PROCEEDINGS of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland

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www.socantscot.org Charity No SC 010440 440 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 9, 1892:

IX,

AN ACCOUNT OF THE MACES OF THE UNIVERSITIES OF ST ANDREWS, GLASGOW, ABERDEEN, AND EDINBURGH, THE COLLEGE OF JUS- TICE, THE CITY OF EDINBURGH, &c. BY ALEXANDER J. S. BROOK, F.S.A. SCOT, (PLATES III.-XII.)

e mac Th r clus unquestionablo e bwa e earliesth f o t e weaponsyon ; and. the rod or baton claims an almost equally high antiquity as an emble authorityf mo t seemI . s probabl connectes i e e on tha e dtth with, unlikelt developmena no os s ri wa yothere t thai th weapo e r f to th fo t; n originally used to enforce power came in time to be used as an emblem or a symbol of power. The word " mace " is simply the Saxon for a lump-^-a mass or weight, —the Latin massa. e e primitivclubth Th f so e savage were oftef o n wood alone, but at different times and in .different places they underwent many developments, so that we find them frequently made with wooden handle massivd an s e stone heads. Weapons answerin thago t t description—lignis imposita saxa1— mentionedchronicled ol n a uses y a b ry db the Saxons at the battle of Hastings, are figured in the Bayeaux tapestry. Numerous.specimens of knobbed stone balls, which it is supposed may have forme e headdth f similaso r weapon r primitivso e maces, have been discovere thin i d s country. Another varietmace th alss ef i o yo figured in the tapestry as borne by the Normans. In form it is a long notched or lobed club, and is assumed to be of iron. One of these is shown in the hands of Odo, the Norman Bishop of Bayeaux. Some writers regard this mac s simpla e badgya f commano e bishop'a r o d s baton; an f thii d s assumptio s correctni e havw , e at this classedato tw e f so maces in use—one for active warfare, and the other merely as an emblem of authority. It is not necessary, in connection with this paper, to enter into a detailed account of the development of the war-mace ; but it may be interesting to state a theory propounded by a distinguished English antiquary, Chancellor Ferguso f Carlisleo n o regardwh , s e "civith c 1 Froc. Soc. Aniiq. Scot.,. 57 . volp . .xi PROC. Soc. ANTIQ. SCOT. VOL. XXVI. PLATE III.

. e FacultMac1 th f eo f Artsyo , Universit t AndrewsS f yo . 2. e FacultMacth £ eo Canof yo Theologicae nth Laww no , l Faculty, Universit t AndrewsS f yo . 3. Mac Sf eo t S;ilvator's College, Universit t AndrewsS f yo . 4. Mace of the University of Glasgow. ACCOUN MACEE TH F SO T OF SCOTTISH UNIVERSITIES, 1 ETC44 .

mac e s nothinmilitara eth e t turneon bu gy d upside down."r M 1 Ferguson traces the development of the war-mace through the different forms whic weapoe hth n assumed from those with plain globular heads, battle useth t f Senlac dea o flangee th o r laminatet , do d war-mace th f eo sixteenth century e thee peculiaH th e n mac.s th show wa erw ho s weapo king'e th f nso sergeant-at-arms, bot Englann hi d Francean d s a , e fourteentearlth s ya t hbecami centuryw ho e d usual an ,mara s f a ,k o high favour, to grant to mayors and others, to whom royal authority was delegated, the right to have one or more sergeants-at-arms or at-mace. governine Th g charte f Carlisl o rtime th f Charle eo f eo . directsI s that e executio mace th th r efo f procesno s should beae royath r l armsr M . Ferguson then points out how there was no very suitable place in a war- mace on which to place the arms, and that one was found by swelling e mace th e foof th o t t int ou osmala l bel r bowo l whicn o l placo ht e e themmacTh e. then assume e stil on e forl th f dpreservemo t da Carlisle. civie th cs maceA gradually predominated ovee militarth r y oneo s , increasbele d th en laminatee l d th sizedi n ed i d diminishan , en d , until ultimately the flanges and laminaB survived alone in meaningless scrolls, subsequentld an y assume fore bala dr knoth f m o lo p with fluting. Englan s veri d y ric n macesi h , havin o lesn gs than about three. hundred old civic maces still preserved, and Mr Ferguson has no difficult n pointini y o mant g y example n illustratioi s s theoryhi f o n . There are, however maceo n , n Scotlani s d which show this transition and development. It is possible that the maces of the fifteenth cen- tur ye Lor th referre dn i Treasurer'o t d s accounts wer f thio e s semi-, militaryn i typet conjectur w f theBu o no . me s i on s fruitless ei t no r fo , existence. e e bell-headeoldesth Th f .o t possesdw macey no e ma s w s have been modelled from these still older ones r thehavy o , yma e been made—as is more probable—after the pattern of contemporary maces in England. An examination of the maces in Scotland makes it clear that the. ceremonial mace was not in all instances derived from the war-mace. In addition to the bell-headed maces, there is an older and different type Archaeological Journal, vol. xli. pp. 370-3.

1 2E2 - PROCEEDING . E SOCIETY 2 , 18929 44 TH , Y F .,O S. MA ,

in Scotland modelled on totally different lines, all the examples of which excel, boiji in antiquity and in the magnificence of their designs, the finest of the English specimens. e threTh e maces belongin Universite th o gt t AndrewS f yo thad san t of the University of Glasgow are all of older date than even the oldest of the English maceSi They were made and used at a time when military maces wer n actuaScotlandn t i ethei ye e y us l d cannot'ban ^ e said in any sense of the word to be a development of them, or even to beae leasth r t resemblanc o theme t origie Th f thei.o n r type must evidentl soughe yb r elsewherefo t . t I appear e thae differenm th t o t s t form f maceo s s depended very much upo e positioe th individuan th f o n l whose office they wero t e magnify upod e purposan ,n th e they were intende serveo dt . . In university ceremonials they were borne before the rector, who in pre-Reformation times was always a Churchman, and they were for use, as we read, at " solemn times." It is not therefore surprising to find them designe e prevailinth n di g characte f Gothio r c ornament whicn i , h not only the edifices but also all the vessels and other insignia of, the

Church were made( ; With regard to the civic and other maces still preserved in Scotland, it is very evident that they were intended purely for the purpose of ceremonial, and to enhance the dignity of those upon whom the royal favour was bestowed. ' . '. The charter granted to Edinburgh by James VI., dated at Whitehall, Novembe followin e , 1609th 10 rs ha , g preamble :--• "clearls Thawa t yti known and made manifest to him^ that in all well-constituted commonwealths the whole Magistrals were not only permitted; but .were ordered to carr bead yan r bundle f rodso s 1 and such ensigns before them ......

allusioe bundle 1Th th interestin n o rodnf t a e o s si g onedoubtlesd an , s refero t s the fasces of" the Roman lictors borne before kings, consuls, praetors, and dictators, lu these were combined both the symbol of office and the rod for punishment ; and it is curious to note that the mace of the Lower House of the United States Congress t Washingtoa fashiones ni d on this model, It consist thirteef o s n ebony sticks- re , presentin e thirteegth n original e UnionStateth f o s . Thes surmountee ar e a y b d globe of silver, on which an eagle with outstretched \viiigs is pei'ched. This'mace mads wa 1834n ei ...... ACCOUN E MACETH F SCOTTISF O SO T H UNIVERSITIES, 3 ETC44 .

as sign tokend san f theiso r magistracy induco t d commoe ean th , n people to greater reverence ...,." e samth als s en I oyeawa t ordainedi r a lette n i ,r addressee th o dt privy council l suc, al tha hn o toccasion e Lorth ds a sTreasure r "sail come ony way abroad in ony of the streitis of ony burgh, citie, or toun of this kingdome," a, silver-gilt mace shall be carried before him. It is therefore quite clear that the university, the civic and other maces in Scotland were intended only for the purposes of ceremonial, t contemplateno s wa t i d dan that they should eve usee b r weapons da f so attack, any more than it was thought likely that the civic sword should be drawn for the defence of the Lord Provost. Ther thus ewa sconsiderabla e difference betwee macee n th thes d s ean of the sergeants-atmace in England, for the sergeant's mace was both an emble f authoritmo n actuaa d l an y s recordei -weapon t i d dan ; that when the sergeant-at-mace served process, he showed the bell1 end of s machi e wit e royahth l arms displaye s authority s proohi da f o f d an , if the party was contumacious he reversed his mace and knocked the contumaciou dowe son n wit militare hth y end. '* Most of the important maces which* Lave been used at different periods in Scotland have happily been preserved. They naturally fall to be divided intgroupso otw , whether regar pais di theio dt r antiquito t r yo their design. foue Th r oldest, which belonUniversitiee th o gt t AndrewS f so d san Glasgow, were e fifteentmadth n ei h century haved an , , wit excepe hon - tion, head f tabernaclo s e form ;e othersth whil l al e, which belong respectively to the City of Edinburgh, the Universities of Aberdeen and Edinburgh, and the College of Justice, were made in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and later, and have bell-shaped heads. oldese Th t groumose th s tpi artisti d interesting an cf the o e m On . belongs to St Salvator's College, and the other two, designated in one minute of the senatus "the Honours of the University," originally belonge e Facult th Faculte o dth t Art f yd o ysan jaf Canoe n ar Law d an , now the insignia of the University and of St Mary's College. As the first-mentioned bears both an inscription and- the arras and initials of 4 44 PROCEEDING E SOCIETY , 18929 TH Y F .O SMA ,

Bishop Kennedy presenteo t Salvador'S wh , o t t di s College easiln ca yi i , be s beeidentifiedha n t i bot t hperplexina bu , ad difficulgan t question to distinguish between the other two maces, and to ascertain to which of these two Faculties of Arts and of Canon Law they respectively evidentls ha e belongedon y e beeTh n. made in Scotlan e otheth d r dan in France, but neither of them bears an inscription. From their architectural features it is also clear that they both belong to the' same period d musan , t haye been .made withi yearw t fe mos a sna f eaco t h other;'an severan i d l e appearrespecton e havo st th s e bee ncopa y of the other. " •"'•"..'' Although we know nothing about one of the' maces except what an examinatio t reveali , therf nhappilo us e e otheear o st th n numbea ryo r of shields with armorial bearings which have been identified, and there are also in the Proceedings, of the Faculty of Arts a number of reference o theit s r mace, which, considered, along wite deductionth h s which may be drawn from a careful examination of the technical feature f boto s h maces, lead almost irresistibl e conclusioth o yt n that e macth e wit e armoriath h l shield s thai s t belongin Faculte th o gt f yo referree on thein i e o dt rth Arts Proceedings.d an , It is therefore assumed' to be so, as it will be more convenient to describe the maces first, and then discuss the various questions which involvee ar thein di r identification.

MACE OP THE FACULTY OP ARTS, ST ANDREWS. This mace (Plate III. No. 1) is of silver, partially gilt, and is executed in repousse with cast figures and other enrichments, and with enamelled shields and figures. It measures over all 4 feet 2J inches in length, and weighs (including the wooden core) 89 oz. 6 dwt. It is in the form of a cylindrical rod (1J inches in diameter), surmounted by a head of tabernacle work (11J inches in height), and having a spread-out foot (3| inches in diameter), obliquely fluted, and covered, at its junction with the staff, by a hood similarly decorated. e rodTh , whic s entireli h y plain s dividei , d into three divisionf o s PROC. Soo. ANTIQ. SCOT. VOL. XXVI. PLATE IV.

Knop of the Mace of the Faculty of Arts of the University of St Andrews. 446 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 9, 1892.

equal length by belchered bands, slightly flattened (2| inches by If inches), each with a silver cable or twisted wire above and below. e kno Th r heao p d (Plate IV.f hexagonao )s i l for n planmi d an , consists of tabernacle work in three stages, divided from each other by intakes, and diminishing in size towards the top. The junction with the rod is effected by a very elaborately, decorated and partially pierced neck-band of repousse .work, with leaves converging from above and e belocentrth wo t e of .tile .band, -The spaces betwee e leaveth n e ar s of concave lozenge outline, and are filled with projecting lozenge-shaped pyramids e surface,th whicf o s h are filled with flowers elevate minon do r pyramids. The knop° is corbelled out with enriched bands at the angles. e loweTh r stag s treatei e d with moulded buttresses, finishe f witof dh crocketed pinnacles. An enriched crested cornice band marks the terminatio s i sure lowe f th eaco y - f ba hro p n to division e Th , mounted by an ogee crocketed arch, and the figure of an angel with expanded wings, emerging from clouds—evidently once enamelled blue —occupies the whole of each recess. Each angel grasps with his hands and holds in front of him a heater-shaped shield. Upon all the shields (with exceptio whice on s soleli f ho n y engravedseventeenta s i d an , h century addition) armorial bearings have been executed in enamel, The ename s beeha l n almost entirely chippe e dblazon th out t s,bu have happily in each case been identified. They are as follows ::—

. I (Or) a lio n rampant, withi a ndoubl e tressure flory counter-flory (gules)—the arm f Scotlanso d (fig. 1) . . Arg.chevroII a n o n (gules) between thre treek eoa s eradicated (vert) a, boar's head erased (or), fig , 2 .(Th e tinctur chevroe th f eo s ni e shieldth t thin o ro bu s probabl, si y "the engraver's mistake.) On the top'and sides of the shield are the letters A.I.S., e initialth d arm an f sJoh o s n Spotswood, Archbishot S f po Andrews, 1615 to 1639, Primate of Scotland, Chancellor of the Kingdom, who died in 1639, This shield was probably added between 161 s executei d 1639 5t an I . d wholly b y

The tinctures have been ascertained from other sources, and where not visible on 1 the shields the enclosee yar bracketsn di . ACCOUNT OS THE MACES OF SCOTTISH UNIVEKS1T1ES, ETC. 447

engraving s i precisel d an e ,styl th yf shielo e d founn o d . archery medals and other plate of that period. III. (Azure) a fes n so betwee n three mascles (arg.) s mana y cross crosslets fitche'e gules—the arm f Bishoso p Henry Wardlaw, founde Universitye th f o r , 1403-1440 (fig. 3) .

.Fig . Ann1 . Scotlandf so , Fig . Arm2 . Archbishof so p Spotswood, Arts Mace t AndrewS , s Arts Mace t AndrewS , s (actual size). (actual size).

Fig . Arm3 . Bishof so p Wardlaw,' Fig. 4. Arms of the Earl of Mar, Arts Mace, St Andrews Arts Macej St Andrews (actual size). (actual size).

IV. Quarterly 1st and 4th azure a bend dexter between six cross crosslet a fes sr so fitche' chequyd (for 3r o e d r an Mar) d 2n ; arg. and azure between three antique crowns (gules) (for Garioch)—the arm f Alexandeo s r Stewart, Ear f Maro l , f Kinfourto n g hso Eoberf cdie o II. 143n di wh , 5 (fig. 4) . 448 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 9, 1892.

. QuarterlV t arg.y1s a man' s heart (gules) a chie n o f (azure) three stars of the first (for Douglas); 2nd (azure) a lion rampant arg. (for Galloway); 3rd (azure) three stars or (for Murray); 4th (or) a saltire and chief (gules) (for Annandale)—the arms of Archibald, fourth Earl of Douglas, who was killed at battle th Verneuif eo 142n i l 4 (fig. 5) . VI. Quarterly 1st and 4th arg. a lion rampant (gules); 2nd and 3rd a fess cliequy azure and arg. in chief a label of four points (gules)—the arms of Robert, Duke of Albany, Kegent of Scotland dieo n 141dwh i , 9 (fig. 6) .

