No Surprise Suffering 1 Peter 4:12-19
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About Emotions There Are 8 Primary Emotions. You Are Born with These
About Emotions There are 8 primary emotions. You are born with these emotions wired into your brain. That wiring causes your body to react in certain ways and for you to have certain urges when the emotion arises. Here is a list of primary emotions: Eight Primary Emotions Anger: fury, outrage, wrath, irritability, hostility, resentment and violence. Sadness: grief, sorrow, gloom, melancholy, despair, loneliness, and depression. Fear: anxiety, apprehension, nervousness, dread, fright, and panic. Joy: enjoyment, happiness, relief, bliss, delight, pride, thrill, and ecstasy. Interest: acceptance, friendliness, trust, kindness, affection, love, and devotion. Surprise: shock, astonishment, amazement, astound, and wonder. Disgust: contempt, disdain, scorn, aversion, distaste, and revulsion. Shame: guilt, embarrassment, chagrin, remorse, regret, and contrition. All other emotions are made up by combining these basic 8 emotions. Sometimes we have secondary emotions, an emotional reaction to an emotion. We learn these. Some examples of these are: o Feeling shame when you get angry. o Feeling angry when you have a shame response (e.g., hurt feelings). o Feeling fear when you get angry (maybe you’ve been punished for anger). There are many more. These are NOT wired into our bodies and brains, but are learned from our families, our culture, and others. When you have a secondary emotion, the key is to figure out what the primary emotion, the feeling at the root of your reaction is, so that you can take an action that is most helpful. . -
Characteristics of the Regulation of the Surprise Emotion Chuanlin Zhu1, Ping Li2, Zhao Zhang2, Dianzhi Liu1 & Wenbo Luo2,3
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Characteristics of the regulation of the surprise emotion Chuanlin Zhu1, Ping Li2, Zhao Zhang2, Dianzhi Liu1 & Wenbo Luo2,3 This study aimed to assess the characteristics of the regulation of the emotion of surprise. Event-related Received: 27 June 2017 potentials (ERPs) of college students when using cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression to Accepted: 11 April 2019 regulate their surprise level were recorded. Diferent contexts were presented to participants, followed Published: xx xx xxxx by the image of surprised facial expression; subsequently, using a 9-point scale, participants were asked to rate the intensity of their emotional experience. The behavioral results suggest that individuals’ surprise level could be reduced by using both expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal, in basic and complex conditions. The ERP results showed that (1) the N170 amplitudes were larger in complex than basic contexts, and those elicited by using expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal showed no signifcant diferences, suggesting that emotion regulation did not occur at this stage; (2) the LPC amplitudes elicited by using cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression were smaller than those elicited by free viewing in both context conditions, suggesting that the late stage of individuals’ processing of surprised faces was infuenced by emotion regulation. This study found that conscious emotional regulation occurred in the late stages when individuals processed surprise, and the regulation efects of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression were equivalent. When we pass an important test, some of us dance out of excitement; when we are informed about the sudden death of a loved one, we feel extremely sad. -
Emotion Classification Based on Biophysical Signals and Machine Learning Techniques
S S symmetry Article Emotion Classification Based on Biophysical Signals and Machine Learning Techniques Oana Bălan 1,* , Gabriela Moise 2 , Livia Petrescu 3 , Alin Moldoveanu 1 , Marius Leordeanu 1 and Florica Moldoveanu 1 1 Faculty of Automatic Control and Computers, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Bucharest 060042, Romania; [email protected] (A.M.); [email protected] (M.L.); fl[email protected] (F.M.) 2 Department of Computer Science, Information Technology, Mathematics and Physics (ITIMF), Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, Ploiesti 100680, Romania; [email protected] 3 Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest 030014, Romania; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +40722276571 Received: 12 November 2019; Accepted: 18 December 2019; Published: 20 December 2019 Abstract: Emotions constitute an indispensable component of our everyday life. They consist of conscious mental reactions towards objects or situations and are associated with various physiological, behavioral, and cognitive changes. In this paper, we propose a comparative analysis between different machine learning and deep learning techniques, with and without feature selection, for binarily classifying the six basic emotions, namely anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, and surprise, into two symmetrical categorical classes (emotion and no emotion), using the physiological recordings and subjective ratings of valence, arousal, and dominance from the DEAP (Dataset for Emotion Analysis using EEG, Physiological and Video Signals) database. The results showed that the maximum classification accuracies for each emotion were: anger: 98.02%, joy:100%, surprise: 96%, disgust: 95%, fear: 90.75%, and sadness: 90.08%. In the case of four emotions (anger, disgust, fear, and sadness), the classification accuracies were higher without feature selection. -
