determine its function and association with the battery. The site has since been redeveloped as West Shore Park. John Nixon (2014, 19) records that the northern part of the site was occupied by four 3.7 inch anti‐aircraft gun sites, whilst the south was an army camp for gunners, later becoming an Italian prisoner of war camp and housing German prisoners of war in 1945.

3.3.16 There were an additional four anti‐aircraft batteries along the western coast heading south from Fort Walney down to Hilpsford Battery. At Sandy Gap, c. 1.km south‐ south‐east of Fort Walney, an anti‐aircraft battery has been recorded (Asset No. 40). A further c. 1.5km to the south‐east, an anti‐aircraft battery (Asset No. 110) with associated military camp, building, roads, trackways barbed wire obstructions,

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trenches and weapons pits is identifiable from aerial photographs. This battery was mounted with four 3.7 inch guns and equipped with a GL Mark II fire‐control radar. Pastscape states that nothing of this battery survives.

3.3.17 To the north of the Hilpsford Battery, elements of a Heavy Ant‐aircraft Artillery (HAA) survive, including gun emplacements, demolished and collapsing buildings and a military camp (H5 Battery Asset Nos 30/129, Plates 41‐45). The site has been recorded from aerial photographs, and as part of the NWRCZA (Eadie 2012). More recently, a detailed survey was undertaken by MMU, assisted by volunteers where the surviving elements of this site were identified and recorded (Edwards 2017, forthcoming). This battery is based on a template issued by the Directorate of Fortifications and Works and comprises a command post with a series of octagonal gun emplacements, each surrounded by ammunition lockers (Plates 41‐45). The H5 battery is laid out in the distinctive cloverleaf pattern of HAA batteries, with the command post in the centre (see Lowry 1998, 49‐59 Figs 20, 22, 23 and 24 for detail of typical battery layout and examples of gun/emplacement examples).

3.3.18 On the shore (at grid reference 322900,461900), four concrete holdfasts representing the gun emplacements survive, one with associated ammunition locker, which surrounds a rectilinear command post. An aerial image of the site (Plate 41) shows this element of the site in detail. The central command post has collapsed/been demolished and demonstrates the significant impact coastal erosion is having on the surviving four gun emplacements. The westernmost emplacement is now on the shore and has been upturned (see Plate 43), it is surrounded concrete slabs/blocks and breezeblocks representing the remains of the ammunition stores. The emplacement to the south‐west of the command post is almost entirely covered by shingle, whilst the south‐eastern emplacement is being encroached and covered.

3.3.19 The eastern emplacement is the best preserved, which retains elements of the associated ammunition stores (Plate 42), which is in a poor condition. Elements of breezeblock and concrete foundations, which are scattered around the area of the gun emplacements attest to the location of the other stores that would have been associated with this battery. To the north of the battery, concrete foundations, and an associated track survive, representing the former military camp/accommodation blocks associated with the battery. The vestiges of these structures have recently been recorded/mapped as part of the Headlands to Headspace Scheme (Edwards 2017, forthcoming).

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3.3.20 RAF Barrow: RAF Barrow (Asset No. 49), was constructed as a temporary war‐time airfield and air gunnery school with over 1,500 personnel based at the airfield (Ferguson 2007, 49 and 50). The construction of a municipal airport had originally been suggested to Barrow Borough Council in 1928, however it was only in 1937 that 600 acres of land were acquired, through compulsory purchase, at North End, for the construction of what was originally designed as a civic aerodrome but soon became a military establishment (SLR 2013, 4). Nixon (2014, 1) records that construction started in the first weeks of 1941 (others have proposed a 1940 date e.g. SLR 2013, 4) and the site was chosen because of its coastal location.

3.3.21 It was designed as a training establishment for Air Gunners and Flight engineers. The site was ideally placed, allowing trainees to shoot at target drogues towed behind another aircraft over the sea, and thus minimising the risks to civilians (Nixon 2014, 1). The airfield comprised three runways (Asset No 49) with Nos 1 and 2 measuring 1,100 yards, with No. 3 being slightly longer at 1,300 yards. Each was 50m in width. The main site (Battle Headquarters, Asset No. 47) was built to pattern 11012/41 and included three steel Callender Hamilton type hangers, the control tower (built to design 518/40) and instructional centre for students. A free gunner trainer, offices and stores (including a towed target store) were located to the south‐east of the airfield (see plan illustrated in Plates 2 and 3). Towards the northern end of the airfield, a complex of dispersal pads (Asset No 141) and nine ‘Extra Over Blister Hangers’ were located (Ferguson 2017, 51).

3.3.22 Living quarters were positioned to the south of the site, with eight separate ‘camps’ recorded as Asset no. 59 (see plan of site, Plate 3 for descriptions/locations). These included the communal site with officers’ and sergeants’ messes (No. 2, Asset No. 11), a sick quarters site (No. 3‐ Asset No. 48), five airmen’s living sites (4‐8, Asset Nos 58 (Site 4), and two WAAF sites (WAAF No 8 and 10‐Asset No. 56). In total the site comprised 60 barrack huts, 66 Nissen huts, 18 officers’ huts and 17 huts for sergeants (Ferguson 2007, 51). The airfield was first recorded as being occupied on 4th October 1941, firstly by No. 3 Air Gunnery School (AGS), soon to be replaced in December 1941 by No.10 AGS (ibid), whilst other sources states it was used by No. 25 Group (Flying Training Command) and later No. 3 Air Gunnery Command and No. 10 Air Gunnery School (SLR 2013).

3.3.23 The training base operated throughout the Second World War and into the post‐war period (Ferguson 2007, 51‐2 and 66). Initial training would have comprised class‐ based lessons and practice in a turret trainer on the ground. Elements of the training

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base are still evident in the landscape of the airfield, and include vestiges of a former gunner training range (Asset No. 36; Plate 34‐35), a rifle range at the north‐eastern end of the site (Asset No 29; Plate 32‐33) and two (25 yard) machine gun ranges located in the south‐eastern corner of the airfield (Asset No 45). Nixon (2014, 2) mentions a further two gun ranges, situated to the west of the airfield, just off the end of the seaward runway, where cadets were taught to ‘‘lead’ a target by using shotguns and clay pigeon type objects. These features do not appear to be shown on the plan of RAF Barrow (Plates 2 and 3) or have been identified as aerial images and require further research. Features identified on 1945 aerial images and interpreted as weapons pits (Asset No 46) have been found in this approximate location and may be associated with this possible firing range.

3.3.24 Gunner training normally lasted six weeks and included class‐based instruction covering aircraft recognition, map reading and basic navigation. The trainees would learn how to operate various types of gun turrets in static trainers, before practicing their skills on the firing ranges (Kerrr 2016, 35 and 37). The gunnery trainer (Asset No 36) was located to the north‐west of the training base and comprised a static aircraft gun turret on a chassis, and a small gauge rail track, which would have taken a basic wooden aircraft on a trolley, providing a moving target to aim at. Concrete stop butts were located at each end of the range, to prevent stray rounds exiting the range and to protect the personnel operating the target.

3.3.25 This feature is clearly visible on aerial images (Plate 10) and shown on the plan of the base (Plate 2), with the 1956 Ordnance Survey map (not illustrated see: https://www.old‐maps.co.uk/#/Map/317017/471757/10/101324) showing an ovoid ‘track’. By the publication of the 1959 Ordnance Survey map, gravel extraction appears to have removed much of the structural elements of this feature (not illustrated see: https://www.old‐maps.co.uk/#/Map/317017/471757/13/101329), particularly to the east. Today, some of the elements of the western part of this structure survive, including some sections of railings, albeit in a deteriorating state.

3.3.26 Located c. 0.1km to the north of the gunnery range is the remains of a substantial rifle range (Asset No 29). It is unclear whether this structure is associated with the RAF airfield and was used as part of the training, or pre‐dates its use. A number of possible origins have been postulated for this structure including the suggestion that it was constructed during the two World Wars and used by the Territorial Army, with no evidence that the RAF used it (Nixon 2014, 2). Interestingly, the 1940’s aerial image appears to show cleared areas around the range, which may indicate that it

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was in use at this time. Given its location, position in relation to the gunners range and representation on the plan of the airfield (Plates 2 and 10), a contemporaneous WW2 date is most likely, however further research is required.

3.3.27 The rifle range (Asset No 29) comprises two earthen embankments, the southernmost revetted by a 1.9m high concrete retaining wall, which measured c. 65m in length and until recently included in situ wrought iron rotary mechanisms which would have been used to raise the shooting targets (Eadie 2012, 209 and SLR 2013, 7 and Nicholson pers. comm).

3.3.28 The northern embankment is located c. 100m to the north and measures up to 7m in height by 60m in length (SLR 2013, 7) and would have collected the spent bullets. This feature appears to be manmade, and has recently been recorded through an aerial survey, which shows a circular indentation at its eastern end, the function of which is unknown (Plate 32). To the east and west of the butts, smaller earthworks (berms) were identified during the walkover survey undertaken by SLR in 2013 and would have been constructed to deflect spray bullets (ibid). A further two shorter rifle ranges were once located to the south‐east of the airfield.

3.3.29 The training school continued to be used following VE day until 1946, when the school was moved to RAF Valley on Anglesey (Kerr 2016,38). The last unit to operate in military colours was No. 188 Gilding School, run for cadets until 1955 when the site closed. Following the vacation of the RAF in 1946, squatters occupied the accommodation blocks, including families who had been made homeless during the bombing of Barrow. In one night, at least 50 families moved into vacant buildings (Laird 1992 29‐33 in Roper 2004, 4), as reported in the local press. Life within one of these ‘squatters huts’ and being part of the community who lived at the site until they were rehomed is described by Peter Jevons and presented on the Walney Island website (Jevons 2002, http://www.walney‐island.com/camps_01.htm).

3.3.30 Following the rehoming of the ‘squatters’, many of the buildings were demolished to stop a repeat occupation (Ferguson 2007, 66). Most of these buildings were demolished by 1956 (Roper 2004, 4). The airfield is still in operation and is owned by BAE Systems (formerly Vickers). Vestiges of the former training base are visible both within the airfield boundary (restricted access), and in the surrounding landscape, within a nature reserve to the north and fields/ a former mini‐golf course to the south. Photographs of some of these features are presented by Nixon (2014, 163) and whilst significant areas of the airfield have been subject to archaeological walkover surveys (SLR 2015), remains of structures can still be seen in the 19

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surrounding fields, which would benefit from a full walkover survey/site visit. A targeted walkover survey was undertaken on land to the south‐east of the control tower in 2015 as part of a planning application to construct a new aircraft hanger, but did not identify any visible structures/features (SLR 2015). The majority of areas housing the former camps have been developed with housing, and a volunteer who lives in one such house reports that glass bottles and other artefacts are frequently retrieved when digging the garden (Jo Sweeny pers. comm).

3.4 Other defence features/sites

3.4.1 Trenches: trenches have been recorded through aerial photography to the north of RAF Barrow Camp No. 6 (Asset No. 64) and to the south (Asset No. 89) although it is unclear whether they were used as defensive features or for training. Towards the southern end, on Bigger Bank, a number of anti‐glider ditches (Asset No. 120) have been identified as earthworks from aerial photographs.

3.4.2 Barbed Wire Obstructions: examination of aerial photographs has identified barbed wire enclosures and defences that protected the military installations across the island. These show up clearly as darker features around a camp, battery or installation and a good example is shown around the H5 HAA battery located to the south of the island (Plate 18). Areas of barbed wire obstructions are also known from other areas of island (e.g. Asset No. 96), and further work is required to establish how they related to the surrounding landscape of defences.

3.4.3 Barrage Balloons: barrage balloons were seen as a useful component in anti‐aircraft defences (Osbourne 2004, 176) and were designed to restrict low‐level airspace, forcing the enemy to use higher altitudes, thus reducing the accuracy of bombing (http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/83/a4551383.shtml and Lowry 1998, 63). Barrage balloon sites on Walney Island have been identified through aerial photography, and their positions mapped. These features consisted of a large fabric balloon, filled with hydrogen and air, tethered by cables to the ground. Several balloon sites have been identified as part of the NWRCZA NMP air photographic assessment of the area. The barrage balloons on Walney were positioned at key sites, concentrated around the central area of the island and batteries, including Fort Walney (Asset Nos. 41, 53, 84, 114, 117 and 121). Balloons may have been mobile, based on lorries, or tethered to the ground by a ring of cylindrical concrete tethering points. As such evidence as extant features in the archaeological record may not exist or may be very difficult to identify.

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3.4.4 Decoy site: at Hillock Whins, Wylock Marsh, the remains of a brick building (Asset No. 28) is all that survives of a former bombing decoy site. Decoy installations were designed to imitate real sites, such as cities and ports, (there were at least 5436 countrywide) of which there were two forms; SF‐ special fire and QL‐ Q light. The SF sites used burning liquid to simulate a bombed target and were also known as starfish sites. The QL sites used electrical equipment to simulate the lights of a town (Robinson 2000, 273, in Kerr 2016, 39). The decoy at this site was constructed in 1941 and acted as both a starfish (SF) and QL site (Pastscape NMR SD26 SE 2). A brick control building is all that remains of this decoy and this was recorded as part of the NWRCZA and Headlands to Headspace Scheme. The remains of this site are typical of such sites, which Lowry (1998, 64) states ‘due to the ephemeral nature of decoys and the fact they covered large areas of open land, very little tends to survive’.

3.4.5 Pillboxes: Pillboxes form a significant component of the defensive landscape on Walney with 22 recorded in the current study area Asset No. 15, 21‐23, 42, 44, 55, 57, 60, 73‐74, 77‐78, 83, 91‐94, 116, 118 and 119. This record has been compiled from Pastscape and HER records. Many pillboxes survive in situ and are in good condition, retaining features such as camouflage hooks. Some buildings have been recorded as pillboxes, such as the brick built structure (Asset No. 24) on South Walney which has subsequently been identified through historic mapping as a semaphore station associated with the nearby coastguard facilities (confer 4.4.3). Additionally, a pillbox (Asset No. 20) located to the west of the decoy site at Hillock Whins (Asset No. 28), could not be identified on the ground and may have been misinterpreted as the location is in the same place as brine pools shown on historic mapping and associated with 19th century salt extraction.

3.4.6 Air Raid Shelters: the historic environment record also records air raid shelters on the island (e.g. Asset No. 81), however, many smaller Anderson type shelters have not been mapped by recent aerial surveys and may not be represented within the Historic Environment Record

3.5 Previous Archaeological Works

3.5.1 The north end of the island has been subjected to a number of archaeological investigations/studies primarily associated with Prehistoric settlement/activity e.g. Cross 1938, 1939, 1942a, 1946, 1947 1949 and 1950, Barnes and Hobbs 1950, Barnes 1956, 1956, 1970 and Barnes and Jackson 1978) and hence are not discussed in any detail as part of this current report. Walney formed part of the study area of the North West Rapid Coastal Zone Assessment (NWRCZA) which comprised desk‐based 21

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and walkover surveys (Johnson 2009 and Eadie 2012) and an aerial photographic survey as part of the NMP programme (Bacillieri et al. 2009). Recent surveys/investigations have focused on the former 20th century military defensive landscape, including Phase 1 and 2 feasibility studies undertaken by Greenlane Archaeology as part of the development of the Headlands to Headspace Scheme (Greenlane Archaeology, 2013a and 2013b).

3.5.2 RAF Barrow (Walney), now North Walney Airfield, and its surrounding environs has also been the focus of a number of studies by SLR consulting on behalf of BAE systems, including a walkover survey on land to the west of the airfield (SLR 2013) and a heritage statement on the airfield and associated structures (SLR 2015). In 2014, a Heritage Lottery Funded project‐ Fort Walney Uncovered, was led by Art Gene (http://www.art‐gene.co.uk/project/fort‐walney‐uncovered/) bringing archaeologists and artists together to record, explore and investigate the trench systems and rifle ranges to the north of the airfield, using walkover survey techniques and the development of interpretative material in a mobile phone application. The results of this project were reported in an article in Current Archaeology (Nash et al 2015a), alongside a desk‐based assessment and walkover survey report (Nash Survey and Environment Ltd and Archaeological Landscape Investigation 2015) and a report on the excavation and field survey (Nash et al 2015b).

