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Learning Away from Home Learning Away from Home A Foundation Book in Refugee and Emergency Education Cases: “Basic Education for Afghan Refugees” - BEFARe and other refugee and returnee education activities in Pakistan and Afghanistan 1980 - 2005 Expanded Volume Atle Hetland Learning Away from Home Learning Away from Home A Foundation Book in Refugee and Emergency Education Cases: “Basic Education for Afghan Refugees” - BEFARe and other refugee and returnee education activities in Pakistan and Afghanistan 1980 - 2005 Expanded Volume 1 Atle Hetland Published in 2006 by Alhamra, Publishing, Islamabad, Pakistan www.alhmara.com ISBN 969-516-166-9 This book, or part thereof, may not be reproduced in print or electronic form without the permission from the author. Sections may, however, be reproduced for internal use by educational and research institutions and organizations, with ref- erence given to the book. Copyright @ Atle Hetland 2006 All rights reserved Author: Atle Hetland. E-mal: [email protected] Research Associate: Dr. S.B. Ekanayake English Language and Editorial Consultant: Fiona Torrens-Spence Graphic Artist and Design: Salman Beenish Photos: The photos are by the author unless otherwise indicated. The photo on the last cover page is of a painting by Professor Gh. M. Shabnam Ghaznawi, a renowned Afghan painter living in Pakistan, and permission to reproduce it has been given by the artist. Some of Ghanawi’s other paintings have also been used in the book. For a large selection of refugee paintings, see a book by Prof. Ghazanawi entitled Afghan Refugee Artists. UNESCO, Islamabad, 2002. Professional assistance for manuscript development: Basic Education for Afghan Refugees (BEFARe), Peshawar, provided assistance, practical help and advice in connection with the work. However, the author had total independence from BEFARe, and from its earlier implementing partner, the German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ); for example, most interviews were conducted “on neutral ground” outside any of the BEFARe offices, or any other NGO or organiza- tion/institution involved in refugee affairs. The author was professionally affiliated to Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan, during the work, and did most of the writing at Chez Soi Guest House, Islamabad. Support for manuscript development and printing: o The German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ), Islamabad, provided partial assistance for research, manuscript development, graphic artwork and initial printing costs of the “Summary Volume”. o The Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA), provided partial assistance for some of the direct expenses and the initial printing costs of the “Expanded Volume” (first impression). Other contributions: Land Peace & Vision Quest, Pakistan, provided advice connected to the “Summary Volume”. For the “Expanded Volume”, modest yet important contributions were received from several well-wishers, including, BEFARe, Peshawar; ICSI Clinic, Islamabad; Thomas R. Hutson, Nebraska; Jawed Popal, Kabul; Chez Soi Guest House, Islamabad. The bulk of the project costs was covered from the Author’s own resources; he is, however, entitled to royalty from the subsidized sale of the book. Distribution: Complementary copies of the book have been distributed to Pakistani libraries, educational and research insti- tutions and organizations, refugee organizations and institutions, embassies, United Nations organizations, the media and other organizations and institutions. (Organizations/institutions abroad may order review copies of the book directly from the publisher, which will charge for the direct expenses incurred, i.e. postage and handling.) Wholesale orders: Bookshops, NGOs, embassies, donors and local and international institutions, organizations and individu- als, should forward their orders to: Alhamra Publishing, Al-Babar Centre #6-1st floor, F-8 Markaz, Islamabad. Tel: (051) 2818033 / 78. E-mail: [email protected] Views expressed and analysis in this publication are those of the author and are not necessarily the opin- ions of the funding organizations, or the projects, organizations and institutions presented. Recommended bookshop retail price: Pak. Rs. 870 (USD 15) Printed in Pakistan Learning Away from Home Atle Hetland Learning Away from Home A Foundation Book in Refugee and Emergency Education Cases: “Basic Education for Afghan Refugees” - BEFARe and other refugee and returnee education activities in Pakistan and Afghanistan 1980 - 2005 Expanded Volume 3 Atle Hetland Note to the Reader Facts and Figures At the opening of each chapter we have included a few Boxes, giving summary facts and figures as background to the reader. Some of the information is basic for the reader to benefit fully from the text that