Association Between Neuroticism and Risk of Incident Cardiovascular Disease in the UK Biobank Cohort
Association between neuroticism and risk of incident cardiovascular disease in the UK Biobank cohort Master Degree Project in Systems Biology Two years Level, 120 ECTS Submitted by: Hira Shahid Email: [email protected] Supervisor: Helgi Schioth Co.supervisor: Gull Rukh Examiner: Diana Tilevik Master Degree Project in Systems Biology Abstract Myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke are the major causes of cardiovascular related morbidities and mortalities around the world. The prevalence of cardiovascular diseases has been increased in last decades and it is vital need of time to investigate this global problem with focus on risk population stratification. The aim of the present study is to investigate the association between individualized personality trait that is neuroticism and risk of MI and stroke has been investigated in a large population-based cohort of UK biobank.375,713 individuals (mean age: 56.24 ± 8.06) were investigated in this longitudinal study and were followed up for seven years to assess the association between neuroticism and risk of MI and stroke incidence. The neuroticism score was assessed by a 12-item questionnaire at baseline, while information related to MI and stroke events was either collected from hospital records and death registries or was self-reported by the participants. Cox proportional hazard regression adjusted for age, gender, BMI, socioeconomic status, lifestyle factors and medical histories for hypertension, diabetes and depression was used. All statistical analyses were performed using R software. In fully adjusted model, a one standard deviation increase in neuroticism score was associated with 1.05-fold increased risk for MI. (HR=1.047(1.009-1.087), p=0.015). -
EMOTION CLASSIFICATION of COVERED FACES 1 WHO CAN READ YOUR FACIAL EXPRESSION? a Comparison of Humans and Machine Learning Class
journal name manuscript No. (will be inserted by the editor) 1 A Comparison of Humans and Machine Learning 2 Classifiers Detecting Emotion from Faces of People 3 with Different Coverings 4 Harisu Abdullahi Shehu · Will N. 5 Browne · Hedwig Eisenbarth 6 7 Received: 9th August 2021 / Accepted: date 8 Abstract Partial face coverings such as sunglasses and face masks uninten- 9 tionally obscure facial expressions, causing a loss of accuracy when humans 10 and computer systems attempt to categorise emotion. Experimental Psychol- 11 ogy would benefit from understanding how computational systems differ from 12 humans when categorising emotions as automated recognition systems become 13 available. We investigated the impact of sunglasses and different face masks on 14 the ability to categorize emotional facial expressions in humans and computer 15 systems to directly compare accuracy in a naturalistic context. Computer sys- 16 tems, represented by the VGG19 deep learning algorithm, and humans assessed 17 images of people with varying emotional facial expressions and with four dif- 18 ferent types of coverings, i.e. unmasked, with a mask covering lower-face, a 19 partial mask with transparent mouth window, and with sunglasses. Further- Harisu Abdullahi Shehu (Corresponding author) School of Engineering and Computer Science, Victoria University of Wellington, 6012 Wellington E-mail: [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0002-9689-3290 Will N. Browne School of Electrical Engineering and Robotics, Queensland University of Technology, Bris- bane QLD 4000, Australia Tel: +61 45 2468 148 E-mail: [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0001-8979-2224 Hedwig Eisenbarth School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, 6012 Wellington Tel: +64 4 463 9541 E-mail: [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0002-0521-2630 2 Shehu H. -
Surprise: a Belief Or an Emotion? in V.S
Provided for non-commercial research and educational use only. Not for reproduction, distribution or commercial use. This chapter was originally published in the book Progress in Brain Research, Vol. 202 published by Elsevier, and the attached copy is provided by Elsevier for the author's benefit and for the benefit of the author's institution, for non-commercial research and educational use including without limitation use in instruction at your institution, sending it to specific colleagues who know you, and providing a copy to your institution’s administrator. All other uses, reproduction and distribution, including without limitation commercial reprints, selling or licensing copies or access, or posting on open internet sites, your personal or institution’s website or repository, are prohibited. For exceptions, permission may be sought for such use through Elsevier's permissions site at: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/permissionusematerial From: Barbara Mellers, Katrina Fincher, Caitlin Drummond and Michelle Bigony, Surprise: A belief or an emotion? In V.S. Chandrasekhar Pammi and Narayanan Srinivasan, editors: Progress in Brain Research, Vol. 202, Amsterdam: The Netherlands, 2013, pp. 3-19. ISBN: 978-0-444-62604-2 © Copyright 2013 Elsevier B.V. Elsevier Author's personal copy CHAPTER Surprise: A belief or an emotion? 1 Barbara Mellers1, Katrina Fincher, Caitlin Drummond, Michelle Bigony Department of Psychology, Solomon Labs, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA 1Corresponding author. Tel.: þ1-215-7466540, Fax: þ1-215-8987301, e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract Surprise is a fundamental link between cognition and emotion. It is shaped by cognitive as- sessments of likelihood, intuition, and superstition, and it in turn shapes hedonic experiences. -