3.5.3 At Mill Lane, to the south‐west of North Scale and located to the south of the former RAF Barrow (Walney), there have been a series of archaeological investigations, collating the historic background of the site prior to its proposed development. The site is located in the area recorded on the HER as the former airship production facility (Asset No. 11) redeveloped in the Second World War as a military airfield/military camp. The first phase of study included a desk‐based assessment and walkover survey by Ironbridge Archaeology in 2004. In 2005, Oxford Archaeology North undertook further documentary research, building recording and maintained a watching brief during ground works associated with the redevelopment of the site (Tonks and Ellsworth, 2007).

3.5.4 The former Observation Tower, at Fort Walney, which later became the Coastguard Tower, was the subject of a historic building survey in 2006 (Johnson 2016) in support of a planning application for its redevelopment. The survey found that the tower was built around 1880, where it served as a battery ‘out crop’ for the military, although historic documents for this phase of use are difficult to find (Johnson 2016).

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In around 1911, the site was taken over by the Lancashire and Cheshire Royal Garrison Artillery, forming part of Fort Walney and continued as such into the Second World War. An historic photograph of the site presented as part of this report shows a dome‐shaped structure, which Johnson has interpreted as an artillery‐training device used to train turret gun trainers. This may provide a link to the RAF Barrow training base to the north. The sites’ later history includes its use as a coastguard station until the 1990’s, and the exterior as a nuclear observation bunker, manned by ROC personnel. The report presents a written and photographic record of the structure.

3.5.5 The results of the work outlined above have been included within the archaeological background (above) or Gazetteer, as applicable.

3.5.6 Towards the southern end of the island Headland Archaeology Ltd undertook an Archaeological evaluation through trail trenching at South End Caravan Park (Robertson 2010; SD 207 635), prior to the proposed extension of the current site. The only archaeological features uncovered during this programme of work included a relic post‐medieval (or possibly earlier) turf bank, in filled furrows, mostly on a north‐east to south‐west alignment and two isolated charcoal‐rich filled pits.

4 CARTOGRAPHIC AND PICTORIAL SOURCES

4.1 Introduction

4.1.1 Given that the focus of this study and report is the 20th century military heritage of Walney Island, a study of early maps has not been included. The only maps considered currently as part of this study are Ordnance Survey maps‐ accessed online through Old Maps and the National Library of Scotland. This section also includes discussion of plans collected as part of research undertaken by heritage consultants Purcell as part of their National Archives search, undertaken as part of the Headlands to Headspace Scheme, and volunteer submissions, including plans and photographs. 1940’s RAF aerial photographs have been consulted through Barrow Borough Council’s mapping website (https://webgis1.barrowbc.gov.uk/webgis/bingis.html).

4.1.2 The Ordnance Survey maps have not been produced as part of this study and should be viewed by following the links within the text.

4.1.3 It is appreciated that there is likely to be a wealth of further material that could be used in the future to embellish this study. Local residents may have material to contribute and the archives may hold additional information that would enhance the 23

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record already collected. In addition, it is not possible within the scope of this study to assess the entire historic mapping for each military site listed. Therefore, three main focuses of activity have been chosen for map analysis, which has examined through available 6 inch mapping:

. RAF Barrow (Walney) at its immediate environs

. Fort Walney

. Hilpsford Fort and H5 HAA Battery

4.2 RAF Barrow (Walney) at its immediate environs‐ North Walney

* the central point for this map regression is the centre of the airport runway.

4.2.1 The First Edition 6inch Ordnance Survey map (https://www.old‐ maps.co.uk/#/Map/317362/471498/10/101393) is dated to 1850‐1873 and shows the area later occupied by the airfield. The area to the west comprises irregular fields, presumably part of the estate of North End Farm, part of North End Rabbit Warren to the west.

4.2.2 Located approximately west of the centre of the study area (what later becomes the interior of the runways) is North End Farm, shown as a rectangular arrangement of buildings. Walney Windmill is shown to the south and is labelled ‘disused’, located in an area that later become the western runway. The south‐western side of the area of the rabbit warren, irregular features are shown, which could either represent part of the rabbit warren or dune system.

4.2.3 An old limekiln is marked further to the south, with a floodgate labelled to the north‐ east.

4.2.4 There is little change to the landscape by 1895, and the production of the Second Edition Ordnance Survey map (https://www.old‐ maps.co.uk/#/Map/318157/468271/10/101756). The only notable difference was the development of the field system to the south, with a new field laid out in line with the old limekiln. Similarly, little differences are shown on the 1914‐19 mapping, however, some of the fields along the north‐eastern side of the site have been amalgamated, creating larger units and the dune/rabbit warren features seen on the previous mapping no longer survive.

4.2.5 There is a significant gap of 30+ years before the next mapping in 1956 (https://www.old‐maps.co.uk/#/Map/318157/468271/10/101324). This shows the impact of the airfield (constructed in the 1940’s) on the area. The runways had been

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construction on the former site of North End Farm/Walney Windmill, also impacting the associated fields to the north and south and the southern area of the rabbit warren. The ‘tree like’ pattern of the dispersal pads extending from the northern side of the north‐eastern runway extend into the former field systems, the boundaries of which are still shown on this 1956 map. To the south, the buildings of the training centre and associated structures, including the rifle ranges, occupy the area once containing fields. To the west, the dune/rabbit warren system is shown and the ovoid arrangement of the gunners range and the butts of the rifle range are clearly shown to the west of the north‐western end of the airfield. On the 25 inch Ordnance Survey map of 1958, the butts are labelled as ‘disused’ and gravel extraction pits have started to encroach on the area of the gunners range (https://www.old‐ maps.co.uk/#/Map/318157/468271/13/101329).

4.2.6 By the publication of the 1982 Ordnance Survey map (https://www.old‐ maps.co.uk/#/Map/318157/468271) drainage had been installed at the northern end of the site, to the north of and surrounding the dispersal pads. The layout of the airfield and the majority of the former training base survived by 1982.

4.2.7 Further gravel extraction had occurred to the west of the site, although on the 1982 map these are labelled as ‘gravel pits (disused)’. Whilst the butts of the rifle range are still shown, only the south‐eastern elements of the gunners range is still depicted.

4.3 Fort Walney‐ Central Walney

*the central point for this map regression is the centre of the Fort/Observation Tower

4.3.1 An agricultural landscape is shown on the first edition Ordnance Survey map of 1873 (https://www.old‐maps.co.uk/#/Map/317477/468657/10/101393), with irregular‐ shaped fields to the north‐east, strip fields to the east (north of Mill Lane) with more irregularly shaped fields to the south of Mill Lane. To the south and west, the fields have a more regular/larger pattern. The north‐western extent is formed by one large L‐shaped parcel of land. The area, which was later occupied by the Fort, is located on Beacon Brow.

4.3.2 By 1895 (https://www.old‐maps.co.uk/#/Map/317477/468657), there is some amalgamation of field units, but the majority of the layout of the surrounding fields remains the same, and whilst the field boundaries are retained, the area to the west in now labelled ‘Golf Links’. No discernible difference is shown on the 1914 (https://www.old‐maps.co.uk/#/Map/317477/468657) map, with the main

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difference on the 1932 map (https://www.old‐ maps.co.uk/#/Map/317477/468657/10/101233) being the creation of West Shore Road, extending from Mill Lane to Earnst Point.

4.3.3 Whilst much of the agricultural landscape to the north‐east/east is retained into the 1950’s, some of the fields are being amalgamated and housing developed. The field boundaries that divided up the golf course had been removed by this date, and this is the earliest map to show the irregular site of Fort Walney to the immediate south‐ west of Beacon Brow. The pattern of the Fort, shown on the detailed plans of the site (Plates 1 to 7) can just be made out.

4.3.4 The development of housing to the south of West Shore Road and along Mill Lane, in addition to recreational facilities such as the cricket ground, are the main changes in the area between the 1950s and 1967 (https://www.old‐ maps.co.uk/#/Map/317477/468657/10/101325). The plan of Fort Walney is shown in clearer detail, although some buildings to the north‐east of the site are no longer shown. Footpaths are shown, leading from the south of the Fort to the shore.

4.3.5 By 1973‐82 (https://www.old‐maps.co.uk/#/Map/317477/468657), the housing development to the east has expanded to the north and there is further development to the south, including the creation of a school. In the area of the former Fort, the majority of the buildings are no longer shown, however one building (the former control tower) is labelled ‘Coastguard Station’.

4.4 Hilpsford Fort and H5 HAA Battery

* the central point for this map regression is the centre of South End Haws

4.4.1 The first edition 6‐inch map of 1849 (https://www.old‐ maps.co.uk/#/Map/322956/462038/10/101393) shows the area as South End Haws, and the majority of the area is within South End Rabbit Warren. Haws Bank is to the north of the rabbit warren with Shelly Bars to the east. Walney Light House is located to the immediate east of South End Rabbit warren and is labelled as a revolving light and Walney New Light House is labelled fixed red light.

4.4.2 Little had changed by the publication of the Second Edition of 1892 to the west around Hilpsforfd Point, however to the west the Red light appears to have moved to the north‐east, and an L‐shaped structure is shown in the approximate location of the former red light (as shown on the 1849 mapping). At South End Point, a rectangular tank is illustrated and a linear groyne has been constructed. Towards North East Point (to the east) two rectangular features are labelled ‘old piers’ and at 26

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the point itself, the north‐east to south‐west aligned pier is shown (with associated buoy) which leads to a sinuous tramway. This tramway extends to an engine house to the south, then a large tank, before continuing to the south‐east, skirting around the lighthouse, then progressing for c. 0.4km to the west before terminating.

4.4.3 By 1919 (https://www.old‐maps.co.uk/#/Map/318157/468271/10/101859), there had been some significant changes in the area to the west of this study area (around Po‐Hill). The Coastguard Station had been constructed and a pathway is shown, leading from the coastguard station to a small rectangular building labelled Lookout House and Semaphore, which appears to be associated with the coastguard station. An old sand pit is depicted further to the west. The majority of the site is still dominated by the rabbit warren, however, a gravel pit has been excavated below Haws Bank which has a tramway leading to the north‐east. This tramway circumnavigates buildings associated with the barrow salt works, comprising a large rectangular site, with numerous tramway lines and two rectangular structures, one of which is labelled tank. A windpump is also shown in this area. The pier at North End Point appears to have been extended to the north‐east. Significant gravel extraction of ‘Shelly Bars’ has changed the shape of this end of the island dramatically. The tramway line that once extended down the lighthouse has been removed as part of the gravel extraction. No evidence of any of the batteries known to have been established at South End during WW1 is shown on this map.

4.4.4 By 1957 (https://www.old‐maps.co.uk/#/Map/321372/461716/10/101324), the western study area has a new trackway leading down to a pentagonal shaped feature‐ this represents the area of the gun emplacements of the H5 battery. Of interest is the lookout house, which has moved north‐north‐west, to the south‐east of the coastguard station. Comparison of the maps indicates that coastal erosion has significantly eroded this section of coast, forcing this move. To the east of the study area, extraction has continued in earnest with large areas of Haws Bank and areas towards the light house (Shelly Bars) being removed. The pier at North East Point and some buildings associated with the salt works are still shown, but the main building appears to have been removed by this date. The area to the north of the lighthouse to the west of Shelly Bars is labelled ‘saltings’.

4.4.5 On the 1967 map (https://www.old‐ aps.co.uk/#/Map/321372/461716/10/101323), at the western end of the site, the gun emplacements and trackway associated with the H5 HAA battery are now clearly represented, however, the military camp is not shown (it is on the 1959 25 inch map) and, rather than continuing down to the gun

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emplacements, the track turns to the west (towards the coastguard station). Within the central area, at Haws Bank, hachures indicate continued extraction activity, and the area of the former salt works is labelled works, with a number of associated structures shown. To the south of Haws Bank, a square building is shown at the eastern edge of a drain. Towards the lighthouse, land reclamation is evident with a build‐up of land to the north of the lighthouse, and the establishment of a spur of land extending from South End Point north towards North East Point. Around the lighthouse, buildings and square structures, possibly representing the vestiges of the former WW2 battery are shown. These structures are clearer on the 1959 25 inch map, which also shows the position of the two searchlight emplacements (https://www.old‐maps.co.uk/#/Map/323684/462380/12/100954). There had also been a significant development of land along the southern coastline.

4.4.6 Few changes are shown on the 1988, and these mainly relate to the continued development of the spur from South East Point. All of the structures shown on the 1967 mapping are extant.

4.5 Aerial Photographs

4.5.1 Barrow Borough Council host an excellent mapping website which includes copies of 1940s RAF aerial photographs (https://webgis1.barrowbc.gov.uk/webgis/bingis.html). These have been used alongside modern Google Earth aerial images to compare and establish if the area has changed significantly since the 1940’s. The images for the key sites/areas are shown in Plates 8 to 21. The descriptions below are presented as a rapid summary/analysis of the aerial images and this work could be expanded further to include other military sites and their associated features, such as barbed wire enclosures/evidence of slit trenches etc.

4.5.2 RAF Barrow (Walney): the northern section of the airfield is shown on Plates 8 to 9 and reveals that the runways and airfield (Asset No. 49) have changed little since the 1940’s. The dispersal pads (Asset. No 141) to the north of the runway are still visible, albeit some appear to be grassing over and structures to the south of these pads are no longer visible from the air. To the north‐west of the runway, the rifle range (Asset No. 29) can still be clearly seen. It is interesting to note that this area appears to have been stripped away/cleared by this date, possibly indicating it was operational at this time. To the south, the three concrete sections of the gunners range (Asset No. 36)

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can be clearly seen on the 1940’s image but by 2003, gravel extraction had created large pools of water, removing much of this feature.

4.5.3 The rifle range (Asset No. 29) gunners range (Asset No. 36) and practice trenches (Asset No. 35) are shown in greater detail on Plates 10 and 11. Whilst the castellated form of the practice trenches can just be made out on these images, they are presented in much more detail in publications relating to the Fort Walney Uncovered project (Nash et al 2015a and Nash et. al 2015b).

4.5.4 At southern section of the airfield, whilst the basic layout of the main ‘battle headquarters’ (Asset No. 47) survives, some of the building appears to have been replaced/removed, particularly to the south. Two of the three large ‘hanger’ buildings are still evident on the most recent photograph, as are the concrete standings forming the dispersal pads. Close‐up images of the south‐eastern corner of the airfield clearly show the two rifle ranges (Asset No. 45), the vestiges of which survive as brick‐built structures.

4.5.5 To the south of the airfield, two of the camps (Asset Nos 11 and 43) associated with the RAF base are clearly visible on the 1940’s image. By 2003, all traces of Asset no 11 appear to have been removed, and the majority of the site forming Asset no. 43 (Camp 3) had been replaced by housing.

4.5.6 The anti‐aircraft battery (Asset No. 26) to the south‐east of the RAF airfield, is clearly visible alongside the large circular feature to the north of the camp, the interpretation of which is unclear. By 2003, all this area had been redeveloped as West Shore Park caravan park (Plates 11 to 12).

4.5.7 Fort Walney: a comparison of the aerial images of 1940 and 2003 (Plates 15 and 16) show just how much this area has been developed with the expansion of Vickerstown, west towards the golf course and north towards Earnst Point. The layout of the main battery (Asset No. 31, 90 and 101) is clearly visible on the 1940’s aerial view, however by 2003, only a small section of this site survives amongst the greens, bunkers and pathways of Furness Golf Club. The battery is shown in detail on an aerial image (Plate 17) contained within the Fort Record Book, with the circular gun emplacements to the west and the auxiliary building to the east. Further work is required to compare this image with contemporary plans of the site to establish if the layout/buildings were constructed to this plan.

4.5.8 Hilpsford Fort and H5 Battery: plates 18 to 22 cover the southern extent of the island and Hilspford Fort (Asset No. 27) and the H5 Battery (Asset No. 30/129).

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4.5.9 The 1940’s RAF image for this area clearly shows the H5 battery to the west, including the clover‐leaf layout of the gun emplacements (Asset No. 30) and the military camp to the north (Asset No. 129). The barbed wire enclosure (shown as a darker line) is very clear on this image and the trackway leading to the camp from the north is also evident. A close‐up shot of this site is presented in Plate 18. By 2003, the aerial image for this area shows that much of this site had been destroyed/grassed over, although some structures, including the four gun emplacements, are still visible. Comparison of the 1940 and 2003 images show the extent of the impact of coastal erosion on this area, with a significant swathe of land lost since 1940. Analysis undertaken as part of the Phase 2 North West Rapid Coastal Zone Assessment has calculated this to be c. 60m (Eadie 2012, 219).