Fig. 5. Arms of the Earl of Douglas, Fig . ArmDuke 6 . th f Albanyf seo o , Arts Mace t AndrewS , s Arts Mace, St Andrews (actual size). (actual size).

secone Th r middldo e e heaf similastago th s f di eo r for plamn t i nbu smaller than the first, and has the tracery treatment continued. The six bay f thiso s stag e fillear e d with figure f saintso s , whic s evideni t hi t have originally been executed most exquisitel n enameyi f differeno l t colours. They are all unfortunately in a very much damaged condition, enamee th n som i d s i lan e cases almost entirely chippef o o d outTw . them—the Virgit MichaeS d nan Marl ) (Plat1 . . y (PlatIV eNo . eIV No. 4)—are apparently intended to indicate the front and the back of the mace, and are executed in a style different from the other four. In their cas surface figuree eth th bees f t awao eha s n cu varyin o yt g depths, and has been filled in with translucent enamel. This style of enamelling is called by the French bassetaille, and is frequently to be met with in ACCOUNT OF THE MACES OF SCOTTISH UNIVERSITIES, ETC. 449

e fourteentworth f o k d fifteentan h h centuries d evean , n earlier than that. The quality of the enamelling thus produced is noted for its beaut e othe delicacyd th e cas yan th f r e o n fouI .r figures e fielf th ,o d s enamelledi y featuree e figureth ba th e d sketchef e th o an sar ,s n i t dou enamelled lines executed by the well-known champleve process. The figurefollows a e ar s s :— . I Saint Michael, wit a e cros for ha speath f mo sn i rcrosslet d an , with a shield ensigned with a red cross, fighting the dragon (Plat . No. eIV 4) . II. A ninibed figure trampling under foot a horned dragon, in illustration probabl Vulgate th f yo e versio texte th f , no Gen . , iii15 . applie Virgie th o dt n Mary— shale "Sh l crus heady d hth an , tho heelr u he wain shali r "e fo t(Plat li t . No. eIV 3) . III. Joh Baptiste nth , holdin righs hi tn gi han Lambe dth , wite hth cross, from which wave streamers symboe th , victoryf o l , while his left hand points toward n illustratioi , it se text th f ,o n " Behold the Lamb of God " (Plate IV. No. 6). IV. The Virgin Mary with the Infant Saviour on her right arm, while her left point. s 1) toward . (PlatNo m . sHi eIV V. Saint Andrew, with his cross before him (Plate IV. No. 5). t LeonarS . VI d represente n abbota s a d, wits fingero hi tw h f o s right hand elevated as if in the act of blessing, and with his crosier in his left hand. Two links of a chain are attached to his left wrist (Plate IV. No. 2). The upper stage is carried up with buttresses, terminating in pinnacles. The face of each side is filled with open window tracery work. e pattern Five sameth th f eo e , sar whil e one, probably intende indio dt - cat fronte eth slightls i , y different. r shafo d t ro swell e t witth e foo sf ou curveTh hs o surroundea ti d an , d by a twisted wire border. The junction of the rod and the foot is covered by a projecting hood, decorated with embossed oblique fluting.

e firsTh t mentio f thio n s mac e Proceedings founi eth n i d f theso ' Facult f Arto y s {Ada facultatis Artium)e Universityth f t o S f o , VOL. xxvi. 2 F 0 45 PROCEEDING E SOCIETY , 18929 TH Y F . O SMA ,

Andrews, unde e datth r e 17th January 1414 ,resolves whewa t ni o dt t asidse e five pound mace.a r sfo 1 s resolve y 141e wa 21sth Ma t i 5 o appln f t dtO o y five pounds, whic beed hha n laid aside purchase foth r f bookse manufactureo th o t , e e mace.oth f 2 After the deposition of the Antipope Benedict XIII. by the Council of Constance, whe e Scottisth n h o Churcdecidt d eha h whom they should acknowledg s Popea e e Facultt Leonard'S th , n i f Artt yo me ss Augush 9t e onth t 1418transferred an , s obediencdit Popo et e Marti. nV It was decided at the same meeting to have the Faculty mace completed,3 so that the transference should be celebrated with due solemnity, resolves anwa t di d tha sura well-knowtd ean n person shoul sente db t a the expense of the Faculty to the goldsmith—to whom apparently the order had been previously given—to induce him to come with the mace t AndrewS o t completd san manufacturs eit unwillins wa ee thereh f gi r ,o to do this, that he should send it with the messenger. Two years later, on the 9th December 1419, there is another entry

1 Item quod quiiique Jibre remaneant limitato ad virgam facultatis.—Ada facultatis Artium. MS. Univ. Lib. St Andrews. In congregacione tenta in scola theologica xxj° maij fuit deliberation quod 2 quinque libre limitate alias ad emendos libros nunc caperentur ad facturam virge.— Ibid. 3 Anno jmccccmoxviij°. Congregacione Facultatis tenta apud Sanctum Leonardum, noua die mensis Augusti, fuit conclusum quod substrahenda est obediencia a Petro de Luna quondam nuncupate Benedicto t quilibee , t Magister Facultatis paucis exceptis substraxi obedienciao e b a t t mobedie t Martino. Dedit eciam proponentec ho d ma proponendum in facie Concilij coram Gubernatore et tribus Statibus regni ex parte Facultatis Artium inducendud a , m Dominum Gubernatore t mtotue m Conciliud ma solempniter celebrandam substractione mdieta o Petr Lunae odeclarandad d a t e , m obedienciam ecclesie Scoticaue pro domino nostro Papa Martino Quinto. Item quod solempnitas substractionis prorogaretur usque ad Generale Concilium ob reuerenciam Domini Gubernatoris et tocius regni. Et in casu quo Gubernator non vult facere substractionem etc. sed vult perseuerare in obediencia Petro de Luna, et mittere sibi nuncios ut quidam dicunt, tune Facultas solempnizabit substractionem etc. Item quod mittendus esset aliquis certus et notabilis aurifabro, eciam expensis Facultati i oporteats s d inducendua , m ipsu t mveniau virgm t cu perficiae ta t ear n isti n avelin ciuitateno ti s quo t e ,d ipse mittat virga predictm mcu o viro, prestita sibi caution o operpr e e suo.—Ada Eectorum, . UnivMS fol, . 4 Lib.. t S , Andrews. ACCOUNT OF THE MACES OF SCOTTISH UNIVERSITIES, ETC. 451

in the Proceedings of the Faculty regarding the mace.1 It was then agreed tha t shouli t e e placecustodb dth n i df Maste yo r Laurencf eo Lindores 2 unti shoule h l repaie db monee advanced dth ha e yh d towards s manufactureit t alsI .o appears froe sammth e minute thae Earth t l of Douglas had helped the Faculty in procuring it, and that it had cost pence0 2 merk5 4 d , an lescovee sa cos d th case f sals d o tan rf an o , the charcoal. It will be more convenient to give the other references to this mace when the history of the three maces collectively is narrated.

MACE OP THE FACULTY OF CANON LAW (NOW THE THEOLOGICAL FACULTY), ST ANDREWS. This mace (Plate III. No. 2) is made throughout of silver partially gilded, and is wrought in repousse, flat chasing, casting, and stamping. It measures over all 4 feet If inches in length, and weighs (exclusive of the wooden core in the shaft) 83 oz. 14 dwt. It is in the form of a cylindrical roda hea ,d f o dwitan a hd spread-ou en e on e t th foo t a t tabernacle othere worth t ka . The shaft is round and entirely plain, and is divided into three divisions of nearly equal length by belchered bands, decorated, with the exception of the lowest band, with leaf ornamentation. The knop or head (Plate V.) is of hexagonal form in plan, and consist f tabernaclso e wor thren ki e stages, divided from each othey b r intakes, and diminishing in size towards the top. junctioe Th n wite staf th s heffectei n elaboratel fa y b d y decorated Dech 9t . 1419. Fuit conclusum quod virga facultatis poneretu n custodii r . aM 1 Laurencii de Londoris donee sibi foret satisfactum do summa peounie quam ipse deposui d facturaa t m virg n qui e a exposuit faculta ailjutorim cu s o Domine d i Duglace xlv marcas et xxct. exceptis sumptibus faciend. circa casulam et capsam pro ejus custodia et sumptibus carbonum ligneorum, viz. ijs.—Ada facultatis Artium. MS. Univ. Libt AndrewsS . . 2 Laurence of Lindores was Abbot of Scone in 1411. He was one of the origi- nators of St Andrews University, the first Professor of Canon Law there, and also the first Rector Juln I .y 1432, when elected e FacultDeath f n o f Artss styleyi o e h , d Rector of Creich, Master of Arts, Licentiate of Theology, Inquisitor for Scotland, &c. This office of Dean he held till his death in 1437.—Laing's Knox, History of the Reformation, ; als7 o49 Lindores . p vol . i . Abbey, Alexandey b r Laing . 103-106pp , . 452 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 9, 1892.

and''belchered neck-band of repousse work, with leaves pierced with a cusped pattern converging obliquely from above and below ; between these are .lozenges," alternated' with small ciiiquefoils. In the centres of the lozenges are introduced lions' heads. The knop is corbelled out with enriched bands at the angles, and is- terminate t eacda h angle.b grotesquya e hea gurgoyler do . The lower stage is treated with moulded buttresses, finished off with crocketed pinnacles "enrichen A . d crested cornice-band marks .the termination of the lower division. Each bay is surmounted by an ogee crockete ds fillei arch d d an wit, e figurn angeha th f o el with expanded wings, and arms hanging down as if originally they had grasped a shield. shieldse Th , which probabl armoriad yha l bearings l missingal e t ar , bu ; that, they originally existed, as in the mace of ,the Faculty of Arts, is unquestionable. The holes in which the screws have been inserted for fixing figuree theth mo t s still remain. e seconTh r middldo e f stagsimilao s i e th r s for ha n planm i d an , tracery treatment continued. The six bays are filled with representa- tions executed in flat chasing of—1. The Trinity (Plate V., centre of e Virgiknop)Th . n2 ; t MungMarS . 3 y o; (No. 6) (No.e Th 5) . 4 ; Good Shepherd (No. 7); 5. St Andrew (No. 9); 6. St Peter (No. 10). The upper stage is carried up with buttresses, terminating in pinnacles e fac f eacTh o e .h sid s pierceei imitation di f windono w tracery. All the designs are different, some of them being rarely found in Scottish work (Plate V., Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 8). d swellTh ro t wit e ou s decoratecurvei a hth foo f d o ts an it , n do outer edge with a stamped egg and dart pattern, on its inner edge with a stamped pattern of bosses or rings, and on the line of the curve with four flat ornamental plates attached loosely to it. These decorations at once proclain additioa e b e foo mo th nt t most probabl e seventh f yo - teenth century. andd e e foojunctioro s th - effectei Th e t mouldea th f y no b d d band decorated with a fluted pattern, and this also appears to have been addesame th t efoote da timth .s ea

The first mention of this mace occurs in a Register of the Vestments PROO. Soc. ANTIQ. SCOT- VOL. XXVI PLATE V.

e 1'acultKno e Mace Universitth th th f f epo f o f Cano o y o t Andrews S w f nyLa o . 454 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 9, 1892.

e Collego th t fSalvator—undated S f eo t evidentlbu , y draw p shortlnu y aftee specificallar r t i 1461 n I y. mentione maceo tw se th belongind g to the Faculties of Arts and of Canon Law, and the mace of St Salvator's Colleg s describeei d sufficientl identifiede b o enabl t yo t t i e . But no records exist from which it may be learned exactly when or where this mace was made. There need, however, be little doubt on either of these points. Its architectural features point to the early portioe fifteentth f o n h s centuryworkmanshiit d an , s manifestli p y Scottish. Thi Scottisd sol h mace therefors i a emost interesting study wels a , l vera s ya valuabl earle th yf o ee relice woron t appearth I f o ke . b o t s burgh craftsmen, and, as far as I know, it is the oldest specimen of such work that has survived to our times. It bears no hall-mark of any kind d thi n itselan i ,s f points beinit o t gs anteceden 1457o t t , when such marks were imposed by Act of Parliament. The lack of such a mark, however, prevents its maker being traced, which otherwise might have been possible. But it is interesting to speculate, as far as our knowledge permite macth ed itselsan capabilitiee th fn o reveal , us s o st e craftsmaoth f fashioneo wh n d it—o e s naturtrainingnth hi f o es hi , knowledg s technicahi n o f artd o el an ,skill s comparea , d with thaf o t contemporary craftsme Continentthe non . This mace throw floosa dof light on these points, and the maces of the two Faculties are an interesting and valuable object-lesson on the latter point. Numerous traces are to be found of isolated goldsmiths carrying on their trade in a few of the smaller burghs, and of a comparatively small group of them in Edinburgh, from the thirteenth to the fifteenth cen- turiesimpossibles i t I . judgo t f theieo r work nonr t savi fo f , eo this mace is known to exist; but even if we had nothing more, this mace is sufficient to show that better work was not produced in Scotland during followino thetw g centuries. This mace bespeak s artificeit s o havt r e been more of an artist than a craftsman. It is easy to see even now greae th t difficult encounteree h y carryinn e di numerou th t gou s solder- ings of its complicated structure, and also how in the end he overcame them by a plentiful use of soft solder and riveting. This has led to e macth e showin e wea hala tead gth fouf d fan ro r an centuriesr o t d an , ACCOUNT OF THE MACES OF SCOTTISH UNIVERSITIES, ETC. 455

s appearinmuca it n i h w morgno e dilapidated condition than thaf o t the Faculty of Arts. Assuming that the goldsmith had the other mace before him as a pattern, he has on the whole used it more as a guide than a copy. Where he has departed from the model, he has improved its lines and enriched its decoration. He has shown at the same time a considerable knowledge of the details of Gothic architecture. The line of the corbelling is stronger; e elevatioth e buttresseth f no s simpleri sn somi d e an respect, s more correc styln i t additioe gurgoyleth ;e th f no s add sdignite botth o ht y richnesd cornice-bande heae an th th df ; so quaintee ar s feelinn i r d gan more elaborate in detail; and the designs of the window tracery are much more varied includd an , e rarese somth f eo t design f thaso t period. His weakest point is the treatment of the figure subjects in the second stage, which are neither to be compared for a moment with the exquisite enamels of the French mace nor with some of the Scottish niello inlaying of the same period. That the mace was made during the period it represents may be inferred from the general practice of Scottish goldsmiths. They rarely reproduced patterns of another period without leaving the impress of their own individuality upon them ; and even when an alteration or addi- madee b o t , tio d it'wanha s almost invariably style donth en ei prevalent e alteration time th th f eo t a . Abundant evidenc foune b y thif deo sma in many of the additions of bowls and feet to old communion-cups. An foune b thin o i dt sexampls i mac t i ef o eitself , wher lowese eth t band and the swelling-out foot have evidently been added in the latter portion e seventeentoth f h century e additioTh . f Archbishono p Spotswood's Faculte armth o t sf Art yo s mac s anotheei r example therd alse an , ear o several additions noticeabl t e Salvator'macS th f o en eo s Colleget I . may thus be readily inferred that when no attempt was made to make even an alteration harmonise with the original, it is improbable that a design of a past period would be reproduced in toto. Although this characteristic of the Scottish goldsmiths may cause regret from an artistic point of view, it is exceedingly useful to the archaeologist, as all old Scottish silver-plate, to those who can read it, bear s historsit chronologd yan s faceit n .yo 456 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 9, 1892. e desirablb w no givo t e reasony th e ma t sI whico t e h m hav d le e allot these two maces to the respective Faculties of Arts and Canon Law. No record auciene th f so t Facult f Canoyo n Law—no e Theologicawth l Faculty—are known to be in existence, nor are any documents extant that throw any light on the circumstances under which their mace was obtained. In considering, therefore, the evidence which leads to the identification of the two maces, we are left entirely dependent upon the documentary evidence relating to the Arts mace, and upon what may be gathered from an examination of the maces themselves. The matter is happily in this position, that we know there were two maces, and that the yFacultieo belongetw e th s o dmentionedt f the o e ms provei on f I d. e Facultiesth f o o belonothee e t muse th ,on on ro gt t necessarily belong to the other Faculty. •(1.) It may be convenient to consider first what light the shields of arms on the Arts mace throw on the question. The arms of Bishop Wardlaw and of Archbishop Spotswood require but little comment. The forme e woulw r d naturally expec a maco fint n t o de th mad r fo e Universit foundede e ylatterh th d , an bein; g manifestl ya seventeent h century addition bearin o questione n th s n ha ,go . e arm Th f Scotlano s y als e passeb oma d d over. This leavee th s e shieldEar th f e MarEar o lf th f Douglaso e o s,Duk l th f d o e an , Albany. These three noblemen were the most outstanding figures in Scottish history durin e o decade firse fifteentth gtw th t f o s h century; and doubtless, owing to the captivity of King James I. in England, the duty devolved on them of acting on the part of the King in the negotia- tions wit e Pop r th hfoundin fo e Universitye gth . Their name noto sd , however, appear in this connection in the Bull, nor yet in any records as benefactor Universitythe and to s EarlnameMar the The .sof sof of Douglas are found along with those of Bishop Wardlaw and others as witnesses to the confirmation of the charter of the University by James I. in 1432 j1 but this probably indicates nothing more than that these noblemen were the attendancn ni t Courtea . n considerinI mattee gth r critically e principath , l poin importancf o t e is to note when they died; for obviously, if their arms were attached Lyon's History of St Andrews, vol. ii. p. 230. . 1 ACCOUNT OF THE MACES OF SCOTTISH UNIVERSITIES, ETC. 457

to the mace during their lifetime (for it is hardly likely that posthumous honours were bestowe them)n do e dat theith f , eo r death point tima o t es anteceden whico t t e machth e must have been made. The Earl of Mar died in 1435, and the Earl of Douglas was killed at the battle of Verneuil, in Normandy, in 1424. Eobert, Duke of Albany, Eegent of Scotland, died in 1420. Although the quarterings of this shield are the same on the seals both of Robert the first Duke, and of Murdoch his son who succeeded him in the regency, and was executed in 1425 ,e littl therb n e eca doub t thae serviceth t positiod e san th f no father were much more likely to find recognition by the University than therefory ma e son those th ef W .o e safel y ascribe this shiele th o dt father, the famous Regent. e ProceedingTh e Facultth f o sf Art yo s show that they laid aside e macmoneth n 141r i e yfo d 1414an 5 ; tha 141n i t t ordee i 8 r th fo r had already been given, and that in 1419 it was in their possession. conclusione Th , therefore historin o , c grounds alone, thamace th t e with e shieldth armf so Faculte thas th si f o tArtsf yo almoss i , t irresistible. (2.) Another circumstance that might help in elucidatin pointe th g , e difficultieth if s surroundin greatmattee o t s wergi th t s costf i ,e no o r . There was expended on the Arts mace 45 merks 20 fl. It is difficult bo state wit degrey han f precisioeo whao nt t this migh equivalene b t n i t r t evetimeou Bu na ver. y rough calculatio quits ni e sufficienr ou r fo t purpose, as the value of the two maces differs very widely. If the relative value of 45 merks may be stated at £500 or £600, it is evident that this sum is much more applicable to the mace with the shields of arms than the other. The latter very probably cost from a third to a fourth of the former. (3.) Another poin f somo t e little importance shoul e considereb d d along with t agreei this r fo ,s wit e samth h e conclusio n: tha t e isth , reference in the minutes of 1419 to the help the Faculty received from Lord Douglas. It is difficult to determine from the words used—cum adjutorio Domini de Duglace—the exact nature of the help afforded. But from the context it appears clear that it consisted not so much in contributing towards the funds as in helping the Faculty to expend them. Although the mace with the shields bears no hall-mark, it 458 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 9, 1892.

