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Introducing Astronomy Into High School Physics Curriculum Through the Use of the University of North Dakota Observatory

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Introducing Astronomy Into High School Physics Curriculum Through the Use of the University of North Dakota Observatory University of North Dakota UND Scholarly Commons Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects January 2012 Introducing Astronomy Into High School Physics Curriculum Through The seU Of The niU versity Of North Dakota Observatory Caitlin Marie Nolby Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/theses Recommended Citation Nolby, Caitlin Marie, "Introducing Astronomy Into High School Physics Curriculum Through The sU e Of The nivU ersity Of North Dakota Observatory" (2012). Theses and Dissertations. 1366. https://commons.und.edu/theses/1366 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects at UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INTRODUCING ASTRONOMY INTO HIGH SCHOOL PHYSICS CURRICULUM THROUGH THE USE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH DAKOTA OBSERVATORY by Caitlin Marie Nolby Bachelor of Science, University of Minnesota – Twin Cities, 2010 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of North Dakota In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Grand Forks, North Dakota December 2012 This thesis, submitted by Caitlin Marie Nolby in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science from the University of North Dakota, has been read by the Faculty Advisory Committee under whom the work has been done, and is hereby approved. __________________________________________ Dr. Paul Hardersen __________________________________________ Dr. David J. Whalen __________________________________________ Dr. Mark Guy This thesis is being submitted by the appointed advisory committee as having met all of the requirements of the Graduate School at the University of North Dakota and is hereby approved. __________________________________________ Wayne Swisher Dean of the Graduate School __________________________________________ Date ii Title Introducing Astronomy into High School Physics Curriculum Through the Use of the University of North Dakota Observatory Department Space Studies Degree Master of Science In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a graduate degree from the University of North Dakota, I agree that the library of this University shall make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for extensive copying for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor who supervised my thesis work or, in his absence, by the Chairperson of the department or the dean of the Graduate School. It is understood that any copying or publication or other use of this thesis or part thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of North Dakota in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my thesis. Caitlin Nolby November 2, 2012 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ……………………………………………………………………... x LIST OF TABLES ………………………………………………………...………….... xii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS …………………………………………………………...… xv ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………………... xvi CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………...…….. 1 Purpose for Research ………………………………..………...… 2 Statement of the Problem………………..…………….…. 4 II. LITERATURE REVIEW ……………………………………………….. 6 Current Astronomy Education Research ……………..…………. 6 Astrophysics Summer Institute ……………………..…… 6 Astronomy Lecture Tutorials ………………………..…... 8 Common Misconceptions in Astronomy ……………..…. 9 The Need for Teacher Training in Astronomy ………… 14 Learning Processes and Teaching Methods in Astronomy ……………………………………………… 17 Visual Aids in Astronomy Education ………….. 18 Images of Astronomy Concepts ……...… 19 The Effectiveness of Animations in PowerPoint Presentations …………….… 19 iv Traditional Versus Reform-based Teaching …… 22 Constructivist Learning ……………………….... 22 Current State of Astronomy in United States Schools ……….… 25 Astronomy in the Standards ………………………….… 27 North Dakota State Science Standards ………… 29 Standards in the Classroom …………………..… 31 International Astronomy Education ………………………….… 31 Astronomy Teaching Methods in Israel ……………...… 34 House of Science in Stockholm ……………………...… 34 Stockholm University Program for Secondary Students . 35 Remote Observing …………………………………………...… 36 Faulkes Telescope Project …………………………….... 38 Examining the Effectiveness of the Faulkes Telescopes ……………………………………… 39 MicroObservatory ……………………………………… 41 Examining the Effectiveness of MicroObservatory …………………………..….. 42 Astronomy Course at the Latin School of Chicago ……. 43 Recommendations for Future AER Projects …………… 45 III. OVERVIEW OF UND OBSERVATORY ………………………..