follows. However, some readers may already have good general knowledge of Afghanistan refugee issues, in general and in Pakistan, and refugee education in general and in Pakistan. To such readers, the Boxes are mere reminders and contain little new information. Debate and Opinions The book comprises empirical data, descriptive facts and figures, and related information. It is mainly a documentation of BEFARe’s work and some other refugee education activities in Pakistan. It contains some analysis. Social science studies and research are never neutral and this book includes opinions and interpretations. However, we have tried to give a balanced pic- ture of the BEFARe project and other refugee education activities. Yet, we also argue for increased funding and continued sup- port to refugee and returnee education and other sectors, thus bordering on action research and, clearly, advocacy on behalf of education for refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs) anywhere; in particular Afghans in Pakistan. Sources The book has been based on open written sources in GTZ and BEFARe’s files and archives in Pakistan; mainly annual reports and other more formal reports and books, but also mimeographed and more informal reports etc., available in English. Furthermore, we have made use of literature in the libraries in the non-governmental, United Nations and other organizations, ACBAR’s Resource and Information Centre in Peshawar, now moved to Kabul, and public libraries and bookshops. Other important sources are the electronic materials and comments provided by current and former staff members, pupils and oth- ers. Oral interviews with a vast number of individuals, representatives of organizations, institutions and others have been most valuable; other formal and informal information added insight. Discretion has been shown where data needed to be treated confidentially. Sound judgment has been exercised when the validity and reliability of data can be questioned. Although much time was spent on trying to collect statistical data, only limited statistical and other quantitative data have been presented in the book since we are not certain if it is entirely correct. Further research is needed to ascertain this aspect as well as a num- ber of other aspects of the large German assistance programme to Afghan refugee education in Pakistan. Although data is avail- able, it is not always easily retrievable. We have not sought access to data from the Embassy of Germany in Pakistan (or Afghanistan) or GTZ Headquarters in Germany. The data available in GTZ’s country office in Islamabad was limited. Abbreviations We have not included a List of Abbreviations in the book but instead given the name in full the first time an abbreviation or acronym appears. We have repeated the explanations/names when they appear in different chapters. Throughout the book we have used BEFARe as the name of all refugee education activities implemented by the German gov- ernment aid agency, GTZ, even if the exact project name may have differed. Especially in the initial years in the 1980s, the project names used externally were many: Pak-German Bas-Ed, AG Bas-Ed, Pak-German Technical Training Programme (PGTTP), Community Based Primary Education (COPE) and, last but not least, Basic Education for Afghan Refugees (BEFARe). From the late 1980s/early 1990s, some projects ran parallel. After 1996, the project name is BEFARe, but even that is not quite accurate since COPE and other sub-projects have been included under GTZ-BEFARe, but such names/acronyms have mainly been used internally in the organization. After 2003/2004, when BEFARe became a local Pakistani organization, a number of sub-projects have been implemented. For simplicity and clarity, we believe it serves the purpose to use the name GTZ-BEFARe and, today, simply BEFARe. Literature and References Endnotes have been included in each chapter. They include essential references and data. We have not prepared a complete bibliography but only given some suggestions (at the end of the book) on further reading and sources of information. Today, websites of various organizations and networks are often more useful than bibliographies. In our context, the main networks are the Inter-Agency Network for Education in Emergencies (INEE) at UNESCO, Paris, now moved to UNICEF, New York, and the Agency Coordinating Body for Afghan Relief (ACBAR), Peshawar and Kabul, including the Education Cell in Peshawar. ACBAR’s Afghan Resource and Information Centre (ARIC), is a unique collection for historians, planners and implementers. Summary Volume The author of the current book has prepared a “Summary and Advocacy Volume” of this book, also published by Alhamra. Several of the chapters in this “Expanded Volume” also appear in the summary volume with some
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