4.5.10 Towards the easterly tip of the island, the structures forming the Hilpsford Fort/battery can be seen surrounding the lighthouse. The 2003 Google Earth image shows just how much of this complex has been lost, in comparison with the 1940’s image, however some structures are evident in the general area of the lighthouse. A close up aerial image of the battery is shown in Plate 22, which clearly shows the gun emplacements, artillery stores and associated buildings, surrounding the lighthouse. Like the H5 battery, the 1940s image shows a barbed wire enclosure. It is not possible to see the searchlight emplacements that are still extant on the 1940’s or 2003 images.

4.5.11 The extent of impact that the gravel extraction has had on the area since the 1940’s is clear with the expansion of pools to the south of the former salt works (Asset No. 37). The pier associated with the salt/gravel extraction is clear on the 1940’s image, although whilst extant, is difficult to make out on the 2003 view.

4.5.12 Plate 24 shows the image of a Walney Dummy Camp, complete with zigzag trenches and it is recommended that further research be undertaken to establish the exact location of this camp, which is currently unknown. Further excerpts from the scrapbook of the Walney resident from which this image was extracted are presented in Plates 25 to 28, and show the serving military, as well as images of the lighthouse, which was once camouflaged.

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4.6 Site Visit

4.6.1 Site visits were undertaken to military heritage sites on Barrow (28th January and Walney (4th February) as part of the documentary research training project (Plates 29‐31). These site visits were undertaken to familiarise volunteers with the heritage resource and as such no records were collected at this time (Plates 29‐30).

4.6.2 Previous work undertaken by Morecambe Bay Partnership as part of the Headlands to Headspace Scheme includes feasibility/condition surveys of key heritage sites (Greenlane Archaeology 2013a and 2013b and Menay 2015/Kerr 2016), aerial survey by Oxford Archaeology North and a walkover survey has recorded the military heritage remains in detail (Edwards forthcoming). Some of the images associated with this work are presented in Plates 32‐50. There has also been significant focus and recording at the northern end of the island, associated with/in the environs of RAF Barrow by SLR and Art Gene (SLR 2013 and 2016, Nash et al 2015a and 2015b).

4.6.3 Given the limitations of this project, the results of work already completed are not presented and comprehensive site visits have not been completed at this stage. It is recommended that this is undertaken as part of a future volunteer project, visiting and appraising all 20th century military site (where possible) to determine status, condition and how the features realted to one another and interacted with the military landscape of Walney and beyond.

5 CONCLUSIONS

5.1 Summary

5.1.1 This work has brought together the freely available records of the military landscape of Walney Island. The extensive list of assets in the Gazetteer, and shown in Figure 3, shows just how much information is already available for this area, however, many of the sites have only been recorded from aerial survey and require further detailed investigation.

5.1.2 There has been a recent focus on the military heritage in this area, in particular associated with the Heritage Lottery funded Headlands to Headspace Scheme, currently being delivered by Morecambe Bay Partnership and the Fort Walney Uncovered project led by Art Gene and delivered by George Nash and Tom Wellicome, as well as the work undertaken by Archaeological Research Services as part of the various phases of North West Rapid Costal Zone Assessment (Johnson 2009 and Eadie 2012). Together, this work has begun to record the 20th century military sites in more detail and has identified the vulnerable condition of much of 31

The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk-Based Assessment

this rich and diverse landscape. This military landscape extends to Barrow–in‐Furness and beyond, and the Google map of sites created from the Defence of Britain (Figure 4) shows the concentration and variety of sites in the local area. Given the limitations of this project, it is appreciated that there will be lines of research still to be followed which can enhance the record collated as part of this study. In addition, there is scope to look at these sites on a landscape basis and investigate and record how they functioned alongside one another to defend the docks and shipyard in Barrow from attack, from the late 19th century into the Cold War period.

5.1.3 This training project has been a rare opportunity to teach archaeological research skills to the local communities in Morecambe Bay, and reconnect them with their past. In doing so, they have contributed to an improved knowledge of the area, and proved that areas thought to be well‐known, retain the potential for new sites to be identified through a combination of research and landscape studies.

5.1.4 There is much scope for the work outlined in this project to be built on and enhanced, either during the remaining course of H2H or beyond. Recommendations for further research may include (but is not limited to):

. Further searches of archives (Barrow and the National Archives) for information relating, in particular, to the coastal batteries;

. A comprehensive walkover survey of all 20th century military sites (where access can be agreed) to check the record presented in the Gazetteer and update the current record including status (extant/destroyed etc.), condition and recommendations for further recording;

. Analysis of LiDAR datasets, in particular, looking for evidence of slit trenches/other currently unrecorded sites;

. Further engagement with local communities to record memories of the sites and/or collect contemporary records such as photographs/newspaper articles etc.;

. An analysis of how the military landscape interacted with other sites in the landscape to defend the area, looking at gun reach/location of sites etc.‐ using resources such as the Google DoB map (Figure 4) and military records (Plate 51);

. Analysis and collection of all historic maps available for the military heritage sites.

5.1.5 Morecambe Bay Partnership and Wardell Armstrong would like to take this opportunity to thank everyone who has contributed to this project, in addition to

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volunteers who have been involved in other projects, such as the military heritage training led by Manchester Metropolitan University for Morecambe Bay Partnership and the Fort Walney Uncovered project. Together volunteers working alongside professional organisations are helping to enhance the record of this important story of Walney’s past.

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6 BIBLIOGRAPHY

6.1 Secondary Sources

*Sources quoted in other publications and not seen as part of this project

Bacillieri, C., Knight, D. and Williams, S, 2009, North West Rapid Coastal Zone Assessment Survey: Air Survey Mapping Report. English Heritage National Mapping Programme. Historic Environment Enabling Programme; Project Number 4548. AMIE Parent Collection: EHC01/114. AMIE Event 1461811. Archaeological Research Services Ltd. Available at https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images‐ books/publications/nw‐rczas‐air‐survey‐mapping‐ report/4548_NW_RCZAS_Report_web.pdf/. Accessed 5th May 2017

Barnes, F. and Hobbs, J.L., 1950 ‘Newly Discovered flint‐chipping sites in the Walney Island locality’, in Transactions of Cumberland and Westmorland Archaeology and Antiquarian Society, Second Series: Vol. L, 20‐29

Barnes, F., 1955, ‘Pottery from prehistoric sites, North End, Walney Island’, in Transactions of Cumberland and Westmorland Archaeology and Antiquarian Society, Second Series: Vol. LV, 1‐16

Barnes, F., 1970, ‘Microlith sites on Walney Island’, in Transactions of Cumberland and Westmorland Archaeology and Antiquarian Society, Second Series Vol. LXX, 277‐ 280

Barnes, F. and Jackson, J.G., 1978 ‘Recent Finds from Walney North End’ in Transactions of Cumberland and Westmorland Archaeology and Antiquarian Society, Second Series Vol. LXXVIII, 199‐201

*Barrow Borough Council 2006, Historic Buildings and Sites in Barrow in Furness (no longer available at web address referenced in Tonk and Ellsworth 2007)

Barnes 2017, Walney Island Coastal Artillery. Available at http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~rwbarnes/defence/walney.htm Accessed 5th May 2017

CIfA 2014, Standard and Guidance for Historic Environment Desk‐Based Assessment, Institute for Archaeologists: Reading

Council for British Archaeology 2002, Defence of Britain Archive Available at: http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/dob/index.cfm Accessed 29th June 2017

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Cross, M, 1938, ‘A Prehistoric Settlement on Walney Island’, in Transactions of Cumberland and Westmorland Archaeology and Antiquarian Society, Vol. XXXVIII, Second Series, 160‐163

Cross, M., 1939, ‘A Prehistoric Settlement of Walney Island: Part II’, in Transactions of Cumberland and Westmorland Archaeology and Antiquarian Society, Vol. XXXIX, Second Series, 262‐282

Cross, M, 1942a, ‘A Prehistoric Settlement of Walney Island: Part III’, in Transactions of Cumberland and Westmorland Archaeology and Antiquarian Society, Vol. XLII, Second Series, 112‐121

Cross, M, 1942b, ‘An Iron Arrowhead from Walney Island’, in Transactions of Cumberland and Westmorland Archaeology and Antiquarian Society, Vol. XLII, Second Series, 153

Cross, M., 1946, ‘A Prehistoric Settlement on Walney Island, Part IV’ in Transactions of Cumberland and Westmorland Archaeology and Antiquarian Society, Vol. XLVI, Second Series, 67‐76

Cross, M., 1947, ‘A Prehistoric Settlement on Walney Island, Part V’ in Transactions of Cumberland and Westmorland Archaeology and Antiquarian Society, Vol. XLVII, Second Series, 68‐77

Cross, M., 1949, ‘A Prehistoric Settlement on Walney Island, Part VI’ in Transactions of Cumberland and Westmorland Archaeology and Antiquarian Society, Vol. XLIX, Second Series, 1‐9

Cross, M., 1950, ‘A Prehistoric Settlement on Walney Island, Part VII’ in Transactions of Cumberland and Westmorland Archaeology and Antiquarian Society, Vol. L, Second Series, 15‐19

*Dobson, C. 2000, Fields of Deception

Eadie, G., 2012, The North West Rapid Coastal Zone Assessment (NWRCA) Phase 2 Project Report. Archaeological Research Services Report No. 2012/70

Foot, W., 2009, ‘Defence Area 43‐ Barrow Island’, Defence Areas: A national study of Second World War anti‐invasion landscapes in England. Available at: http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/defended_cba_2005/downloads. cfm. Accessed 29th June 2017

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Greenlane Archaeology Ltd., 2015, ‘Dunes of Barrow’, Walney Island and Foulney Island, Barrow‐in‐Furness: Archaeological Desk‐Based Assessment and Walkover Survey. Unpublished Report

Stamper, P. and Smith, J. 2016, Coastguard Stations‐ Introduction to Heritage Assets. Historic England https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images‐ books/publications/iha‐coastguard‐stations/heag130‐coastguard‐stations‐iha.pdf/

Hodgson, J. and Brennand, M. et. Al., 2006, ‘Prehistoric Period Resource Assessment’, in Brennand, M Ed. The Archaeology of North West England: An Archaeological Research Framework for North West England Volume. 1. Resource Assessment. P.23‐ 58

Heron, D., 2016a, Morecambe Bay Partnership H2H Built Heritage Sites Walney Island. Searchlight Emplacement Site 1D, Structure A (North). R.G. Parkins. Unpulished report Ref. K33767/DH/AG

Heron, D., 2016b, Morecambe Bay Partnership H2H Built Heritage Sites Walney Island. Searchlight Emplacement Site 1D, Structure B (south). R.G. Parkins. Unpublished report Ref. K33767/DH/AG

Heron, D., 2016c, Morecambe Bay Partnership H2H Built Heritage Sites Walney Island. Searchlight Emplacement Site 1L, Structure A. R.G. Parkins. Unpublished report Ref. K33767/DH/AG

Heron, D., 2016d, Morecambe Bay Partnership H2H Built Heritage Sites Walney Island. Searchlight Emplacement Site 1L, Structure B. R.G. Parkins. Unpublished report Ref. K33767/DH/AG

Kerr, B., 2016, Walney Island Phase 2 Conservation Statement. Unpublished report for Morecambe Bay Partnership as part of the Headlands to Headspace Landscape Partnership Scheme

*Kendall, W.B., 1899, North Scale: The History of a Furness Village. Proc. Of Barrow Nats’ Field Club, 13, 44‐73

*Dobinson, C.S., 2002, twentieth Century Defences in England, VI:I

*Laird, D. 1992, North Scale: An Illustrated History of and Ancient Furness Township

Lowry, B. (Ed)., 1998, 20th Century Defences in Britain: An Introductory Guide. Handbook of the Defence of Britain Project. Practical Handbooks in Archaeology. No. 12 (Revised Edition)

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Menay, N., 2015Walney Island: Phase 1 Conservation Statement. Purcell

Nash, G., Nicolson, M. and Wellicome, T., 2015a, The Hidden Home Front, Current Archaeology April 2015, 36‐41

Nash, G., Nicholson, M. and Wellicome, T., 2015b, Report on Evaluation of WW1 Practice Trenching at Walney Island, Barrow in Furness, Lancashire. Unpublished report No. ALIEVAL 14/3

Nash Survey and Environmental Ltd and Archaeological Landscape Investigation, 2015, Desk‐based Assessment and Walkover survey at Walney Island, Barrow in Furness, Unpublished report

*Phillpott, R., 2006, ‘The Romano‐British Period Resource Assessment’, in Brennand, M Ed. The Archaeology of North West England: An Archaeological Research Framework for North West England Volume. 1. Resource Assessment. P.59‐90

SLR 2013, North Walney, Walney Island, Cumbria: Walkover Survey, Unpublished report: SLR Ref: 406.00155.00017 Draft

SLR 2015, North Walney Aerodrome, Walney Island, Cumbria: Heritage Statement Unpublished report SLR Ref: 406.00155.00024

Robinson, A., 2010, Archaeological Evaluation at South End Caravan Park, Walney Island, Cumbria, Headland Archaeology Ltd.

Roper, S., 2004, Desk‐based Assessment of Mill Lane, Walney Island, Cumbria, Unpublished report, Ironbridge Archaeology Ltd.

Edwards, B. 2017, The Military Heritage of South Walney, Archaeological Survey and Recording on Walney Island, Barrow in Furness

Ferguson, A.P. 2007 Lancashire Airfields in the Second World War, Cambridge University Press

Jevons, P, 2002. The Camps of North Scale. Available at http://www.walney‐ island.com/camps_01.htm. Accessed 5th May 2017.

Johnson, B., 2009, North West Rapid Coastal Zone Assessment. Archaeological Research Services Unpublished report 2009/53

Johnson, S. 2016, Coastguard Tower, Walney Island, Cumbria: Level 2 Historic Building Report, Unpublished Report, ASA Services Ltd.

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Martin, L., Parkinson, L. and Wardell Armstrong Archaeology, 2016, ‘A Guide to Undertaking Documentary Research and Desk‐based Assessments for Volunteers’, unpublished guide produced by the Morecambe Bay Partnership

Morecambe Bay Partnership 2015, ‘Contractors Brief for Delivering Volunteer Training in and Undertaking Documentary Research for H2H Cultural Heritage Projects 1, 7 and 17’, unpublished project brief by the Morecambe Bay Partnership

Nash, G., Nicholson, M and Wellicome, T., 2015, The hidden home front: Uncovering First World War trenches in Britain. Current Archaeology. April 2016. 36‐41

Nixon, J. 2014, The Warbirds of Walney, A Concise and lavishly illustrated history of No. 10 AGS, Pixel Tweaks Publications.