From Anxiety to Panic Disorder : Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction As Treatment in Adolescence
Smith ScholarWorks Theses, Dissertations, and Projects 2013 From anxiety to panic disorder : effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy and mindfulness based stress reduction as treatment in adolescence Carrie-Anne Swiatek Smith College Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.smith.edu/theses Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Swiatek, Carrie-Anne, "From anxiety to panic disorder : effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy and mindfulness based stress reduction as treatment in adolescence" (2013). Masters Thesis, Smith College, Northampton, MA. https://scholarworks.smith.edu/theses/610 This Masters Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations, and Projects by an authorized administrator of Smith ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Carrie-Anne Swiatek From Anxiety to Panic Disorder: Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction as Treatment in Adolescence ABSTRACT Research has shown that mental illness often surfaces during adolescence and early adulthood, and can frequently extend throughout adulthood. Without treatment, the consequences of mental illness for individuals and society can be overwhelming. Untreated individuals often fall victim to unnecessary disabilities, unemployment, substance abuse, homelessness, inappropriate incarceration, comorbid health issues and even suicide. Further, there is a continuing need for supportive services for adolescents who are specifically diagnosed with an anxiety disorder, such as panic disorder, or who self-identified as having excessive anxiety and other stress-related symptoms. Research has shown the cognitive-behavioral and mindfulness-based treatment interventions may be effective for a broad range of mental health issues in adults (Pincus, May, Whitton, Mattis & Barlow, 2010; Thompson, M., & Gauntlett-Gilbert, J., 2008); however, fewer studies exist in regards for treatment with such interventions for adolescents. -
Discrete Emotions Or Dimensions? the Role of Valence Focus And
COGNITION AND EMOTION, 1998, 12 (4), 579± 599 Discrete Em otions or Dim ensions? The Role of Valence Focus and Arousal Focus Lisa Feldman Barrett Boston College, Massachusetts, USA The present study provides evidence that valence focus and arousal focus are important processes in determining whether a dimensional or a discrete emotion model best captures how people label their affective states. Indivi- duals high in valence focus and low in arousal focus ® t a dimensional model better in that they reported more co-occurrences among like-valenced affec- tive states, whereas those lower in valence focus and higher in arousal focus ® t a discrete model better in that they reported fewer co-occurrences between like-valenced affective states. Taken together, these ® ndings suggest that one static, nomothetic theory may not accurately describe the subjective affective experience of all individuals. INTRODUCTION Most researchers agree that affect has at least two qualities: valence (pleasantness or hedonic value) and arousal (bodily activation). Some theorists emphasise one or the other quality as basic to affective experi- ence (e.g. Duffy, 1941; Lazarus, 1991; Ortony, Clore, & Collins, 1988; Thayer, 1989; Zajonc, 1980). Others incorporate both (e.g. Lang, 1994; Reisenzein, 1994; Russell, 1980; Schacter & Singer, 1962; Schlosberg, 1952). Even some theorists who emphasise basic discrete emotions allow a role for valence and arousal (e.g. Roseman, Spindel, & Jose, 1990; Smith & Ellsworth, 1985). There is evidence that valence and arousal are pan- cultural (Russell, 1991) and present in young children (Russell & Bullock, 1985). Requests for reprints should be sent to Dr Lisa Feldman Barrett, Department of Psychol- ogy, 427 McGuinn Hall, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02167, USA. -
The Relationship Between the Big Five Personality Traits and Authentic Leadership Bronti Baptiste Walden University
Walden University ScholarWorks Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection 2018 The Relationship Between the Big Five Personality Traits and Authentic Leadership Bronti Baptiste Walden University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations Part of the Vocational Rehabilitation Counseling Commons This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection at ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Walden University College of Social and Behavioral Sciences This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation by Bronti Baptiste has been found to be complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the review committee have been made. Review Committee Dr. Bernadette Dorr, Committee Chairperson, Psychology Faculty Dr. David Kriska, Committee Member, Psychology Faculty Dr. Thomas Edman, University Reviewer, Psychology Faculty Chief Academic Officer Eric Riedel, Ph.D. Walden University 2018 Abstract The Relationship Between the Big Five Personality Traits and Authentic Leadership by Bronti A.M. Baptiste MA, Walden University, 2007 BS, Missouri Southern State University, 2005 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Organizational Psychology Walden University January 2018 Abstract Effective leadership, ethical leadership, and leadership emergence have been extensively researched, but there remains a lack of research on the relationship between the big 5 personality traits and authentic leadership. This quantitative study was based on the empirical principles of the big 5 model and guided by the big 5 theory. -
