Astrophysical Lab Course Measurement of the Solar Rotation
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Glossary Physics (I-Introduction)
1 Glossary Physics (I-introduction) - Efficiency: The percent of the work put into a machine that is converted into useful work output; = work done / energy used [-]. = eta In machines: The work output of any machine cannot exceed the work input (<=100%); in an ideal machine, where no energy is transformed into heat: work(input) = work(output), =100%. Energy: The property of a system that enables it to do work. Conservation o. E.: Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it may be transformed from one form into another, but the total amount of energy never changes. Equilibrium: The state of an object when not acted upon by a net force or net torque; an object in equilibrium may be at rest or moving at uniform velocity - not accelerating. Mechanical E.: The state of an object or system of objects for which any impressed forces cancels to zero and no acceleration occurs. Dynamic E.: Object is moving without experiencing acceleration. Static E.: Object is at rest.F Force: The influence that can cause an object to be accelerated or retarded; is always in the direction of the net force, hence a vector quantity; the four elementary forces are: Electromagnetic F.: Is an attraction or repulsion G, gravit. const.6.672E-11[Nm2/kg2] between electric charges: d, distance [m] 2 2 2 2 F = 1/(40) (q1q2/d ) [(CC/m )(Nm /C )] = [N] m,M, mass [kg] Gravitational F.: Is a mutual attraction between all masses: q, charge [As] [C] 2 2 2 2 F = GmM/d [Nm /kg kg 1/m ] = [N] 0, dielectric constant Strong F.: (nuclear force) Acts within the nuclei of atoms: 8.854E-12 [C2/Nm2] [F/m] 2 2 2 2 2 F = 1/(40) (e /d ) [(CC/m )(Nm /C )] = [N] , 3.14 [-] Weak F.: Manifests itself in special reactions among elementary e, 1.60210 E-19 [As] [C] particles, such as the reaction that occur in radioactive decay. -
Effect of Solar Variability on the Earth's Climate Patterns
Advances in Space Research 40 (2007) 1146–1151 www.elsevier.com/locate/asr Effect of solar variability on the Earth’s climate patterns Alexander Ruzmaikin Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA Received 30 October 2006; received in revised form 8 January 2007; accepted 8 January 2007 Abstract We discuss effects of solar variability on the Earth’s large-scale climate patterns. These patterns are naturally excited as deviations (anomalies) from the mean state of the Earth’s atmosphere-ocean system. We consider in detail an example of such a pattern, the North Annular Mode (NAM), a climate anomaly with two states corresponding to higher pressure at high latitudes with a band of lower pres- sure at lower latitudes and the other way round. We discuss a mechanism by which solar variability can influence this pattern and for- mulate an updated general conjecture of how external influences on Earth’s dynamics can affect climate patterns. Ó 2007 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Solar irradiance; Climate and inter-annual variability; Solar variability impact; Climate dynamics 1. Introduction in solar irradiance. The solar cycle variations in total solar irradiance are small, 0.1%. However the magnitude of The center of attention of this paper is the response of irradiance variations strongly depends on the wavelength the Earth to solar variability on Space Climate time scales. and increases for the shorter wavelengths. Thus solar UV, In the context of Space Climate, the Earth can respond to which amounts to only a few percentage of the total irradi- solar variability on the 27-day solar rotation time scale, the ance, contributes 15% to the change in total irradiance 11-year solar cycle, the century scale Grand Minima, and (Lean et al., 2005). -
Detecting Differential Rotation and Starspot Evolution on the M Dwarf GJ 1243 with Kepler James R
Western Washington University Masthead Logo Western CEDAR Physics & Astronomy College of Science and Engineering 6-20-2015 Detecting Differential Rotation and Starspot Evolution on the M Dwarf GJ 1243 with Kepler James R. A. Davenport Western Washington University, [email protected] Leslie Hebb Suzanne L. Hawley Follow this and additional works at: https://cedar.wwu.edu/physicsastronomy_facpubs Part of the Stars, Interstellar Medium and the Galaxy Commons Recommended Citation Davenport, James R. A.; Hebb, Leslie; and Hawley, Suzanne L., "Detecting Differential Rotation and Starspot Evolution on the M Dwarf GJ 1243 with Kepler" (2015). Physics & Astronomy. 16. https://cedar.wwu.edu/physicsastronomy_facpubs/16 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Science and Engineering at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in Physics & Astronomy by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Astrophysical Journal, 806:212 (11pp), 2015 June 20 doi:10.1088/0004-637X/806/2/212 © 2015. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. DETECTING DIFFERENTIAL ROTATION AND STARSPOT EVOLUTION ON THE M DWARF GJ 1243 WITH KEPLER James R. A. Davenport1, Leslie Hebb2, and Suzanne L. Hawley1 1 Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Box 351580, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; [email protected] 2 Department of Physics, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, NY 14456, USA Received 2015 March 9; accepted 2015 May 6; published 2015 June 18 ABSTRACT We present an analysis of the starspots on the active M4 dwarf GJ 1243, using 4 years of time series photometry from Kepler. -