Tonks, D. and Ellsworth, D. 2007, Mill Lane Walney Island, Barrow‐in‐Furness, Cumbria: Documentary Research Building Survey and Watching Brief, unpublished report

*Trescatheric, B, 1984, Walney, a wall in the sea. Hougeai Press

Walney Webs‐ Walney Fort Available at http://www.walney‐ island.com/walney_fort_01.htm

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APPENDIX 1: HERITAGE ASSET GAZETTEER

Heritage Assets within the study area at Walney Island

Asset Reference Site Type Description Grid Reference Period No. 1 HER 2621; Findspot 322650,462320 Prehistoric NMR SD26 SW 5; PastScape 37712 2 HER 2623 Findspot Flint working site discovered in 1957 during the construction of West Shore Secondary School. The assemblage 317800,468500 Prehistoric included microliths, cores, blades, flakes or scrapers etc. and are in Barrow Museum. 3 HER 2625 Findspot Various flints picked up in Hillock Whins/Rakes Lane area, including arrowheads, debitage, struck flints. The HER 319400,464700 Prehistoric record also mentions ‘stone walling’ in one of the dunes of the cliff face may have been connected to a circle of stones mentioned in a CW article (CW46). HER record‐ see also HER 2745 (Asset No. 8) 4 HER 2628; Findspot A possible prehistoric occupation site with worked flints and an engraved stone. It was discovered in 1963 at the 322300,462200 Unknown NMR SD 26 south end of Walney. The engraved stone with cross‐cross lines (possibly gaming board) is on loan to Barrow SW 10; Museum. Pastscape records a possible prehistoric occupation site with worked flints and an engraved stone PastScape with criss‐cross engraved lines (?gaming‐board). 37719 5 HER 2722 Site of a Cockpit A Cockpit shown on the 1851 Ordnance Survey Mapping. A further Cockpit is recorded as HER 4305. This site 317500,469000 Post‐ could not be located in July 2001‐ the site was very overgrown. medieval

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Asset Reference Site Type Description Grid Reference Period No. 6 HER 2723 Site of a A windmill is recorded this location. The area was inspected 2001, however, no traces of this feature could be 317900,469600 Unknown Windmill identified in this location. Mill Lane is located to the south of the grid reference given for the site. The site is discussed on the Walney Island website (http://www.walney‐island.com/mill_lane_01.htm) which states ‘ Mr. William Sandys ‐ Receiver General of Rents for the Lordship of Furness obtained a licence to erect a windmill in 1558 at Walney‐Island, at a position at what has become known to this day as Mill Lane, toward the upper 'west' end, access to which was gained from the 'east' end of the island from a point just south of North Scale village. The Mill Lane sited windmill became an important landmark of the area for shipping entering and leaving Morecambe Bay, I suppose because this construction had taken place well before that of the Island's Lighthouse. Just prior to 1763 William Matson of Tytup took over sole responsibility for the mill gaining 'satisfactory' service until the time of the Napoleonic war, when a greater demand was placed on the Island for more grain crops to be produced, in turn forcing the construction of another mill near North End Farm’. Barnes 2017. Further research is required for this site LM 7 HER 2738; Findspot Mesolithic flints including microliths, cores, blades or flakes, and scrapers found during the construction of West 317820,468450 Prehistoric NMR No. SD Shore Secondary School, Sandy Gap, Central Drive, Walney Island in 1957. The butt end of a Neolithic polished 19 NE16; stone axe was also found. The finds are apparently in Barrow in Furness Museum. This may be the same as SMR PastScape 2623 (Asset No. 2) 37146 8 HER 2745; Findspots A scatter of Mesolithic, Neolithic and Bronze age flints recovered from Cross Dyke Scar‐Hillock Whins area of 319700,464000 Prehistoric NMR SD 16 SE Walney Island. They were discovered following ploughing/fieldwalking in 1950 and again between 1962 and 1; 1972. Finds include scrapers, a fabricator, microliths, leaf‐shaped arrowheads, barbed and tanged arrowheads, PastScape fragments of polished stone axes, a perforated pebble macehead and a cylindrical stone pestle. Some of the 37171 finds are in Barrow in Furness Museum. May be contiguous with HER 2625 (Asset No. 3) 9 HER 5602 Findspot A quartzite pebble chisel found during building work at Earnst Point. In Barrow Museum. 317300,469700 Prehistoric 10 HER 13985 Findspot Flint Finds recovered from Hillock Winds. Over 200 scrapers have been recovered from the area as well as 319300,464700 Prehistoric pieces of flint waste, late Neolithic pottery and Peterborough Ware. This, according to B Robinson (HER record), is the largest number of lithic material on Walney.

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The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

Asset Reference Site Type Description Grid Reference Period No. 11 HER 15626 WW2 Military Prior to being used as a WWII airfield this site was used as an airship production factory from 1913‐20. It was 317840,469980 Modern Base purchased in 1937 and was meant to be a civilian airfield. WWII airfield and associated buildings See Asset No. 58 for Pastscape record recording different location. Further research to be undertaken 12 HER 317440, Site of gravel The site of a gravel pit as shown on the 1851 6inch OS mapping on Moor Lane. 317440,468520 Post‐ 468520 pit Medieval 13 HER 16303 Site of Wensum Lea Footbridge was shown on the 1851 6inch OS mapping. There were no traces of the footbridge in 317803,469284 Unknown footbridge 2001. 14 HER 16729 Ridge and The HER entry records a considerable area of broad ridge and furrow defined on its western edge by a boundary 321200, 462200 Medieval Furrow feature. This is part of the landscape at south Walney which is covered in similar ridge and furrow. 15 HER 16879 WW2 Pillbox The HER records a pillbox located on rising ground within the northern end of the golf course. According to D 317149,469823 Modern Parkin this feature no longer survived in 2002. This features does not appear to have been recoreded in the WW2 2009 NMP project and therefore it is possible that the grid reference provide is wrong? Further research is required 16 HER 18415 Site of a flood The site of “Rape Haw’ Flood gate which is shown on the 1892 OS map but is no longer mapped. 320950,462750 Post‐ gate Medieval 17 HER 18416 Site of Site of fixed red lights marked on 1849 OS map off South east point, Walney. They are no longer marked 323280,461970 Post‐ lighthouse Medieval 18 HER 18992; Grade II* Listed The lighthouse, pair of associated cottage and storeroom date from 1790 and was built of stone from Overton 323020, 462060 Post‐ NMR SD 26 Building‐ to a height of 70 ft. During the second half of the 19th century a second light keepers cottage and a row of medieval SW 7; Lighthouse outbuildings were erected at the site. Further extensions garages and outbuilding have been added in the 20th PastScape century. 37716; NHL 1218858 19 HER 18993 Find spot Perforated pebble, possibly of Bronze Age date found ‘many years ago’. 321500, 461900 Prehistoric

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The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

Asset Reference Site Type Description Grid Reference Period No. 20 HER 19804 WW2 Pillbox Pillbox was reported to be this general location, however it was not mapped by the NWRCZA NMP project or 318100, 469200 Modern was visible on a site visit in 2015.

There are a number of pillboxes in the vicinity which may be this feature e.g. see 73 or 89. LM 21 HER 19805; WW2 Pillbox Recorded in 2009 as a Second World War pillbox visible as a structure on air photographs. The feature is extant 318090, 469411 Modern NMR SD16 NE on the latest 1985 Ordnance Survey vertical photography. Concrete pillbox, no specification, currently in a poor 106; condition. It was constructed during the period 1940 to 1941 for RAF Barrow (Walney Island) ground defences. PastScape Located at North Walney Airfield, Walney Island. 1448890

DOB Site Reference S0002887 22 HER 19837 WW2 Pillbox? A WWII Pillbox near Hillock Whins was reported in this location but it was not visible in 2002 and it was not 317571, 468557 Modern recorded by the DoB or NWRCZA projects. LM‐Examination of historic mapping show brine pits associated with salt production in this location which may have been misinterpreted as a pillbox?

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The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

Asset Reference Site Type Description Grid Reference Period No. 23 HER 19838; WW2 Pillbox A WW2 pillbox is recorded on the HER in this location. 317571, 468557 Modern NMR SD 16 NE PastScape record a Second World War pillbox and associated barbed wire obstruction visible as structures on 148; 1946 air photographs. It is not possible to position the barbed wire obstruction accurately due to a lack of PastScape reference points on the source photograph. The pillbox element is extant on the latest 1994 Ordnance Survey 1489511 vertical photography This pillbox appears to be the same structure briefly recorded as part of the Headlands to Headspace Landscape Partnership Scheme (H2H) in 2013 (Greenlane Archaeology 2013 a and b). It was recorded as Site 1E‐ a concrete structure octagonal in plan with multiple openings on two levels, some blocked with brick. The concrete was observed to be very gravelly and clearly poured and there is a short section of detached flanking wall on the east side. The interior, which could not be accessed, comprises a single space which had small amounts of rubbish dumped into it including corrugated metal sheeting. This pillbox was also assessed by heritage consultants Purcell in 2015/6 (Phase 1 Menay, 2015 and Kerr 2016) as part of the collection of information for conservation statements 24 HER 19847 Lighthouse Recorded as a pillbox on the HER reported in this location by Alan Rudd but it was not visible in 2002. This site is 321600, 461900 Modern Lookout in the location of a brick built structure, now used as a bird hide and appears to be an observation post/tower. This site was briefly recorded as part of the Headlands to Headspace Landscape Partnership Scheme (H2H) in 2013 (Greenlane Archaeology 2013 a and b). It was recorded as Site 1K and the record for this site states ‘this is presumed to be a pillbox, but as it is situated in the bird sanctuary at the south end of Walney and quite different in style to other pillboxes on Walney it is difficult to be certain. It may in fact be a purposed built bird‐ hide. This structure was also assessed by heritage consultants Purcell in 2015/6 (Phase 1 Menay, 2015 and Kerr 2016) as part of the collection of information for conservation statements. LM: It has been verbally reported by Art Gene that a photograph survives of an upper level to this structure. Examination of historic maps reveals this is a lookout tower, associated with the coastguard station. The original lookout was located further to the south (see 1919 OS mapping) but coastal erosion has influenced a move to the north, towards the coastguard station. Lookouts or watch towers sometimes supplement the coastguard stations and watching formed a major part in the Coastguards duty (Stamper and Smith 2016, 2 and 9). HER record requires amending.

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The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

Asset Reference Site Type Description Grid Reference Period No. 25 HER 19858 Slipway? The HER records that according to Alan Rudd there were anti‐aircraft defences at this location consisting of four 320800, 462300 Modern guns, however, nothing was visible in this location in 2003. WWII Anti‐ This site was briefly visited/recorded as part of the Headlands to Headspace Landscape Partnership Scheme Aircraft (H2H) in 2013 (Greenlane Archaeology 2013 a and b). It was recorded as Site 1I and described asa series of large Defences? concrete blocks set into the beach with iron edging as well as serveral other large pieces of concrete. The whole site is somewhat scattered and there are other dumps of concrete that may relate to it further south. This pillbox was also assessed by heritage consultants Purcell in 2015/6 (Phase 1 Menay, 2015 and Kerr 2016) as part of the collection of information for conservation statements. This site is in the same location as some concrete rectangular ‘platforms’ with metal encasements which have been interpreted as a recent slipway associated with the caravan park (Dennis Laid pers comm via MBP Facebook) . The site was briefly recorded in July 2016 as part of the military heritage volunteer training day. 26 HER 19859; PastScape records a Second World War anti‐aircraft battery at North Scales. It was extant in 1941‐2 when it 317260, 470226 Modern‐ NMR SD 17 SE mounted four 3.7‐inch anti‐aircraft guns and equipped with GL Mark I fire control radar. Aerial images also WW2 29; record a military camp, possible radar station, trench, trackways and barbed wire obstructions, visible as HER 317140, PastScape structures, earthworks and cropmarks on air photographs. The features have been built over on the latest 1985 470130 1471334 Ordnance Survey vertical photography and no remains appear to exist. The battery is centred at SD 1726 7014 and the military camp is at SD 1713 7001 and consists of military buildings, visible as structures and the cropmark remains of pitched tents. The possible radar station is at SD 1714 7013 visible as a cropmark. The trench is at SD 1713 7021 and zig‐zags for a distance of approximately 22m. The HER records anti‐aircraft defences consisting of four guns that were recorded in the vicinity, however no visible remains were visible in 2003. A series of military features were mapped at the site as part of the Rapid Coastal Zone Assessment from 1946 and 1948 RAF vertical images and it appears that there was a searchlight or anti‐aircraft battery at SD 173 7015, while thee was a series of barrack‐type buildings and a large circular feature with a diameter over 100m, the function of which is unknown. All the site are now beneath West Shore Park

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The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

Asset Reference Site Type Description Grid Reference Period No. 27 HER 19861; WW2 Coastal Hilpsford Battery HER Modern‐ NMR SD 26 Battery Recorded on Pastscape as a 20th Century coastal battery and associated features are visible as structures on air 322900,461900 WW1/2 SW 15; photographs. The battery also consists of military buildings, military roads, barbed wire obstructions, a coast PastScape artillery searchlight and trackways. The features appear to date to the First World War and were re‐armed NMR SD 1429214 during the Second World War. The coastal battery may be associated with a group of military buildings to the 323026,362275 north (UID 1488364, Asset No. 139). Elements of the military buildings are extant on the latest 1985 Ordnance DOB Site Survey vertical photography. Hilpsford Battery, built as part of the coastal fixed defences for Barrow. The Reference battery opened in circa 1915 and performed an examination role. It mounted two 4.7‐inch quick‐firing Mk. IV S0015129 guns and two coast artillery searchlights. The battery was dismantled in 1920. In 1940 the battery was recommissioned and armed with two 6‐inch naval guns. It was armed by 370 Battery of 565 Coast Regiment until 1943, when it was handed over to the Home Guard. The battery was reduced to care and maintenance in 1944. Aerial photography from 1998 shows four small, rectilinear buildings surviving to the front, east and west of the lighthouse. World War II coastal battery. Four small rectilinear buildings in front, and east and west of the lighthouse [information from 1998 aerial photographs]. Constructed during the period 1939 to 1940. Created as part of the Cumbrian coast defences ‐ defences of the Cumbria coast line and immediate hinterland. Located at Hilpsford Point, Isle of Walney. Elements of the military features were visible as structures on the latest 2008 oblique specialist photography The grid reference recorded on the HER is further to the south and corresponds to the westernmost searchlight battery. The HER records that A Rudd records a WWII searchlight batter in this general vicinity and a site visit in 2002 identifies some anti aircraft gun bases. The most northly searchlight emplacement of this battery was briefly recorded as part of the Headlands to Headspace Landscape Partnership Scheme (H2H) in 2013 (Greenlane Archaeology 2013 a and b). It was recorded as Site 1L and described as a former searchlight battery‐ a concrete structure with rounded west end forming a canopy over a wide opening. A short concrete wal extends from the south‐east corner to the south. Internally it comprises a single room with sand covering the floor. There is an iron double door still in situ in the east elevation and evidence for a folding iron shutter across the west opening, plus an aperture in the ceiling in the west end. This site was also assessed by heritage consultants Purcell in 2015/6 (Phase 1 Menay, 2015 and Kerr 2016) as part of the collection of information for conservation statements. This site was also recorded in 3D with photogrammetry by Jamie Quatermaine of Oxford Archaeology North in 2016. 45 The general site formed part of a walkover survey led by MMU in 2016 (Edwards 2017, in prep) which recorded

the site in more detail. The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

Asset Reference Site Type Description Grid Reference Period No. 28 HER 19872 WW2 Naval NAVAL BOMBING DECOY N25/BA3 319750, 464650 Modern‐ Decoy The HER records a surviving WW2 navel decoy at Wyclock Marsh but no further information is provided. WW2 NMR SD 26 SE PastScape provides a more comprehensive record which records a Second World War bombing decoy visible as 2 structures on air photographs. Only one of the structures is visible on the latest 1987 Ordnance Survey vertical photography. Located on Wylock Marsh at Snab Point. It was built as part of the 'N‐series' of naval decoys to Monument deflect enemy bombing from Royal Navy installations in Barrow‐in‐Furness. This site functioned as both a No. 1459741 'Starfish' and 'QL' decoy. The 'Starfish' decoy operated by lighting a series of controlled fires during an air raid to replicate a military or urban area targeted by bombs. The 'QL' decoy featured a grid of muted lights, often set out around ponds or tanks of water, to resemble a port town during a poor blackout. The site was constructed in 1941 and is referenced as being active during 1942, but could have been in use throughout the duration of the war. Aerial photography from 1985 shows that the site had been given over to agricultural use and no features of the decoy survive. Further naval decoys for Barrow‐in‐Furness were located at Whicham Valley, Lowsy Point and Westfield Point. This feature was briefly recorded as part of the Headlands to Headspace Landscape Partnership Scheme (H2H) in 2013 (Greenlane Archaeology 2013 a and b). It was recorded as Site 1H and was discovered when attempting to locate a pillbox (possibly Asset No. 22). It is described as a irregular brick built structure with a flat concrete roof. There is a small round window in the west side and outer flanking wall to the south surrounding a concrete‐edged flight of stairs. Gun‐slot in the south side and possible gun emplacement on top. Internally filled with water but with iron ladder fixed to east side. This feature‐ now identified as the control building of a decoy site was also assessed by heritage consultants Purcell in 2015/6 (Phase 1 Menay, 2015 and Kerr 2016) as part of the collection of information for conservation statements.