appear f Frenco e fade,x b s e h o t manufacture vers wa y t likeli d yan , that the Faculty desired to have their mace made in Paris, for not only was the best goldsmith's work of that period produced there, but the consti- tution of the University itself was modelled on the pattern of that at Paris. The Earl of Douglas was probably in a better position than any other in Scotland to assist them in this matter. He was on intimate relations with the French Court, and appears to have been in Paris in 1412. His son paid a visit to the court of the Duke of Burgundy in 1413; and although it is not quite clear, it seems probable that Douglas returned agai o Parit ne followinth s s thugwa s yeare fros H mhi . experience peculiarly fitte o hel t dFaculte pth makinn yi g arrangements e manufacturfoth r e macth Parisn f ei o e . Very fine goldsmith's work, enriched with enamels, was produced in' Londo thn i n e fifteent e wel b consideo t ly h ma e century t th i r d an , possibility of Douglas arranging for its manufacture there. The Earl was taken prisonee battlth f t Shrewsburo ea r s n 1402i ywa d an , nominally in captivity till 1413. He was frequently permitted, in term f arrangemento s s made wit Kine th hf England go o returt , o t n Scotland for periods of time, varying from two to twelve months. But on the last occasion, when he was released on parole, he never returned. strongly-wordeo t Thi d sle d remonstrance peremptoro t d an s y demands; and ultimately, it is believed, his ransom was paid off. Such strained relation s thesa s e woul t facilitatdno e makinth e f arrangemento g r fo s e manufacturth e macth Londof n ei o e t doei d ns an ;see m more probable, from the circumstance that the Earl's good relations with France lasted tildeath,s hi l 1 tha ordee sens th tParis o t wa tr . (4.) Further confirmatio f thiinferrene o b scase y vieth ema f d wo from resolutioe th Faculte th f n o e minutf Arts yo th n f i ,1418 o e o sent , a d special messenger at their expense to the goldsmith to induce him to come to St Andrews and complete the mace there, or to obtain it from him. If the order for the mace had been given to a Scottish goldsmith, it was most probably in Edinburgh that it was being made; and it does not

1 The Earl of Douglas was created Duke of Tonraine for services rendered to Charles Sevente th Francef ho shortld an , y afterward e sanguinars slaith wa n n i e h s y battle of Verneuil in 1424. ACCOUNT OF THE MACES OF SCOTTISH UNIVERSITIES, ETC. 459

seem likely tha Faculte th t y would have bee anxiouo ns s about obtaining t i when they coul o easils d yr woul havno , deit thesenr fo yt have though t necessari t minuto yt e resolutioth e n that thee y th woul y pa d trifling expenses for such a short journey. The resolution appears to point to a longer and more expensive journey, and agrees better with suppositioe th n tha mace e beins th t wa g mad Parisn ei . allusioe e charcoal—Th th o nt carbonum ligneorum—would also lea'd suppositioe toth n tha goldsmite th t complied hha d wit e requesth h f o t the Faculty, and come to St Andrews to finish the mace. The excepting of suc htriflina g ite this ma s woul t havno d e been stipulatea y b r dfo Parisian goldsmit worr fo h k manufacture s quiti t n Parisi i dea t bu , likely exception when it referred to work to be done in St Andrews, where it might be difficult, as well as expensive, to procure suitable charcoa r firin fo ls forge ghi . lase (5.tTh )poin consideo t t , whetheis r e onth re mace bears traces of pointy beinan othere n copgsa i th f yo . Ther severae ear l indications which point to that conclusion. (1) They are almost precisely the same in size and in the general lines of their design and construction. They have both rods e samth , divide en i mannef of d r with bands thed an ,y have both not only the same arrangement of tabernacle work in their heads, but the same class of details in each stage. Much importance cannot, however, be attached to this general resemblance, as the tabernacle work of Crosiers of the same period shows a striking similarity to that in these maces. (2) In a few of the details more convincing evidenc e suffic y mose wilonly e e foundma refeTh b o on lt et t . I o t r . striking resemblance may be seen in some parts of the decoration of the neck-bands at the junction of the head and rod. Although the skill with whic e desig hth s bee ha n n worke t differou do stw widele th n yi f theo e s mmuci maceson h d piercine damagedan th e , th n i f go t ye , leaves, with their cusped openings e introductioth n i , lozengese th f no , e e pattercablth th en f i o nsurmountin d an e neckbandth g a ver, y considerable resemblance may be noted. There are several other points which, if necessary, could be entered into, but enough has perhaps been said to justify us in allotting the maces, as has been done, to the respective Faculties. 460 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 9, 1892.

THE MACE OF SAINT SALVATOB'S COLLEGE, ST ANDREWS.

This mace f (Platsilvero s i e , ) 3 IIIgilded . .No , -all overd an , measures 3 feet 9|- inches in length. It is in -the' form -of a rod, decorated with spiral bands, continuing from the base to the top, with chasing consisting of the letters I K linked by a cord with tassels, surmounted by a crown, repeated at intervals, with columbine flowers between (fig. 7). s dividei d ro de intTh o four divisionf o s equal length by knops of Gothic character. The head is finished with an elaborately designed open shrine (Plate VI.), containing a statuette or image of the Saviour (Sanctus Salvator whoo t , college mth dedicated s ewa ) standing upo globena witd an ,h both hands f blessingo t e ac Th e . th elevaten i f i s da shrin f hexagonao s ei l fors i plann mi d an , vaulted over at the top. The angles are carried up with moulded buttresses, terminated with crocketed pinnacles thren O e. e side oth e opef sth ne shrin parth s f o teha angular projecting canopies, with traceried sided rican sh ornamental crestinge Th . alternate sidee fillear s d with delicate tracery work similae treatmenth o t r f o t windows in ecclesiastical buildings of the Fig . Patter7 . Salt EodS n nf o - o fifteent h century. Each side, both above vator's Mace (£ actual size). the Can0pies and the traceried openings, is terminated with crocketed gablets. Midwa e heighe shrinth th f n yi o et there are decorations of castellated turret form projecting from three of the angles. These are open at the top, and appear at one time to have contained figures, possibl f angels n objecyo e basa f Th eo t. resembling a figur see be is stil e n to themprojectionof linsid The .one e are s corbelled out about a third of the height of the whole shrine, and form ACCOUNE MACE TH SCOTTISF F O SO T H UNIVERSITIES, ETC1 46 .

in their treatment overhanging canopies to niches, in which are placed gateways. e entrancth t A o thest e t grotesqusi e e figures, chaine witp u d ha twisted rope around their waist, having in their right hands knobbed baton thein r i clubso sd r an left, , shield f playfuo s l renaissance outline, while between their straddled legs are heater-shaped shields engraved wit e followinhth g arms :— (1) A saltire within a tressure flory counterflory for the See of St Andrews (fig. 8). This differs from the coat of the See as given in the Lyon Eegister, circa 1572, which is—azur saltireea argent^ (2) A chevron (gules) between three cross crosslets fitche'e (sable) withi a ndoubl e tressure flory counterflor e second)th r f Bishofo (o y p Kennedy (fig. 9).

e FigSe . Arme 8 . th f so Fig. 9. Arms of Bishop Fig. 10. Arms of the of St Andrews, on the Kennedy e Macth n eo , Church of Rome, on the t MacSalvator'S f eo s of St Salvator's College t MacSalvator'S f o e s College (actual size). (actual size). College (actual size). (3) An imperial orb within a tressure flory counterflory for the Churc f Romho e (fig. 10).2 Only one of these, the arms of Bishop Kennedy, is of a date contemporary wit manufacture hth e macee otherth Th f .o e s have evidently been added at a much later date. Insid e littlth e e lower projection e figurear s f angelo s s standing apparentl e guara centra th s ya o dt l figure d bearinan , g respectiveln yi

e tressurTh e engrave thin o d s shiel s peculiari d , bein gsingla e tressure flory couuterflory1 . Thi , howeversis , probabl ymistaka engravere th f eo . 2 Thi s hithertsha o been ascribeChurce th e authorito f Romet dth ho t bu r , yfo st beeo no statin ns ascertainedha electorat badge ge i th th f s eo wa lr . o b Gulesor n a dignity attache Palatinate th o Khine d t bal e th th f l e o ; signifie s universal empire, and the cross the ascendency of Christianity. PROC. Soc. ANTIQ. SOOT. VOL. XXVI. PLAT. EVI

Knop of the Hace of St Salvator's College of the University of St Andrews. ACCOUN E MACETH F SCOTTISF O SO T H UNIVERSITIES, ETC3 46 .

their hand crosssa pillarspear—threa a , d an , e symbol e Passionth f so . The junction of the knop with the staff is formed by an enriched neckband, from whic e knohth p vaulterisea y sb d curve with moulded ribt sa e anglesth d froe apicean th m, f whico s h project raguly stems with moulded pendants, which are surmounted by lions passant, while the three spaces alternat thoso et e occupie grotesque th y db e figure fillee ar s d with three statuettes representing a king, a bishop, and a mendicant. The last figur s beeha e n previously describe n abbo a dignitarthas a d a f r o o t y of the University; but the dress leaves little room for doubt that it is intende mendicana r e Observantinese Ordefo dth th f f o ro t . Their grea dres s y swa cloa cowld kan , wit hropa e roun e waist th dd the an ,y went about begging with a bag. In this figure there appear the flowing cowle th robe d , witan l girdlha e roun waiste dth whico ,t attaches hi da wallet on the right side, and there is also a bag or bundle slung over the left shoulder (Plate VI. No. 2). The whole design of the shrine is evidently symbolical, and may possibly represent the association of Christianity and learning. The dungeon, with its barred and guarded gateways, may represent the dark- nes f heathendomso ; while Christianit s e e showypersoi th th f n o i n Saviour bringins a ,s traiHi nn gi lighlearningd an te thre Th e. figures may be symbolical of the universality of salvation, extending from the king and the bishop to the mendicant. Another interpretation is given by Lyon in his History,2 where he conjectures that the Saviour and the angels may denote the church triumphant e threth ; e figure churce th s h militant space th ed belowan ; , with its demon guardians, hell, or the troubles through which the Chris- paso t thi n tias so s nwa earth . Beside e shrinth s e ther e threar e e knops, which decreas n sizi e e gradually toward the button. That nearest the shrine (Plate VII. No. 1)

1 Bishop Kennedy founded the Monastery of the Franciscan or Greyfriars in St Andrews. This Orde f Mendicantkindso o r tw e Conventual f th o , s e th wa s d an s Observantines. The former was the older of the two, but it was the latter whose monastery was in St Andrews. They obtained their distinguishing name from observing t Francisrule S th f eo , their founder, more rigidly tha otherse nth goiny b , g barefooted and wearing no shirts.—Lyon's History of St Andrews, vol. I. p. 226. 2 Ibid., vol. ii. p. 199. 464 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 9, 1892.

is similar to the latter in plan, but is of smaller dimensions. Buttresses likewise decorate its angles, and three of the sides are carried up on crocketed gablets with finial terminationse threth l e al side n e O ar s . small pulpit projections, each occupied by the figure of an angel. In smala lefe s i th te l hanparcelon f do , whil e otheeth s emptyi r ; another has in each hand a similar parcel; while the third has two larger parcels. The intentio apparentls ni represeno yt e parable talentsth tth f d o e an , the figures are symbolical of the servants to whom were entrusted respectively one n talentss curioui te , t fived I noto t .an s , e that the, original interpretatio f thesno e figure s beeha s n misapprehendee th y db restorer differeno e figuretw th f e f wingso o th s t o periodss tw are n O . . of one pattern and in the third of another, but none of them shows the original workmanship which appears on the wings of the angel guards surroundin e centrath g l s i questionablfigure t I . f i these e figures originally had wings at all. The other sides have richly carved project- canopieg in s placed over similar pulpit projections, n whicturi e n ar h occupie Scriptury b d e readers with monk's habi d tonsurean t d heads. On the plain portions of each of the sides are slight decorations of tracery work chased. The two knops below this one (Plate VII. Nos. 2 and 3) repeat in plan that of the others, but are made in a less decorative manner. The pulpit projection similaf o e sar r design lowee Th contain3 . r . serieKb f so s three figures, which are represented in the act of preaching from a manuscript scroll, whil othee eth r three have their faces turned inwards towarde sth central figure of the shrine, and are represented in the attitude of watchful adoration. stafe terminates i Th f d wit boldlha y formed fleuron inverted (Plate VII. No. 4). It is square in plan, with four leaves curving outwards at each angle, between each of which another leaf is introduced curving inwards upod an , n these rest four lions, apparently passant, treaten i d exceedingln a y realistic manner. O ncirculaa r ban r washeo d immediateld rro insertee th n o dy above the fleuron is the following inscription:1 "Johne Maiel govldsmche 1 The name of Jean Mayelle is found as one of the six wardens (gardes) of the In- corporation of Goldsmiths of Paris for the year 1460 in a list of wardens printed first PROC. Soc. ANTIQ. SCOT. VOL. XXVI. PLATE VII.

Mact e Salvator' S three th f f eo Th o e d knopro s lleuroid e Collegesan th n o i t AndrewsS , . VOL. XXVI. 2 G 466 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 9, 1892.

and verlete off chamer til ye Lord ye Dalfyne hes made yis masse in ye r Lordou tounf eo MCCCCLXr f Parieo ze e sy I " (fig. 11).

•taf f oaator.iroUJrgn ftt \mtmcicm furnyu^ \pflatuiiHn m Van: I

Fig. 11. Inscription on Washer attached Fig. 12. Inscription on Seal at- to the Mace of St Salvator's College tache e Mact Salth S f o -deo t (actual size). vator's College (actual size). Attached to the rod by a chain is a silver-gilt pendant in the form of a large seal, upon the face of which is engraved a record of the donation :—" Avisse fina l .a s Jacobus Kanedi illvstris Santi Andree antiste c fvdatoa s r Collegii Sti Salvatori e donavim i fecie scv m t t fieri Parisivs ano dia MCCCCLXI" (fig. 12). There is also attached by another chain a circular silver-gilt medal wite followinth h g inscription rudely engraved (fig. 13): "Dr Alexr Skene Collegij Sto Salvatoris nostri praepositu temporie sm s injuria Isesam t mutilae m publicis dicti Collegij sumptibus reparandam curavit Anno Dom 1685."

in Le Roy, Statuts et privileges du corps des marchands orfevrcs-joailliers de la mile de Paris. Paris, 1734 and 1759. The list was reprinted by Lacroix & Sere in their Hisloire de I'orfivrerie-joaillerie. Paris, 1850. It may be interesting to note that it wat uncommosno goldsmithsr nfo , enamellers, painters otherd followeo an , swh t dar crafts and enjoyed royal patronage, to be included, as in the case of Jean Mayelle, in on e r royaotheo eth f o lr households instancew fe given e b A n I y f .thi o s. ma s 1398 Godefro Fevre yL "s varleewa chambre d t . lt egardS ee . Ducoffres M e de e e d s d'Orleans. 139n I " 0 Jeha Vivieu n d "s orfevrrwa varlet e " chambr Ne y S. td Ro u ed In 1470 Olivier le Mauvais was "varlet de chambre et barbier du corps" (de Louis XL). In 1397 Jehan de Trozes was " sellier et varlet de chambre du Roy N S." ACCOUNMACEE TH SCOTTISF O F S O T H UNIVERSITIES, ETC7 46 .

The mace is both a solid and a substantial piece of workmanship. It is constructed in nine general divisions, consisting of the shrine, the capital or neck-band of the shaft, knopso tw , four length e shaftth f so , foote l fixeth al ,d d an togethen a y b r iron rod running up the centre of e shaftth . e sectionEacth f o h s i s made in many different pieces, fitted togethe d fixe screwan y y rb d b r o s plates attached to them and spread t insidee worou Th k . throughout has been executed by casting solid figurese th , buttresses d canopiesan , , d afterwardan s chasing thel al m over. Only the shaft and some of e detailth e executear s d solely b y chasing. e figureManth d f o an ys other exposed portion e macth f eso KS-13- Inscriptio Medan no l attached , t Salvator'Mace S f th To e o t s Colleg. , . e were missing when Lyon wrote his (actual size,_ History of St Andrews, and the fact s notei himy b d . These have since been replacede macs th ha ed an , been entirely regilt. The weights of the different portions of the mace are as follows:— 4 dwt. e . shrineth oz ;7 6 staff, 5 ,dwt. 1 knops . oz d foot; 0 seaan , 7 , l pendan . 1chaind 5oz an tdwt. 4 , ; meda dwt.;—i3 chaind . an oz l 1 , n ' . - 7 dwt1 . oz . 3 all14 , The architectural features of the mace are similar to what is found on ecclesiastical edifices of the fifteenth century, being all of the decorated phase of Gothic.. The design is, however, a little composite in character, specially in the parts where the little castellated turrets are introduced. Notwithstanding this t i ,s exactly what migh e expecteb t a mac n i de manufactured at the time (1461) and in the place (Paris) when and where this mac mades ewa . Bishop Kennedy o presentewh , d this mac o tht e e Collegt S f o e Salvator, was a prelate of great eminence in the fifteenth century. He. 468 . PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 9, 1892.

was Bishop of St Andrews from 1440 till his death in 1465. He founded St Salvator's College in 1450, and richly endowed it out of his ecclesiastica publis l hi revenues l cal unusualls workn I wa .e sh y munificent, and we are told that he gave to the College of St Salvator " not only stoles for the priests, dalmatics, tunics and copes, but chalices, goblets, basins, ewers, candelabra, censers and crosses, and an image of the Saviour nearly two cubits long, besides various gold and silver utensils ; also large bells, small musical bells, and silk tapestry for adorning the church n shorti ; , thers nothinwa e g outsid r insido e e Collegth e e which did not evince the piety, taste, and munificence of the founder." Of all these treasures this mace alone survives.