M204; the Doppler Effect
MISN-0-204 THE DOPPLER EFFECT by Mary Lu Larsen THE DOPPLER EFFECT Towson State University 1. Introduction a. The E®ect . .1 b. Questions to be Answered . 1 2. The Doppler E®ect for Sound a. Wave Source and Receiver Both Stationary . 2 Source Ear b. Wave Source Approaching Stationary Receiver . .2 Stationary c. Receiver Approaching Stationary Source . 4 d. Source and Receiver Approaching Each Other . 5 e. Relative Linear Motion: Three Cases . 6 f. Moving Source Not Equivalent to Moving Receiver . 6 g. The Medium is the Preferred Reference Frame . 7 Moving Ear Away 3. The Doppler E®ect for Light a. Introduction . .7 b. Doppler Broadening of Spectral Lines . 7 c. Receding Galaxies Emit Doppler Shifted Light . 8 4. Limitations of the Results . 9 Moving Ear Toward Acknowledgments. .9 Glossary . 9 Project PHYSNET·Physics Bldg.·Michigan State University·East Lansing, MI 1 2 ID Sheet: MISN-0-204 THIS IS A DEVELOPMENTAL-STAGE PUBLICATION Title: The Doppler E®ect OF PROJECT PHYSNET Author: Mary Lu Larsen, Dept. of Physics, Towson State University The goal of our project is to assist a network of educators and scientists in Version: 4/17/2002 Evaluation: Stage 0 transferring physics from one person to another. We support manuscript processing and distribution, along with communication and information Length: 1 hr; 24 pages systems. We also work with employers to identify basic scienti¯c skills Input Skills: as well as physics topics that are needed in science and technology. A number of our publications are aimed at assisting users in acquiring such 1. -
Differential Rotation of Kepler-71 Via Transit Photometry Mapping of Faculae and Starspots
MNRAS 484, 618–630 (2019) doi:10.1093/mnras/sty3474 Advance Access publication 2019 January 16 Differential rotation of Kepler-71 via transit photometry mapping of faculae and starspots Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article-abstract/484/1/618/5289895 by University of Southern Queensland user on 14 November 2019 S. M. Zaleski ,1‹ A. Valio,2 S. C. Marsden1 andB.D.Carter1 1University of Southern Queensland, Centre for Astrophysics, Toowoomba 4350, Australia 2Center for Radio Astronomy and Astrophysics, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Rua da Consolac¸ao,˜ 896 Sao˜ Paulo, Brazil Accepted 2018 December 19. Received 2018 December 18; in original form 2017 November 16 ABSTRACT Knowledge of dynamo evolution in solar-type stars is limited by the difficulty of using active region monitoring to measure stellar differential rotation, a key probe of stellar dynamo physics. This paper addresses the problem by presenting the first ever measurement of stellar differential rotation for a main-sequence solar-type star using starspots and faculae to provide complementary information. Our analysis uses modelling of light curves of multiple exoplanet transits for the young solar-type star Kepler-71, utilizing archival data from the Kepler mission. We estimate the physical characteristics of starspots and faculae on Kepler-71 from the characteristic amplitude variations they produce in the transit light curves and measure differential rotation from derived longitudes. Despite the higher contrast of faculae than those in the Sun, the bright features on Kepler-71 have similar properties such as increasing contrast towards the limb and larger sizes than sunspots. Adopting a solar-type differential rotation profile (faster rotation at the equator than the poles), the results from both starspot and facula analysis indicate a rotational shear less than about 0.005 rad d−1, or a relative differential rotation less than 2 per cent, and hence almost rigid rotation. -
The Milky Way Almost Every Star We Can See in the Night Sky Belongs to Our Galaxy, the Milky Way
The Milky Way Almost every star we can see in the night sky belongs to our galaxy, the Milky Way. The Galaxy acquired this unusual name from the Romans who referred to the hazy band that stretches across the sky as the via lactia, or “milky road”. This name has stuck across many languages, such as French (voie lactee) and spanish (via lactea). Note that we use a capital G for Galaxy if we are talking about the Milky Way The Structure of the Milky Way The Milky Way appears as a light fuzzy band across the night sky, but we also see individual stars scattered in all directions. This gives us a clue to the shape of the galaxy. The Milky Way is a typical spiral or disk galaxy. It consists of a flattened disk, a central bulge and a diffuse halo. The disk consists of spiral arms in which most of the stars are located. Our sun is located in one of the spiral arms approximately two-thirds from the centre of the galaxy (8kpc). There are also globular clusters distributed around the Galaxy. In addition to the stars, the spiral arms contain dust, so that certain directions that we looked are blocked due to high interstellar extinction. This dust means we can only see about 1kpc in the visible. Components in the Milky Way The disk: contains most of the stars (in open clusters and associations) and is formed into spiral arms. The stars in the disk are mostly young. Whilst the majority of these stars are a few solar masses, the hot, young O and B type stars contribute most of the light. -