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Asset Reference Site Type Description Grid Reference Period No. 29 HER 19874 WW2 Firing Pastscape list a Second World War firing range visible as structures and earthworks on air photographs. The 316880, 471490 Modern‐ Range feature has been partially levelled on the latest 1994 Ordnance Survey vertical photography. Firing butts WW2? NMR SD 12 SE associated with the airfield at Walney Aerodrome, and were thus probably built between 1941 and 1946, when 22 the airfield was in military use (see SD 17 SE 21). They are located to the immediate north west of the flying field. They are marked as disused on an Ordnance Survey map of 1973; it is not known if they are still extant in Monument 2003. No. 1383775 The site was visited as part of the Headlands to Headspace Landscape Partnership Scheme (H2H) in 2013 (Greenlane Archaeology 2013 a and b). It was recovered as site 1B. ‘The north and south embankment were covered in dune grass, with vertical gullys along its north and south faces. Twisted wrought iron was observed at the top of the north embankment and bases of timber posts were observed at the foot of the northern side. The south embankment has a concrete revetment along the north side, with some broken corroded iron bars sticking out at intervals in places along the top. The ground in front of the revetment was covered in Dune grass but includes a concrete platform and the remains of corroded iron uprights, surviving best at the east end.’ (Greenlane Archaeology 2013a). This survey identified that the north side of the south embankment is broken and is in the process of falling over at its western and eastern ends. There is also considerable graffiti on the south embankment and corroded ironwork appears to have been removed in the past two years. found to measure 60m in length by 4m in height and was constructed of local sandy compacted earth. To either side of the butts are berms (Site 1, Nash Survey and Environmental Ltd and Archaeological Landscape Investigation, 2015). The associated firing range was recorded during this project as Site 2 and comprised a concrete revetment wall and short platform (or lip) with surviving target inspection mechanism Nash Survey and Environmental Ltd and Archaeological Landscape Investigation, 2015, Site 2).

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The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

Asset Reference Site Type Description Grid Reference Period No. 30 HER 19875 WW2 Coastal Same as 129 321100,461900 Modern Battery Walney Coastal Battery which was preceded by coastal defences constructed in July 1911 and manned by the WW2? Lancashire and Cheshire Royal Garrison Artillery. The constriction and initial testing of the 1911 battery is recorded in the Barrow Guardian. A decoy battery was located alongside in WWII. According to D Parkin some remains survive. The HER grid reference is in the location of the remains of four gun emplacement bases, some of which have associated artillery stores and a demolished structure, possibly a control building. This site is associated with the camp and defences recorded at Asset No. 129, NMR SD26 SW 30 This site was briefly recorded as part of the Headlands to Headspace Landscape Partnership Scheme (H2H) in 2013 (Greenlane Archaeology 2013 a and b). It was recorded as Site 1J and described as a former coastal battery on South Walney comprising an extensive area of remains including concrete building comprising four bays with a room behind (artillery store) plus another possible building to the north of this (now collapsed‐ control building). To the west of these are four large octagonal platforms with iron fixings arranged around the centre, presumably bases for large pieced of artillery (gun holdfasts). One of these is broken up but three are essentially intact. This site was also assessed by heritage consultants Purcell in 2015/6 (Phase 1 Menay, 2015 and Kerr 2016) as part of the collection of information for conservation statements. This site formed part of a walkover survey led by MMU in 2016 (Edwards 2017, in prep) which recorded the site in more detail.

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Asset Reference Site Type Description Grid Reference Period No. 31 HER 19876 WW2 Defences Fort Walney 317378, 469061 Modern North Scale WWI and WWII Defences Walney. The HER records the remains of a gun battery, consisting of an WW1 and 2 observation tower (c.1902), two searchlight housings and two pillboxes. The gun emplacements have been destroyed. There is an ROC Bunker directly alongside the observation tower. As part of the NWRCZA from 1946 RAF aerial images a complex of structures and buildings were mapped that showed four gun emplacements and ancillary structures and barbed wired defence on the seaward side of the battery‐ See Asset No. 90.. The two searchlight emplacements were briefly recorded as part of the Headlands to Headspace Landscape Partnership Scheme (H2H) in 2013 (Greenlane Archaeology 2013 a and b). It was recorded as Site 1D (alongside the pillbox at the 9th tee, Asset 91). The northern searchlight was recorded as badly vandalised and in poor condition. The southern less so. These searchlight emplacements were also assessed by heritage consults Purcell in 2015/6 (Phase 1 Menay, 2015 and Kerr 2016) as part of the collection of information for conservation statements. In additional structural surveys have been undertaken by R.G.. Parkins (Heron 2016 a and b) for use as part of the Headlands to Headspace Scheme. 32 HER 41881 Midden Remains of a shell midden containing cockle, winkle, limpet and mussel, exposed within the erosion of a 317080,471850 Prehistoric footpath and disturbance caused by gravel extraction. Heat shattered stones associated with the midden were also exposed. 33 HER 41903 Cropmark Dark cropmak bisected by the road, visible on a aerial photograph. The majority Is now covered by modern 317650,468995 Unknown housing. 34 HER 43966 Ditches A series of ditches and drains exposed by erosion at the upper end of the intertidal area cutting into the basal 320480,462720 Unknown grey silt/clay. A former topsoil/palaeosoil is also visible. May represent an extant field system.

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The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

Asset Reference Site Type Description Grid Reference Period No. 35 HER 43983; WW1 Trenches The HER records four lines of trenches in the dunes on Walney, two are castellated systems and two are less 316930,471710 Modern NMR SD 17 SE regular. Only elements partly survive. 52; Pastscape records First World War practise trenches are visible as earthworks on air photographs, at SD 1687 PastScape 7171. Parts of the trench appear to be extant on the latest 1985 Ordnance survey vertical photography, whilst 1488706 the majority appears to have been levelled. The site was visited as part of the Headlands to Headspace Landscape Partnership Scheme (H2H) in 2013 (Greenlane Archaeology 2013 a and b). It was recorded as Site 1A and identified as shallow, narrow trenches, crenelated in plan with box trenches and mounds of upcast spoil. The site was all covered in dune grass. The practice trenches were excavated at part of a 2014 Art Gene Project (Nash, Nicholson and Wellicome 2015) and recorded as part of the 2015 walkover survey (Site 4) of the area as part of the Fort Walney Uncovered project. The excavation revealed that the trenches measured 0.6m in depth. A raised earthen post was located c. 8m to the south of the trenching (Nash Survey and Environmental Ltd and Archaeological Landscape Investigation, 2015). 36 HER 43984; WW2 Air HER records a Second World War air gunnery training school to the west of Walney airfield. Elements of the 169000,471300 Modern NMR SD17 SE Gunnery School structure survive as concrete walls and platforms. WW2 53; PastScape. Pastscape records a Second World War firing range, specifically an air gunnery range, is visible as structures and 1488708 earthworks on air photographs, at SD 1690 7130. The firing range is located west of Walney airfield (UID 1383764). The feature has been partially levelled on the latest 1994 Ordnance Survey vertical photography. The site was visited as part of the Headlands to Headspace Landscape Partnership Scheme (H2H) in 2013 (Greenlane Archaeology 2013 a and b). It was recorded as Site 1C and identified as a series of concrete platforms and walls, in addition to remains of a possible trackway with iron rail and brickwork. At the time of the survey may of the concrete walls were in the process of falling over, platforms were tipping into areas of open water and the concrete structure is partially collapsed. This feature was recorded as Sites 3, 7 and 8 in the 2015 survey and described as a concrete platform located next to a cut water pool. Both cut and structure may be contemporary. (Nash Survey and Environmental Ltd and Archaeological Landscape Investigation, 2015) 37 HER 43999 Salt Works Salt works established in 1896 but only worked for a short time. The operation was apparently revived in 1909. 322900,462570 Modern Two large complexes of buildings are shown on the 1913 Ordnance survey mapping with rail or tram lines leading from the works to the pier. There are chimneys recorded on the mapping and a single terrace of housing. Much of this complex has now been destroyed.

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The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

Asset Reference Site Type Description Grid Reference Period No. 38 HER 44000 The HER records a series of 11 weapons pits dug into the dunes at South Walney recorded by the NWRCZA. It is 321890,461930 Modern thought that they date to the Second World War, although it is unclear if they were used for training or defence WW2 purposes. PastScape records a number of Second World War weapons pits visible as earthworks on air photographs. Elements are extant on the latest 1985 Ordnance Survey vertical photography. The general site formed part of a walkover survey led by MMU in 2016 (Edwards 2017, in prep) which examined the site in more detail, however the pits could not be identified. 39 HER 44097 Military camp Need to check grid reference as this feature appears to relate to Asset No. 88 to north. This is in a similar 317725, 468014 Modern location to asset no. 87‐ Coastal battery HER records Sandy Gap military camp in this location‐ a military camp mapped as part of the NWRCZA. The camp comprises a number of barrack type buildings and larger buildings with interconnecting roads . It is possible that the camp housed personnel for the anti‐aircraft batteries or barrage balloon site to the immediate south. 40 HER 44098; WW2 Anti‐ The HER records the remains of an anti‐aircraft battery as part of the NWRCZA (see Pastscape record) 317785,467822 Modern NMR SD 16 NE aircraft battery A Second World War anti‐aircraft battery and associated searchlight battery are visible as earthworks on air 150; photographs. The features are probably associated with a military camp to the north (UID 1489524, Asset No. PastScape 88). None appear to be extant on the latest 1985 Ordnance Survey vertical photography 1489518 41 NMR SD 17 SE WW2 Barrage A Second World War barrage balloon site and is visible as structures on 1942 air photographs, at SD 1815 7086. 418171,370870 Modern 48; Balloon Site The site is partially covered by a later firing range (UID 1488714, Asset No. 45). No surface features are visible WW2 PastScape on the latest 1985 Ordnance Survey vertical photography. 1488685 42 NMR SD 17 SE WW2 Pillbox A Second World War pillbox and barbed wire perimeter are visible as structures on air photographs, at SD 1730 417302,370275 Modern 50; 7026. No surface features are visible on the latest 1985 Ordnance Survey vertical photography. WW2 PastScape LM this pillbox is located to the north of the anti-aircraft battery recorded as Asset No. 26. 1488690

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The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

Asset Reference Site Type Description Grid Reference Period No. 43 NMR SD 17 SE WW2 Military Associated with Asset No. 11 418054,370221 Modern‐ 51; Camp A Second World War military camp and associated air raid shelters, military roads and trackways are visible as WW@ PastScape structure and earthworks on 1945 air photographs, at SD 1805 7025. The camp is situated to the south of 1488694 Walney airfield (UID 1383764). The features have been built over on the latest 1985 Ordnance Survey vertical photography. LM This camp is in the same location as Site No. 3 shown on the mapping of RAF Barrow (Plate *) 44 NMR SD 17 SE WW2 Pillbox A Second World War pillbox and barbed wire perimeter are visible as structures on 1942 air photographs, at SD 317976,470975 Modern 54; PastScape 1797 7097. No surface features are visible on the latest 1985 Ordnance Survey vertical photography WW2 1488713 45 NMR SD 17 SE WW2 Firing Two Second World War firing ranges are visible as earthworks and structures on 1946 air photographs, at SD 318146,470913 Modern 55; PastScape Ranges 1814 7091. The features fall within the perimeter of Walney airfield (UID 1383764, Asset No.49) and also are WW2 1488714 partially built over an earlier barrage balloon site (UID 1488685, Asset No. 41). A number of surface features are visible on the latest 1985 Ordnance Survey vertical photography, whilst the remainder appears to have been levelled. Elements of the firing range are still visible and have been recorded through photographic records and visible via: http://www.walney‐island.com/images/firing__range_01.jpg A brick wall extending for c.45m and standing c.3.5m in height was recorded as part of the SLR walkover survey (SLR 2015, SLR 16) and appears to be part of the wall of the former rifle ranges. This feature was also recorded as Site 18 where it has been interpreted as a blast wall at SD 18200 70857 (Nash Survey and Environmental Ltd and Archaeological Landscape Investigation, 2015)

46 NMR SD 17 SE WW2 Weapons Second World War weapons pits are visible as earthworks on 1945 air photographs, at SD 1699 7048 and SD 417051,370767 Modern‐ 56; PastScape Pits 1711 7104. The features appear to have been levelled on the latest 1985 Ordnance Survey vertical photography WW2 1488716

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The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

Asset Reference Site Type Description Grid Reference Period No. 47 NMR SD 17 SE WW2‐ Airfield Pastscape records a battle headquarters associated with the former Royal Air Force Barrow airfield (Walney 317487,470589 Modern 23; Aerodrome) on Walney Island. The battle headquarters was constructed in 1941, to pattern 11012/41. It formed WW2 PastScape part of the airfield (and Island) defences. 1383783 When it was visited by a recorder of the Defence of Britain Project between 1996 and 2003 the monument was still extant. A site visit in 2011 also shows it to be extant and in good condition but with some flooding. The DOB Site emergency ladder and cupola are present and some electrical conduit and other fittings have also survived. The Reference centre point is marked and used by BAE as a reference for airfield surveys. The building is flooded to around five S0007922 feetThe airfield was subject to a walkover survey in 2015 by SLR limited who recorded a number of extant buildings within the site including the airfield control tower (SLR 4‐317636 470724) 2 x Hangers (SLR 5‐317772 470771 and 6‐317672, 470623), billet buildings (SLR7‐ 317737,470405), stores building‐ SLR 14‐317887, 470262 and air‐raid shelter SLR15‐317645, 470541. Features were also recorded/reported as part of the 2014 Fort Walney uncovered project (SLR15= Site 13, SLR 4= Site 14, SLR5= Site 15, SLR 6= Site 16, SLR7= Site 20 (Nash Survey and Environmental Ltd and Archaeological Landscape Investigation, 2015) 48 NMR SD 17 SE SEE ASSET NO. 26 317260, 470226 Modern 29; WW2 PastScape 1471334

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The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

Asset Reference Site Type Description Grid Reference Period No. 49 NMR SD 17 SE RAF Barrow (Walney)‐ Associated with Asset Nos 11, 36, 45, 47, 48, 56, 58, 66 and possibly 29 and 46. 317500,471200 Modern‐ 21; PastScape PastScape records the site as military airfield and associated military camps, trackways, air raid shelters, WW2 1383764 emergency water supplies and barbed wire obstructions are visible as structures and earthworks on air photographs. Some surface features are visible on the latest 1985 Ordnance Survey vertical photography. DOB Site Barrow airfield was opened in 1941 and closed in 1946. Since at least 1985 it has been used by a private flying Reference club. The Airfield is situated at the north end of the Isle of Walney, surrounded by the Irish sea and the Sarth S0003863 Channel. The NGR reference is given as SD 175 712. During the Second World War the airfield was used by the Royal Air Force Air Gunnery School of 25 Group Flying Training Command. In December of 1944 there were 1669 male (RAF) and 402 female (WAAF) personnel at the base. Accommodation was temporary. The airfield was equipped with three tarmac runways and 26 hard standings. There were 3 Calander Hamilton and 15 Extra Over (EO) type Blister hangars. The base was considered unsuitable for night flying. Use in 1985 was given as private flying. The area to the north of the Airfield is a nature reserve. Public access to the reserve and the airfield is possible but restricted: persons wishing to walk on the airfield must gain permission from the air authority. The airfield at Barrow (i.e. Walney) was used by 10 Air Gunnery School during World War Two. Many of the personnel were Polish. On the OS 1:10000 sheet 1973 edition the layout of the airfield is clear, centered at about SD 1750 7120. It is marked "Walney Aerodrome (disused)": so presumably the private flying club was not yet in operation. The Defence of Britain Database entry is as follows: RAF Barrow (Walney Island) Barrow in Furness, Cumbria, NGR: SD 175 710, period WW2, condition unknown. The record was based on work by Paul Francis undertaken between 1996‐1998. A military airfield and associated military camps, trackways, air raid shelters, emergency water supplies and barbed wire obstructions are visible as structures and earthworks on air photographs, centred at SD 1753 7109. The military camps are located at SD 1779 7042 and SD 1812 7073. Some surface features are visible on the latest 1985 Ordnance Survey vertical photography. 50 NMR SD 16 NE Find spot PastScape records a stone axe hammer with unfinished hour‐glass perforation found in 1913 during the 318330,469460 Prehistoric 2 construction of a new road. The find is in Barrow Museum.