The three maces which have been described have a collective as well individuan a s a l history e firsTh t .mentio f theno m together occurn si the Eegister of Vestments and Jewels of St Salvator's College, an undated inventory, which from internal evidence appear havo st e been drawn up about 1461 or a little later. There are two manuscript copies of this list extant, differing in some details, but substantially the same so far as the maces are concerned. The entry in the inventory is as follows :— Item beddele an , l wand sylue owrgyld an r t witseil e chenze f an ho l an d ean e samth . Item, tua uther beddele wandi f silveso r pertening Univere th o et - site, ane for the faculty of Art and the tother for the faculty of Canone. r abouFo a centurt mentioo yn n occurs regarding theme th , tiln o l 1st July 1552 a list of the goods pertaining to the Church of St Sal- vator's Collegappointmenthe sacrisdrawat new ewas a (M. ntup, of t Thomas Mylis) whicn i , h the describee yar follows:s da — Item, thre beddell wandis silue ourgild an rthairo e an t f wit chenze han d ean sele all siluer in manibus. undaten a n I d documen handwritine th n (i tlattee th e f rgo th hal f o f sixteenth century, probably abou e Eeformation) e timth th tf eo , entitled " The geir of St Salvatoris College laid for kepeine in the Castell of Sanctandrois," the agaie yar n mentione follows da s :— Apud Johanem Vat Byschop James Kennedeis best wand with the seyll and cheynzee th . Apud Dominum Rectorem thevthe wandisa hwiddie rtu th d ,an s cappid an s apud bedellum. ACCOUNT OP THE MACES OF SCOTTISH UNIVERSITIES, ETC. 469

It is difficult, on account of this list being undated, to identify with accurac e occasio yth e impendin th f o n g danger whic o t havy d ma hele the removal of the maces to the castle. t mighI t possibly have bee n 1559ni , after the sermon preachey db John Knox at Perth led to the destruction of the Carthusian, Franciscan, Dominicaand n monasterie thasin t towndestructio the als and ,to o nof religious building n somi s e e souttownth f ho s coas f Fifeo t , through which the Reformer passed immediately after. Or it may have been in the autumn of the same year, when the city of St Andrews was in danger of attack from the French troops under General D'Oysel, who marched from Stirling into Fife, for the purpose of plundering and burning the towns and villages on their route, and more especially St Andrews: or it may have been in 1544 from fear of the "burning and slaying expedition."l Or it may he that, in fear of the first danger, they had been deposited in the castle; and when the second was impending, they were remove Bishoo dt p Kennedy's e hoptombth en i , that probably the French Romanist soldiery would be unlikely to seek them there. There was no one probably either to give directions or to take pre- caution r theisfo r preservation althougr fo ; e Professorhth t Mary'S f so s an t Leonard'dS s Collegemose th tr parfo s t joine Reformerse th d e th , Principal and most of the Regents of St Salvator's College adhered to e ancienth t faitd quittean h custode th d n theii f yo s r wa placest i d an , the latter they appear to have been. It is perhaps useless to conjecture when they were , depositeit e castleo t th havwhad y d n an i ,dle ema t cleas i t i r t thabu t about this period they were stored there thid s san i , f e theilaso th t t r ge trachistor e ew y e tilcommencementh l e th f o t seventeenth century. nexe Th t evidenc macee th f eso bein actuafurnishes n gi i e e us lth y db addition of Archbishop Spotswood's arms to the mace of the Faculty of Arts. Spotswood was Archbishop from 1615 till 1639, and the manner which the shield is engraved affords abundant proof of its having been added at that time. In all probability the arms of Pope Benedict XIII., who grante e establishmen th e Bul r th d fo le Universityth f o t , were

Hill Burton's History of Scotland, ed.d ,2n vol. iii . 230.p . 1 470 . PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 9, 1892.

originalls quiti t e i macee th d whan an y,o t migh expectee b t fino dt d tha s shielhi t d shoul removee db d afte e Reformationth r occasioe Th . n e additioth whico t havf Archbishoy no d hle ma e p Spotswood's arms was the .visit of James VI.-to St Andrews in 1617, when we know he was received in great state. The maces were very likely all used in the procession on that occasion. ' • , • • " The next reference to the maces occurs during the Civil Wars, and is a very interesting one. • • •• • : It is well known that, during the troubles of that period, the Regalia of Scotland were deposite Dunnottan di r Castl e fac r th safetyet fo t bu , that many other articles of considerable value were also deposited there about the same time has not received equal prominence. In the " True Account e Preservationof'.th e Regalia,"th f o byr GeorgSi ' e Ogilvif o e Barras mentiones i t i , d that addition i , Regalia e alsd th ha oo n t e preh , - served in Dunnottar Castle -the registers and papers of the Kirk of Scotland, . the . monuments and charters of the . University of St Andrews, and the principal papers and charters belonging to the family of Hamilton, for all of which he had on delivery taken receipts, which he causee registereb o dt d for preservatio e Bookth f n Councii nso d an l Session lettee receipe "Monumentd Th th an r . r fo t Universite th f so y of St Andrews" were registered on the 6th March 1701, and are as follows :—

" Missive Letter, University of St Andrews, to George Ogilvie. " In presence, &c., Compeared Mr Thomas Veitch, advocate, as procurator &c.—Bight Honourable,—The University of St Andrews doth return hearty thank youo st r honoufavoue th s pleased courtes r an wa rfo r u sheo t d yyo w unto the mn receaveiui g their ancient monuments unto your custodd an y preservin e samgth e from danger untill this nowd timan e; , seeing safets yi expected for them in this place, they desyre yow may be pleased to deliver them to the bearer hereof, Kobert Yoole, one of the servitors, to whom they have committe e car th df conveyin o e g them hither againd so An the. y rest your humble servants, : (Sic subscribitur) ROB. HO.

" I, Rot. Youle, Servr. to the University of St. Andrews, grant me to have receaved from George Ogilvie of Barraws, Governour of Dunnoatre, the monu- mentt AndrewS f n thei r safety.—Subto s t fo r pu , t Dunnoatreat . llte th ,h August 1651. (Sic subtr.) ROBERT ZUILE. "J The term " monuments " is not in itself very explanatory, and it might be hazardous to interpret it as "maces" were it not that Sir George Ogilvie usesame th se ter n referrinm i e Regaliath e o t gH . describe crowne th s , swor "d sceptre ancienth an d s a e t monumentf so this kingdom." He also refers to the Eegalia under their well known designation, the " honours of the kingdom; " and it is noteworthy that e Senatusth minuta n i , f 1738eo , describe faculto tw e y sth macee th s sa " honours of the university." In these circumstances, notwithstanding face th t tha treceip e bot letteth e destitute hth d ar t r an l detail al f e o ,th conclusion seems warrantable tha reference macese th tth o t , s i ean d that they were deposite Dunnottan di r Castle during this " tym f trouble"eo ' and" were give ne messenge bacth e universito t kth e lltf o th r hn yo August 1651. Thialmoss swa t immediately befor- in e castl s eth wa e Englise vesteth y db h troops. The curious poin noticstatemene o t t th lettee s ei th rn i t that " safety expectes i d for the thimn i s place t tha"a t precise date. brieA f resumee chieth f fo event f thao s t period form a curious s commentary on the statement. The battle of Dunbar was fought on the 3rd September 1650 Kind an , g Charles II., after s coronatiohi , e th n o n t Januar1s y 1651, assumed comman e Scottisth f o d h army before Stirling. After the defeat near Inverkeithing, he resolved to transfer fror mwa e Scotlanth Englando dt movind an ; g sout rapiy hb d marches he entered England on the 6th August 1651, and was defeated by Cromwell at Worcester on the 3rd September. 1651. Meanwhile General Monk, who had been left by Cromwell in command of the Englis ht bee no troopse lltn th d hn idle ha ,O Augus . t 165e 1h attacked Stirlin e 14tth t ghi n capitulated o Castl d an e . Immediately thereafter he marched on Dundee, and, punishing its partial resistance by the extremities of fire and sword, completely sacked it by the 6th Sep- tember. This punishment so tei'rified the neighbouring burghs, that 1 Register of Deeds, Mackenzie, vol. Ixxxviii. 472 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 9, 1892.

Montrose, Aberdeen, and St Andrews surrendered without resistance. Amid such circumstance s thesa s t i edoe s seem strang o fint e d the expression that safety was to be expected for the " monuments " of the universit t AndrewsS n yi . likelt no ys i that I t much more informatio forthcomine b n w wilno l g which might e throdepositatio th y ligh wan n e maceo t th n f i so n Dunnottar e necessart Castleb i migh o t mord d no an to ,e t y than merely mention the circumstance, were it not that it casts a doubtful light upon the next incident in the history of the maces. For wellnigh two centuries the story has been told of the discovery 1683n tome i th Bishof bo n i , p Kenned Chapee t th Salvator'S n f yi o l s College ancienx si f o , t maces suppose -havo t d e been concealed there durin troubloue gth s Reformation.e timeth f o s 1 Thre f themeo , accord- traditiono t g in , were retaine t AndrewsS t da , whil othee eth r three were Universitiee giveth o nt Edinburghf so , Glasgow Aberdeend an , . examinatioAn - Bishonof p Kennedy's tom madb was e1842in , when s discoverewa t i d froe constructiomth e interioth f o n r thavaule th t t had originally been accessibl a fligh y f step b eo td bee s: ha tha n t i t mad o receivet e onle tenantyon d thae Bishoe bod,an th th t f d yo pha been originally embalmed r EoberD . t Chambers conducteo wh , e th d investigation, though t probablei t , fro appearance mth thf eo e vault, that e Bishoe bodth th d f beeyo ha p n expose objecn a s f veneratioda o t n i n pre-Reformation e castimesth t f woul ei I this . swa d have been easy obtaio t npurpose vaulte accesth th r depositinf o fo t se o macese gth . Further tome e founs filleth b , witp bwa o u dt d h earth, mixed with bone fragmentd san shroud a coffia gread n f i o san l n tal , confusiont I . is thus evident that at one time it had been opened and its contents therefors i rifled t I . e possible, althoug have hw actuao en l evidencf o e facte th , tha e macee Universitth tth f so t Andrew S f yo beed sha n concealed e time theralsd on t oan ,e a that thebeed yha n discovered there

Pennant's Tour in Scotland, vol. iii. p. 195. 1 Defoe's Tour, vol. iii. p. 155. Billings' Ecclesiastical Antiquities of Scotland, vol . i ' Lyon's History of St Andrews, vol. ii. p. 198. Archceologia Scotica, . 383volp . .iv . ACCOUNT OF THE MACES OF SCOTTISH UNIVERSITIES, ETC. 473

subsequently; but their traditional number as well as the traditional dates must be discarded. There could not have been six maces, for in all the records of the University only three are at any time mentioned ; e storyth d , an moreover disposae additionae th th o t f s o la , le threth o et other Scottish Universities, can be distinctly disproved in the case of each of them, as will be seen subsequently. It is also clear that they coul t havdno ee tom th bee n Archbishoi bn i n p Spotswood's times a , additio e Arte th s armth hi so st f mac no e testifies r coulno ; d they have been there durin e Commonwealtgth f thehi y wer Dunnottan ei r Castle. n e lear1685I w ns a , froe inscriptiomth n engrave e medath n o ld attached to the mace of St Salvator's College, this mace was repaired by order of Dr Skene, who was Principal of the College in that year. firse Th t referenc minutee th Senatue th n emacei e f sth o so t s J occurs in 1707, when a resolution regulating the payments for their use at funerals was passed :— St Andrews, IZth June, 1707.—The University being met, they appointed that the minimum to be payed for the silver staves at funerals shall be half-a- crovvn tha d portere an ,th t carrio othese wh staveo eth tw r s shall have eacf ho them a sixth part thereof, and so proportionally of whatever shall be given, ROBERT RAMSAY, Rector.

The maces of the University were in the custody of the Eector up to 1737, but, as appears from a subsequent minute, the University resolved that they should henceforth be deposited in the Public Library ;— May 3rd, 1737.—The Rector represented to the University that seeing he and his family might probably be out of town for some time this summer, it would be necessary that the silver staves should be deposited somewhere else than with him ; whereupon the University appointed that in the Rector's absence the silver staves should be laid up in the Library.

e lasTh t referenc importancy an f e maceo en interestinth a s o i t se g discussion on the report of a Committee relating to the practice of the Masters attending with the maces at funerals. The extracts from the minutes of the Senatus are here given verbatim: — 1 The minutes of the Senatus commence in 1696. '47 - PROCEEDING4 . E SOCIETYTH 9Y F , O S1892 MA , .

Deer. 30th, 1737.—Some Masters having complained that they wero to e frequently called to attend on publick burials, Masters Francis Pringle, David Young, John Young, and James Kemp were appointed as a Committee to brinoverturn a n gi e thereanent Rectoe conventh o t d s i r an , e them. Jan. 23rd, 1738.—The Report of the Committee appointed to bring in an overture for easing the grievances of Masters on account of their frequent at- tendanc n commoo e d dailan n y funeral e inhabitantth f o stowne th d f an ,so when the staves shall be used at burialls, was read. ; The University having reasoned for some time thereupon, a motion was made to delay the further consideration thereof til20te lth Februarf ho y a votnext d e an ;bein g demanded votee th o ,t thereupon proceet pu s saidelar e do wa th d t yo dayi , t rolld ,an s being called and votes marked, it carried delay. Wherefore the University did and hereby do delay the further consideration of the said report till the said 20th

f Februaro y next. ; Feb. 20th, 1738.—This day, the Minute of January 23rd, referring the further consideration of the Committee's Report anent their staves to this day's meeting s readwa , , likewis e saith ed Report; whic e Universitth h y taking into their consideration, and having reasoned some time on the first and second articles of the said Report, and made some amendments thereon, it was put to the vote, approve of the same or not; and rolls being called and votes marked, it carried approve. Thereafter, they proceeded to the consideration of thire th d article, which being likewise reasoned upon some time amendedd ,an , it was unanimously agreed to as amended ; and therefore the University did and hereb terme enaco yth d n sti following :—That seein frequene gth t attendance on common and ordinary funerals of the inhabitants of the town and others occasions a great loss of time to the Masters, as it often coincides with their hour teachingf s o avocation a s thad i t an ,i t n from their proper business which the Masters of other Universities within this kingdom are free from,— Therefore the University decrees, that in time to come the Rector shall only requir Masterse eth ' stavee attendancth occasion e so e funeral us th d f o nean s of a member of the University, that is, of a master or scholar therein, if invited thereto . Tha 2 e archbedl. th t d othean e r macers shall attend their master suc. at h funerals withou expectatioe th t drinf n- o de k e monee parth th f o tn yo Facultifuncto . Thatw 3 e . tth e Maces beins a , Honoure gth (thef so ) University, and of the two Faculties of Divinity and of Arts within the same, be in time coming reposited in the Publick Library under lock and key for safe custody, tile usuath l r necessaro l y busines Universite th f so r Facultieyo s therei- nre themf o e quir,us oe n eth whic h occasion e librarsth y keepe herebys i r ' ordered e Deanth f e f FacultieRectoe ordeo o givo st th th d f en o r an o r the t smou respectively. And seeing the two Faculties' Maces have been reposited in the Publick Librar ordey yb Universitf o r y sinc3rdy , eMa librare 1737 th , y keeper was required to observe the above law with respect to them in all time coming ACCOUN E MACE TH F SCOTTISF O SO T H UNIVERSITIES, ETC5 47 .

THE MACE OP THE UNIVERSITY OP GLASGOW. This mace (Plate IIIsilvef o .s i Nor ) partiall4 . wroughs yi giltd an , t out with cast figures, buttresses, and crocketing, with engraved panels and shields and with a little enamelling. It weighs 128 oz. 5 dwt., and measure s4 fee ovel t al r9 £ inche n lengthi se differenTh . t screwee ar coreo d n portion ro ds .e togetherha th t i f so d an , In its form and general outline it is similar to the Arts mace of the St Andrews University, but it differs materially from it in many details. shafe Th divides i t d into three division f equaso l lengt belcherey hb d bands of similar design to the St Andrews mace, and the capital or neck- lattee th n ri maces e shafa ban th , mor f f is o t,do e elaborate work. From this the head is coved out to a hexagonal form in plan, with small ribs at the angles, each rib terminating at both extremities in a trefoil cusped loop. junctioe heae capitae Th th th s screenedi d f x leavesno an l si y db , with their points turned upwards. e heaTh d (Plate VIII.elaboratn a s i ) e piec f tabernaclo e e worf o k three stages. The lower stage is treated with pinnacled buttresses, decorated with cusped panels in their lower part, and with intakes above. e wholTh f eaceo s fillei h y paned ba wit r e n figurangeo la th h f o el emerging from clouds enamelled blue, with expanded wings and with hands grasping a heater-shaped shield. Each bay is surmounted by an ogee crocketed arch, terminatin foliatea n gi d finial. This stage wels a , l as the two upper stages, is terminated by an embattled band. x shielde angele handsi th th e f n o si s Th beae followinth r - en g graving :— I. Haec Virga empta fuit publicis .Academic Glasguensis sumptibus A.D. 1465, in Galliam ablata A.D. 1560; et Academioe resti- tuta A.D. 1590 (fig. 14). h (argent] . a 4t chieQuarterlII n d o f an (gules) t o stary1s f tw (o s the field) ; 2nd and 3rd (argent) a man's heart (gules) on a chief (azure)field)—e th staro f tw (o s the arm f Douglaso f so Dalkeith Eegene s borna ,th y eb t Morton restoree e th , th f o r College (fig. 15). PROO. Soo. ANTIQ. SCOT. VOL. XXVI. PLATEAU!.

Knoe Universite Macth th f f peo o f Glasgowyo . ACCOUN E MACETH F SCOTTISF O SO T H UNIVERSITIES, ETC7 47 .

