Physiologie Et Biomécanique Du Ski-Alpinisme

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Physiologie Et Biomécanique Du Ski-Alpinisme Unicentre CH-1015 Lausanne http://serval.unil.ch Year : 2015 PHYSIOLOGIE ET BIOMÉCANIQUE DU SKI-ALPINISME PRAZ Caroline PRAZ Caroline, 2015, PHYSIOLOGIE ET BIOMÉCANIQUE DU SKI-ALPINISME Originally published at : Thesis, University of Lausanne Posted at the University of Lausanne Open Archive http://serval.unil.ch Document URN : urn:nbn:ch:serval-BIB_B205A3947C037 Droits d’auteur L'Université de Lausanne attire expressément l'attention des utilisateurs sur le fait que tous les documents publiés dans l'Archive SERVAL sont protégés par le droit d'auteur, conformément à la loi fédérale sur le droit d'auteur et les droits voisins (LDA). A ce titre, il est indispensable d'obtenir le consentement préalable de l'auteur et/ou de l’éditeur avant toute utilisation d'une oeuvre ou d'une partie d'une oeuvre ne relevant pas d'une utilisation à des fins personnelles au sens de la LDA (art. 19, al. 1 lettre a). A défaut, tout contrevenant s'expose aux sanctions prévues par cette loi. Nous déclinons toute responsabilité en la matière. Copyright The University of Lausanne expressly draws the attention of users to the fact that all documents published in the SERVAL Archive are protected by copyright in accordance with federal law on copyright and similar rights (LDA). Accordingly it is indispensable to obtain prior consent from the author and/or publisher before any use of a work or part of a work for purposes other than personal use within the meaning of LDA (art. 19, para. 1 letter a). Failure to do so will expose offenders to the sanctions laid down by this law. We accept no liability in this respect. Institut des sciences du sport PHYSIOLOGIE ET BIOMÉCANIQUE DU SKI-ALPINISME Thèse de doctorat ès sciences de la vie (PhD) présentée à la Faculté de biologie et de médecine de l’Université de Lausanne par Caroline PRAZ Master de l’École polytechnique fédérale de Zürich (ETH) Jury Prof. Philippe Reymond, Président Prof. Bengt Kayser, Directeur de thèse Prof. Olivier Dériaz, Co-directeur Prof. Grégoire Millet, expert Prof. Federico Schena, expert Lausanne 2015 Acknowledgments À Vincent qui a grandement contribué à faire de moi qui je suis et qui, je l’espère, aurait été fier de me voir y arriver. Je tiens aussi à remercier très sincèrement : - Chacun des sujets de nos différents protocoles qui ont donné leur temps, leur énergie et leur sueur pour la science et pour moi, - Bengt Kayser, pour ses conseils, son enthousiasme et son soutien tout au long de ces quatre années, - Olivier Dériaz, pour ses encouragements et la confiance qu’il m’a toujours témoignée, - Bertrand Léger, pour sa présence et son soutien amical et scientifique jour après jour, et parce que la Patrouille des Glaciers restera une aventure traversée ensemble, - Philippe Vuistiner, pour son art des statistiques, - Les filles du Supers Nanas office qui ont grandement égayé ma dernière année de thèse, - Tous mes collègues de Sion et de Lausanne avec qui se fut un plaisir de collaborer, - Mes ami(e)s qui ont été une aide précieuse pour maintenir le cap, - Mon petit frère, Simon, toujours prêt à m’écouter me plaindre ou m’enthousiasmer, - Mes parents car rien n’aurait été possible sans eux, sans leur présence à mes côtés et s’ils n’avaient pas réussi à ancrer en moi cette persévérance et cet optimisme qui m’auront été nécessaire pour mener à bien cette thèse, - Thierry, pour son indéfectible soutien et sa présence si précieuse tant dans les bons que dans les mauvais jours. Table of contents Abstract Résumé Abbreviations 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Endurance performance ............................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Main determinants of endurance performance ........................................................................... 2 1.2.1 Maximal oxygen uptake ......................................................................................................... 3 1.2.2 Exercise economy ................................................................................................................... 5 1.2.3 Fractional utilization of �O2max (lactate threshold) ................................................................ 8 1.2.4 Adequate fuel provision ....................................................................................................... 10 1.2.5 Core temperature ................................................................................................................ 12 1.2.6 Hydration ............................................................................................................................. 13 1.2.7 Other factors ........................................................................................................................ 15 1.3 Aims and structure ...................................................................................................................... 15 1.3.1 Aims ...................................................................................................................................... 15 1.3.2 Structure .............................................................................................................................. 17 2. Results ............................................................................................................................................... 18 2.1 Optimal slopes and speeds in ski mountaineering – a laboratory study ..................................... 18 2.2 Optimal slopes and speeds in ski mountaineering – a field study .............................................. 19 2.3 Energy Expenditure of Extreme Competitive Mountaineering Skiing ......................................... 20 2.4 Nutritional behaviour and beliefs of ski mountaineers – a semi-quantitative and qualitative study ................................................................................................................................................. 21 3. Discussion .......................................................................................................................................... 22 3.1 Ski mountaineering as endurance performance ......................................................................... 22 3.2 Main determinants of endurance performance in ski mountaineering ...................................... 24 3.2.1 Maximal oxygen uptake ....................................................................................................... 24 3.2.2 Exercise economy ................................................................................................................. 25 3.2.3 Fractional utilization of �O2max (lactate threshold) .............................................................. 30 3.2.4 Adequate fuel provision ....................................................................................................... 30 3.2.5 Core temperature ................................................................................................................ 35 3.2.6 Hydration ............................................................................................................................. 35 4. Conclusions and perspectives ........................................................................................................... 37 5. References ........................................................................................................................................ 39 Appendices ............................................................................................................................................... I Appendix 1: Ski mountaineering .......................................................................................................... I Appendix 2: Ski mountaineering gear ................................................................................................. II Appendix 3: Ski mountaineering races ............................................................................................... IV Appendix 4: The Patrouille des glaciers ............................................................................................. VI Appendix 5: Optimal slopes and speeds in ski mountaineering – a laboratory study ..................... VIII Appendix 6: Optimal slopes and speeds in ski mountaineering – a field study .............................. XXX Appendix 7: Energy expenditure of extreme competitive mountaineering skiing ...................... XXXIII Appendix 8: Nutritional behaviour and beliefs of ski mountaineers – a semi-quantitative and qualitative study ................................................................................................................................ LX Abstract Introduction: Ski mountaineering is an increasingly popular winter sport and leisure activity. Elite athletes practice this sport with a high level of professionalism, but so far little scientific evidence was available to support their approach. The main aim of this work was to develop a specific knowledge about ski mountaineering, allowing providing specific recommendations for the practice. Methods: First we investigated energy cost (EC) and vertical energy cost (ECv). These two parameters were estimated with oxygen uptake, at different gradients (7 to 33%) and different speeds (2 to 7 km·h-1) on treadmill with roller skis and on snow with ski mountaineering gear. Then we assessed energy expenditure
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