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The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

Asset Reference Site Type Description Grid Reference Period No. 51 NMR SD 16 NE Find spot PastScape records a quartzite chisel during in 1965 building work at Earnst Point. In Barrow museum. 317300,469700 Prehistoric 25; PastScape 37167 52 NMR SD 17 SE Find spot PastScape records a Medieval iron arrowhead found in wind blown sand in 1937 at the north end of Walney 317000,470000 Medieval 7; PastScape Island. It was found slightly higher than the prehistoric flint chipping site (SD 17 SE 1). This find is probably 14th 37200 century in date. 53 NMR SD 17 SE WW2 Barrage PastScape records a Second World War barrage balloon site and associated military buildings are visible as 318329,470040 Modern‐ 47; Balloon site structures on 1945 air photographs. No surface features are visible on the latest 1985 Ordnance Survey vertical WW2 PastScape photography. 1488683 54 NMR SD 16 NE Golf Course An eighteen‐hole seaside links golf course founded in 1872[SD 1744 6879] Golf Course [NAT]. (1) 18 hole seaside 3174400,368790 Modern 29; links course, founded in 1872. (2 PastScape. 843519 55 NMR SD 16 NE WW2‐ Pillbox PastScape records a World War II reinforced concrete pillbox. Constructed in the period 1940 to 1941 and was 317200,469500 Modern 110; PastScape seen during a field visit in 2001 but the condition remains unknown. Created as part of the Cumbria coast 1429755 defences ‐ defences of the Cumbrian coast line and immediate hinterland including the RAF Barrow (Walney Island) ground defences. No further details. It is located on the Isle of Walney, west of North Scale. DOB Site Reference S0015736 56 NMR SD 16 NE WW2‐ Camp PastScape records the site of Second World War Womens Auxiliary Air Force Camp. This site was recorded as 318200,469500 Modern‐ 111; part of the North West Rapid Coastal Zone Assessment Survey as part of a complex of military camps (UID WW2 PastScape 1489579). 1413047 LM‐ This is part of the RAF Barrow/Walney complex see Asset No. 49 for more details. Location corresponds to WAFF Site. No. 10 (See Plate *)

55

The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

Asset Reference Site Type Description Grid Reference Period No. 57 NMR SD 16 NE WW2‐ Pillbox PastScape records a concrete pillbox constructed between 1940‐1941, which formed part of the ground 318190,469450 Modern‐ 91; defences for the former Royal Air Force Barrow airfield (also known as Walney Aerodrome) on Walney Island. WW2 PastScape The pillbox is situated in North Walney, over one kilometre to the south of the actual flying field. When visited 1383787 by Defence of Britain recorders between 1996 and 2003, the pillbox was said to be still extant but in bad condition. LM pillbox location is to the immediate south‐west of the WAAF Camp (Asset No. 56). 58 NMR SD 17 SE SEE also no. Asset No. 11 317500,470000 Modern‐ 27; PastScape PastScape records in this location, that following the accident at the Cavendish Docks airship site in 1911, a new WW2 1458959 rigid airship construction works was built by Vickers to replace it on Walney Island. The new works was completed by May 1914. This was completed at Walney Island, a flat area of land just off the west of Barrow‐in‐ Furness. The new shed had internal clearances of 450 feet long, 150 feet wide and 98 feet high. It also incorporated an innovation having a 6‐inch concrete floor with handling rails embedded in to it that extended some 450 feet out into the adjacent field. Also new were the eight fire extinguishing jets linked to a special reservoir to deal with the possibility of fire. A gasbag factory with 100 employees was set up beside the shed. Several airships were built at the works which ceased work in April 1921. Record created from http://aht.ndirect.co.uk/airships LM See also :http://www.cumbria-industries.org.uk/a-z-of-industries/airfields-and-early-aviation/airship- building-at-barrow/ Location of this site has been recorded in there different places see Asset no. 11 and John Nixon 2014 Warbird of Walney book (p.19). This shows an 1942 image with the airship factory in located on the coast to the south of the anti-aircraft battery (26/48) at c. 31742, 46953. Requires further research to establish location of this feature.. 59 NMR SD 16 NE Part of RAF Barrow (Walney) Some camps have been given their own asset number (11‐ Camp No. 2, 48‐Sick 317814,469567 Modern‐ 153; Quarters Camp No. 3, 58‐ Site 4, WAAF site 10. No. 56) WW2 PastScape PastScape records eight Second World War military camps with associated features are visible as structures and 1489579 earthworks on air photographs. The associated features include military buildings, military roads, trackways, air raid shelters and emergency water supplies. A previously recorded WAAF camp is included within this group (UID 1413047). Elements of some of these camps are extant and others are visible as demolished buildings on the latest 1985 Ordnance Survey vertical photography

56

The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

Asset Reference Site Type Description Grid Reference Period No. 60 NMR SD 16NE WW2 Pillbox? PastScape records a potential Second World War pillbox visible as a structure on 1946 air photographs. No 318303,469642 Modern‐ 154; PastScape surface features are visible on the latest 1985 Ordnance Survey vertical photography.LM located in the vicinity WW2 1489705 of RAF Barrow (49) 61 NMR SD 16 NE Limekiln PastScape records a post medieval lime kiln visible as a ruined building on 1946 air photographs. The condition 318235,469666 Post‐ 155; PastScape of the feature cannot be ascertained due to dense vegetation cover on the latest 1985 Ordnance Survey vertical medieval 1489710 photography 62 NMR SD 16 NE WW2 Building PastScape records a Second World War military building with associated military road, barbed wire obstruction 317714,469518 Modern‐ 163; and trackway are visible as structures and earthworks on 1946 air photographs. No surface features are visible WW2 PastScape on the latest 1985 and 1994 Ordnance Survey vertical photography. 1489783 63 NMR SD 16 NE WW 2‐Building PastScape records a potential Second World War military building is visible as a structure on 1946 air 317739,469407 Modern‐ 164; photographs. No surface features are visible on the latest 1985 Ordnance Survey vertical photography. WW2 PastScape LM‐ May be Associated with RAF Barrow (Walney ) Asset No. 49 1489791 64 NMR SD 16 NE WW2 Trenches PastScape records a number of Second World War trenches are visible as earthworks on 1946 air photographs. 317982,469411 Modern 165; Elements are extant on the latest 1985 Ordnance Survey vertical photography WW2 PastScape LM‐ May be Associated with RAF Barrow (Walney ) Asset No. 49. North of Camp No. 6. SD 148908 65 NMR SD 16 NE Findspot Silver Penny (York Mint) the reign of Edward III found a garden in 1908. Location unknown in 1958 318390,469080 Medieval 3; PastScape 37099 66 NMR SD 16 NE Church PastScape record St Mary's Church (pre 1577, rebuilt late 17th c. tower added 1744, rebuilt 1853) 318560,468550 Medieval, 4; PastScape Post‐ 37102 medieval

57

The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

Asset Reference Site Type Description Grid Reference Period No. 67 NMR SD 16 NE Findspot Perforated pebble (? amulet or net sinker) found 1903 318510,468430 Unknown 5; PastScape 37105 68 NMR SD 16 NE Findspot Oval hammer stone (? or macehead) with incomplete perforation found in 1875 in afield opposite Vickerstown 318550,468440 Prehistoric 6; PastScape. 37108 69 NMR SD 16 NE Findspot Axe hammer found in a field at Long Bank in 1901 318600,468130 Prehistoric 7; PastScape 37113 70 NMR SD 16 NE Findspot Perforated pebble (net sinker or loom weight). In Barrow Museum 318000,468000 Unknown 22; PastScape 37160 71 NMR SD 16 NE Findspot Broken flint knife, 2.5cm wide, with secondary 318700,468000 Unknown 26; working, found at Walney Channel in 1954. In Barrow‐in‐Furness PastScape Museum 37168 72 NMR SD 16 NE WW1 Anti‐ General location of a First World War heavy anti aircraft battery at Vickerstown. In April 1914, it was armed with 318600,468500 Modern‐ 113; aircraft battery a single 1‐pounder gun on a travelling carriage, and in 1916 with two additional 6‐pounder Nordenfeldt guns. WW1 PastScape Recorded on Pastscape from C S Dobinson 1996 Twentieth century fortifications in England, volume 1. Anti‐ 1473696 aircraft artillery : England's air defence gunsites, 1914‐46, Page(s)255

58

The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

Asset Reference Site Type Description Grid Reference Period No. 73 NMR SD 16 NE WW2 Pillbox Pastscape records a Second World War pillbox visible as a structure on 1946 air photographs. The feature is 317993,490620 Modern‐ 108; extant on the latest 1985 Ordnance Survey vertical photography. Hexagonal pillbox for a machine gun, with the WW2 PastScape. embrasures bricked up. Constructed of clay brick and reinforced concrete in the period 1940 to 1941 and seen 1429753 in a fair condition during a field visit in 2001. Part of the Cumbrian coast defences ‐ defences of the Cumbrian coast line and immediate hinterland including the RAF Barrow (Walney Island) ground defences. On the Isle of DOB Site Walney, between North Scale and Vickerstown Reference LM Located to the south‐west of RAF Barrow (Walney) Camp No. 8 S0015734

74 NMR SD 16 NE WW2 Pillbox World War II reinforced concrete pillbox. Constructed in the period 1940 to 1941 and seen during field visit in 317500,468400 Modern‐ 109; PastScape 2001. Created as part of the Cumbria coast defences ‐ defences of the Cumbrian coast line and immediate WW2 1429754 hinterland including RAF Barrow (Walney Island) ground defences. The pillbox is extant but the condition is unknown. It is located on the Isle of Walney, west of Vickerstown. DOB Site Reference S0015735 75 NMR SD 16 NE Findspot A Neolithic polished stone axe was found in April 1901 at Tummer Hill, "on the green sward above the high‐ 317710,467880 Prehistoric 8; PastScape water mark between Tmmer Hill rabbit warren and Hollow Scar at a point three or four yards from the corner of 37116 the stone wall which forms the northern boundary of Biggar Bank". The axe is in Barrow‐in‐Furness Museum (accession number 5003). 76 NMR SD 16 NE Findspot A broken Neolithic polished stone axe was found after grave digging at Walney churchyard in 1967. It is now in 318500,468600 Prehistoric 28; PastScape Barrow‐in‐Furness Museum (accession number 5311). 37170 77 NMR SD 16 NE WW2 Pillbox PastScape records a Second World War pillbox visible as a structure on 1946 air photographs. The feature is 318314,467736 Modern‐ 139; extant on the latest 1985 Ordnance Survey vertical photography WW2 PastScape 1489115

59

The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

Asset Reference Site Type Description Grid Reference Period No. 78 NMR SD 16 WW2 Pillbox PastScape records a Second World War pillbox visible as a structure on 1946 air photographs. The feature is 318015,467863 Modern‐ NMR NE 140; extant on the latest 1985 Ordnance Survey vertical photography. WW2 PastScape 1489119 79 NMR SD 16 NE WW2 Water PastScape records a potential Second World War emergency water supply tank is visible as a demolished 318198,468334 Modern, 142; Tank building on air photographs. No surface features are visible on the latest 1985 Ordnance Survey vertical WW2 PastScape photography 1489131 80 NMR SD 16 NE WW2 Barrage PastScape records a Second World War barrage balloon site visible as structures on 1948 air photographs. No 318503,468492 Modern‐ 143; PastScape balloon surface features are visible on the latest 1985 Ordnance Survey vertical photography. WW2 1489136 81 NMR SD 16 NE WW2 Air Raid PastScape records a number of Second World War air raid shelters visible as earthworks and structures on 1946 318378,468611 Modern 144; Shelter air photographs. The shelters appear to be civilian features relating to housing in Vickerstown on Walney Island. WW2 PastScape No surface features are visible on the latest 1985 Ordnance Survey vertical photography 1489141 82 NMR SD 16 NE WW2 Barrage PastScape records a Second World War barrage balloon site visible as structures on air photographs. No surface 317920,467710 Modern‐ 145; balloon site features are visible on the latest 1985 Ordnance Survey vertical photography WW2 PastScape. 1489144 83 NMR SD 16 NE WW2 Pillbox PastScape records a Second World War pillbox with associated barbed wire obstruction and trench are visible as 317949,468264 Modern‐ 146; structures and an earthwork on air photographs. No surface features are visible on the latest 1985 Ordnance WW2 PastScape. Survey vertical photography 1489148 84 NMR SD 16 NE WW2 Barrage PastScape records a potential Second World War barrage balloon site visible as structures on 1946 air 317741,468665 Modern‐ 147; Ballon photographs. No surface features are visible on the latest 1994 Ordnance Survey vertical photography WW2 PastScape 1489506

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The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

Asset Reference Site Type Description Grid Reference Period No. 85 HER 16262 Site of Windmill North End Windmill, which functioned during the 19th century. It ceased operating in 1870, however, was only 317340,470920 Post‐ demolished in 1940 to make way for the construction of RAF Barrow (Walney). http://www.walney‐ medieval island.com/north_end_farm_01.htm. The foundations survive as a cropmark (Nash 2015, SLR No. 2) 86 NMR SD 16 NE WW2 PastScape records a Second World War searchlight battery and associated military buildings visible as 317514,468602 Modern‐ 149; Searchlight earthworks and demolished buildings on 1946 air photographs. None appear to be extant on the latest 1994 WW2 PastScape. Battery Ordnance Survey vertical photography. 1489514 LM the grid reference provided places this battery to the south of Fort Walney, within the golf course complex and therefore is possibly associated with this installation‐ further research required into the relationship between each feature. 87 HER 41882 Ridge and Ridge and Furrow identified by SLR consulting from aerial photographs. The report rom 2015 describes 317482,471431 Medieval/p Furrow ‘Surviving to the east and north of the western runway and within the airfield perimeter are a series of crop‐ ost‐ marks (ridge and furrow marks) that were originally connected to the farm via a series of stone field boundaries medieval (centred upon NGR SD 17482, 71431). The ridge and furrow marks are clearly visible on aerial imagery’ . Given that an estate plan doe not show farms or field systems extending beyond North End Farm, this field system is proposed as of medieval origin.(SLR 2015, SLR No. 12). Also recorded as Site 21 as part of the 2014 survey by Nash Survey and Environmental Ltd and Archaeological Landscape Investigation, 2015, 88 NMR SD 16 NE WW2 Camp PastScape records a Second World War military camp with associated features visible as structures and 317705,468050 Modern‐ 151; demolished buildings on 1948 air photographs. The associated features include military buildings, military roads WW2 PastScape and trackways. The camp is probably associated with an anti‐aircraft and searchlight battery to the south (UID 1489524 1489518, Asset No. 40). Elements are visible as demolished buildings on the latest 1985 Ordnance Survey vertical photography. 89 NMR SD 16 NE WW2 Trenches PastScape records two Second World War trenches are visible as earthworks on 1946 air photographs. Neither 318095,468919 Modern 152; appear to be extant on the latest 1985 Ordnance Survey vertical photography. WW2 PastScape 1489528

61

The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

Asset Reference Site Type Description Grid Reference Period No. 90 NMR SD 16 NE WW2 Coastal SAME AS HER 31‐ FORT WALNEY (this record covers WW2 features visible as aerial images. 317406,468970 Modern‐ 156; Battery PastScape records Second World War coastal battery with associated features visible as structures and WW2 PastScape earthworks on 1946 air photographs. The associated features include a military camp, military buildings, a 1489733 military road, trackways and coast artillery searchlights. The two searchlight positions, some buildings and elements of the earthworks are extant on the latest 1985 Ordnance Survey vertical photography. LM‐ the grid reference is slightly further to the north than that recorded for feature 31 which appears to have been placed within the centre of the entire landscape, whilst the grid reference for Asset 90 is located near the observation tower/main battery complex. 91 NMR SD 16 NE WW2 Pillbox PastScape records a Second World War pillbox visible as a structure on 1946 air photographs. No surface 317245,469210 Modern‐ 157; features are visible on the latest 1985 Ordnance Survey vertical photographyThis feature probably equates to WW2 PastScape Site 1D visited as part of the Headlands to Headspace Landscape Partnership Scheme (H2H) in 2013 (Greenlane 1489743 Archaeology 2013 a and b). It was recorded during this survey as a concrete pillbox near Earnst Point. Five‐ angled face on the north side and flat to the south with a ramp running up from he south side, now grassed over on the top and seemingly extended at the south end with the addition of a short length of low concrete wall. Various apertures are now blocked, and the pillbox has modern timber steps running down the east side from the higher ground. Now forms part of the golf course and a sign has been attached to it with the number ‘9’‐ The 9th tee 92 NMR SD 16 NE WW2 Pillbox PastScape records a Second World War pillbox with associated barbed wire enclosure visible as structures on 317641,469008 Modern‐ 158; 1946 air photographs. No surface features are visible on the latest 1985 Ordnance Survey vertical photography. WW2 PastScape 1489759 93 NMR SD 16 NE WW2 Pillbox PastScape records a Second World War pillbox with associated barbed wire obstructions visible as structures on 317505,69154 Modern‐ 159; 1946 air photographs. It is not possible to position the barbed wire obstructions accurately due to a lack of WW2 PastScape reference points on the source photograph. No surface features are visible on the latest 1985 Ordnance Survey 1489765 vertical photography.