The Cognitive-Evolutionary Model of Surprise: a Review of the Evidence 1
The Cognitive-Evolutionary Model of Surprise: A Review of the Evidence 1 Running head: The Cognitive-Evolutionary Model of Surprise: A Review of the Evidence The Cognitive-Evolutionary Model of Surprise: A Review of the Evidence Rainer Reisenzein, Institute of Psychology, University of Greifswald, Gernot Horstmann, Institute of Psychology, University of Bielefeld Achim Schützwohl, Division of Psychology, Brunel University London Final Version: Date: July 16, 2017 Words (without references): 9645 The Cognitive-Evolutionary Model of Surprise: A Review of the Evidence 2 Abstract Research on surprise relevant to the cognitive-evolutionary model of surprise proposed by Meyer, Reisenzein, and Schützwohl (1997) is reviewed. The majority of the assumptions of the model are found empirically supported. Surprise is evoked by unexpected (schema-discrepant) events, whereas the novelty and the valence of the eliciting events probably do not have an independent effect. Unexpected events cause an automatic interruption of mental processing that is followed by attentional shift and attentional binding to the events, which is often followed by causal and other event analysis processes and by schema revision. The facial expression of surprise postulated by evolutionary emotion psychologists has been found to occur rarely in surprise, for as yet unknown reasons. A physiological orienting response marked by skin conductance increase, heart rate deceleration and pupil dilation has been observed to regularly occur in the standard version of the repetition-change paradigm of surprise induction, but the specificity of these reactions as indicators of surprise is controversial. There is indirect evidence for the assumption that the feeling of surprise consists of the direct awareness of the schema-discrepancy signal, but this feeling, or at least the self-report of surprise, is also influenced by experienced interference. -
Panic Disorder
Panic Disorder (800) 492-5742 • (231) 922-4850 www.northernlakescmh.org Facts attack go to the emergency room. Because the symptoms Panic disorder is a type of anxiety disorder in which of panic disorder can resemble life-threatening conditions, people repeatedly have brief episodes of intense fear the diagnosis of panic disorder is frequently overlooked. or discomfort with physical symptoms (such as heart People with the disorder have panic attacks repeatedly palpitations and dizziness) in situations without outside and develop an intense fear of having another one. This threat. These “panic attacks,” which are the hallmark of fear — called anticipatory anxiety or fear of fear — can panic disorder, are believed to occur when the brain’s be present most of the time and seriously interfere with normal mechanism for reacting to a threat (the “fight- the person’s life, even when a panic attack is not in or-flight” response), becomes inappropriately aroused. progress. It is not unusual for a person with panic disorder Anxiety disorders are illnesses related to this fear to develop phobias about places or situations where panic response being activated more strongly than necessary attacks have occurred, such as in grocery stores or while or when not necessary at all. Most people with panic in a car. It is common for affected people to try and create disorder feel anxious about having panic attacks and a zone of safety for themselves by avoiding those places avoid situations in which they believe these attacks are or situations. As the frequency of panic attacks increases, likely to occur. -
Self-Report Captures 27 Distinct Categories of Emotion Bridged By
Self-report captures 27 distinct categories of emotion PNAS PLUS bridged by continuous gradients Alan S. Cowena,1 and Dacher Keltnera aBerkeley Social Interaction Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 Edited by Joseph E. LeDoux, New York University, New York, NY, and approved August 7, 2017 (received for review February 9, 2017) Emotions are centered in subjective experiences that people rep- tional experiences of similar valence and arousal, such as anger resent, in part, with hundreds, if not thousands, of semantic and fear, or hope and pride (1, 14, 19, 22–24). Varying combi- terms. Claims about the distribution of reported emotional states nations of such dimensions have been the focus of hundreds of and the boundaries between emotion categories—that is, the studies linking reported emotional experience to behavior, phys- geometric organization of the semantic space of emotion—have iology, and brain activity (25–36). sparked intense debate. Here we introduce a conceptual frame- A second approach to emotional experience details how spe- work to analyze reported emotional states elicited by 2,185 short cific emotion categories, such as awe, fear, and envy, describe videos, examining the richest array of reported emotional expe- discrete clusters of states within a presupposed semantic space. riences studied to date and the extent to which reported expe- More precisely, basic emotion theories posit that a limited num- riences of emotion are structured by discrete and dimensional ber of clusters, ranging in theoretical accounts from 6 to 15, geometries. Across self-report methods, we find that the videos describe the distribution of all emotional states (16, 37, 38).