…… 47 Brief History of the UND Observatory ………………………… 47 The UND Observatory Today ………………………………..… 49 Current Equipment ……………………………………... 49 Internet Observatory #1 ………………………... 49 v Internet Observatory #2 ………………………... 50 Internet Observatory #3 …………………………50 Research Capabilities ………………………………...… 51 UND Observatory Mission …………………………..… 51 IV. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ……………………………………… 53 Justification for Research ………………………………………. 53 Incorporation of Past Research in GFCHS Course ………..…… 54 Development of Course Content ……………………………….. 56 The Learners …………………………………………… 56 Overall Design Method ………………………………… 57 Designing Day One – Navigating the Night Sky ………. 60 Resources Used in Designing Day One ………... 61 Designing Day Two – Astronomical Distances ............... 61 Resources Used in Designing Day Two ……….. 62 Designing Day Three – Our Moon and Rules of the Solar System ……………………………..………….…. 62 Resources Used in Designing Day Three ……… 63 Designing Day Four – Telescopes …………………...… 63 Resources Used in Designing Day Four ……….. 64 Designing Day Five – Asteroids, Comets, and Their “Impacts” …………………………………………...….. 64 Resources Used in Designing Day Five ………………... 64 Designing Trip to the UND Observatory ………………. 65 Designing Day Six – Remote Observing ………………. 65 vi Resources Used in Designing Day Six ………… 66 Designing Day Seven – Astrometry and its Applications ………………………………………...….. 66 Resources Used in Designing Day Seven …...…. 66 Designing Day Eight – John D. Odegard School of Aerospace Sciences Tour …………………………….… 67 Designing Day Nine – Stars ………………………….… 67 Resources Used in Designing Day Nine ……….. 68 Designing Day Ten – Life in the Universe ………….…. 68 Resources Used in Designing Day Ten ………... 68 Designing the Student Research Project ……….……..…69 Designing Student Evaluations ………………………… 70 Design of the Pre-test and Post-test ……………. 70 Design of the Daily Exit Surveys …………….… 71 Course Implementation ………………………………………… 72 Teaching Day One – Navigating the Night Sky ……….. 73 In-Class Activity: Understanding Altitude and Azimuth ………………………………………… 74 Teaching Day Two – Astronomical Distances ………… 75 In-Class Activity: Predicting Sizes and Distances .. …………….……………………….. 77 Teaching Day Three – Our Moon and Rules of the Solar System …………………..………………..…….... 78 In-Class Activity: Demonstrating Lunar Phases ………………………..…………..….….. 80 Teaching Day Four – Telescopes ………..…..……….… 81 vii Teaching Day Five – Asteroids, Comets, and Their “Impacts” …………………………..………..…………. 83 In-Class Activity: The Asteroid That Killed The Dinosaurs …………………………..…..………. 83 Visit to UND Observatory ………………..………..…... 84 Teaching Day Six – Remote Observing ………………... 85 Teaching Day Seven – Astrometry and its Applications ………………………………....…………. 86 In-Class Activity: Mission to an Asteroid …....... 88 Day Eight – John D. Odegard School of Aerospace Sciences Tour …………………………………...……… 89 Tour of Space Studies Facilities …………..…… 89 Tour of Aviation Facilities ………………..……. 89 Teaching Day Nine – Stars ……………………..……… 90 Teaching Day Ten – Life in the Universe ……..……….. 92 In-Class Activity: Drake Equation …….....…….. 93 V. RESULTS ……………………………………..……………………….. 95 Student Evaluations ………………………………..…………... 95 Daily Exit Surveys ………………………………..….… 96 Day One – Navigating the Night Sky ………..… 97 Day Two – Astronomical Distances .................. 100 Day Three – Our Moon and Rules of the Solar System ………………………………………… 102 Day Four – Telescopes ………………………... 103 Day Five – Asteroids, Comets, and Their “Impacts” ……………………………………... 106 viii Day Six – Remote Observing ………………… 108 Day Seven – Astrometry and its Applications ………………………………..…. 110 Day Eight – John D. Odegard School of Aerospace Sciences Tour ………………..….… 112 Day Nine – Stars ……………………………… 113 Day Ten – Life in the Universe ……………..… 115 Pre-test and Post-test ………………………………….. 117 Pre/Post-Test Question #1 …………………….. 117 Pre/Post-Test Question #2 …………………….. 119 Pre/Post-Test Question #3 …………………….. 121 Pre/Post-Test Question #4 …………………….. 122 Pre/Post-Test Question #5 …………………….. 130 Pre/Post-Test Question #6 …………………….. 131 Pre/Post-Test Question #7 …………………….. 135 Pre/Post-Test Question #8 …………………….. 137 Student Research Project ………………………...…… 143 VI. DISCUSSION AND FUTURE WORK ……………………………… 145 Discussion of Student Evaluations ……………………………. 146 Future Research ……………………………….……………… 147 Future Design of Course ……………………………………… 149 Conclusions …………………………………………………… 152 APPENDICES………………………………………………………………………… 153 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………...…… 183 ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Pre-test Response to Question #4 of Student C …………………….………..….….. 125 2. Post-test Response to Question #4 of Student C ……………………….…..……….. 125 3. Pre-test Response to Question #4 of Student G …………………………......………
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