III. Quarterly I. and iv. grand quarters, quartered, 1st and 4th gules, three cinquefoils ermine (fo arg.d r 3r Hamilton)a d an d 2n , lymphad sails furled sable flagged gules (for Arran ); n . grand quarter, quartered t arg.1s , a saltir e gules azured 2n , a lio n rampant arg., 3rd quarterly 1st'and 4th arg. (probably left blan gulesd k3r for-Mar)a fred tan (possibld 2n , Lyle),r yfo 1

Fig. 14. Inscription on the Mace Fig. 15. Arms of the Regent Morton of Glasgow University (actual e Macoth n f Glasgoo e w Univer- sity (actual size).

Fig. 16. Arms of Lord Hamilton Fig. 17. Arms of Scotland on the on the Mace of Glasgow Uni- Mace of Glasgow University versity (actual size). (actual size). 4th, azure a fleur-de-lis arg., in dexter chief point a mullet arg. ; in. Grand quarter, arg. a man's heart, gules, ensigned with an imperial crown, or and on a chief azure three stars e first—thoth f e arm f Jameso s , first Lord Hamilton e firsth , t endower of the College (fig. 16). 1 On an old armorial by Hector le Breton, Boy d'armes de France, in the Heralds' College, London e armth ,f Loro s d Lyl depictee ar en thi i s sa d quarter, wite hth exception tha positioe quarteringth te th f no reverseds si . 478 PROCEEDING E SOCIETY , 18929 TH Y F O S. MA ,

a lio r nO rampan . IV t (gules), withi a ndoubl e treasure flory counterflory of the second—the arms of Scotland (fig. 17). . Arg.V three bull' s' head s erased (sable) armed (vert) withia n border indented of the second—the arms of Bishop Turnbull, founde e Universitth f o r y (fig. 18). VI. Parted per fess, arg. and gules on a mount, a tree ppr. the stem surmounte salmoa s back y hi d b n ,n o ppr signet-rina . s hi n i g mouth, on the top of the tree a robin redbreast, and on the sinister fess poin ancienn a t t hand-bell both also proper—the e citarm th f Glasgoy o f so w (fig. 19),

Fig. 18. Arms of Bishop Turnbull Fig. Arm19 . Glasgof so e th n wo e Macth f Glasgon o eo w Uni- Mac f Glasgoo e w University versity (actual size). (actual size).

notee b y d ma tha t I t these engravings have been execute t threa d e distinct periods. The oldest shield is unquestionably that of the Eegent Morton. Bishop Turnbull' sf late o appear e rb e dateo t sTh . s 1590 a e restitutio th d e dat ol f th , o es forme a f e o n b f thes o y r ema the mace, but the latter, from its cutting, does not appear to be so old. The arms of Glasgow are in a style which was not used before the middl remainin e f laseo th tl centuryal s a g d shieldan ; s correspond with n stylei t i , they f lato muse e b eighteentt h centure yth workl Al . engravings are, moreover, of a markedly Scottish character, and none of them have been cut by the hands of the workman who made the mace. The middle stage is similar in plan to the first, but smaller in size, and separated from it by an intake or splayed course. The pinnacled ACCOUNT OF THE MACES OF SCOTTISH UNIVERSITIES, ETC. 479

buttresse e continuear s t eaca d he canopiesth angle t bu , , whice th n hi lower stage are arched, are in this one simply pointed and crocketed, with pierce de spandrils worth n i k . e bayEacth s fillei sf o h d with flat panels, with engraved ornamentation. One of these (Plate VIII. ) appear5 . No s fro s workmanshimit e botb a hneweo t p r platd an e more recently engraved tha othee nth r five. stag p e canopie to s th simila e i fore secone f th th mo Th o n t i srd and the buttresses, and is also diminished in size with an intake. Each sid s fillei e d with a' miniature representatio windoa f o n n piercewi d tracery work, with three lights, surmounte circla y db e enclosing pear- shaped cusped openings. All these openings are of the same design. The whole' is surmounted by a pyramidal roof, decorated with crockets in low relief at each angle, and with a foliated finial at the apex. The roof is chased in imitation of tiling. shafe th fooe f t o Th t swell t wit s ou sdecoratei a hcurv d ean d with fluting. Upo e bottoe foo th ns th i engrave t f mo e datth d e MDXn Ci characters of that period (fig. 20).

CI>T>XC

. DatFig20 .e o ne Mac th foo Glasgof f eo o t w University (actual size).

This mace has at different times very evidently undergone much alteratio renovationd nan . Beside e restoratioth s e shieldth f o ns with armse d inscriptioth an n whic s alreadha h y been noted cleas i t i ,r that e engraveth d e panelmiddl e th origina th n i st e no stagl e panelear f so e mannemacee th Th .whicn i r h the e secureyar t primarili o dt y sug- gests this. The fixee yar n positioi d screwy b n s passing througn a h inner lining whic s fittehi d into this portioe maceth f o n. Thee yar thus put on from the outside and present that appearance, instead of (as has evidently been originally intended) being slipped in from . 0 PKOCEEDING48 E SOCIETY , 18929 TH Y F O S.MA ,

behind so as to abut against the mouldings surrounding them. Neither e styl th theif eo r decoratio e qualitth r f theiyno no r wor s consisteni k t with that of the original portions of the mace. Moreover, it seems probable, when this mace is compared with those at St Andrews, that these panels once containe figuree th d e suppositiof saintso th s d an , s ni probably not unwarranted that these were exchanged in 1590, on the restitution of the mace, for designs less objectionable to the Eeformers of that period. histor e macwele o s th Th s lei f authenticateyo d s altogethethai t i t r unnecessar o entet y r inty elaboratan o e argumen e purposth r f fo to e refuting the story that it is one of those said .to have been found in Bishop Kennedy's tomb. Althoug e shielth h d bearin s historit g s yha unquestionably been engraved in comparatively recent years, there is no reason to doubt the facts stated in the inscription. On the -25th October 1460,1 when Master David Cadzow, Canon of Glasgow, the firs t e Universityrectoth f o r s agaiwa , n elected Lord Kector e gavh , e twenty nobles as a subscription towards the University mace. In 1465,e commoth y b 2 e nationsn th consen l al committe a ,f o t f fouo e r • was appointed to collect funds by taxing the several nations for the 1 25th October 1460.—Congregacione universitatis tenta in donio capitnlari eiusdem anno etc. sexagesimo electus fui rectoren i t m universitatis venerabili t egregiue s r svi Magister David Cadyow licenciatus in decretis et eanonicus Glasguensis Item eadem congregacione idem dominus rector statim post pronunciationem suam libere contulit ad fabricam virge universitatis viginti nobilia que deliberavit collectoribus deputatis ab universitate videlicet Domino Alexandra M'Alon vicario de Kilbirny et Magistro Duncano Bunch vicario de Dundonald.—Munimcnta Alme Universitatis Glasguensis, Maitland Club, vol. ii. p. 68. 1465.—Congregacione universitatis tenta in domo capitulari ecclesie Glasguensis 2 in festo Sanctorum Crispin! et Crispiniani anno etc. sexagesimo quinto ubi electi fuere venerabiles et egregij viri intrantes pro electione noyi rectoris llagistri Johannes Crechtoun eanonicus Glasguensis Thomas Forsith rector Glasguensis Gilbertus Max- well et vicarius de Kilbirny videlicet Dominus Alexander Makcalon qni unanimi consensu continuaverunt in rectorem universitatis egregium virum Magistrum David Cadyoiv canonioum Glasgiiensem. Pretere n eadei a m congregacion e eousensd e u communi omnium nacionum eleeti fuere qnatuor taxatores videlicet Magistri Johannes Crechtoun Willelmus Simpill canonici Glasguenses Duncanus Bunc t vicariue h e d s Kilbirn taxandud ya m singula supposita universitatis secundum eorum facultateo spr confectione virge universitatis quorum taxacion t eiusdee i m solucion universalitee s i r sua sponte summiserunt.—Ibid,, vol. ii. p. 71. ACCOUNT OF THE MACES OF SCOTTISH UNIVERSITIES, ETC. 481

completion of the mace. In 1469 it may be inferred from one of the minutes that the mace was in use, for in that year it was resolved that Rectore th , when goin churco gt e minoSundaysn th o h n ro doublr o , e feasts, should wear a distinguishing habit, and should have a white woode d carriero n d before him; greatee whilth n eo r double feastse h 1 was to wear a richer dress, and have the silver mace carried before him. In 1490 the University resolved to discontinue the practice of the Hector goin procession gi churco nt e samSundaysn th ho t ea timd an e, it decided on the reformation of the silver mace, at the expense of the University.2 Whether the mace had up to this time been incomplete, or whether the " reformation " took the form of an addition or of an alteration, cannot'be ascertained from any existing records; but apparently it was now completed, for no more collections for it are mentioned. In 1519 Master Eobert Maxwell, Chancellor of the Diocese of Moray, e e safetf regarsilveo th th t r f yo rdou fo mace, whic s deemer hwa fo t dfi us ee mos onlth n ty o solemn occasions, presente Universite th o t d n yo being elected Eector can,a e staff,3 mounted with silveextremitiee th t ra s middlee th e bornanb n i do t , e befor e Eectoth e Sundaye n o rth d an s minor feasts and at common meetings. K"o more reference e mac th foune o ear t s d till aftee Eeformationth r , when, in TJie Inventar of the evidents lettres gudis and geir perteining to the College of Glasgow, 8th November 1582, the following entry occurs :—e Dea" Th f Glasgoo n r JamewM s e pedelliBalfouth d ha sr 1 Item in maioribus duplicibus per totum annum incedat in habitu meliori cum turma honesta et virga argentea precedente.—Munimeuta Alme Universitatis Glas- guensis, Maitland Club, vol. ii. p. 75. Decemberd 3r 2 1490.—Item avisetur universita retbrmaeione sd e cappe eapuciorum et virge argentee conclusit universitas quod fiat reformacio et correccio eorundem expensis universitati t quoe s d expense in premissis leventu rectorer pe r burse md a universitati bursariisa s eiusde t mcausee t reformacionem fieri etc t premittituu . n i r articulo precedente.—IMd,, vol. ii. p. 106. 3 23rd November 1519.—Quo die venerabilis et egregius vir Magister Robertas Maxwell cancellarius Moraviensis canonicusque Glasguensi c alma s e Universitatis eiusdem rector dedit donavi t concessie t t universitati unum baculum arundineum in superior! inferior! ac mediis partibus deargentatum pro perpetuo apud universitatem remansurum deferendum coram rectore diebus dominicis et aliis festis miiioribus aliisque congregacionibus et vocacionibus ut moris est.—Ibid., vol. ii. p. 137. H 2 VOL. XXVI. 482 . PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 9, 1892.

staff of sylver in keping quhilk was the fairest that was in any Uni- versiti f Scotlandeo , ant rendredye het sno t it."1 . Fro inscriptioe mth mace learth e en w n o recoveren s thawa t ti 1n di 5 , 90 Inventure th guddise n th i insprethd f d o an an pertening Collegee th o t f o Glasgow . 1614)(c narrates 2i histore ds abstractioth it f yo restorad nan - tion :—" Item, in the Principal his studi ane silver staff, callit the Rector's staff of five pund sevin unce ane quarter unce veight quhilk Mr James Balfure dean Glasgof eo w Eecto 156d yeie Go 0 rf th Bischo e gavro th o et p of Glasgow quho carij same th t e Silve witth l hral Wark haid ean l Juels Kire Hi Pario k t e oth fs with him. Notwithstandin saie gth de stafth e h f Travel r PatricM f so k Sharpe Principa recoveris wa l t mendi augd -an t mentit the year of God MDXC. as the dait on the end of the staff bears." e UnioSinc th e sal th o et ne Railway Compan e Higth f hyo Street property, gifted in 1460 by Lord Hamilton, the mace is the oldest possession of the University, and it forms an interesting link with the ancient studium ijenerale of 1451.

The four maces already described are of a design entirely different fro e othermth n Scotlandsi d beforan ; e proceedine gb furthery ma t i , desirable to discuss briefly the history of their origin. The form of the military mace, as has been pointed out, was probably a developmen e e Scottissavage e th th clu th f d o bf an ,o h t University maces appear to have had an origin equally primitive : they seem to be one of the many developments of the simple rod of authority. The rod r staffros o ha fm time immemorial been regarde e symboth s d a f author o l - frod t ityan mi hav, e probably sprun e mangth y form f rodo s s nown i use. Originally these rods were known as staves, and it may be interestin o nott g e thae Universitth t y maces were most frequently called staves or wands in the inventories and in the minutes of the Senatus, thad an t they were seldom describe macess da . Pugin, in his Glossary,3 describes the staves used for different purposes :—(1) Pastoral staves for bishops and abbots, as emblems of juris- diction; (2) Cantors'staves, to regulate the ceremonies of the choir; (3) Processional staves r keepinfo , marcha line gth n ei ) Stave(4 ; conr sfo - 1 Mun-imcnta Alme Universitatis Glasyuemis, Maitland Club, vol. iii . 517p . . Ibid., vol. iii. p. 523. Pugin's Glossary, pp. 190-193. 2 3 ACCOUNT OF THE MACES OF SCOTTISH UNIVERSITIES, ETC. 483

fraternities, for carrying images and emblems; (5) Cross staves, to bear the cross elevated in processions; (6) Staves of honour and office called verges or maces, to bear before dignitaries. l origie thesal s Th beef neo ha n traceo dt the rod, and the various developments they underwen mere saie b b o edt y reflectionma t s e architecturaoth f l feature perioe th d f so dan plac whicn ei h they were made. The bishop's crosier was originally a staff surmounte ball a fro d y db an m; this ball, which was still retained, spran n latei g r timee th s crook. By the fifteenth century the ball or knob had developed into an elaborate structure of tabernacle work, frequently in several stages. example On f thieo sreferree periob y dma d to, as it has some connection with the Scottish Universities—the pastoral staff of Bishop Elphinstone, who founded the University of Aberdeen. The drawing of this staff (fig. 21) is taken from his portrait, a reproduction of which appears as the frontispiece of Fasti Aberdonenses (Spalding Club). Althouge hth tabernacle work in this staff is only in one stage, the general character of its design is re- Fig. 21.—Pastoral Staff o f Bishop Elpliinstone. markably lik ee maces. thath f o t 1 e continentaTh l mace verger e fifteentso th f so h century wer mann ei y case preciselsof y similar desigcrosiersthe nto , except that they lacked crookse th . Pugin describes the lonms a g staves surmounte tabery db - nacles, with images or emblems having reference to the particular guild y whob m they were Universities th e ecas f th borneo e n I . , whose colleges were frequently dedicated to and called after Saints, and whose Pastorae 1Th l Staf Williaf o f Wykehamf mo , Bisho Winchestef po r (1367-1404), founder of New College, Oxford (late 14th century); the Limerick Crosier (early 15th century); and two pastoral staves at South Kensington, Nos. 7950 and 7952, should als comparee ob d wit earle hth y maces theis a , r tabernacle work, particularly thaf to the Limerick crosier, is similar in design. See Ecclesiastical Metal Work of the Middle Ages, Arundel Society, 1868. Plates 16, 17, and 18. 4 48 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE , 18929 TH Y F .O SMA ,

rectors were invariably churchmen, the images and emblems would, in conformity with this principle, be of an ecclesiastical character, and their surprising resemblance to crosiers is thus naturally and easily explained. How this form of mace came to be introduced into Scotland is also equally easily explained s alreadha d yan , been referre discussinn i o t d g the question of the identity of the mace of the Faculty of Arts at St AndrewsBishope th foundel o Al swh e Scottis. th d h Universitiesd an , t alle earliesmostno th , f i , t Professors, received muc f theio h r training educatiod an e Continentth n no werd an , e consequently familiar wite hth splendid equipment e ancienth f so t Universitie f Pari so d Bolognaan s , afte constitutioe th r whicf no e Scottisth h h Universities were modelled. evidens i s A t fro recorde e benefactionmth th f o s e formerth f o s , they richly endowe e Collegeth d supplied an s d the me requisit th wit l al h e ornament judgo t e ear furnishingsd fro e san e descriptiow mth f i d an ; n of these in the inventories, it is evident that not only the maces but also most of the gold and silver work came from the Continent. The friendly intercourse which existed between Scotland and France during the fifteenth century would als muco od facilitato ht e procurinth e f sucgo h articles from abroad. THE BELL-HEADED MACES. e otheTh r maces whic e stilar hl preservee on f o Scotlann di l al e dar type, differing distinctly from those already described t exactlbu , y similar to the common type of mace prevalent in England. From various records it can be gathered that there were macers in Scotlan fotirteent e earls dth a s ya h century. Their duties consisted in' giving attendance in Parliament and Privy Council and in the Courts of e Lordth f Councio s d Sessionan l f Exchequere Justiciarso , th f o d an ,, for the calling of witnesses and the preservation of order. On their appointmen o offict t e they receive varyinm su a dg from4 £2 £1 o 0t for the purchase of a gilt mace,1 which apparently became their own solucionn I e faot aurn ai deaurandu d oa m clavam Johannis Strang clavigeri regis 1 1. s. (1445-6), Exchequer Rolls, No. 201 :— 1488. Item Willeao t , m s maycCambelhi y b e xxo t l u li.—Account Lore th df o s High Treasurer, vol. i. p. 90. 1488. Item maycs Pato t hi , Nysbef k eo e ma xxiii o t t j li.—. Ibid.99 . p , 1491. Item, the saim day, to Sande Melwin, new made masare, to mak him a mais -ali.—Ibid., . 185p . ACCOUN MACEE TH F SCOTTIS F O SO T H UNIVERSITIES, 5 ETC48 .

s propertyprobabli t i d yan ; from this circumstance thate nonth f eo earlies f theso t e maces have been preserve r timeou .o dt The most prominent feature of the bell-headed mace is the large bell or bowj-shaped head bearing the royal arms, and surmounted by an open arche r imperiado l crown. Of this type there appear to have been in Scotland some which are now missing. In the Extracts from the Registers of the Privy Council otherand papers connected with methodthe mannerand rydingof the Scottish Parliament (1550-1703), drawinge th n i Sommery d b s 1an n si

Fig. 22.—Macer e Privth f syo Council, fro Ridine Scottise mth th f go h Parliament (Chalmers Collection, Advocates' Library).

e Chalmerth s Collection (Advocates' Library) mentionee ar , figured dan d maces whic o longe n he Privo mace th tw rf yo se exist CounciTh . l (fig. 22) may be referred to as an example. There are, however, still preserved in Scotland ten specimens belong-

1 Miscettany of the Maitland Club, vol. iii. pp. 101-137. . 486" PROCEEDING F THO S E SOCIETY , 18929 Y .MA ,

ing respectiyely to the City of Edinburgh, the Universities of Aberdeen and Edinburgh, and the College of Justice.