Determining the Motion of Galaxies Using Doppler Redshift
Determining the Motion of Galaxies Using Doppler Redshift Caitlin M. Matyas The Arts Academy at Benjamin Rush Overview Rationale Objective Strategies Classroom Activities Annotated Bibliography / Resources Standards Appendices Overview The Doppler effect of sound is a method used to determine the relative speeds of an object emitting a sound and an observer. Depending on whether the source and/or observer are moving towards or away from each other, the frequency of the wave will change. This in turn creates a change in pitch perceived by the observer. The relative speeds can easily be calculated using the following formula: � ± �′ = �( ), � ± where f’ represents the shifted frequency, f represents the frequency of the source, v is the speed of sound, vo is the speed of the observer, and vs is the speed of the source. Vo is added if moving towards and subtracted if moving away from the source. vs is added if moving away and subtracted if moving towards the observer. The figures below help to demonstrate the perceived change in frequency. The source is located at the center of the smallest circle. The picture shows waves expanding as they move outwards away from the source, so the earliest emitted waves create the biggest circles. If both the source and observer were stationary, the waves appear to pass at equal periods of time, as seen in figure IA. However, if the source is moving, the frequency appears to change. Figure IB shows what would happen if the source moves towards the right. Although the waves are emitted at a constant frequency, they seem closer together on the right side and farther spaced on the left. -
Glossary | Speed Measuring Device Resources 191.94 KB
GLOSSARY Absorption - The transmitted R.A.D.A.R. beam will, unless otherwise acted upon (absorbed, reflected, or refracted), travel infinitely far. Under practical circumstances, the beam may be partially absorbed by natural and man-made substances. Vegetation such as trees, grass, and bushes will absorb R.A.D.A.R. energy. Freshly turned earth, such as that in a freshly plowed field, will also absorb R.A.D.A.R. Plastics of certain types and foam products will absorb R.A.D.A.R., as makers of "stealth" automotive accessories have discovered. Absorption of R.A.D.A.R. will not result in any inaccuracies in the R.A.D.A.R. readings. It will reduce the strength of the returned signal, and the operational range of the device depending upon the circumstances. Absolute speed limits - Holds that a given speed limit is in force, regardless of environment conditions, i.e., 35 mph or 50 mph. Accuracy - When used in conjunction with R.A.D.A.R. devices means the degree to which the R.A.D.A.R. device measures and displays the correct speed of a target vehicle that it is tracking. Ambient interference - The conducted and/or radiated electromagnetic interference and/or mechanical motion interference at a specific location and at a time which would be detrimental to proper R.A.D.A.R. performance. Antenna horn - The antenna horn is that portion of the R.A.D.A.R. device that shapes and directs the microwave energy (beam). The antenna horn also "catches" the returning microwave energy and directs it to the R.A.D.A.R. -
Differential Rotation in Sun-Like Stars from Surface Variability and Asteroseismology
Differential rotation in Sun-like stars from surface variability and asteroseismology Dissertation zur Erlangung des mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorgrades “Doctor rerum naturalium” der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen im Promotionsprogramm PROPHYS der Georg-August University School of Science (GAUSS) vorgelegt von Martin Bo Nielsen aus Aarhus, Dänemark Göttingen, 2016 Betreuungsausschuss Prof. Dr. Laurent Gizon Institut für Astrophysik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Göttingen, Germany Dr. Hannah Schunker Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Göttingen, Germany Prof. Dr. Ansgar Reiners Institut für Astrophysik, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany Mitglieder der Prüfungskommision Referent: Prof. Dr. Laurent Gizon Institut für Astrophysik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Göttingen Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Stefan Dreizler Institut für Astrophysik, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 2. Korreferent: Prof. Dr. William Chaplin School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham Weitere Mitglieder der Prüfungskommission: Prof. Dr. Jens Niemeyer Institut für Astrophysik, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen PD. Dr. Olga Shishkina Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization Prof. Dr. Ansgar Reiners Institut für Astrophysik, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen Prof. Dr. Andreas Tilgner Institut für Geophysik, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 3 Contents 1 Introduction 11 1.1 Evolution of stellar rotation rates . 11 1.1.1 Rotation on the pre-main-sequence . 11 1.1.2 Main-sequence rotation . 13 1.1.2.1 Solar rotation . 15 1.1.3 Differential rotation in other stars . 17 1.1.3.1 Latitudinal differential rotation . 17 1.1.3.2 Radial differential rotation . 18 1.2 Measuring stellar rotation with Kepler ................... 19 1.2.1 Kepler photometry . -