62

The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

Asset Reference Site Type Description Grid Reference Period No. 94 NMR SD 16 NE WW2 Pillbox? PastScape records potential Second World War pillbox visible as a structure on 1946 air photographs. No surface 317472,469093 Modern‐ 160; features are visible on the latest 1985 Ordnance Survey vertical photography WW2 PastScape 1489769 95 NMR SD 16 NE WW2‐ PastScape records a number of Second World War trenches, weapons pits and probable spigot mortar 317414,469227 Modern‐ 161; Defences emplacements visible as earthworks and structures on 1946 air photographs. None appear to be extant on the WW2 PastScape latest 1985 Ordnance Survey vertical photography. LM‐ The location given for this site is to the immediate north‐east of Fort Walney (31/90) and may be associated with this complex. Further research is required. 96 NMR SD 16 NE WW2‐ Barbed PastScape records a large area of Second World War barbed wire obstructions visible as structures on 1942 317831,468309 Modern‐ 162; Wire NMair photographs. It is not possible to position most of these features accurately due to a lack of reference WW2 PastScape points on the source photographs. These obstructions encompass a large number of other defences in the 1489778 centre of Walney Island. No surface features are visible on the latest 1985 Ordnance Survey vertical photography. 97 NMR No. SD Findspot PastScape records a stone mace head found at North Scale during drainage operations. It is in Barrow Museum 318220,470090 Prehistoric 17 SE 9; Acc. No. 5190. PastScape 37208 98 HER 41882 Site of Farm Location of North‐End Farm, which may date to the 13th century. It was constructed in stone and was 317354,471094 Medieval/P demolished to make way for the airfield. Documentary sources indicate it was involved in agricultural ost‐ production during the 13th century, with sheep farming becoming the primary focus in the 15th century, medieval reverting back to arable farming in the 18th century (SLR 2013). Foundations of a U‐shaped courtyard complex survive as a possible cropmark (Nash 2015) 99 Site of Rabbit Rabbit warren – a framed rabbit warren, shown on historic maps. SLR consulting state that this site dates to the 317007,471854 Post‐ Warren 16th century and is a series of pillow mounds (SLR 2013, 2015). medieval Grid reference taken from Barrow Borough Council online mapping, using historic maps 100 HER 16261 Site of Limekiln Site of limekiln once associated with the North End Farm estate (SLR 2015, SLR No. 3) 317636,707240 Post‐ medieval

63

The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

Asset Reference Site Type Description Grid Reference Period No. 101 NMR No. Coastal Battery FORT WALNEY SAME AS 90 AND 31 317300,469100 Modern‐ SD 16 NE 114; PastScape records the site of Fort Walney at SD 173 691, a coastal battery built between 1905‐1914. It was 20th C, PastScape. armed with two 6‐inch breech‐loading Mk. VII guns. In the Second World War it was manned by 299 Battery of WW1, WW2 1484449 562 Coast Regiment until 1943 when it was transferred to the Home Guard. The guns were put into care and maintenance in 1944, however the battery continued in use to be part of the early Cold War defences. The battery observation post remains extant and when the record was last updated in 2008 was used by the Coastguard 102 NMR SD 16 NE Findspot PastScape records flint implements and flakes representing a probable working site Found in 1951 whilst 318530,466350 Prehistoric 9; ploughing in a field near Thorny Nook. They are in Barrow Museum. (BM. Acc. No. BM 5276). PastScape 37121 103 NMR No. SD Findspot Pastscape records a quern fragment (upper stone)found in a field at Tummerhill c.1900 318000,467000 Prehistoric 16 NE 17; PastScape 37147 104 NMR SD 16 NE Find spot PastScape records an axe hammer found at Bigger in 1910 which had been in a wall of one of the tenements. It 319000,466000 Prehistoric 18; is in Barrow Museum Acc. No. 5005 PastScape. 37148 105 NMR No. SD Findspot Recorded on PastScape a perforated stone found in 1947 by a Walney Modern School pupil. It is thought to be 319000,466000 Prehistoric 16 NE 20; of Late Bronze Age date and may be a digging stick weight (it seems too large for a net sinker and doesn’t not PastScape. appear to have been used as a hammer). Presented to Barrow Museum. 37154 106 NMR SD 16 NE Findspot Halfpenny of William III found near Bigger Bank pre‐1903. 318000,466000 Post‐ 21; medieval PastScaoe 37157

64

The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

Asset Reference Site Type Description Grid Reference Period No. 107 NMR No. 16 Findspot PastScape records a spindle whorl found near Biggar Village in 1954 319000,466000 Unknown NE 23; PastScape. 37163 108 NMR No. SD Findspot PastScape records a Neolithic stone axe found at Biggar, Isle of Walney, in 1908. It is now in Barrow in Furness 319000,466000 Prehistoric 16 NE 19; Museum (accession number 5004). PastScape 37151

65

The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

Asset Reference Site Type Description Grid Reference Period No. 109 NMR SD 16 NE Medieval dyke PastScape records a Medieval/post medieval sea defence, probably erected as part of a land reclamation 318620,466780 Medieval/P 10; scheme, is visible as a bank on historic air photographs, and is still extant on the latest 1985 Ordnance Survey ost‐ PastScape vertical photography. 'Biggar Dike' (sea defence, 13th‐century and later). medieval 37126 Whilst there are no records relating to the construction of Biggar Dike, it is likely to have been constructed by the monks of Furness Abbey (SD 27 SW 12); it belonged to the Manor of PLAIN FURNESS and there was a public right of way along the top. The cost of repairs was borne by the Abbey, and after the dissolution, by the Crown, until 1504 when the Walney tenants took upon themselves the cost of maintaining the sea defences of the island. Repairs were neglected until 1577 when an order was made for the repair and maintenance of the Dyke. In 1628 another effort was made to ensure that repairs were not neglected, and in 1679 a violent storm breached the dyke when extraordinary measures had to be taken to repair it. Disputes over maintenance occur in 1722, 1749 and 1751 (Baines 1951). The dyke Extends from SD 1829 6714 to SD 1912 6624. The dyke has a total length of about 1250m and is constructed largely of earth with a layer of cobbles, which may be a later feature, on the seaward side. The feature varies from 4m to 9m in width, a height varying from 1m to 2.2m on the seaward side and 0.3m to 2.5m on the land side. Towards the south end the ground level on the land side is lower than the salt marsh on the seaward side. This would indicate that in addition to being a sea defence the dyke was for reclamation purposes. It is in good condition throughout its length although slightly mutilated in places by the modern installed road on the landward side. The Dyke was visited briefly in connection with writing the DHAD on Roman and Medieval Sea and River Flood Defences. It is very much as described by authority 3, although now largely overgrown by brambles which obscure its constructional detail. Patches of bare beach cobbles are indeed visible on its seaward side, but it is impossible to say if these represent the main material from which the bank is constructed or simply facing material; the cobbles appear for the most part unconsolidated, although close to the southern end approaching Biggar village they are now set in concrete. The dyke was erected in the thirteenth century as part of a scheme to reclaim parts of Walney Island from the sea. There is some evidence to suggest that several dykes were constructed out of beach pebbles on both west and east coasts of the island, but only Biggar Dyke remains today. Extending for almost a mile north‐west of the village of Biggar, the dyke protected part of the east coast of Walney and prevented inundation of low‐lying ground during spring tides. 66

The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

Asset Reference Site Type Description Grid Reference Period No. 110 PastScape WW2 Battery PastScape records a Second World War heavy anti‐aircraft battery with associated features visible as structures 318310,466360 Modern‐ 1471337 and earthworks on 1946 air photographs. The associated features include a military camp, military buildings, a WW2 military road, trackways, barbed wire obstructions, a trench and a weapons pit. No surface features are visible on the latest 1985 Ordnance Survey vertical photography. At Biggar on Walney Island, documented as extant in June 1942, when it mounted four 3.7‐inch guns. It was also equipped with GL Mark II fire‐control radar. There are no remains 111 NMR SD 16 NE Findspot A Neolithic polished stone axe from Walney Island was presented to Kendal Museum by J H Taylor in 1948. 318000,467000 Prehistoric 24; PastScape 37166 112 NMR SD 16 NE Ridge and PastScape records medieval ridge and furrow is visible as earthworks on air photographs on Walney Island in the 318453,467232 Medieval 130; Furrow District of Barrow in Furness. Most is extant on the latest 1985 and 1994 Ordnance Survey vertical photography PastScape 1489068 113 NMR Ridge and Pastscape records Medieval/post medieval and post medieval ridge and furrow and narrow ridge and furrow 318533,467489 Medieval/P SD 16; Furrow visible earthworks and cropmarks on 1946 air photographs on Walney Island in the District of Barrow in Furness. ost‐ PastScape Most is extant on the latest 1985 and 1994 Ordnance Survey vertical photography medieval 1489071 114 NMR SD 16 NE WW2 Barrage Pastscape records a Second World War barrage balloon site visible as structures on 1946 air photographs. 318852,466445 Modern‐ 134 balloon site Elements of the barrage balloon site are extant on the latest 1985 Ordnance Survey vertical photography WW2 115 NMR SD 16 NE Possible WW2 PastScape records potential Second World War military building is visible as a structure on air photographs. The 318542,466295 Modern‐ 135; PastScape military feature may be associated with an anti‐aircraft battery to the west (UID 1471337, Asset No. 110). The feature is WW2 1489098 building visible as a demolished building on the latest 1985 Ordnance Survey vertical photography 116 NMR SD 16 Ne WW2 Possible PastScape records a potential Second World War pillbox visible as a structure on 1946 air photographs. No 318241,466592 Modern‐ 136; Pillbox surface features are visible on the latest 1985 Ordnance Survey vertical photography WW2 PastScape. 1489101

67

The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

Asset Reference Site Type Description Grid Reference Period No. 117 NMR SD 16 NE WW2 Barrage PastScape record a Second World War barrage balloon site visible as structures on 1946 air photographs. No 318100,466998 Modern‐ 137; PastScape Balloon surface features are visible on the latest 1985 Ordnance Survey vertical photography WW2 1489105 118 NMR SD 16 NE WW2 Pillbox PastScape records a Second World War pillbox visible as a structure on air photographs. The feature is extant on 318724,467676 Modern 138; the latest 1985 Ordnance Survey vertical photographyLM‐ This pillbox is situated on the eastern side of the WW2 PastScape Island and with No.119 is defending the area around Tummer Hill 1489110 119 NMR SD 16 NE WW2 Pillbox PastScape records a Second World War pillbox visible as a structure on 1946 air photographs. The feature is 318314,467736 Modern‐ 139; extant on the latest 1985 Ordnance Survey vertical photography WW2 PastScape 1489115 120 NMR SD 16 NE WW2 Trenches PastScape records a number of Second World War anti‐glider ditches visible as earthworks on 1946 air 318007,467060 Modern‐ 141; PastScape photographs. The features appear to have been modified from existing drains. None appear to be extant on the WW2 1489122 latest 1985 Ordnance Survey vertical photography 121 PastScape WW2 Barrage PastScape records a Second World War barrage balloon site is visible as structures on air photographs. No 317938,467706 Modern‐ 1489144; Balloon surface features are visible on the latest 1985 Ordnance Survey vertical photography WW2 NMR SD 16 NE 145 122 NMR SD 16 Shipwreck Remains of an unidentified wreck. 09‐APR‐1987 Obstruction shown in 54 05 41.0N, 003 15 30.0W on photo plot, 317714,467288 Unknown NE 30; PG1844/1‐lP1 PastScape. 908217 123 NMR SD 26 Find spot Collection of Mesolithic flints, plus Neolithic and Bronze Age potsherds 320170,463320 Prehistoric SW 1; PastScape 37700

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The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

Asset Reference Site Type Description Grid Reference Period No. 124 NMR SD 26 Limekiln A post medieval lime kiln is visible as a ruined building on air photographs. No surface features are visible on the 320833,463534 Post‐ SW 31; latest 1987 Ordnance Survey vertical photography medieval PastScape 1489481 125 NMR Shipwreck PastScape records the remains of wreck of warship or transport vessel carrying military stores said to have 319427,464129 Post‐ SD 16 SE 2; stranded on the western shore of the Isle of Walney, within the inter‐tidal zone, and discovered in 1839 when medieval PastScape ordnance and cannon were recovered from the site. Cannonballs, cutlasses and muskets were also recovered 37174 from the same area. The author of a paper on the 1839 discovery attributed the cannon to the late 14th century, but the description of the cargo is also consistent with a wreck up to circa 1750. Constructed of wood, she was a sailing vessel. The site was surveyed in 1958 and 1991 126 NMR No. SD Shipwreck Remains of a wooden sailing vessel considered to be 15th or 16th century in date 319400,464130 Medieval/P 16 SE 3; ost‐ PastScape medieval 908215 127 NMR SD 26 Ride and PastScape records Medieval/post medieval and post medieval ridge and furrow and narrow ridge and furrow 320721,463018 Medieval/p SW 20; Furrow visible as earthworks on 1950 air photographs on Walney Island in the District of Barrow‐in‐Furness. Most is ost‐ PastScape extant on the latest 1985 and 1987 Ordnance Survey vertical photography medieval 1488306 128 NMR SD 16 SE Ridge and Pastscape records Medieval/post medieval and post medieval ridge and furrow and narrow ridge and furrow 319558,464421 Medieval/p 8; PastScape Furrow visible as earthworks on air photographs on Walney Island in the District of Barrow‐in‐Furness. Elements are ost‐ 1488391 extant on the latest 1985 and 1987 Ordnance Survey vertical photography medieval

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The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

Asset Reference Site Type Description Grid Reference Period No. 129 MNR SD 26 WW2 Anti‐ Heavy Anti‐Aircraft Battery Barrow H5 . See also Asset 30 321134,462057 Modern‐ SW 30; Aircraft Battery PastScape records a Second World War heavy anti‐aircraft battery and associated features visible as structures WW2 PastScape on 1946 air photographs. The site also consists of military buildings, a military camp, military roads, barbed wire 1471349 obstructions and a weapons pit. Due to coastal erosion a conspicuous part of the battery no longer survives in situ. Other features are visible as demolished buildings. No other surface features are visible on the latest 1985 Ordnance Survey vertical photography. At Southend Haws on Walney Island, documented as extant in 1941‐2, when it was not armed. There are no remains LM The grid reference for the location of this site is over the military camp buildings, the concrete platforms of which are still visible. The gun emplacements to the south are still extant, however, have suffered damage from coastal erosion, with collapse/coverage of structural elements of the battery. The general site formed part of a walkover survey led by MMU in 2016 (Edwards 2017, in prep) which recorded the site in more detail 130 NMR SD 26 Shipwreck PastScape records the remains of an unidentified vessel‐09‐APR‐1986 Stranded wreck shown in 54 02 38.0N, 320651,461580 Unknown SW 11; 003 12 43.0W on PG PastScape 1844/1 ‐ LP1 (aerial photo). 908212 131 NMR 26 SW Ridge and PastScape records Medieval ridge and furrow visible as earthworks on 1950 air photographs on Walney Island in 320842,462819 Medieval 19; Furrow the District of Barrow‐in‐Furness. Most is extant on the latest 1987 Ordnance Survey vertical photography PastScape 1488302 132 NMR SD 26 Ridge and PastScape records Medieval/post medieval and post medieval ridge and furrow and narrow ridge and furrow 320721,463018 Medieval/p SW 20; Furrow visible as earthworks on 1950 air photographs on Walney Island in the District of Barrow‐in‐Furness. Most is ost‐ PastScape extant on the latest 1985 and 1987 Ordnance Survey vertical photography medieval 1488306 133 NMR SD 26 PastScape records a Second World War bombing range marker visible as structures on 1946 air photographs. No 320188,463333 Modern‐ SW 21; surface features are visible on the latest 1987 Ordnance Survey vertical photographyLM The association with WW2 PastScape, other features in the military training/defence landscape is unclear at this stage but it is likely to be associated 1488310 with the activities and training undertaken at RAF barrow (Walney)

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The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