MAC E CITSWOR D F EDINBURGHTH YO AN EF O D . This mace (Plat f esilvero IX.. 1s )i No ,, gilde l over al dd mea an , - sures 3 feet 2 inches in length. The head is hemispherical in form, and bears on its lower portion in relief four circles of threaded wire, two of them enclosin gthistla e surmounte imperian a y b d l crown, dividine gth letters I.R, and the other two a castle—the arms of the City of'Edin- burgh. The upper portion of the bell-head forms the fillet of the crown which surmounts the mace, and is enriched, in place of the usual gems, with figures of thistles, roses, harps, and fleurs-de-lis. Above the fillet the head is continued upwards and inside the cresting e crowoth f n wit hgracefua witp to l hplata s closecurvee i th d o t da an , bearin e armg th f Kin o s g Jame. sVI The cresting of the crown is formed of threaded wires, intertwined through each other soldered an , t eacda h point, where they bear fleurs- de-li crossed san s patfe alternately. From within the cresting spring four arches, which are surmounted at crossd theian .b r or junctio e th y nb mace th e shafs baluster-shapedi ef Th o t s dividei d an , d into three length vase-shapea y sb d middlee kno th mouldea n d pi an , d band above and belo . wit Thes e l richlbandal e ysar decorated wit hstampea d pattern. e neckbanTh s i enriched d with four scroll-shaped brackets, with dragonesque terminals, which extend fro lowee mth r portio e heath df no to the upper moulded band. loweo tw re portion Th e shaf th decoratee ar f t so d with acanthus leaf ornamentation, and the rod is terminated by a vase-shaped pendant. e mace a massiv Th s i .substantiad an e l piec f worko e , weighin2 g14 oz. 4 dwt., and is constructed in many different portions with, a silver e shaft th tubcora r s .efo a It bears the name-punch of George Robertson,1 an Edinburgh gold- date smithth e d 1617an , . ' -1 George Robertson obtained the freedom of the Incorporation of Goldsmiths of Edinburg Decembeh 6t n ho r 1616. Besides this mac s mare hi com e founs ki th - n do munion cup t Dunfermlinesa , Holywood Methlicd an , . PROO. Soo. ANTIQ. SCOT. VOL. XXVI. PLATE IX.

1. Mace of the City of Edinburgh. 2. Sword of the City of Edinburgh. . e UniversitMac3 th f eo Edinburghf yo . 488 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 9, 1892.

On the 18th December 1616, as appears from the Town Council Kecords, the order for the mace was given :— Decimo octavo Decembris Im> vjc xvj. Proveste quliile th Th y kda , Baillies, Deyn Gildf eo , Thesurer Counsald ,an l being eonveynit, ordains Johne Byris, thesaurer, .... mao faie t . rkan Masborne b o et e befoi Proveiste th rpun n te f do , wech f silvercano t o t d s an ,

.same th ek partialma l gilte e advyssamin e maith th ,b e f o Davib dt o e d Aikenheid deyne of gild, and George Foulls, m r of the Cunzie hous, and the expenses debursit thairupone sail be allowit to him in his compts. Fro Cite mth y Treasurer's Accounts (1616-17, fol. 471 e amoun)th t paid for it is ascertained :— Maisw Itemne s e , painpayith r gilt r ou dfo t, mai e Georgb d e Robertsone, weyan e hundrethan d e fyftie nyn e vnceeth s viij.. . vncei libs ,v . t ."x a , Ixxiiij. . libs . x . libx , .in xii t . iiiji s j . t d .caice pu Item an o et r fo , It would appear from other two extracts in the Council Records that n oldea ther s r ewa mace , which, fro e weighmth t quoted, must have been much smaller :— Mr Williame Stewart, Maisser, delyveri e aulth t d Maissf o , d quhilha e kh the guid Towne .... Deyne (volth m f Gildkepie o hi et o .b xive o b t ,t . fo. 416). 1632. Item, ane band maid be Alexr Maxwell, maser to the guid towne, for delyweri thaif eo r Mais, weyand fourti suie e halth n wnceta f o ....fd san . In addition to the mace, the civic insignia include a sword. This (Plate IX., No. 2) measures 4 feet 1J inches in length, and is elaborately mounted in silver gilt. The blade, which is tapered and round e pointth s t two-edgedi a , measured an , 3 fees t lond Ifan g inches wide at the heel. The portion nearest the hilt is richly decorated on both sides with an etched pattern, partly filled in with gold, and bears a date thistlth e d 1627ean . pommee Th d grian lp measur inche3 e1 n lengthe madi s ar f d eo an , silve re gri gilts decorateTh i p .e sidon e n witdo hunicora n rampant in relief between a thistle and a harp, flat chased, and on the other side with a lion rampant between a rose and a fleur-de-lis, while each of the flat edges bear a castles , with thistles abov d below l an these Al .e decorations are placed upside down and the entire grip, it may also ACCOUNT OF THE MACES OF SCOTTISH UNIVERSITIES, ETC. 489

be noted f differeno s i , t workmanshi pe handle fro th e res f mth d o t an , is evidently an addition by a Scottish craftsman. e pommeTh s decoratei l n eaco d h side wit hwingea d female figure without arms drape ,two fron bacwhilthe d and are tk on femal e e figures resting on festoons, worked out in repousse, the one with two trumpet e other handsth he d r n i bearinan s, ga branch , probably symbolical respectivel f Famyo Gloryd ean . traverse Th e guard measures 12\ inche length n terminatei s i d an , d t eaca witd h en hscroll a , enriched wit grotesquha e head. The scabbard is of wood, covered with crimson velvet, and is mounted with seven silver-gilt mounts. Those which cover the mouth and the f differeno e ar p t ti workmanship fro e othersmth ared an ,, likgrie eth p of the handle, of Scottish manufacture. That at the mouth bears on one sid ecoronatioa n meda f Charleothee o l th n r o s sid d I. representaea ,an - tion of the Castle, while the tip is decorated with scroll and figure ornamentation execute flay db t chasing. e otheTh r five mount e alike ar sn pattern widthar i ei d d an an n, embosse eacn do h side wit hgrotesqua e mask, surrounde scrollsy db . Oportioo nscabbarn e th f no d doe hall-mary san k appear althougd an ; h s probabli t i e tha swore th s tmounte dwa Londonn di absence th n i ,f eo a hall-mark this canno definitele b t y established. t wilI notee b l d onlthas i thosn t yi to e portion mountine th f so g that have been renewe e Scottisth y b dh goldsmith thae nationath t d an l civic emblems appear althougd an , swore hth d bear date sth e 1627, when it was presented it is possible that it was not specially made for pre- sentation to the City of Edinburgh; it is also likely that these additions were added purposely afterwards with the view of making it more appropriate. Both the mace and the sword were provided for the special purpose of enhancing the dignity and pre-eminence of the Lord Provost and Magistrates. They were both invariably committed int keepine oth f go e Lorth d Provose timth er fo beingt werd an , e delivere upom hi n o t d returnem inductiohi y b d e officeo nupot b e o t nus , demittine th r fo , git of his successor. e charterTh , dated 10th November 1609, grante y Jameb d s VI., 490 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 9, 1892.

bears " that it was clearly known and made manifest to him that, in l well-constituteal d commonwealths whole th , e Magistrats wer t onleno y permitte t werdbu e ordere carro dt bead yan r Bundle f Eod so sucd san h ensigns before them, as signs and tokens of their magistracy, and to induce the common people to the greater reverence, and thereby declare ant fortdse h certain token f theiso r authority." t seemI s probable tha t thisa t . tim Cite eth f Edinburg yo h possessed e macth e whic s afterwardi h e sEecord th referre n aule i "s th sa o d t d Maiss." They must, however, have deeme t i unworthd e purth f -o y pose set forth in the charter, for in 1616, as we see from the Records already quoted, they gave authorit e makinth r faie yfo f " go an r Mase," which still continues to be used. Authority to bear, along with the mace, a civic sword before the Lord Provos grante s same wa th t ey db charte 1609n i r , which states that— " His Majesty willed and granted that in all time comeing the Provost of the said burgh of Edinburgh, and his successors, shall have the privilege of bear- d carryinan g in g before them, when passing through their streets a sword, , sheathe velvetn di f succarrie e o ,uses b i oft s hs a o da t kin, d beforan d e eth Mayor of London." a swor o giff n o tt d accompanieBu r followeo d d this privileged an , the Council did not obtain one until 1627, when King Charles I. presented that one still in use. Both the circumstance and the reason for the gift are set forth in the following minute of the Council and in the letter from the King:— " Quarto Aprilis Im vjc vigesimo septimo. quhile Davi"y Th kda d Aikinhei Kilwyissf do , Proveist, &c., .... being conveyni n Counsalli t , compeirit Mr Johne Hay producid an , s Majestiehi t s letter direce Proveistth o t , Baillies Counsald an , f thio l s burghdaie th tf o , f Marcho y da e 3 1627 e th , quhilk they ordayn insere b registrad o et an t n i t thair Counsall buikes, adfuturam memoriam;i re Quhairo tenoue th f r follows: sic suprascribitur. " CHARLES R. " Trustie and weilbelovit, We greet you weill. We have persaived by the effectes your affectioun to oure service, whereof We will not be unmyndfull when furder occasioun sail offer, y exprewherbma e s w y oure respect unto yow. We have sent yow a token of Oure favour, a Sword and a Gowne to be ACCOUNT OF THE MACES OF SCOTTISH UNIVERSITIES, ETC. 491

worne by your Proveist, at such times and in such manner as was appointed by oure late deare Father s yoA w. have begucairfule b o n t ourn i l e servicee W , doe not doubt but yow will frome tyme to time continow to doe the like ; and specialis n givini e g your bes convenientlin tca furtherance u yo fas o a s r en i , doe So t , r James Bailli f Lochendeo advanco t , knights i o e wh diver, s gret soume monef so ourr yfo e importan urgend an t t service abroad lykwayed An : s encouragthaw yo t e oure remanen sucy pa h o t te like Borrowed th an ,e do o st pairt of the taxatiounis as ar to be payit by theme, with all convenient diligence that possibil usee b d; n whic ca l h recommending unto your serious caired an , whic s acceptabl a wile k hW lta w yo e d servicbi e W unte , w doonoyo ws y b e fairweill. " Frome oure Cour t Newmarketa t Merchf o 3 e e th ,1627. " " And also the said Mr Johnne producit the Sword sent be his Majestie and delyveri Lor y sam e Tonnee m th t d th o e t Proveist o t s keipe e m useb hi o ,t ,e db and ordanis to advyse aganis Fryday nixt quha sail beir, and quhen the same sail begin to be borne before the Proveist" (vol. xiv. fo. 41). For some years after the mace and sword were in the possession of the City they appear to have been regularly used on all civic occasions, but the practice had apparently fallen into desuetude prior to 1657, for in that year it was resuscitated by an act and deed of the Corporation:— " Sept. 25ft, 1657.—The Counsell takin consideratioo gt n tha aunciene th t t forme of wearing red gowns for the present and old Magistratts, and black Counsellerse th gownrese f th o tr electioue sfo th t a , Magistrattf no uthid san r solemne occasiouns bots hnecessariwa ,a comelid ean e custome, Theirfoir thinks fltt and ordaine renewee same b se th nix o eth t t da electiou n day frod ,an m thence l solemnfurtal n hi e dayistha d e mac sworth tAn d .e an likwayi e db s provyded to be caried befoir the Provest and Baillies as formerlie." e mosTh t brillian e manth f yo t function n whici s e civith h c mace and sword have been borne was probably the Eiding of the old Scottish Parliament Chalmere th n I . s Collectio Advocatese th n ni ' Library there preservee ar a dserie f drawingso Johy sb n Sommers representing this ceremony abou e yeath t r 1681 amond an ,e personageth g s formine gth procession appear e Lorth s d Provost, precede officerso tw y db , wite hth mac sword ean d (fig. 23). In recent years the most interesting circumstance in connection with the civic insignia was an action which was raised in the Court of Session in 184 a minorit y e 3Towb th f nyo Counci o establist l e righhth f o t 2 49 PKOCEEDING E SOCIETY , 18929 TH Y F .O SMA ,

havin e mac gth sword ean d borne befor Towe th e n Council when officially attending divine service. The action was the outcome of a resolution of the Council of 16th November 1843, in which the Council resolved—" That in future they discontinue their official attendance at

Fig. 23.—Sword and Mace of the City of Edinburgh e Ridins borna th , n f i ego Scottise th h Parliament, circa 1681.

church, and hereby prohibit and discharge their officers from carrying macee th r otheo r insignia placy an f worshi eo o t timn pi come.o et " Interim interdict was granted at the instance of the minority, and the mace and sword are still borne before the Lord Provost and Magistrates when officially attending divine service.

MACE OP KING'S COLLEGE, ABEKDEBN. Universite Th f Aberdeeyo n possesse maceso tw s e oldeth , f whico r h belongs f a silverKing'o o t sd s i an , st I Colleg . 3) e. (PlatNo . X e appears both from its hall-mark and also from an inscription, was PROO. Soo. ANTIQ. SCOT, VOL. XXVI. PLATE. ;X

. Mac1 e of Marischal College, Aberdeen . Hea2 . dittof d o . Mac3 . f King'eo s College, Aberdeen. 4. Earliest Cognizance of the University of Aberdeen on ditto. 5. Arms of Bishop Elphinstone on ditto. 6. Royal Arms on ditto. 4 49 PROCEEDING E SOCIETY TH 9 Y , F 1892O SMA , .

manufactured in 1650 by Walter Melvil, an Aberdeen goldsmith. It measures 3 feet 1J inches in length, and weighs 55 oz. 1 dwt. The hea bowl-shapeds di embosses ha sid e e earliesd eon th an ,n do t cognizance of the University—the emblem of the Virgin—a pot with three lilies othee th rn o sidfoundee e e armd th (Plateth th f an f s o . , 'No. o rX e 6) college, Bishop Elphinstone—(argent a chevro) n (sable) betwixt three boars' heads (gules) (Plate X. K"o. 5). The cartouches containing the arms are supported at each side by winged cherubs of a curious Scottish character. The bowl is surmounted by an imperial crown closed by four arches, enriched with beading, and bearing at their junction the orb and e crowe banth th e embossef crossdar o n O . d representatione th f so gems on the fillet of the Scottish crown in the Eegalia, with the figures of the harp, thistle, rose and fleur-de-lis between. The staff is of cylindrical form and plain, and is divided into two lengths and a short neckband, by two moulded bands, each enriched with chasing wit d collaro an ,h tw f so acanthus leaves abov belowd ean . Aroun uppee dth r ban s thii d- in s scription raisen i d letters, WALTERUS MELVIL FECIT 1650. bowe s Th closei l d above wit ha plate whicn o , e embossear h e th d royal arm e Stuartborns sa th y eb s till 1688 underneatd an , raisen hi d letter s inscribedsi GOD SAVE THE KING. The shaft at its lower termination is finished with a trumpet-shaped pendant, closed by a dome decorated with acanthus leaves displayed. This mace has been made in a number of pieces, which have been pinned together rigiditd an , s beeyha n whol e givewoodea th y o nb et n fixed corro dr eo insid extendind ean entire gth e lengtshafte th f h.o goldsmite Th mado hwh e this macWaltes wa e r Melvil a goldsmit, h of considerable note in Aberdeen. He was both deacon of the hammermen and deacon-convener of the trades in 1662, and master of the hospital 1656-7n i mars Hi founs ki . Strathnavee d th als n o o Marischa n i p cu r l College, 1653, on a communion cup at Ellon, and on several medals. Thi e respecs on mac n i te form a curious s commentary upoe th n f Parliamento t Ac regare th e goldsmit, r whicdth fo d h ha hprescribe d the quality of the silver he should use, and also upon the attention he paid to the frequent letters the Incorporation of Goldsmiths at Edin- burgh issued regardin debasine g th e silverth f go . Eve superficiaa n no l ACCOUNT OF THE MACES OF SCOTTISH UNIVERSITIES, ETC. 495

examination, it is evident that the quality of the silver of the rod proper is inferior to that of the decorated portions of the mace, and an assay which was taken to confirm this, shows that the quality of the silver in 0 dwt.e 1 ornamenta th . d tha f oz an , o t 0 1 s i l portiond . ro oz e 0 th 1 s 13 dwt. 12 gs., while it should all have been xi. deniers (i.e., in the proportion of 11 oz. to the 12 oz.). circumstance Th e that this fraud passed unnoticed infere leadth o -st ences thae supervisioth t e goldsmithsth f o n ' work must have been ineffectiv t thia e s tim Aberdeenn i e e savind th also an s ,a ,g effected through usin inferioe gth r quality must have been small, that silver must either have been expensive, or difficult to procure for trade purposes. notee b y de mac is ma nmucth a tha t s ewa I a th dilapidated condition, it was recently repaired. There is nothing in the nature of a history attached to this mace, nor t i know s i n definitely what special. circumstancs it o t havy d ma ele being procured s beeha n t I conjecture. havdy thaema t beei t n made to do duty on the occasion of the visit of Charles II. to Aberdeen on Julh e 7t 25ty th e 1650hth n o Februar r o , y followings , whilwa e h e still Kin f Scotlango d only. e originath t Thino l s si mac f King'eo s College t appeari s a , s fron ma entry in the Registrum omnium Vasorum argenteorum, &c., of King's College, dated 1542, that there had previously been two older maces. Among the ornaments of the RectorJ in that list are included a silver mace bearing the arms of the King and of Bishop Elphinstone, and also another mace of five parts overlaid with silver, the gift of the Rector of Kynkell. It is by no means improbable that the older of these maces was the gift of Bishop Elphinstone. The Bishop, as the record of his life shows, was munificent in his benefactions to the College. If speculation as to the form of the mace be permitted, it also seems probable that its design was simila thoso t r t Andrews t GlasgoS ea t a d wan , which have headf so tabernacle form. This more seemth l e slikelal y fro face mth t that Bishop

1 Item baculus rectoris argenti, cum armis Eegi Fundatorit se s . ponderi . . s argenti. Item alias baculus argentatus, in quinque partibus, dono prefati rectoris de Kynkell.—Fasti Aberdonenses, 1494-1854, Spalding Club, p. 5J1. 496 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 9, 1892.