Jupitor's Great Red Spot
GREAT RED SPOT appears somewhat orange in this remarkably ly ranged from '.'full gray" and "pinkish" to "brick red" and "car· detailed photograph made at the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory mine." The photograph was made on December 23, 1966, by Alika of the University of Arizona. During the century or so that Jupiter's Herring and John Fountain, who used a 61·inch reflecting tele· great red spot bas been closely observed its color has reported. scope. The exposure was one second on High Speed Ektachrome. © 1968 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC JUPITER'S GREAT RED SPOT There is evidence to suggest that this peculiar Inarking is the top of a "Taylor cohunn": a stagnant region above a bll111p 01' depression at the botton1 of a circulating fluid by Haymond Hide he surface markings of the plan To explain the fluctuations in the red tals suspended in an atmosphere that is Tets have always had a special fas spot's period of rotation one must assume mainly hydrogen admixed with water cination, and no single marking that there are forces acting on the solid and perhaps methane and helium. Other has been more fascinating and puzzling planet capable of causing an equivalent lines of evidence, particularly the fact than the great red spot of Jupiter. Un change in its rotation period. In other that Jupiter's density is only 1.3 times like the elusive "canals" of Mars, the red words, the fluctuations in the rotation the density of water, suggest that the spot unmistakably exists. Although it has period of the red spot are to be regarded main constituents of the planet are hy been known to fade and change color, it as a true reflection of the rotation period drogen and helium. -
Doppler Effect
Physical Science Workshop: Astronomy Applications of Light & Color 1 Activity: Doppler Effect Background: • The Doppler effect causes a train whistle, car, or airplane to sound higher when it is moving towards you, and lower when it is moving away from you. From: http://www.physics.purdue.edu/astr263l/inlabs/doppler.html • For sound: high pitch = high frequency = short wavelength • Light is also a wave, and affected by the Doppler effect o longer wavelengths (lower frequencies) of light appear redder o The spectrum of a star moving towards you will appear blueshifted (shorter wavelengths / higher frequencies) o The spectrum of a star moving away from you will appear redshifted (longer wavelengths / lower frequencies) From: http://www.astrosociety.org/education/publications/tnl/55/astrocappella3.html Lab Materials: • computer with internet access S. Sallmen Activity: Doppler Effect Physical Science Workshop: Astronomy Applications of Light & Color 2 Activity: Doppler Basics: • Go to: http://www.fearofphysics.com/Sound/dopwhy2.html 1. Watch the waves reaching your ear if: • the source moves towards your ear at 100 meters / second • the source moves away from your ear at 100 meters / second a. In which case is the frequency of sound higher? b. In which case is the wavelength of the sound waves longest? c. If these were light waves, in which case would the light reaching your eye be redder? d. If these were light waves, in which case would the light reaching your eye be bluer? 2. Watch the waves reaching your ear if: • the source moves away from your ear at 100 meters / second • the source moves away from your ear at 200 meters / second a. -
Dynamo Processes Constrained by Solar and Stellar Observations Maria A
Long Term Datasets for the Understanding of Solar and Stellar Magnetic Cycles Proceedings IAU Symposium No. 340, 2018 c 2018 International Astronomical Union D. Banerjee, J. Jiang, K. Kusano, & S. Solanki, eds. DOI: 00.0000/X000000000000000X Dynamo Processes Constrained by Solar and Stellar Observations Maria A. Weber1,2 1Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago 2Department of Astronomy, Adler Planetarium, Chicago, IL email: [email protected] Abstract. Our understanding of stellar dynamos has largely been driven by the phenomena we have observed of our own Sun. Yet, as we amass longer-term datasets for an increasing number of stars, it is clear that there is a wide variety of stellar behavior. Here we briefly review observed trends that place key constraints on the fundamental dynamo operation of solar-type stars to fully convective M dwarfs, including: starspot and sunspot patterns, various magnetism-rotation correlations, and mean field flows such as differential rotation and meridional circulation. We also comment on the current insight that simulations of dynamo action and flux emergence lend to our working knowledge of stellar dynamo theory. While the growing landscape of both observations and simulations of stellar magnetic activity work in tandem to decipher dynamo action, there are still many puzzles that we have yet to fully understand. Keywords. stars, Sun, activity, magnetic fields, interiors, observations, simulations 1. Introduction: Our Unique Dynamo Perspective Historically, our study of stellar dynamos has been shaped by observations of the Sun over a small portion of its existence. Magnetic braking facilitated through the solar wind has spun down the Sun from a likely chaotic youth to its current middle-aged state.