Asset Reference Site Type Description Grid Reference Period No. 134 Site of Site of a summerhouse once associated with North End Farm estate. Recorded as site SLR. 8 as part of SLR 2015 317313, 470910 Post‐ Summerhouse walkover survey. medieval? 135 Site of Limekiln Site of Lenny Hill Limekiln, associated with the North End Farm estate. Recorded as site SLR 9 as part of SLR 2015 318155,471127 Post‐ walkover survey. medieval 136 NMR SD 26 Ridge and PastScape records Medieval ridge and furrow is visible as earthworks on 1950 air photographs on Walney Island 320842,642819 Medieval SW 19; Furrow in the District of Barrow‐in‐Furness. Most is extant on the latest 1987 Ordnance Survey vertical photography PastScape 1488302 137 NMR SD 26 WW2 Building PastScape records a potential Second World War military building visible as a structure on 1950 air photographs. 322290,461879 Modern‐ SW 23; No surface features are visible on the latest 1985 Ordnance Survey vertical photographyThis site formed part of WW2 PastScape a walkover survey led by MMU in 2016 (Edwards 2017, in prep) which recorded the site in more detail. 1488323 138 NMR SD 26 WW2 PastScape records a Second World War searchlight battery and associated weapons pits visible as earthworks on 322935,462679 Modern‐ SW 27; Searchlight 1950 air photographs. None appear to be extant on the latest 1985 Ordnance Survey vertical photographyThe WW2 PastScape Battery general site formed part of a walkover survey led by MMU in 2016 (Edwards 2017, in prep) which recorded the 1488354 site in more detail 139 NMR SD 26 PastScape records a group of Second World War military buildings with associated weapons pit and trackways 322944,462414 Modern‐ SW 28; visible as structures and earthworks on 1950 air photographs. These features may be associated with the WW2 PastScape. coastal battery to the south (UID 1429214, Asset 27). No surface features are visible on the latest 1985 1488364 Ordnance Survey vertical photography LM‐ The grid reference given is close to the location of features associated with the former salt works (Asset No. 37). Further research is required into the nature of these structures and possible association with the coastal battery. The general site formed part of a walkover survey led by MMU in 2016 (Edwards 2017, in prep) which investigated the site in more detail. 140 HER 16308 Site of Flood North end Floodgates belonging to a field irrigation system, once located to the east of North End farm. Record 317853,713920 Unknown Gates as SLR 10 in 2015 walkover survey (SLR 2015)

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The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

Asset Reference Site Type Description Grid Reference Period No. 141 WW II dispersal Series of dispersal pads located within the northern section of the airfield. Recorded as SLR 11 during 2015 317599,716090 Modern‐ pads walkover survey which identified them as extant weed‐infested concrete surfaces (SLR 2015) and as Site 9 as WW2 part of the survey by Nash Survey and Environmental Ltd and Archaeological Landscape Investigation, 2015. 142 WW2 Stores Stores and air raid shelter‐ located during 2015 walkover survey as a series of damaged buildings located close 317439,471503 Modern‐ and air raid to the dispersal pads (SLR 2015, SLR 13). There are also Recorded as site 10 as part of the 2014 survey by Nash WW2 shelter Survey and Environmental Ltd and Archaeological Landscape Investigation, 2015. 143 WW1? Practice A short section of practice trenches which may be associated with Asset No. 35, HER 43983) to the south. The 316883,471868 Modern trenches trenching is orientated east‐west, with the western end extending into the dune system. Recorded as site no. 5‐ WW1 Nash Survey and Environmental Ltd and Archaeological Landscape Investigation, 2015 144 WW1? Located immediately to the south of Site 35 were several short lengths of retreat trenching (partially backfilled) 316885,471698 Modern‐ Observation and two observation platform (and their respective quarries). The features were surveyed as part of the 2014 and WW1? posts and small Fort Walney project. Reported as site no. 6 Nash Survey and Environmental Ltd and Archaeological Landscape 316915,471713 sections of Investigation, 2015. trenching 145 ? WWII military This is recorded as a group of curious structures that include concrete rubble and substantial slabs, a possible 317018,470206 Modern‐ structures WWII weapons pit and trench. Recorded as site no. 6 Nash Survey and Environmental Ltd and Archaeological WW2? Landscape Investigation, 2015. 146 Ridge and Large partially enclosed ridge and furrow, located within the northern section of the island and found during the 317087,426050 Medieval?/ Furrow 2014 survey of the area as part of the Fort Walney uncovered project. post‐ medieval 147 WW1? Practice Probable practice trenching which is orientated east to west and measures 40m in length, extends from 316735 316830,472585 Modern? trench 472582 to 316830, 472585 WW1?

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The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

APPENDIX 2: PLATES

Plate 1: Plan of Walney Island Battery, 1911 (National Archives WO 78/4754)

Plate 2: 1945 Plan of RAF Barrow, northern section. Provided by Jo Sweeny

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The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

Plate 3: 1945 Plan of RAF Barrow, southern section. Provided by Jo Sweeney

Plate 4: Sketch plan of Fort Walney, c. 1941 (National Archives WO192318)

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The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

Plate 5: Plan of Fort Walney, c. 1941 (National Archives WO192318)

Plate 6: Detail of plan of Fort Walney, c. 1941 (National Archives WO192318)

Plate 7: Plan of Fort Walney, c. 1941 (National Archives WO192318), showing detailed plan of searchlight emplacements in top left corner

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The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

Plate 8: 1940s MOD aerial image showing the RAF Barrow airfield (49) and associated features. © Barrow Borough Council 2011

Plate 9: Google Earth image showing the former RAF Barrow airfield (49) and associated features © Infoterra Ltd and Bluesky Ltd

Plate 10: 1940 MoD aerial photograph and 2003 Google Earth image showing assets associated with RAF Barrow (29, 36 and 49)

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The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

Plate 11: 1940s MoD aerial photograph showing the southern section of RAF Barrow

Plate 12: 2003 Google Earth image showing area containing the former southern section of RAF Barrow (Assets 47 and 49).

Plate 13: 1940s MoD aerial imahe of the south‐eastern extent of RAF Barrow showing the two rifle ranges (45) ©Infoterra Ltd and Bluesky

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The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

Plate 14: Google Earth image of the south‐eastern extent of RAF Barrow showing the brick remains of the two rifle ranges (Asset 47) ©Infoterra Ltd and Bluesky

Plate 15: 1940s MoD aerial image of the area containing Fort Walney (31, 90 and 101) ©Barrow Borough Council 2011

Plate 16: Google Earth image of the Furness Golf Course and the surrounding area which formerly contained Fort Walney (Assets 31, 90 and 101), ©Infoterra Ltd and Bluesky

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The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

Plate 17: Aerial image of Fort Walney from Fort Record Book no 360 (National Archive WO 192/318)

Plate 18: 1940s MoD aerial image of south Walney showing the coastal batteries (Assets 27, 30, 129 and 138) and barbed wire enclosures, ©Barrow Borough Council 2011

Plate 19: Google Earth image of South Walney showing the remains of the coastal batterues and expansion of gravel pit ©Infoterra Ltd and Bluesky

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The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

Plate 20: 1940s MoD aerial image of south Walney showing the H5 anti aircraft battery (Asset 30) and associated military camp (Asset 129), ©Barrow Borough Council 2011

Plate 21: Google Earth image of south Walney showing the H5 anti aircraft battery (Asset 30) and associated military camp (Asset 129) ©Infoterra Ltd and Bluesky

Plate 22: Aerial image submitted by Sarah Dalrymple from a photographic scrapbook of a former Walney resident

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The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

Plate 23: Google image of the same area as Plate 22, ©Infoterra Ltd and Bluesky

Plate 24: Aerial image, labelled ‘Walney Dummy Camp’, submitted by Sarah Dalrymple from a photographic scrapbook of a former Walney resident

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Plate 25: Excerpt from a photographic scrapbook of a former Walney resident, submitted by Sarah Dalrymple

Plate 26: Excerpt from a photographic scrapbook of a former Walney resident, submitted by Sarah Dalrymple

Plate 27: Excerpt from a photographic scrapbook of a former Walney resident, submitted by Sarah Dalrymple

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The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

Plate 28: Excerpt from a photographic scrapbook of a former Walney resident, submitted by Sarah Dalrymple

Plate 29: Dr Richard Newman looking at documents with volunteers as part of the training sessions in Barrow during January 2017

Plate 30: Documentary research trainee volunteers undertaking a site visit to South Walney

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The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

Plate 31: The remains of a gun emplacement, noted during the site, on the beach on the north‐eastern side of the island

Plate 32: Aerial view of the rifle range (Asset 29); the ‘stop‐butt’ is to the top of the image (not the horseshoe depression) with the ‘shooters gallery’ at the bottom, ©Oxford Archaeology North

Plate 33: Southern revetment forming the rifle range (Asset 29), showing the current condition and the graffiti

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The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

Plate 34: Remains of the concrete structural remains of the former gunners’ training range (Asset 36)

Plate 35: Concrete remains of the Gunner Trainer (Asset 36). This appears to be the rear stop butt that has fallen over/collapsed, to the west

Plate 36: The former control tower at Fort Walney, later used as the coastguard station (Assets 31/90 and 101). The green vent for the ROC bunker can be seen in front of this structure

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The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

Plate 37: The northernmost searchlight emplacement associated with Fort Walney (Assets 31/90/101)

Plate 38: The southernmost searchlight emplacement associated with Fort Walney (Assets 31/90/101)

Plate 39: Former Pillbox (Asset 91) near the 9th tee on the gold course, associated with the protection of Fort Walney. Note the blocked‐up former openings

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Plate 40: Metal structure located on the golf course near the former Fort Walney. This has been identified by Barnes as one of ‘Vickers Armstrong’ fire watchers’ posts (http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~rwbarnes/defence/walney.htm)

Plate 41: Aerial image of the H5 HAA (Asset 30) battery in 2016, ©Oxford Archaeology North

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The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

Plate 42: Remains of a breezeblock ammunition store with the gun holdfast at the front, associated with the H5 HAA battery (Asset 30)

Plate 43: Remains of gun holdfast, part of the foemr H5 HAA battery (Asset 30). This image indicates the extent of coastal erosion and its impact on the archaeology of this area

Plate 44: Collapsed former ammunition store associated with H5 HAA battery (Asset 30)

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The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

Plate 45: Part of the remains of one of the former ammunition stores associated with the H5 HAA battery (Asset 30)

Plate 46: Northernmost searchlight emplacement forming part of the Hilpsford Fort/ Battery (Asset 27)

Plate 47: Southern searchlight emplacement (now partially buried within the dunes), which formed part of the Hipsford Fort/ Battery (Asset 27)

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The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

Plate 48: Remains of gun holdfast to the south of the lighthouse, associated with the former Hipsford Fort/ Battery (Asset 27)

Plate 49: Brick ‘walkway’ leading to artillery store from gun emplacement seen in Plate 48

Plate 50: Collapsed remains of former possible WW2 structure in the vicinity of Hipsford Fort/ Battery (Asset 27)

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Plate 51: Excerpt from the Fort Walney Book, showing the range of the gun reach (National Archives WO 19/2318)

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The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

APPENDIX 3: FIGURES

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316000/469000 326000/469000

Walney Island

0 4km

PROJECT: The Archaeology of Walney Island

CLIENT: Morecambe Bay Partnership SCALE: 1:75,000 at A4 DRAWN BY: AB Wardell Armstrong CHECKED BY: AB 2017 DATE: June 2017 Reproduced by permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery KĨĨŝĐĞ͘ΞƌŽǁŶĐŽƉLJƌŝŐŚƚ͘ REPORT No: CP11586 All rights reserved. Licence number 100058076 Figure 1: Site location. 147

146

143 99 31 144 35 141 29 142 87 140 36 49 98 135 44 134 85 45 46 41 100 47

42 145 43 26/48 97 53 52 58 11

15 519 6160 59 6 55 62 56 57 50 63 64 21 13 91 95 20 93 101 73 65 94 5 92 90 32 89 54 84 86 81 76 22/23 66 2 80 72 12 74 7 67 68 96 79 83 69 88 70 71 39 75 78 40 121 77119 82 118

113

122 112

120 117 103/111 109

116 114 110 102

115

106 104105107108

10 3 28

128

126 125 8

124

133 123

127132

131136 3334 16 138 37

139 25 1 14 4 129 18 17 38 30 19 24 137 27

130

PROJECT: The Archaeology of Walney Island KEY:

CLIENT: Morecambe Bay Partnership Prehistoric SCALE: 1:40,000 at A3 Medieval DRAWN BY: AB Post-medieval Wardell Armstrong CHECKED BY: AB Modern 2017 Reproduced by permission of Ordnance Survey on DATE: June 2017 Unknown behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery KĨĨŝĐĞ͘ΞƌŽǁŶĐŽƉLJƌŝŐŚƚ͘ůůƌŝŐŚƚƐƌĞƐĞƌǀĞĚ͘ REPORT No: CP11586 Licence number 100058076. Figure 2: Location of heritage assets within the study area. 35 DISPERSAL PADS 29 STORES AND AIR RAIS 36 SHELTER 49

AIRFIELD-RAF BARROW 44 45 46 WEAPON 41 PITS 47 BATTLE HQ-RAF BARROW 42 43 ANTI-AIRCRAFT48 BATTERY 53 AND 53 MILITARY 26 58 CAMP 11 WW1 AIRSHIP MOD AIRFIELD 15 WORKS AND MILITARY CAMP (11 AND 43)

MILITARY 60 62/98 CAMP 59 PILLBOX? 55 56 WAAF 64 21 CAMP 63/99 57 91 95 20 93 101 33/92 73 90 89 31 88 84 86 81 72 23/83/85 74/83 79 80 83 BARBED 96 WIRE 69 39 71

ANTI-AIRCRAFT ANTI-AIRCRAFT BATTERY87 78 BATTERY 77/119 118 82/121

120

117 24/116 PILLBOX? 114 ANTI-AIRCRAFT110 BATTERY 115

28 22 DECOY SITE

133

SEARCHLIGHT BATTERY 138 SEARCHLIGHT 37 BATTERY 139 ANTI-AIRCRAFT DEFENCES? 25

SEARCHLIGHT BATTERY ANTI-AIRCRAFT 129 BATTERY 30 24 38 137 27 WEAPON ANTI-AIRCRAFT PILLBOX? PITS SEARCHLIGHT BATTERY BATTERY

PROJECT: The Archaeology of Walney Island KEY: Heritage assets CLIENT: Morecambe Bay Partnership Barrage balloon SCALE: 1:40,000 at A3 DRAWN BY: AB Target practice

Wardell Armstrong CHECKED BY: AB Anti glider ditch 2017 Reproduced by permission of Ordnance Survey on DATE: June 2017 Pillbox behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery KĨĨŝĐĞ͘ΞƌŽǁŶĐŽƉLJƌŝŐŚƚ͘ůůƌŝŐŚƚƐƌĞƐĞƌǀĞĚ͘ REPORT No: CP11586 Licence number 100058076. Figure 3: Location of military heritage assets. Pillbox

Pillbox

Pillbox Possible ROC or AA position

Pillbox

Pillbox Pillbox

Pillbox Pillbox Pillbox (?)Pillbox Pillbox Pillbox Pillbox

WWI Searchlight (South Walney)

Pillbox Pillbox Pillbox Pillbox Pillbox Pillbox Pillbox Pillbox Pillbox Pillbox Pillbox Pillbox Pillbox Pillbox Pillbox Pillbox Pillbox Pillbox Pillbox Pillbox Pillbox Pillbox Pillbox Ruin on Headin Haw (former gunpowder store) Pillbox Pillbox Pillbox Pillbox Pillbox Pillbox Pillbox Pillbox

(?) Possible decoy site

WWI Searchlight (Fort Walney)

PROJECT: The Archaeology of Walney Island

CLIENT: Morecambe Bay Partnership SCALE: 1:40,000 at A3 DRAWN BY: AB

Wardell Armstrong CHECKED BY: AB 2017 Reproduced by permission of Ordnance Survey on DATE: June 2017 behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery KĨĨŝĐĞ͘ΞƌŽǁŶĐŽƉLJƌŝŐŚƚ͘ůůƌŝŐŚƚƐƌĞƐĞƌǀĞĚ͘ REPORT No: CP11586 Licence number 100058076. Figure 4: The distribution of sites recorded as part of the Defence of Britain project. The Military Archaeological Remains of Walney Island Desk‐Based Assessment

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