Elphinstone both studied in his earlier years at Glasgow and wa Dean Faculte oth f Universite Artf th yo n si y ther 1471-2n ei , besides spend- ing nine years on the Continent, studying at the Universities of Paris, of Orleans, and at most of the celebrated schools abroad. He must therefore have been well acquainted with the typical form of university mace s pastoraHi . l staff (fig .agai y 21s desig it referree ma ) n b r fo n , dto is of the tabernacle form. He would, moreover, find no difficulty in obtaining a mace from abroad, for he was frequently employed in embassie o Francet s , Burgundy Austriad an , . When this older mace went amissing has not been ascertained, but its loss is certainly much to be deplored. e otheTh r mace, which fro s descriptiomit n seem havo t s e beer nfo use on minor occasions, as was the case with a similar rod in the Glasgow University, was the gift of Alexander Galloway,1 Prebendary of Kynkells electewa o d fouwh , r times KectoUniversite th f o r y within the period 1516-1549. Of its disappearance there is likewise no record preserved. MAC P MARISCHAO E L COLLEGE, ABERDEEN.

Thi f silvero s s macei ) , 1 gilde . (Plat l overNo al d. eX t measurei ; s fee3 lengthn dwt0 i t1 weigh. d . oz an , 0 7 s The head is bowl-shaped, and is richly embossed with four cherubs' heads, each with three pair f wingso s , leaving between them four plain spaces, upon two of which—contiguous to each other—are engraved (1) the arms of James Leslie, who was Principal from 1661 till 1679— (argent) a fess n o e (azure) three buckles (or) e a mullemiddl th n i te chief poin r differencfo t ) parte(2 r fese d pe d(figs an ;) gules.24 d an argent, e uppeth r part charged wit palletso e seconhtw th f -o d (fig. 25), 1 The Kector of Kynkell was a distinguished friend both to the Cathedral and the Universit f Aberdeenyo flourishee H . d under four bishops (the last four preceding Reformation)e th vers wa y d activan , carryinn ei g Elphinstone' Dunbar'd an s s plans into effecttooe H greaa k. t interes buildinge th Bridge e Collegn i tth th f d so e ean s card expenshi an ey b s oef tha wa Deee transcriptt I th t . e morth f eo s ancient Church records were formed, which are now preserved in the University Library, and have bee "e n Registruth use r dfo m Episcopatus Aberdonensis " (Ker's Donaides p. 19).—Fasti Aberdonenses, Spalding Club, p. xxv. ACCOUNT OF THE MACES OF SCOTTISH UNIVEKSITIES, ETC. 497

evidently intende e Eare armth th f l o r s Marischalfo d , althouge th h proper blazo s argentni chiea n o f gules three pallet. sor The other two plain portions of the head bear no engraving. The lower portioe heath s decoratei df o n d with leaf ornament, displayed, while the top is closed by a domed plate, on which are embossed the royal arms as borne by the Stuarts till 1688. The head is surmounted

Fig. 24.—Arms of Prin- Fig. 25.—Arms of the cipale th Lesli n o e Earl Marischal on the Mac f o Marischae l Mace of Marischal College, Aberdeen College, Aberdeen (actual size). (actual size). by an open arched crown, the cresting of which is composed of thistles, roses d fleurs-de-lisan , e e fillecrow r th Th bano t.f s enrichei no d d with representation f lozengo s d oval-shapean e d stone n settingsi s l al , execute repousse.din beadThe pearlarchecrowor s the the son nsof are also executed in repousse, and are not applique, as in the mace of King's College. Th mace e th staf s cylindricalef i o f , wit hwoodea n core insides i t I . divided into two divisions and a neckband by two moulded bands, with twisted wire moulding d chasean s d leaf ornamentation s termini d an , - ated at its lower extremity by a bell-shaped pendant, to which a bunch of grape s attachedi s e neckbanTh . s i enriched d with three scroll- brackets, which extend from the lower portion of the head to the upper moulded band. The workmanship of the mace is exceedingly good, and the repousse wor s executei k d throughout with considerable artistice th skill t bu ; i2 VOL. xxvi. 498 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 9, 1892.

qualit f thyo e silve slightls i r y deficient, bein ge proportio onlth n yi f no . e 12dwt5 oz th 1 o . t 1 .0. oz 1 2gs It is probably because of this that it bears no hall-mark, and thus it is difficult to say where it was made. Happily the account for it has been preserved, from which it is ascertained that it was obtained in Lon- don, althoug doubtfuls i t hi , fro e absenc me hall-markth s th f wa eo t i f i , made there. followine Th e accouna copth s f i gyo t whic s stili h l preserven i d Marischal College:— Account Macethe Sceptre. or of 1671y 25Ma . Price £31, 14/- sterling. , WilliaI m Clerk, Docto Physickn i r acknowledgo d , o t e em have received from Doctor James Lesly, Principa f Mareo l - For the mace, schall's Colledge in New Aberdene, the sum of one and thirty

. 00 pound. 14 d fourtee. an s31 n shillings lawfull mone f Englando y f o ,

which sum I do hereby discharge the said Docto r James Lesly,

s rs his Heir sAdmd Exan , r witness these presents writted nan subscribe hann d t Londowitdow a y h m twentietfiv e d nth ean h e thousanOn d x hundree yeardsi Go th f n o ei dy Ma f o y da seventy and one. WILL. CLERK, M.D. It has been already remarked that Aberdeen was. one of the three Scottish Universities which were each sai havo t d e eth receive f o e on d maces found in Bishop Kennedy's tomb in 1683. But as the mace of King's College was obtained in 1650, and that of Marischal College in 1671, they were not then in need of a mace. Moreover, as the origin of both these tracede maceb n e reputeth ca s, d gift coul t havdno e been eithe f themo r . Therevidenco n s ei e tha e Universitth t f Aberdeenyo , or either of the other two universities specified, ever received such a gift, e findstorth thi n yi s respect mus regardee b t mythicals da .

E UNIVERSITMACTH F O E F EDINBURGHO Y .

This mace (Plate IX. K"o. 3) is made of silver; it measures 2 feet 3| in length weighd an , s (exclusiv e irodwt6 th . ne shaftf .oz eo corth 3 n e3 i ) The head is bell-shaped, and is divided into four circular compart- ACCOUN E MACETH F SCOT1IS F O SO T H UNIVERSITIES, ETC9 49 .

merits which bear respectivel e Cit e armth f Edinburghyth y o f o s e th ; arms of the University; a Scottish thistle surmounted by an imperial crown, and the letters I. K. VI.; and the following inscription:— NOVA HAG CLAVA ARGENTEA ACADEMIAM SUAM DONAVIT SENATUS EDIN- BURGENSIS CONSULE THO. ELDER PRiETOEE AoADEMICO GuL. CREECH, A.D. 1789. The head, which is closed with a plate upon which are engraved the arm Kinf so g James VI. s surmountei , open a ny b darche d crown, with crestina f crossego s pate" fleurs-de-lisd ean crossd an b ., or wit e hth The shaft of the mace is baluster-shaped, and is divided into two length mouldea y b s de middle th ban n i d . Both these divisione ar s decorated with acanthus leaf ornamentation. hall-mare Th k shows thae macs manufactureth t wa e Williay b d m Davie,1 an Edinburgh goldsmith, in 1789. The University of Edinburgh was one of the three Scottish universities which were sai o havdt e emace th receive f o s e allegeon d o dt have been foun Bishon di p Kennedy's tomAndrewt S t ba 168n si t 3 ;bu wha s e knowEdinburgi t th f o n h College mace completely negatives this supposition. It is certain that the College of Edinburgh had a mace in 1640, which was provided specially with a view to attaching some honour and Eectordignit officthe Colleg the The of ebeeyto . had en unfortunate for som es selectioit tim n i e f Hectorsno . Andrew s Ramsaywa o wh , the first elected, treated his office, which he held from 1620 till 1626, as merela y nominal onee samTh e. cours adoptes ewa Lory db d Preston- grang Lora e( f electes Session)do wa o 1627n di wh , gavd oate ,an eth h de fideli administrations, but did nothing further. He died in 1631, e offic th f Eecto o ed an r remaine abeyancen di , until nine years latee th r Town Council resolved to revive it. They ordaine n 164i d 0 tha HectoCollege a t th f o re - shoulap e b d pointed annually, with six Assessors, to be chosen from the Council, the Ministers, and the Masters of the College. An elaborate table of his

1 William Davi admittes e Incorporatioewa th o t d Goldsmithf o n f Edinburgso h Augh os deacon7t wa . 1741774-6e n i nh 0; d agai an , n 1778-80i n . -Besides this mace, his mark may he seen on the communion cups of Lanark and Larbert. 500 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 9, 1892.

arranges dutieid twa draws an s, wa d nup tha certaia t n amoun f pomo t p shoul attachee b ds person hi o dt a silve: r mac s providewa e b o t d carried before him, and one of his students was appointed to be his " bedall" or macer, with a stipend of £20 (Scots) per annum. This mace,1 whic s firshwa t borne before Henderson Eectorw ne e ,th , was used till nearly the close of last century. Besides being used for ceremonial whicn si Hectoe hth r took part fine w frequentl,ds thawa t i t y borrowes othersTowf e wa o th t e I y nus b d . Counci e th lenr fo tlr "fo publice th us f s restore eo College 1651n wa "i th d o t dan ,e Librarians Committee Macee "lens 1661655n n th th i i f wa d o o rt 0 t i an ; f eo Parliament till they got one of their own." . n 178I e macs stolen7th wa e . Professor Dalzel, then librarian, reported thanighe th t n t" o betwix 29t e d 30thth th an October 1787 e librar th e doos th brokef o yrwa n ope e macy thievesb th n ed an , stolen from the press where it was usually deposited." The Magistrates immediately, but without effect, offered " a reward of ten guineas for e discoverth e delinquents.th f yo " Octobed 2n e Orth n 178 e followin9th g statement appeare th n i s Caledonian Mercurius:— " William Creech, Esq™. (the College Bailie) e Lornamn th i , df o eProvost , Magistrates, and Council, presented to the Senatus Academicus of the Univer- sity of Edinburgh, assembled in the Library, an elegant new silver Mace, decorated with the Royal Ensigns of King James VI., the Founder of the College, and with the arras of the City and University, beautifully enchased, and having the following inscription engraved on one of the compartments "under the crown...... " There was a very special and extraordinary reason for this act of liberality, namely, that public opinion in Edinburgh had come to attri- bute the theft of the old mace to one of the Town Council themselves. notorioue th This swa s Deacon Brodie o stoowh , d hig n reputi h a s ea pious, wealthy, and substantial citizen, until he was tried and condemned to death on the 29th August 1788 for robbing the Excise Office. This was only one of a series of startling robberies, the perpetrators of

accounn 1mace A th Edinburg f f eo o t h University wil foune b l Grant'n di s History of Edinburgh University, from which most of the facts here stated are taken. ACCOUNT OF THE MACES OF SCOTTISH UNIVERSITIES, ETC. 501

which remained undiscovered. After the execution of Brodie, people bega ascribo nt e man f thesyo himo et d amon an , g them they laie th d e Collegthefth f o t e Deacon'e macth t ea s e accusatiodoorTh . n seems probable, as from Deacon Brodie's official position as one of the patrons e Collegeoth f coule h , d easily ascertain wher e mac kepts eth ewa , while proclivities hi s would abstracinduco t m . ehi it t At all events, it is said that the Town Council were " so black affronted " at the disgrace brought on them by one of their own mem- bers, that the ye matte th hastene t rge hushepresentiny o t db p u d a g new mace to the College. Mutual compliments were then interchanged between the Town Council and the Professors; and Principal Robertson, in name of the Senatus, " respectfully receive gratefulld an d y acknowledged e giftth " . And the new mace came, in fact, just in time to be carried in procession at the laying of the foundation-stone of the new University building Novemben si r 1789. In the description of the mace the " arms of the University" are mentioned. These arms seem to have been devised for the express purpose of being engraved on this mace. thio t sp dat U Universite eth armoriao n d yha d l ha bearings t ye r no , they a common seal. On the 3rd October 1789 the following report was made on the subject:— " Mr Dalzel reported, that whereas the University were not in possession of a common seal for affixing or suspending to their diplomas or public deeds, but were unde e necessitth r t everya y graduatio e Citth y f f applyino no e on r gfo seals, whic inconvenients hwa unsuitabld an , dignite Universitye th th o e t f yo , , wit e approbatiohe hth f severas colleagueso n hi f o l d desireha , Jamer M d s Cunimyng e Lyoth f no , Office mako a devicet , t ou e , whic d beehha n done accordingly d thar Eoberan M ,t t Boswell e Lyoth , n Kin f Armo g s Deputy, consentedd ha r Prasee desirM th t f a ,o er Tytler issuo t , patena e t froe mth said office (without demandin e usuagth l fee), authorisin College e gth us o et saie th d devic s theia e rl timarmal o comeet n i s , viz. :—Argen saltirea n o t azure between thistlea chiefin propercastlea a rock basein on and sable a book e e samcompartment expandedth th e represente f es ar o a , e e or on th n f do o s new mace. Which having met with the approbation of the Senatus Acade- micns, they ordered the said arms to he engraved on a seal, to be used for the University.e futurseae th f th o l s ea " 502 . PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 9, 1892.

THE LORD PRESIDENT'S OH OLD EXCHEQUER MACE. This mace (Plate XI. No. 1) is made of silver, gilded all over. It measure fee4 s t 7-J inche lengthn dwt8 si . weighd .oz an ,2 23 s e hea Th s bowl-shapedi d s i decorate d an , d entirely with repousse s dividei work t I .d by armless winged cherubs, endin n acanthui g s foliage, into four compartments, containing respectively a thistle, rose, fleur-de-lis haipd l surmountean , al , imperian a y db l crown dividind an , g the initial. E . sC e botto e bowornamenn th a th t s f i mlA o t compose f foudo r thistles,

with leaves displayed, pierced out of plate, and soldered on. 6t s closei a plat ) e hea2 y d b e. Th dbearing No (Plat L e royaX eth , l arm s surmountei s d (Plat an n imperiaNoL , a e X 4) y . b d l crown with jewellea d fillet supportin gcrestina f Maltesgo e crosse fleurs-de-lid san s elevated on rays, from within which there spring four arches bearing the orb and cross. e shaf divides Th i t d intdivisiono otw neckbana largo d tw san e y b d moulded bands, decorated with acanthus foliage. The neckband is enriched with four scroll brackets, with figurehead terminals, and on all the three divisions is chased a spiral ornament of thistles and roses. The foot of the rod is bell-shaped, closed with an inverted dome chased with thistle terminates rosesi d d san an , pendana y db t with four leaves enclosin gballa . t I bear e Londoth s n hall-mar n escutcheoa n r o 1G67k fo d n a nan , anchor dividing the maker's initials, T. H. n sizeI , weight d appearancan , e this mace bear mossa t strikin- re g semblance to that used by the House of Commons from 1660 till now, which is likewise of silver gilt, measuring 4 feet 10 J inches in length, and weighing 251 oz. 2 dwt. 2 gs. It is evident from its imposing appearance that it must originally have been madhiga r hefo Crowe officeth f althougd o nr an ; informatioo hn n has been obtained from any existing records, the likeness it bears to tha n severai te conclusio th o lt portraite maced nth le s thas i t ha i ts used latterly by the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland. PROC Soo. ANTIQ SCOT. VOL. XXVI. PLATE XI.

1. The Lord President's or old Exchequer Mace. 2. Head of ditto. 3. The Mace of the High Court of Justiciary. 4. Arms on the head of the Lord President's Mace. . PROCEEDING 4 THF 50 O SE SOCIETY , 18929 Y . MA ,

In the engravings of the portraits of the Earl of Perth, 1685,1 the Ear f Marchmonto l , e Ear1698, th f Seafield o ld an 2 , 1704, 3a mac s ei figure n saltirei d , wit Treasurer'e hth l thessal e bagdesig n eth I .f no mace th practicalls ei samee yth , with this exception, tha initiale th t f so e Sovereigth n under whom they respectively held offic engravee ar e n do

Fig. 26.—The Mace-Bearer, from Sommers' Illustrations Ridine oScottise th f th f go h Parliament.

the head. The first bears the initials I. K., the second W. E., and the thir . E.dA , whil initiale eth thi. n o E s Sucs . maceC n altera a he ar - tio s thia n s might naturall e expecteyb d froe artistsmth d cannoan , t therefore be regarded of much importance, for it is well known that the mace never became the property of the' Lord Treasurer, but was handed

1 James, Earl of Perth, Lord Drummond and Stobhall.—R. White's engraving after Roiley, 1685. 2 The Earl of Marchmont.—R. White's engraving after Kneller, 1698. James, Earl of Seafield.—J. Smith's engraving after Kneller, 1704. 3 ACCOUNT OF THE MACES OF SCOTTISH UNIVERSITIES, ETC. 505

over, on his demitting office, to his successor. A mace resembling this one is also shown in Scanners' illustrations of the Biding of the Scottish Parliament, in the hands of a mounted mace-bearer (fig. 26), but much importance cannot be attached to that representation of it, for it is necessarily very small. This mace only dates from 1667 thao s , t cannoi te mac th e b t originally obtaine enhancinr dfo dignite Lore gth th df y o Treasurer letterA . , dated- 9th January 1609, addressed to the Privy Council, ordains that the Treasurer shall thereafter s publihi n i c, appearances, hav silveea r gilt mace carried before him, which was followed on the 28th of the same month by an Act of the Council prescribing that on all such occa- e Treasuresionth s sa streitie th r f "o s saiabroay y l on wa comen y di on burghy oon f , citie r touo , f thio n s kingdome, [he] sail carr ya smal l walkins hand r stalf hi saio d n d i an ,lf gro cau s car ysilvea r maice over- gilt by ane immediatlie going before him."1 In 1616 there is a reference to this mace, when it was delivered up r GideoSi y b n Murra f Elibanyo k :— quhile Th k presence day th Lorde n ,th i Secreif f seo o t Counsall, compeirit personallie Sir Gedeone Murray of Elibank, knicht, Deputie Thesaurair, and producei exhibitd an t e befoi saidie th r s Lordi maise sth e calli Thesaurairie th t s maise, wite same caise th hth f ,eo quhil e umquhil delyveris b kwe m hi o et r JohnnSi e Arnote, Deputie Thesaurai tymee th d he r an s, fo rben e keepe b t him sensyne. Quhilk maise, with the caise thairof, the saidis Lordis ressavit from the said Sir Gideone Murray, and delyverit the same to Johne, Erll ot Mar, Lord Heich Thesaurair of this kingdome, to the effect he may caus the saide mais borne el b tyme al en i befois m comeinhi r g durin s tyme hi gth f eo office, and upoun productioun of the said maise and the delyverie of the same to the said Erll of Mar the said Sir Gideone Murray askit instrumentis.2 n 162I 1 ther othee referenceo ear tw r s same toth ' ePrive maceth yn i Council Eecords, in connection with the delivery of the Kegalia. Although the Treasurer's Mace is frequently mentioned in the accounts of different ceremonials about this period descriptioo n , givens i t i f ,no consequentld an s foryit unknowns mi . No trac y othes founi an e f r o dLor d Treasurer's mace untie th l

1 Register Privye oth f Council, vol. viii. 233pp . , 548. 2 Ibid., . 674volp . x .. 506 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 9, 1892.

resemblance of this one to those in the portraits mentioned leads us to believe that a new mace was obtained shortly afte e Kestorationth r e datTh e .whe n this mac mads ewa e — 1667 — also coincides with that opinion. It is possible that in the spoliation of public and private property during Civie th lmacd hav y Warol ema e sbeeth n destroyedd an , that it therefore became necessary to get a new one. At any ratecleas i t i ,r that thers usewa ed between this date e Unioth d nmaca an g° e resemblin closelo gs thie yon s that g we appear to be warranted in identifying the latter as the | Lord Treasurer's mace. A careful search has been made in £O the Accounts of the Lord Treasurer in 1667 wit, h a view to J5 discover the payment for this mace, but the manner in .g which the accounts were kept at that time renders it impos- •£ sibl traco et e paymenteth . e constitutinth n O e e CourBaron- th th SP Ex f f g o o tf so o chequer, which practically took over the functions of the ^ Lord Treasurer, the mace of the Lord Treasurer appears to '£ have been handed over to the Chief Baron, for in the portrait § of Sir James Montgomery, Bart., Chief Baron of the Court •S of Exchequer, 1721,1 it is again figured. js Sinc abolitioe eth thaf no t Court, whe judicias nit l functions p rt 8 were transferred to the Court of Sessiont , it has been used 02 by the Lord President. Once a year, however, when Her "o Majesty's Lord High Commissioner comes to the meeting of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, it is c] carried before the Commissioner in the ceremonials of that E occasion, whic e perhaphar sole th se survivor mane th f yo s pageants in which it once was proudly borne. One interesting circumstance may be said -to result from e tracine th historth f go y of this mace, viz. e doubtfuth , l light it casts on the identity of the rod shown along with 1 From the portrait by Sir Henry Raeburn,— Scot. Nat. Portrait Gallery. ACCOUN MACEE TH F SCOTTISF O SO T H UNIVERSITIES, 7 ETC50 .

the Eegalia, which has hitherto been described as the Lord Treasurer's Mace (fig. 27). Although the Eegalia were minutely described in the Act of Depositation, d foun ro o mention e d s madth wa f no e in the chest beside them; and Sir Walter Scott n arrivin i e ,conclusio th t a g n that it was the mace of the Lord Treasurer, appears to have been misled by the circumstance that the Treasurer's mace was invariably delivered up along with the Eegalia when they passed froe cusmth - e Loron tod df o yTreasure o anothert r . But the circumstances in which the Eegalia were deposite e Castlth n n 170i i ed 7 were not analagous to this, and there was no reason whatevee Lorth dy Treawh r - surer should thus have divested himself of his rod of office, not when the Eegalia were being given up by him, but when they were being surrendere e Earth ly b d Marischall, under protest, into his custody. , appearso e b o d o t s t no d di Tha e h t clear from the fact that this rod does not bea slightese th r t resemblanc mace th eo et figured in the portraits of the Lord Trea- surers already mentioned. identityThe ,rod therefore the of , found wit Eegalie hth a still remaine b o st established. n hardle handca on e t i b y,e Oth n maintained, after wha s beeha t n said Fig. Hea28 .Ro f dSceptro r do e about maces, that it contains any of their shown with the ReSalia in the typicai • e otheli th featurest rn o jhand. d an ,; j ii, ii, i a Crown-room, there can be as little doubt that it presents all the features of a sceptre. 8 50 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH 9 Y , F 1892O SMA , . crosd an surmountes si b (figd or ro formere e . th 28)th e y d Th db , an , as is well known, was the sign of sovereign authority and majesty. s hithertha t i ot beenBu - impossibl o discovet e r whose particular n additioI King'e sceptr th . is o s t nt i esceptre , Queen'.thera s ewa s s referrei sceptre Tennand'n i e o On t d . s Inventor f 154yo 2 as"ane sceptour with, ane quhyte hand," but that description does not agree with the appearance of this rod. Possibly some entry in the Lord Treasurer's Accounts, or in some other records, may yet be found which will elucidat pointe eth .

MAC F THO EE HIGH COUR F JUSTICIARYTO .

Thi befits sa emblee mac, th s3) . e avenginf m(Plato No . eXI g justice, is of iron, and is borne before the Lord Justice-General, Lord Justice- Clerk or other Justiciary Judges when they preside at a criminal assize. f cylindricae heao s Th i d l form s entird gildedit an d , ean ,surfac e is occupied by three thistles with leaves displayed, while the ground is pierced surmountes outi t I . open a y nd b crow n wit beadex hsi d arches. The staff is plain, and is divided by two small moulded bands; it is also enriched at its upper end with three plain scroll brackets. This mace does not seem to be very old, but its precise antiquity has t beeno n ascertained. In addition to this mace, which is used only in Edinburgh, there are similar maces in all the towns where the Justiciary Judges hold their Court while on circuit. None of these are of any particular interest or greay t beeoan no f tn s antiquitythoughha t i d t an , necessare th r yfo purpose f thio s pape figuro t r e the r describmo e them minutely.

E COURMACETH F SESSIONF O TO S .

• Ther e fivar ee silver mace se Cour th use y f f Sessionb do o t e On . them is used by the Lord Justice-Clerk when he sits in the Second Division, and the others are used by the Lords Ordinary when sitting with a jury. In their general form, size, and appearance they are very ACCOUNT OF THE MACES OF SCOTTISH UNIVERSITIES, ETC. 509

similar s thea t y bu diffe; n minoi r r respects e describeb , they ma y d separatelyf theo l mt wili al note e n b lI d. thacrowne th t surmounting their heads lack jewellee sth d fillet which generally appear macen si f so this type. This may be accounted for by the fact that the oldest lacks this detail, and that the others are all more or less copies of it.

I. That which seems to be the oldest (Plate XII. No. 1) is un- stamped and undated, and bears no indication when it was made, excep e armsth t , whic e thosar h e Stuart th use y b ds from 1603 till 1688. s madi f t silverI o e , measure inche7 2 s n lengthi s weighd an , 8 3 s ozdwt8 1 . . The head is bell-shaped, and bears the thistle, rose, fleur-de-lis, and harp l madal , e separatel f silvero y , gilded d fixe y an nutd ,b dan s screws. The head is surmounted by a cresting of leaves, which is partially broken s closeaway i flaa d y t db an ,plate whico t , t attaches hi nu a y db and screw a shield bearing the royal arms, rudely enamelled in blue. The crown is closed by four arches, surmounted by the orb and cross. divideis rod dsmalle intdivisiontwo The largotwo one r and e by s moulded bands. e neckbanTh s enrichei d d with three scroll brackets fooe s th i t d an , terminate bell-shapea y db d pendant.

. ThiII s mace (Plat mads i e) f silver2 XIIo e . t No measure.i : s 25 inches in length, and weighs 37 oz. 15 dwt. The head is bell-shaped, and is divided into four divisions by caryat- ide f cast-silverso spacee th , e respectivelsolderen sar I . don ythistlea , harp, fleur-de-lis e divisionrosed th an ,f ,o alo ls crownedtw ther n o e d an , also appear in relief the letters C. K. II. The head is closed by a flat plate bearing the royal arms in silver gilt, and is surmounted by a cresting of Maltese crosses and fleurs-de-lis, from which spring four arche crossd san bearinb . or e gth The shaft is similar in form to that of the previous mace, but the central moulded ban s smallerd i decorates i d an , d wit hstampea d pattern. PROC. Soc. ANTIQ. SCOT. VOL. XXVI. PLATE XII.

Maces of the Court of Session. ACCOUNT OF THE MACES OF SCOTTISH UNIVEKSITIES, ETC. 511

Three scroll brackets, richly worked, likewise enrich the neckband of this mace. To the end of the rod is soldered a silver plate engraved with the initials & '&. — which may have been the initials of one of the macers who used it. e macTh e bear e Edinburgth s h hall-mark s stampei d an , d wite th h maker's punch of Edward Cleghorn, who was admitted to the Incorpora- tio f Goldsmithno f Edinburgso n e 1649hi deacon' th d ,an s puncf ho Andrew Burrell, deacon 1653- 1659-61d 4an .

III. This mace (Plate XII. No. 3) is made of silver : it measures 25f inches in length, and weighs 44 oz. 6 dwt. The head is bell-shaped, and is divided into four divisions by curious ornaments, each consisting of a harp, fleur-de-lis, rose, and thistle, placed e other th d surmounte f an o , p to a lac, e y b dth d'amour. n o e e Th on space e fillear s d respectively wit a hthistle , rose, fleur-de-lis d harpan , , crownedall dividinand , initialgthe RsA. . The head is closed by a domed plate bearing the royal arms, and is surmounted by a crown, with a cresting of fleurs-de-lis and crosses, from which there spring four arches, bearing the orb and cross. The shaft is divided in the middle by a large knop, decorated with fluting, while above it and below it are two smaller fluted bands. The neckband, as in the previous mace, is also enriched with three scroll s bell-shapedi d ro e brackets th e foo f th .o t d an , The mace bears the Edinburgh hall-mark for the year 1704-5, and e maker'th s punc f Alexandeo h r s admitteKincaide wa th o o t dwh , Incorporation of Goldsmiths of Edinburgh in 1694.

IV. This mace (Plate XII. No. 4) is made of silver : it measures inche dwt5 lengthe n heasi 1 . Th s d similaweighi d. oz an , 8 n i 3 sr form to the others, and is decorated with the same emblems, but it bears the initials G. E. II. and the date 1760. It is surmounted by a crown with four beaded arches, and in the form and division of its rod resembles the previous maces. s decorationIt , however distinca s i , t reflectio e styl th f orna o ef no - 512 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 9, 1892.

mentation known as that of Louis XIV., which then prevailed; and in this mac t findei s expressio scrole e th for th f lm o n bracketi n e th t a s ornamente neckbandth n i d san , which divid heae d enricth ean de hth moulded band of its shaft. The mace bears for a hall-mark the initials W. S. and a thistle twice repeated. No mention of any goldsmith with these initials is found about that e Incorporatiobooke perioth th f n o si d f Goldsmitho n f o s Edinburghals y notee ob ma t di thad thistle an , th tonls eywa introduced e statutorth f o e yn i on 175stamp s a 9r Edinburg fo s h platee Th . maker may, nevertheless, have bee Edinburgn na h goldsmith.

V. This mace (Plate XII. No. 5) is of silver : it measures 27f inches l lengthn respect i al dwt7 s desigweigh. d It n i .oz an , s i n0 s5 lik e

Fig. 29. Macers of the Court of Session.—From Sommers' Illustrations of Ridine Scottise th th f go h Parliament. tha mace t oth f e mad 1704-n i e 5 (Plate XII. No. 3),—with thes- eex ceptions, tha t onli t y bear rosee sth , thistle n s headi har d it d n ,an pan o , the fourth space the initials G. R. III., surmounted by a crown and the date 1815, and it has the arms of George III. on the dome above the head. It bears the Edinburgh hall-mark for the year 1815. ACCOUNT OF THE MACES OF SCOTTISH UNIVERSITIES, ETC. 513

O fe Colleg e macenonth th f f f eJustico o so e s i there erecordea d e historygif f speechth f o tthei d t yha bu ;, wha a histort y they could tell! Besides being used for their strictly judicial purposes, they were also borne in other important ceremonials, such as the Biding of the Scottish Parliament n Scunnersi , ' Illustration f whico s h thee ar y figured (fig. 29). e oldesTh f theo t m have thus beee silenth n t witnesse f mano s ya great even d manan t strangya e debate d mucan , f whaho s trans wa t - acte thein di r presence belong histore countrye th th o sf t yo . To deal wit e historith h c memories associated with the s mbeyoni d e scope saith b thif dy eo stha ma papert ti t sinc e picturesqubu ; th e e Parliamend Ol exterio e th f o rt Hous destroyes e wa iconoclasti th y b d c "improvers f 1829visiblo "w fe ,e theth link f yo s for e whicmon h carr e presenyth t generation bac ke successio botth o ht f distinguisheno d men who for centuries maintained the dignity and honour of the Scottish bench and bar, and also to the time when Scotland had a Parliament of its own. This closes the account of all the old maces now known to be in existence in Scotland. Two types common in England are conspicuous by their absence here,—the semi-military type already referred to, and also those made or altered durin Commonwealthe gth , which bea Statee arme th th rf so . Of those that have gone amissin t variouga s time d froan sm various causes the number is inconsiderable. The maces of the King's Macers of the fourteenth and fifteenth century were probably disposed of on the death of their owners; the ancient maces of the University of Aberdeen cannot be traced after the Eeformation, and the earliest Lord Treasurer's mace seems to have disappeared about the time of the Civil Wars; the e Citmacd th f Edinburg ol yo f eo s evidentlhwa y dispose f aftedo e th r s obtainede presentwwa th o e e d Privmaceon th an t , f yo s Council were probably sold when that body ceased to exist; the mace of the University of Edinburgh alone had an untimely end, for late in the eighteenth century it fell a prey to a burglar's cupidity. e surprisinTh g circumstance, considerin e rudth g e charactee th f o r times in which they were used, and the loose way in which they were VOL. xxvi. 2 K 514 . PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY. 9, 1892.

generall yt tha keptno o manys t s i , ,f theo bn mw t fe tha havo s t e been destroyed. Their history covers a profoundly interesting and eventful period of Scottish history e oldesTh f .theo t m carry n se Middl bacth o t ke possibly ma Ages d yan , have been handle somy db whoo t e Ware mth s of Independence were bnt as a tale of yesterday; and in the march of time they carry us through the Reformation, the Revolution, the Civil Wars, the Restoration, the Union, and the Rebellions. The advance of civilisation has practically rendered unnecessary the principal purposes they were intende fulfilo t df t oldstill o bu s ;, a , they serv o upholt e d the majesty of the law, to symbolise the favour of the Sovereign, to mar pre-eminence kth e Lorth df eo Provost enhanco t d dignite an , eth y e Rector or Universitiesth f ou f so .

In concluding desirw returo no t e bes I ,y m nt assiste thankth r -fo s ance I have received in compiling this paper. To the University, Civic, and Jiidicial Authoritie indebtem e greaa th I sr t fo dfacilitie s they afforded, bot r examininhfo e record macee th gth d thein i ssan r custody. . MaitlanJ r ToM d Anderson ,t AndrewLibrariaS e th f s o nUniversity , e speciaow I l e greathankth r t fo spain e too h sn searchin i k e gth manuscript records unde s charghi r informatior efo n bearin thn go e history of the maces of the University of St Andrews. From Mr J. Balfour Paul, the Lyon King of Arms, I have received considerable assistance identifyinn i d describingan differene th arme gth n o s t maces. Many suggestions and much valuable information, which would have been otherwise difficult for me to obtain, I owe to Dr Thomas Dickson, Curator of the Historical Department, Register House. Mr Hippolyte J. Blanc has assisted me also, in describing the architectural features of the maces; and to many others I am afraid I have been burden- some,—to none mor r Josepo thaD es o nt h Anderson, whose unfailing courtesy and invaluable help it is a pleasure to acknowledge.